"The structure of flowering plants" - Fruit. Biology, grade 7. From which organ of the plant is the fruit formed? Flowering plants. What plants are called flowering plants? A shoot is an organ of a plant, consisting of a stem with leaves and buds. What is inside the fetus? The external structure of a flowering plant. The seed is the reproductive organ of seed plants.

"Reproduction of angiosperms" - Question number 4. Flower grafting. Double fertilization. Artificial pollination. Propagation of angiosperms. Question number 1. Kidney vaccination. Question number 2. Tissue culture. Self-pollination. In which part of the seed does the ovule cover develop after fertilization? Pollination by the wind. Ovule. Sexual reproduction.

Angiosperms - Department of Angiosperms. Why angiosperms? The embryo has two cotyledons. Flowers are three-membered. Family Onions. Core root system 11. Homework. Classification (example). Families: Cruciferous Rosaceae Solanaceae Moths Asteraceae, etc. The number of flower parts is divisible by 3. Stamens.

"Cotyledons" - Monocotyledons. Dicotyledons. From the pistils of the raspberry flower, juicy drupes are formed - the elements of the fruit are polydrupes. By the number of cotyledons, plants are. Fruit - berry (nightshade, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers). Reed. The fruit is a box (dope). The fruit is a capsule (tobacco, scented tobacco, petunia, henbane). Inflorescence is a brush.

"Biology Grade 6" Angiosperms "- Order. Plant taxonomy. View. Composite. Cabbage. Characteristics of families. Rosaceae. A family of plants from the class of monocots. Dicotyledons. Systematics of family representatives. Angiosperm taxonomy. Systematic units. Solanaceous. Puzzle questions. Cereals. Cruciferous.

Angiosperms Department - 2) Rosaceae. 3) Legumes. Tsvetkov classification. Banksia Ipomoea. H (5) l (5) t5p1. Class Dicotyledons. 4) Solanaceae. Department of Flowering Plants. Sea buckthorn. FAMILIES: Cereals О (2) + 2Т3П1 - wheat Liliaceae О6Т6П1 - tulip Palms. Food-grade Medicinal Forage Decorative Construction Technical Fuel Poisonous.

Laurel (Laurus) - a genus of evergreen trees or shrubs of the family Laurel (Lauraceae).

The crown of the laurel is leafy, mainly pyramidal in shape. The leaves are alternate, leathery, whole-edged, slightly wavy at the edges. Flowers in umbellate axillary inflorescences. Fruits are single-seeded, drupe-like, blue-black.

Laurel leaves are widely used in cooking. The content of essential oil in the leaves reaches 3-5.5%. It contains eugenol, pinene, myrcene, camphor, linalool, and various organic acids.

Laurel is common in the Mediterranean region, the Canary Islands, Transcaucasia, Georgia, the Crimean Peninsula, Germany, Asia.

Genus Laurel (Laurus) has three main types - Laurel noble (Laurus nobilis), Azores laurel (Laurus azorica) and. Although in modern English-speaking taxonomy, the genus has about 40 plant species.

Types of laurel

It grows on various soils in forests in the coastal strip, at an altitude of 300 m above sea level, in the Mediterranean region, in Western Transcaucasia (USSR). Shrubs or trees 4-8 m tall. The branches are bare. Leaves are simple, oblong-lanceolate, leathery, 7-20 cm long and 2.5-8 cm wide, pointed, glabrous, glossy, on short petioles. The flowers are small, collected in umbellate inflorescences, located in the axils of the leaves, 1-2, yellow. Blooms in April-May. Valuable food (spicy), essential oil and ornamental plant. It is widely used for landscaping interiors, as well as for outdoor exposure in summer (in tubs and pots outside of subtropical regions). Suitable for placement in cool rooms.

There are a number of forms that differ in the shape and size of the leaves.

Laurel Azores (Laurus azorica) , or Canary laurel (Laurus canariensis) ... Grows in moist laurel forests in the lower belt of the mountains in the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira. Trees up to 15 m tall; pubescent shoots. Leaves are ovate, up to 10-12 cm long and 2-6 cm wide, dull green. The flowers are collected in umbellate inflorescences, located in the axils of the leaves in several, light yellow. Blooms in April-May. Decorative look.

... Homeland - Southwest China, about. Taiwan, Korea, Japan, North Vietnam. It is widely cultivated in Asia, South India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malacca, Philippines, East and North Africa, in the south of the USA, Brazil, Australia. Evergreen tree with alternate, petiolate, lanceolate, entire, bare, shiny, covered with small translucent dots (submerged cells with essential oil) leaves. The flowers are small, six-dimensional, yellow-green, collected in angular paniculate inflorescences. All plants contain essential oil, in which the main component is camphor (up to 94%); the greatest amount of camphor is found in wood, where it is localized in essential oil cells - bags. In China and Japan, camphor is obtained by steam distillation of wood chips. With fewer yields, camphor is obtained from twigs and yellowed leaves. There is little camphor and a lot of safrole in the essential oil of spring leaves. Camphor is one of the most important drugs that stimulate the central nervous system. Strengthens the activity of the heart in diseases accompanied by acute cardiovascular failure, as well as in shock conditions (in 10 and 20% sterile oil solutions or inside in powders). Outwardly - for rubbing with rheumatism, arthritis, etc. in the form of an oil solution, liniment and ointments.

When growing laurel, it should be borne in mind that adult plants do not grow well in too warm rooms with dry air. Young, with good care, can adapt to these conditions.

Lighting. A location with a bright light suits the Lavra. The plant is able to tolerate straight Sun rays. In the summertime, it is recommended to keep the laurel outdoors. Keep in mind that after prolonged cloudy weather (for example, after winter), or the purchased plant is gradually taught to direct sunlight in order to avoid sunburn.

In winter, laurel should be kept in a bright and cool room.

Temperature. In summer, the optimum temperature for laurel is in the range of 20-26 ° C, in autumn the temperature is gradually lowered, in winter it is recommended to keep the laurel at a temperature not higher than 12-15 ° C, in this case, wintering is less painful for the plant.

Watering. In summer, plants are watered abundantly, with soft, settled water, as the upper layer of the substrate dries up. In hot weather, you can water it twice a day. By autumn, the amount of watering is reduced. In winter, water is limited, preventing the earthen coma from completely drying out. Watering is carried out two to three days later, after the top layer of the substrate has dried.

Air humidity. The laurel prefers high humidity. The plant should be regularly sprayed with soft, settled water. You can put a container with laurel on a pallet with wet expanded clay, pebbles or moss. In this case, the bottom of the pot should not touch the water.

Fertilizer. Laurel is fed during the growing season once a month with mineral fertilizer.

Peculiarities. Laurels tolerate cutting and pruning well; they can be given any decorative shape (round, pyramidal, etc.). Pruning is done around mid-August, when growth ends. The eyes remaining on the plants will develop well before winter, will mature, and in spring, with the beginning of growth, they will give strong shoots. In spring pruning, the strongest apical ocelli are removed, the growth from the remaining underdeveloped ocelli is small.

Transfer. The laurel grows slowly. Young plants are transplanted as needed (when the roots fill the pot), about once every 2 years, adults - after about three to four years. The substrate for planting can consist of leaf (2 parts), turf (1 part), humus soil (2 parts), peat and sand (1 part each). The plant prefers a slightly alkaline or neutral soil mixture. Laurel grows better in a small container, therefore, during transplantation, the dishes are taken according to the earth and the development of the root system (it is advisable to increase the size of the pot by 2 cm, no more). This is also taken into account when transplanting plants in tubs (increase the size of the tub by 5 cm). The bottom of the pot or tub provides good drainage.

Reproduction. Plants are propagated by seed, cuttings and division.

Sowing of seeds is carried out in the spring in bowls, boxes, pots. The substrate is made of sod land - 1 hour, leaf - 1 hour, sand - 0.5 hours. The temperature for sowing must be at least 18 ° C. Seedlings dive in the phase of 1-2 leaves at a distance of 2 × 2 cm. The substrate is the same. As they grow, they are planted in 7-centimeter pots, 1 piece each. Composition of the soil: turf - 2 hours, leaf - 1 hour, peat - 0.5 hours, sand - 0.5 hours. When caring for young plants, regular watering, spraying, bright location, temperature 10-12 ° C are required.

Shoots are cut into cuttings in spring (in April) and in summer (approximately from mid-June to mid-July). They should be mature, but not lignified, with two or three internodes. Cuttings are taken 6-8 cm long. After shortening the leaves, the cuttings are planted to a depth of 1-1.5 cm at a distance of 10 × 10 cm. A two-layer substrate is recommended: the bottom layer consists of turf soil (about 3-4 cm), sand is poured on top of it with a layer of 2-3 cm. Optimum temperature for rooting 16-20 ° C. The cuttings take root within a month, after which they are planted in 7-9 cm pots. The composition of the soil is the same as for planting seedlings. Plant care is the same as for seedlings.

Possible difficulties

Leaves turn yellow and curl. The reason is insufficient air humidity. The humidity should be increased.

Gets damaged

The healing properties of laurel

In medicine, leaves, fruits, extracts and infusions from all parts of the plant are used. The leaves, a well-known spice, have a stimulating effect. They are used for amenorrhea, colic and hysteria. They stimulate the secretion of fluid from the body. In folk medicine, they are used for flatulence. Fruits have the same property.

Bay leaf induces appetite and aids digestion. The essential oil has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which makes it useful in aromatherapy. It is indicated for respiratory diseases, infections, muscle pains, neuralgia, dry scalp.

In folk medicine, extracts from all parts of the plant are recommended as an anticancer agent, for localized tumors, an agent that stimulates the nervous system. It is believed that these extracts can be used for facial skin care. Bay oil is a component of rubbing ointments for rheumatism and ointments for scabies mites.

Other uses of laurel

Dry laurel leaves are used in the canning and confectionery industry and in cooking as an aromatic seasoning. It goes well with lavender, eucalyptus, lemon, rosemary, geranium, citronella, cinnamon and ylang ylang. For culinary purposes, the leaves are harvested from 4-5-year-old plants in November-December, when the highest content of essential oils is noted in them. Fatty essential oil is obtained from the fruit, which is used in some countries in medicine, veterinary medicine and soap making. Laurel wood is used for small crafts. Laurel noble decorative, easily tolerates pruning, and since ancient times has entered the culture.

It has been experimentally proven that fatty little laurel fruits can be used to make candles and balls instead of cocoa butter. Its acute toxicity, according to RIFM, is oral LD50 3.9 g / kg (rats), derm LD50> 5 g / kg (rabbits). In the form of a 10% solution in petrolatum for 48 hours does not cause irritation of human skin and sensitization reactions. There is no phototoxic effect. The oil has no IFRA restrictions for use in perfumery and cosmetics.

At home you can cook tincture of dried laurel leaves on vodka or 40-70% alcohol. Crushed leaves are poured with alcohol at a rate of 1: 5. Close tightly and incubate at room temperature for 7 days. Then it is filtered and poured into a dark bottle, stored in a cool place.

To obtain aromatic oil you can recommend the following method: 30 g of crushed leaves are poured with 200 g of sunflower oil and insisted for 1 week. If you take this oil 1 tablespoon 2 - 3 times a day after meals, then it causes menstruation when they are delayed.

A decoction of laurel leaves is also prepared, which is useful for metabolic disorders in the pre- and postnatal period, for osteochondrosis, and inflammatory diseases.

For throat cancer: 1 glass of crushed bay leaf is infused in 0.5 liters of vodka for 2 weeks in a dark warm place, periodically shaking the contents, filter. Take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

For external use an ointment of the following composition is recommended: 6 parts of bay leaf powder, 1 part of crushed juniper leaves and 12 parts of unsalted butter. All this must be thoroughly pounded. For every 100 g of ointment, add 10-15 drops of fir or lavender oil.

Oil for strengthening and stimulating hair growth: by 4 tbsp. add tablespoons of jojoba oil (in drops): laurel - 4, lavender - 3, lemon - 3, rosemary - 3, rosewood - 3 and 1 tbsp. a spoonful of sesame or castor oil. In a warm form, apply the mixture to the hair and wrap the head with a towel. After 15-30 minutes, wash your hair with shampoo.

Dry laurel leaves are widely used in the culinary and confectionery industry.

Laurel in history

Laurel noble reminds of the romantic and harsh times of the Roman Empire, when the winner was staged with magnificent celebrations and crowned with a laurel wreath. The healing properties of laurel were well known in antiquity. So, traditional healers argued that a decoction of laurel leaves, taken internally, stops profuse menstruation. Hippocrates recommended the use of laurel oil against tetanus, and the leaves - to soothe pain during labor pains. The Arab physician Razes used the leaves as a specific remedy for nervous facial tics. Baths of a decoction of leaves with the addition of 4-5 drops of essential oil were taken for diseases of the bladder and uterus.

Laurel wreath and laurel branch are symbols of glory, victory, greatness.

The most common spice among chefs around the world is bay leaf. It is difficult to find a hostess who does not use fragrant leaves in the cooking process. It turns out that the medicinal properties and contraindications of bay leaf have been thoroughly studied by scientists, and it is not only a universal spice, but also a powerful remedy.

The homeland of the evergreen plant is the Mediterranean. Mentions about the unique properties of all parts of the tree are found in the manuscripts of Ancient Rome, Greece and even Egypt deciphered by archaeologists. Currently, tall laurel is widely cultivated in areas with a subtropical climate in both hemispheres.

Bare leaves of a simple structure with a peculiar spicy aroma are harvested from subtropical trees and shrubs of the Laurel family called "Laurel noble" to improve the taste of many dishes and for medicinal purposes. Further, the plant raw materials are dried. In this form, the leaves can be stored in a dry place for several years.

Familiar stranger

dried laurel leaves, photo

It is difficult to overestimate the economic value of laurel leaves stimulating the appetite as a universal spice used in almost all sour and salty foods, from soups, cabbage soup to canned food. Neither meat, nor mushroom, nor fish, nor vegetable dishes, nor sauces, nor marinades, nor jellied meat, nor goulash can do without lavrushka.

The culinary, medicinal and aromatic properties of bay leaves are provided by phytoncides and essential oils containing limonene, camphor, cineole, pinene and other phenolic compounds and terpenes. In addition to the listed volatile substances, the composition of plant materials contains organic acids (valerian, nylon, acetic), tannins, bitterness, resins, mineral salts, antioxidants and vitamins.

In addition to the use in traditional and folk medicine, as well as the use of the product in cooking, the bay leaf is also credited with magical properties. Leaves and branches of the sacred tree - laurel noble - since the time of Ancient Greece are considered a symbol of triumph, glory, victory, conquest, conquest of peaks and greatness.

Ancient healers treated patients with various laurel-based drugs. For example, Hippocrates prescribed extracts from the leaves to facilitate labor and reduce pain during pushing. The Roman physician Galen used raw materials in the treatment of urolithiasis.

Slavic healers treated feverish conditions with bay leaves, and the eastern doctor ar-Razi, using a spice, successfully relieved people of nervous tics. Oil extracts obtained by infusing raw materials in sunflower, flaxseed, corn and other vegetable oils were considered an effective means for rubbing with paresis and paralysis.

green leaves

Chemical compounds of laurel leaves determine the following therapeutic properties of fresh and dried raw materials:

• antiseptic;
• antimicrobial;
• deodorant;
• regenerating;
• antifungal;
• anti-aging;
• antioxidant;
• anti-inflammatory;
• expectorant;
• anticholesterol;
• diuretic and decongestant;
• metabolic;
• immunostimulating;
• cleansing;
• tonic;
• fortifying.

Adding lavrushka to everyday dishes not only improves their taste, but also activates the processes of digestion and assimilation of useful components from food.

The plant has powerful cleansing properties, due to which, together with feces, the intestines evacuate toxins, carcinogens, toxins, metabolites and remnants of processed food. Fats that are difficult to break down, for example, in fried meat, saltison and other fatty foods, are processed faster in the digestive tract in the presence of bay leaf constituents.

Medicines made from bay leaves promote the elimination of uric acid and excess salts from the body, thereby improving the mobility and general condition of all joints. Therefore, infusions are so often prescribed for arthritis, gout, arthrosis, osteochondrosis, but not more than 3-4 days in a row.

Biologically active phytonutrients of the spice help to strengthen the body's defenses, and this, in turn, allows you to resist viruses and infections.

Bay leaf in type 2 diabetes helps stabilize blood glucose levels by normalizing carbohydrate metabolism in the body.

Zinc and folic acid contained in the spice in sufficient concentration have a beneficial effect on the health of the entire reproductive system. Lavrushka extracts stimulate uterine contractions, helping with congestion in this organ.

Spice extracts help when applied topically. Dermatologists and traditional healers prescribe infusions and oil extracts of bay leaves in the complex therapy of dermatitis, juvenile acne, allergic rashes, irritated skin.

The spice is also irreplaceable in dental practice. Chewing fresh leaves will neutralize bad breath after smoking, eating garlic, or with halitosis. Due to the disinfecting properties of the plant, raw materials have a therapeutic effect in inflammatory processes occurring in the gums and on the oral mucosa, in particular, with stomatitis and periodontal disease.

Traditional medicine recipes with "lavrushka"

oil tincture

The medicinal properties of bay leaves determine its use in folk medicine in the form of decoctions, infusions, alcohol and oil tinctures.

Baths and washing from the decoction of the seasoning allow you to get rid of diathesis in infants. 5 leaves are poured with hot water (0.3 l), kept in a water bath for 5 minutes, insisted for about an hour. The filtered liquid is used for bathing the baby in a warm state, adding to the bath or wiping the entire body of the baby.

An alcoholic tincture of bay leaves, applied topically, helps treat acne by reducing inflammation, disinfecting ulcers, exfoliating skin and tightening pores. For its manufacture, a container of dark glass is filled with dried or fresh leaves broken in the hands (to the top, without tamping), poured with vodka or medical alcohol diluted in half with water, tightly corked and insisted in a dark place for 20 days, shaking the liquid daily. The lotion is used only externally, wiping problem areas of the face and body.

The infusion of bay leaves will help to activate metabolism and remove excess fluid from the tissues in the process of losing weight. To prepare a drink, 3 large leaves are poured with boiling water and insisted under the lid for a quarter of an hour. The filtered elixir is taken half an hour before a meal 5 times 40 ml, but not more than 4 days in a row.

The same infusion is used as a tonic, rubbing the face with it after washing 2 times a day. You can freeze the elixir and rub the skin with ice cubes to smooth wrinkles and cleanse the skin of age spots and breakouts.

Contraindications for use

The spice is not added to food and is not used for medicinal purposes in the presence of all types of allergies.

With an increased tone of the uterus during pregnancy, extracts from laurel leaves are contraindicated.

The spice contains highly concentrated phytonutrients that are undesirable for infants, therefore it is prohibited for nursing mothers to use it in food.

With caution and in minimal quantities, spice is used by persons suffering from gastrointestinal pathologies, including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, inflammation in the digestive organs, and who have a tendency to constipation.

In case of chronic diseases of the kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, spleen, a specialist consultation is required before treatment with folk remedies based on bay leaves.

The amazing is always there. Try using bay leaves not only in your daily cooking, but also in home cosmetology and the treatment of certain diseases, and you will be amazed at the effectiveness of this inexpensive spice available to everyone. Good health to you!

Laurel noble (Laurus nobilis L.) is an evergreen shrub or tree with a dense leafy crown of the Laurel family (Lavraceae) or a pyramidal tree. The height of some species reaches 10 - 15 m. Belongs to the laurel family. Its leaves are dark green in color, lighter on the underside, they are hard, leathery, elliptical, the edges are slightly wavy. The plant blooms with small yellowish-white flowers, collected in bunches and located in the leaf axils. In November, the fruits ripen - black and blue ovoid drupes. The whole plant is fragrant, leaves and fruits are used as a spice from the fourth year of life, when the tree (bush) begins to bear fruit. Trunk with dark gray smooth bark and densely branched crown. Leaves are leathery, alternate, short-petiolate, entire, glabrous, simple, dark green, 6-20 cm long. The leaf blade is oblong, lanceolate or elliptical. Inflorescences umbellate, numerous, collected mainly at the ends of the branches, three in the axils of the leaves. The flowers are small, whitish-yellow, with short stalks. The fruit is a black-blue ovoid or elliptical drupe with a large stone. The mass of 1000 seeds is 400-500 g. "Laurel plantations are placed in subtropical regions, where the annual sum of effective temperatures is not less than 3000 ° C, and the absolute minimum temperature does not fall below -12 ° C. The soil is pre-plowed to a depth of 40-45 cm. Under plowing is applied organic (40-60 t / ha) and mineral fertilizers in full dose. Then the site is harrowed and cultivated two or three times. Planting is carried out in autumn or early spring with row spacing of 1-2 m, the distance between plants in a row is 1-1, 5 m. Its homeland is Asia Minor and the Mediterranean. People have been growing laurel since ancient times, it was with the branches of this tree that emperors, heroes and athletes in Ancient Greece and Rome were crowned. In the Middle Ages, laurel meant kindness and served as protection from evil and lightning.

Characteristics and origin: it is a relict culture, remaining from the flora of the Tertiary period. In nature, a tree lives for 300-400 years.

The birthplace of laurel is the Mediterranean coast. The plant is grown in Turkey, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, Albania, Yugoslavia, Guatemala.

In our country, as a decorative and spicy aromatic culture, it is cultivated in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

People have been growing laurel since ancient times; it was the branches of this tree that were crowned with emperors, heroes and athletes in Ancient Greece and Rome. In the Middle Ages, laurel signified kindness and served as protection from evil and lightning. Laurel laurel is an evergreen subtropical shrub whose leaves and fruits are a classic spice. This is a cult tree, it is primarily associated with Ancient Greece, with the mythological image of the ancient god Apollo, which is a symbol of male beauty. The famous Ovid in his "Metamorphoses" tells that Apollo, who lived among people, fell in love with the nymph Daphne and constantly pursued her. Once, after defeating the serpent Python, Apollo met the young god of love Eros with a bow and arrow and made fun of him: "Why do you, kid, bow and arrows? Don't you think to surpass me in the art of shooting?" This mockery offended Eros, and he sent two arrows in revenge. The first, the arrow of love, pierced Apollo, and the second - killing love - hit Daphne. Since then, Daphne has always run away from Apollo. No amount of contrivance helped him. Exhausted by suffering, eternal persecution, Daphne turned to her father Peney and Earth to take her image from her. After these words, she turned into a laurel bush (It is curious that in Russia until the 18th century, the bay leaf was called "daphnia" ("laurel" in Greek - "daphne") .. The saddened Apollo since then began to wear a wreath on his head from evergreen laurel.

In Greece, dwellings were decorated with laurel leaves to refresh the room. Laurel branches were placed in the mattresses so that prophetic dreams could be dreamed. There was a belief that laurel saves from a lightning strike. So, the fact is known that the Roman emperor Tiberius, during the thunderclaps, put on a laurel wreath and crawled under the bed. The laurel was considered a sacred tree, and the heads of the victors in Ancient Greece were adorned with wreaths. For several millennia, this tradition has been preserved in other countries, for example, in England.

From the word "laurel" comes the word "laureate" - "crowned with laurels". Oddly enough, but the purpose of the bay leaf for a long time was somewhat different in comparison with modern use. It was used to flavor water for washing hands before eating. In the 1st century A.D. NS. it was already used as a spice (leaves and black-blue fruits). In cooking, they cooked desserts, puddings with it, added it to boiled apples, baked figs, and figs.

Laurel first came to Europe as a remedy, but very soon it won recognition as a spice. Avicenna, for example, argued that laurel leaves relieve joint pain, relieve tension, shortness of breath, and its bark and drupes have the ability to remove stones from the kidneys and liver. In 1652, François Pierre de la Varenpe, the famous chef of the French Queen Marie de Medici, published a book on cooking, which became one of the best books at the time, describing the history of spices and how to use them. As a capable student in Italy, he excelled in this matter, and the material he presented in the book influenced in many ways French cooking, which, as we know, reached great heights. He wrote about bay leaves as a spice that can improve and correct the taste of a dish. Recommended to use it in desserts, puddings, etc.

The laurel came to Russia 25 centuries ago. The Greeks brought it to the Crimea along with figs, cypress, olive and grapes. It still grows in countries with a coastal climate: in Greece, Turkey, Albania, Slovakia, France, Spain, Portugal, Guatemala, in the Crimea, on the Black Sea coast. Italy grows and exports this spice more than others. As a spice, laurel leaves are used in a fresh and often dried form, as well as fruits (seeds) of laurel and laurel powder, which is a concentrated extract of laurel essential oils. The advantage of bay leaves is that even with prolonged and improper storage, it does not lose its quality.

Silence Anna

Scientific and practical work on the first mention of the laurel tree, on the places of growth, on various fields of application and methods of growing at home.

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GBOU SOSH №2

p.g.t. Sukhodol

municipal district Sergievsky

Samara region

District scientific and practical conference of students

"First steps into science"

Section "The World Around"

Laurel tree

Completed: Silence Anna,

3rd grade student.

Supervisor:

Bochkareva Tatiana

Pavlovna,

Primary teacher

Classes

Sukhodol 2014

Introduction ………………………………………………… .3

Chapter 1. Theoretical part …………………………………………………… 4

1.1. From the history of the laurel tree ……………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4

1.2. Laurel tree in art and life .. ……………………………………………….… 5

1.3. Laurel tree, growing areas ……………………………………… ..… ... 9

1.4. Laurel tree, application ……. ………………… 11

Chapter 2. Practical part ………………………… 13

2.1 Acquaintance with books about the laurel tree .. ……… ..13

2.2. Exploring ways to grow laurel in

home conditions …………………………………… ..14

2.3 Planting a laurel tree ………………………… 15

Conclusion …………………………………… .. ……… 16

Literature ……………………………………………… 17

Introduction.

Once, at the lesson of the world around us, we studied the topic: "The Crimean Peninsula." From the teacher's story about the flora of Crimea, I heard that a tree like laurel grows there. Earlier, while helping my mother to prepare food, I often heard: "Get the lavrushka, you need to add to the soup ...". I never wondered where it comes from, where it grows and why it is called that.

Problem:

Bay leaves, as a seasoning for dishes, have been familiar to me for a long time. I wanted to know about the first mention of the laurel tree, about the places of growth, about different areas of application.

Target:

Learn as much as possible about the laurel tree.

Tasks:

1. Get acquainted with the history of the origin of the laurel tree.

2. Find materials about the mention of the laurel tree.

3. Collect and study material about the places of growth, about the methods of growing laurel at home.

4. Grow a laurel tree at home.

5. Demonstrate the grown tree in the classroom, talk about its benefits and help those who want to breed it at home.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part.

1. From the history of the laurel tree.

This is a cult tree, it is primarily associated with Ancient Greece, with the mythological image of the ancient god Apollo, which is a symbol of male beauty. The famous Ovid in his "Metamorphoses" tells that Apollo, who lived among people, fell in love with the nymph Daphne and constantly pursued her. Once, after defeating the serpent Python, Apollo met the young god of love Eros with a bow and arrows and made fun of him: “Why do you, baby, bow and arrows? Do you think you will surpass me in the art of shooting? " This mockery offended Eros, and he sent two arrows in revenge. The first, the arrow of love, pierced Apollo, and the second - killing love - hit Daphne.

Since then, Daphne has always run away from Apollo. No amount of contrivance helped him. Exhausted by suffering, eternal persecution, Daphne turned to her father Peney and Earth to take her image from her. After these words, she turned into a laurel bush (It is curious that in Russia until the 18th centuryBay leaf called "Daphnia" ("laurel "In Greek -" daphne).

Apollo stood for a long time in front of the laurel tree.
- Let the wreath only from your greenery adorn my head! he exclaimed. - From now on, decorate with your branches both my golden lyre and my quiver of arrows. May your greenery never fade, laurel! Stay evergreen!

In ancient Rome, already by the 5th century BC. the laurel wreath becomes the highest sign of military and imperial glory. The laurel symbolized the peace that comes after the victory over the enemy. Messages of victory and victorious weapons were entwined with laurel and folded in front of the image of Jupiter. The first Roman emperors adorned their heads with a laurel wreath. Julius Caesar wore a laurel wreath at all official events.

In early Christianity, evergreen laurel leaves were considered a symbol of eternal life or new life that would come due to the redemptive deeds of Christ, and a laurel wreath symbolized martyrdom.

1. Laurel tree in art and life

After the French Revolution of 1789, laurel branches were added to the coat of arms of the French Republic. Since then, the laurel wreath has become a popular symbol. Today, laurel branches can be seen in the state emblems of Algeria, Brazil, Greece, Israel, Cuba, Mexico and other countries.

Coat of arms of the 1st French Republic 1792-1804 Coat of arms of brazil

The following names come from the Latin laurus (laurel):
Laurel - "laurel tree", "Victory, triumph";
Lawrence - "decorated with laurel";
Laura - "crowned with laurels."

Laureate (from lat.laureatus - crowned with laurels) - a person who has been awarded a state or international prize for outstanding service, achievements in production, technology, science, as well as the winner of competitions (mainly art). This term appeared in Ancient Greece, and was applied in the Middle Ages (for example, in 1341 the University of Paris awarded the title of laureate to the poet F. Petrarch).

In Greece, musicians, poets and dancers, whose patron was Apollo, were awarded laurel wreaths, while athletes were crowned with olive or celery wreaths.

The laurel wreath is a frequent attribute of works of fine art. In portrait painting, a laurel wreath indicates that the depicted person belongs to the artistic or literary world. So one of the most famous Italian poets Dante Alighieri was very often depicted wearing a laurel wreath.

A.S. Pushkin sketched his self-portrait in a laurel wreath on one of the drafts.

Not only artists were depicted with laurel wreaths. The images on the coins of the English kings Charles I, George I, George II, and after a while also Elizabeth II are supplemented with laurel wreaths. This wreath symbolized power and authority, as in the days of the Roman Empire.

1/2 English crown 1966 with the image of Queen Elizabeth II

Francois Gerard. Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte, 1804

As a symbol of excellence, the laurel was included in the emblems of such car companies as Alfa Romeo, Fiat and Mercedes. Today, the laurel wreath is the most popular symbol of power, victory and success; its images are actively used in the creation of monumental monuments, as well as logos of commercial organizations, greeting cards, etc.

The most famous laurel tree - Egg "Laurel tree" (also called "Orange") was created in 1911 by order of Emperor Nicholas II. He gave it to his mother, Empress Maria Feodorovna, for Easter.

1.3 Laurel tree. Places of its growth.

Laurel noble (lat. Laurus nobilis ) - a subtropical tree or shrub, a species of the genus Laurus (Laurus) of the Laurel family.

Homeland of the noble laurel -Mediterranean .

The laurel came to the territory of our country about 2500 years ago - it was brought to the Crimea by the Greeks.

On the territory of Russia, it grows in the southwestern regions of the Krasnodar Territory in the Crimea.

Laurel noble - a low evergreen tree of the laurel family up to 8-10 m tall, but it can also be a tree-like shrub. Sometimes in the forests there aretrees up to 18 m in height. The trunk of the tree is up to 40 cm in diameter with dark gray bark. The dense crown is usually pyramidal in shape. Leaves on short petioles, simple, alternate, leathery, shiny, have an oblong shape, pointed upwards, and narrowed towards the base. Above they are green, and below they are lighter, with a well-visible feathery venation, slightly wavy along the edge. They have a strong characteristic odor.

Laurel is a dioecious plant and its flowers are unisexual. On some trees, small staminate flowers are collected in axillary inflorescences of 6-12 pcs., Their perianth is simple, calyx-shaped, of four greenish-yellow or white leaves. Other trees have only pistillate flowers. Fruits are black-blue, juicy, fragrant drupes up to 2 cm long, ovoid or elliptical in shape, with a large stone. It blooms in March-April, and the fruits ripen in October-November.

Laurel feels best in lighted areas, but it can also tolerate shading. Withstands a short-term drop in temperature to 10-12 degrees below zero. Drought tolerant. Organic and mineral fertilizers have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of laurel.

As an industrial culture, laurel has been growing in one place for about 60 years. On plantations, laurel is grown in subtropical regions. Laurel leaves are collected from November to February from trees that have reached three to four years of age.

Branches with leaves are cut off and dried in the shade for seven to ten days. Then the leaves are removed, sorted and placed in bags, which are stored in dry rooms. In order to obtain the essential oil, the leaves are sent fresh for processing.

1.4 Laurel tree and its uses:

In many countries, bay leaves have been used for a very long time in a completely different way than we are today. If we most often use it for culinary purposes, then 2000 years ago it served to flavor water for washing and washing hands before eating.

Laurel oil was an essential ingredient in the first Alepp (or Aleppo) bar soap, more than a thousand years ago. The quality of the soap was determined by the amount of laurel oil contained in it.

However, already in the 1st century AD, people realized that it was possible to successfully use bay leaves as a spice. At first, fruit desserts and puddings were prepared with him, and only then they began to add to other dishes: meat, fish, vegetables, etc.

In general, bay leaves in many countries were used first for medicinal purposes, and only then they discovered its culinary properties.

Its medicinal properties are due to the content of antioxidants, many trace elements, phytoncides, tannins, vitamins, essential oils.

Bay leaf normalizes the functioning of the digestive system, accelerates metabolism, lowers blood sugar, improves appetite, and improves immunity. Helps with diseases of the respiratory system, this is facilitated by the presence of essential oils and aromatic substances in it. Its oil extracts are used for rubbing, inhalation, and nasal instillation.

Infusion of bay leaveshelps to cleanse the body (joints and blood). It contains tannins, therefore it is used for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and bleeding, with increased sweating, skin diseases. In case of joint, skin diseases, scabies, it is recommended to rub the infusion or oil into the skin.

Bay leaf used in perfumery and in the manufacture of liqueurs.

Its aroma repels insects, so it is effective for fighting moths.

Important: Bay leaf preparations should not be used by pregnant and lactating women, with exacerbation of kidney, liver and heart diseases. Individual intolerance is possible.

Since ancient times, amulets have been made from laurel andtalismans , magical properties were attributed to this tree.

Dried leaves, the very ones that we add to food, are a talisman against accidents and troubles, therefore, putting a bay leaf in a dish, we not only improve its taste, but also charge it with the energy of protection. A sprig of laurel in the house is a talisman that protects against lightning, troubles, and bad events, and a sprig attached to the baby's bed preserves and protects his health. A tree planted in your garden becomes a talisman for the whole family.

Laurel amulets are worn on the body to protect against the evil eye, in a wallet to attract money, and laurel in your pocket allows you to get the job you need.

Laurel makes wishes come true.

To do this, you need to write a desire on a sheet, burn it, pour the ashes into home flowers or on a flower bed.

There is a belief that dried laurel leaves under the pillow make it possible to see prophetic dreams.

Seeing a laurel tree in a dream signifies well-being and pleasure; collecting bay leaves is a sign of victory over the enemy or the acquisition of an inheritance.

Laurel leaves are used as aromatic incense.

They are used to fumigate rooms for purification, it is believed that laurel helps in removing obstacles, in achieving the desired result.

Laurel is a unique skin cleanser.

Infusions, masks, decoctions for bathing are prepared from it.

To do this, take bay leaves, put them in a linen bag and toss it into a hot bath.

After a while, when the water has cooled, take out the bag and take a bath.

This is how he is, the noble laurel.

Chapter 2. Practical part.

2.1 Acquaintance with books about the laurel tree.

Hypothesis: I suppose I can find books and magazines about the laurel tree, about how to grow it, including at home.

I went to the library to find books.

Output: In the library, I managed to find many books on growing laurel at home..Information about the history of the laurel tree, its origin, methods of reproduction and cultivation, I learned from modern sources of information, i.e. via the Internet.

2.2. Learning how to grow laurel at home.

Hypothesis : I think I can grow laurel at home, like a houseplant.

Collection of information

I found out that in our area it is impossible to grow laurel outdoors due to the unsuitable climate, and I decided to find out if it is possible to grow it at home. Here's what I subtracted:

Laurel does not require special care, it is quite unpretentious, it easily adapts to both shady and sunny places, but it is advisable if you allocate it a place where sunlight hits more often. Spraying is best replaced by washing off the dust in the shower, and water should be done sparingly, do not let the soil turn into lumps from drought. It is necessary to ventilate the room more often, the laurel has a positive attitude towards drafts. In winter, laurel can withstand zero temperature, but it is better if it is 10-12 degrees.

It is necessary to plant laurel in water and air-permeable soil - sod and leafy soil, peat and sand (1: 2: 1: 1), fertilize every month. In a room, laurel can grow for 12-15 years, it is recommended to transplant an adult tree once every two to three years.

Reproduction: seeds, layering, root suckers and cuttings.

2.3 Planting a laurel tree.

Hypothesis:

If laurel is propagated by seeds, then you need to look for seeds for planting.

Search results

I visited all the flower shops in our village in order to find the seeds of a laurel tree, unfortunately I did not find it. Laurel brooms are sold on the market, they have seeds on them. I tried to plant them, did not wait for the sprouts, apparently the harvesting technology does not imply the safety of their germination. In the online store, with the help of my mother, we ordered laurel seeds, a month later they came. But having planted them, I did not wait for the sprouts.

Output:

It is difficult to find seeds and grow a laurel tree from seeds.

Hypothesis:

I suppose that if I cannot grow laurel from seeds, then by finding cuttings, root suckers or cuttings, I will definitely get the result.

Search results:

A laurel tree sapling was found only in a store in Samara, it turns out this is a very rare plant in our area. Strange, there are so many useful properties, beautiful, but rare. So after a long search, I became the owner of a laurel tree sapling.

Output:

It is best to purchase a laurel tree sapling at a flower shop, andthe most reliable way to buy laurel is to buy its seedlings on the market in the Crimea or the Caucasus.

Hypothesis:

I think that soon a laurel tree will grow in our house.

Practical steps towards the goal

I had to transplant a seedling to a permanent place of residence. We bought soil for cacti (it contains the optimal composition of soil, turf and sand) and planted it in a pot. The pot was placed on the west window of the house, as I read in the recommendations for growing a laurel tree.

Conclusion.

To achieve this goal, I completed the following tasks:

I got acquainted with the literature and Internet pages about the laurel tree.

Studied material from the history of the laurel tree.

I planted the seeds of a laurel tree at home.

I planted a seedling of a young plant.

Created conditions for plant growth, surrounded with attention and care.

A young plant grows in our house and makes us happy.

After pinching the upper shoot, I will wait for the lateral shoots to form a beautiful crown.

After two or three years, the leaves of the laurel tree can be used for their intended purpose, we will have fresh laurel leaves.

I learned what to do cultivation at home is a very interesting activity. Such a growing plant cangive any shape you want. In some countries there are parks in which there are evergreen animals, figurines, hedges, all made from a laurel bush. In your house or apartment, you can also create any figures from a laurel bush. You just need to cut the plant as often as possible.

I pinched the top shoot and will wait for the side shoots to appear and try to give an interesting shape to my tree, but for my mother there will be an excellent, freshest seasoning for dishes.

Literature

1. "Flowers in the House" magazine # 5/2002.
2. NS. Laver "The ABC of a Florist" Ed. The paradox of 2000.
3. E.Ya. Ilyina, E.I. Sterligova "Houseplants and their use in the interior" Ed. Ural University 1991
4. S.O. Gerasimov, I.M. Zhuravlev "Indoor floriculture" Ed. Niva Russia 1992
5. Oktyabrina and Alexander Ganechkin "Favorite home flowers" Ed. Onyx 2006
6. G. Kizima "Garden in the apartment, vegetable garden on the windowsill" Publishing house. Peter 2011
7. Boof John "Faberge" Ed. White City 2005
8. Internet (sites about laurel tree).