Environmental factors and their influence on plants

Studying the botany, you learned that the plants of the rainforest and tundra, forests and meadows differ, even if they treat over. Caring for cultural plants, you noticed that some cultures are particularly demanding to moisture, other needed bright lighting. You know that weeds are hard to fight, as they form a lot of seeds that ripen earlier than the seeds of cultivated plants. Many weeds have long rhizomes that they quickly breed. Plants are adapted to certain conditions, environmental conditions.

Let's remember what ecology and environmental factors are.

Habitat and environmental factors.All nature surrounding the plant is it habitat . It has all the conditions necessary for the growth and development of this plant, but in different quantities and relations. Factors (conditions) of the external environment can directly affect the plant, they are necessary for the existence of the body, but the plant is not required. Influence on the plant such factors such as light, moisture in the air and in the soil, temperature, the presence and concentration of salts in the soil, wind and some others.

Environmental factors Any element of the medium that can have a direct or indirect effect on the body is called.

We find out how environmental factors can affect plants. The factor of the medium may limit the growth of the plant. For example, if there is a small amount of mineral salts in the soil, and on it from year to year there is any culture, then the reserves of salts are exhausted and plant growth is terminated. If the environmental factor is below the critical level or, on the contrary, exceeds the maximum possible level, it becomes a plant growth limiter, even if other factors are available in the required quantity. Such an environmental factor is called limiting factor . In aquatic environment, oxygen becomes the limiting factor. For plants loving the sun (sunflower), light. Moreover, not only the lighting intensity is important, but also duration.

At different stages of development, the plant reacts in different ways to environmental factors. It is known that the kidneys of higher plants, seeds, disputes are most resistant to too high or too low temperatures.

All factors together determine the conditions of the existence of plants, orhabitat conditions . It is clear that habitat conditions in the extreme north and in the steppe zone, in the forest and in the meadow are different. But habitats are changing over the seasons and even within a day. Plants, like all living organisms, have an amazing ability to react to changes and adapt to habitat.

Adaptation of plants to dry and hot habitats. In dry and hot places of habitat, plants should be able to extract water, maintain it, avoid excessive evaporation, but also not to "overheat" in the sun.

In semi-deserts and deserts there are plants with powerful root systems. Some root systems are very deep, it gives them the opportunity to use groundwater. So shrubnikovgiusgun Roots go deep into 30 m. Other plants (cacti) The root system is shallow, but widespread, so during rare rains, they quickly absorb moisture from large plots.

Third group of plants (for example, rhubarb Tatar ) It does not have a highly developed root system, but they are able to absorb the morning dew with their large leaves, spread over the surface of the Earth.

These plants are usually fat skin and very little dust. They have a slow metabolic process and as a result - growth.

Shrubs with a deep root system water do not accumulate, but retain. To reduce evaporation, their small leaves are denomated. Often there is no leaves at all, and photosynthesis occurs in shoots having a view of the rod or barbles(Saksaul). With a lack of water, the few fully equipped gaps are closed.

In addition to the adaptations to the absorption and preservation of water, the desert plants have the ability to transfer even a long-term drought. Among them - efemera - Plants ending their life cycle from seed to seed for several days. Their seeds germinate, and plants bloom and fruit immediately after rain falling. At this time, the desert is transformed - it blooms.

Long drought period These plants are experiencing in the seed stage.

Perennial bulbous or rhizational plants are experiencing drought in the form of underground basic organs.

The most amazing ways are experiencing long-term drought lichens, many lower plants, some types of plane and ferns, even a few flowering plants: they lose all moisture and, being completely dehydrated, are at rest until the rain falls.

Plant adaptation to cold and wet habitat conditions. The habitat conditions of plants in the tundra are very severe. First of all, this temperature. The average monthly summer temperatures rarely exceed +10 ° C. Summer is very short - about two months, but even in summer frost can happen.

The precipitation in the tundra drops a little, respectively and snow cover is small - up to 50 cm. Therefore, strong winds are dangerous - they can blow up the snow that protects the plants. Why is there a lot of moisture in the tundra? First, it does not evaporate so intensively as in larger zones. Secondly, water does not go deep into the soil, since it is delayed by a layer of permafrost. Therefore, there are many small lakes and swamps.

Plants in this zone are usually lowered and in winter are covered with snow, which protects them from cold and wind. Root systems are superficial. On the one hand, their development prevents the permafrost of the permafrost, on the other - the increased humidity of the soil and, as a result, the lack of oxygen in the soil. Interestingly, the features of the structure of shoots resemble the plants of hot climate, only protect them from heat, but from the cold. It is thick skin, wax, plug on the stem. Plants should have time for a short summer to fond and give seeds.

Tundra trees just once in a century form seeds that can germinate. Seeds are fully affected only when two years in a row can be for the tundra warm. As a rule, seeds of trees fall into conditions unsuitable for germination. Many tundra plants breed vegetatively, for example, mosses and lichens.

Light as an environmental factor. The amount of light that the plant receives is affected and on its appearance, and in the inner structure. Trees that have grown in the forest have higher trunks, less than an empty crown. If they grew under the canopy of other trees, they are oppressed and much worse than their peers in the open space.

Shadow and light plants may differ in the location of sheet plates in space. In the shade of the leaves are arranged horizontally to catch as much as possible sun rays. In the light, where light is enough - vertically to avoid overheating.

Plants that have grown in the shade have larger leaves and longer interstices than plants of the same or close view that grew up in the sun.

The leaves are not the same in the inner structure: in light leaves, the columnar cloth is developed better than in the shadow. In the stems of light plants, more powerful mechanical fabric and wood.

Interactive training lesson. (Perform all tasks lesson)

Audiofragment "Environmental factors" (4:33)

ABOUTcruising nature nature -this is its habitat. Science, exploredthe relationship between organismswith each other and with the environment,call ecology. On the plant Vleyenvironmental environmental factors:light, temperature, humidity, wind,the composition of the soil and others. All factors,plant-life, definethere are habitat conditions. Excess orlack of one or more ecological factors affectthe structure of the body. Plants fitsober to habitat incertain boundaries.

Ecological factor thatis below the critical levelor, on the contrary, exceeds maximatally Possible for Plant UROmodel called limitingfactor.

We live in a vacuum. Every time we have to interact with the environment. We interact with the atmosphere, temperature, humidity, other people, animals. And all this can not affect us. When it is too hot, you can get a heat blow if there is a standing person with a flu, then for us, too, the probability of becoming infected. Also life, the appearance of plants directly depend on the environment. About how exactly we learn in this lesson.

Ecology is the science of the relationship of living organisms and their communities among themselves and with the environment.

Environmental factor is a phenomenon or an object affecting the body.

Environmental factors:

Environmental niche is a set of conditions necessary for the existence of a certain species. Any living organism is able to exist only with certain values \u200b\u200bof environmental factors.

Sunlight serves as a source of energy for plants, as it is necessary for the implementation of photosynthesis (see Fig. 1). The light also has a regulatory effect on the growth of plants, flowering, fruiting.

Fig. 1. Photosynthesis

For Timofeevka and strawberries, illumination is needed to germinate seeds.

Plants in relation to illumination:

1. Light-loving (heliophytes). Capable to grow only on brightly illuminated surfaces (Kickl, wheat, pine, robinity).
2. Teleboy (scyophytes). Can grow only in shaded places. In bright, the sun may appear burns (worsion eyes, anemone).

Shadowish. They grow well in the illuminated places, but they can make a small shading (linden, oak, ash).

For any plants are destructive as overheating and too low temperature. Too high temperatures lead to loss of moisture, burns, damage to chlorophyll.

Helofitis is subject to high temperatures, in connection with this, they have a number of devices: can rotate the leaves, drop the sheet plate, leaving only petioles, the leaves are turned into spines (cacti). Reducing the leaf plate area helps heliophitis to avoid excessive evaporation of water. The thick white omission or silver color of the leaves helps the plant to reflect most of the rays falling on it.

When freezing water in cells, ice crystals are formed, which damage them. When the temperature decreases to minus values, the chemical processes in the cell slow down, an imbalance occurs, which can lead to death.

The appearance of plants of cold habitats: evergreen, with fine rigid foliage, low (do not exceed the height of snow cover) (dwarf birch, IVA).

Many plants for dry and cold periods can fall into rest state when all life processes are slow. Wood plants are weeding the shoots of this year and the thickness of the cork layer increases. Herbatous plants lose all overhead organs. Shrubs and trees are discharged by foliage. Water plants are lowered at the bottom (ore), only the bottom leaves retain (water lily).

Sclerophytes - plants of arid habitats (Vasileil is falsely (see Fig. 2)). Have tight leaves.

Fig. 2. Vasileil is falsely

Succulents are plants of arid habitats, which are able to store moisture in the fleshy body formations - stems, leaves (aloe (see Fig. 3), cacti).

Fig. 3. Aloe.

Plants in relation to humidity

1. Water plants and plants living in excess moisture
2. Plants of dry habitats
3. Plants habitats with normal moisture

Chemical composition of soil

Mineral substances receive plants from the soil. Most of all, they need phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium. They also need boron, manganese and iron compounds.

Animals feed on plants, so plants have protective devices: needles, spines (acacia), rigid foliage (steppe plants), poisons (grated plants).

Other animals enter with plants in mutualistic relationships: bees, butterflies, pollinate plants. Birds spread their seeds, drinking delicious berries.

Mutualism is a mutually beneficial relationship between 2 organisms.

Large plants shadow smaller, therefore, there is division on tiers. Plants-epiphytes (orchids) can use others as a support.

Plants are involved in maintaining the constancy of the air composition (isolated oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide).

Take part in the formation of soil (root systems absorb some substances and allocate others). After the death of the plant, most of the substances return back to the soil.

Plant roots fix the slopes of hills, ravines, protect the soil from erosion (destruction).

Forest stairs (see Fig. 4) are used to protect fields from Sukhovyev and fires.

Fig. 4. Forest silt

Large wood plants evapulting a large amount of moisture. Can be used to drain wetlands (eucalyptus).

People cut down the forests, dry the swamps, irrigate dry lands. So the natural habitats are destroyed and conditions for agricultural crops are created. New plants are derived.

Forest cutting can lead to the loss of the fertile soil layer and the formation of the desert. With illiterate irrigation, soils may occur.

In 3 identical pots with the same soil put 3 coles. Grow their month in different conditions: one on bright light and with additional backlit, the second - with normal daylight, the third is in a half-length - 3 meters from the window. Watch the growth and development of plants. Try to draw conclusions.

Schematically sketch the shape of the crowns of trees (birch, linden, pines), grown in various illumination. Make conclusions.

The extreme form of fixture of plants to extreme environmental conditions (cold, dryness, heat) is an anabiosis.

Anabiosis is the condition of the body, in which the traces of vital activity are so much so that there are no visible signs of life.

So, mosses transfer winter freezing or complete drying in the anabiosis state from which they are returned to normal life after thawing or rain.

Bibliography

1. Biology. Bacteria, mushrooms, plants. 6 CL: student. For general education. institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2011. - 304 p.: Il.
2. Tikhonova E.T., Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian Word.
3. Isaeva TA, Romanova N.I. Biology, 6. - M.: Russian Word.

1. Biolicey2vrn.ucoz.ru ().
2. Rae.ru ().
3. Travinushka.ru ().

Homework

1. Biology. Bacteria, mushrooms, plants. 6 CL: student. For general education. institutions / V.V. Beekeeper. - 14th ed., Stereotype. - M.: Drop, 2011. - 304 p.: Il. - from. 263, tasks and question 5, 6, 7 (.
2. What are plant groups in relation to light. Describe them.
3. What environmental factors distinguish? Describe them.
4. * Select 2 plants of different types and take them to environmental groups with respect to light, humidity, temperature.

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Signatures for slides:

Combined lesson:

Verification of knowledge: Independent work on the topic studied: "Plant family of the class of class of class." Preparing and sign leaves!

And their environmental impacts Environmental environmental factors learning a new topic:

The purpose of the lesson: 1. To get acquainted with the factors of the medium. 2. To find out their influence on living organisms (plants). 3. To get acquainted as plants classify on groups regarding abiotic environmental factors.

Ecology Science Exploring the patterns of livelihoods of living organisms (in any of its manifestations at all levels of the organization) in their natural habitat, taking into account changes made on Wednesday activities of a person. And the mutual influence of the environment and organisms on each other.

Studying a new material

Ecological factors are called: the conditions of organic and inorganic nature, directly or indirectly affect the condition and properties of the body, population, natural community.

Environmental factors environment abiotic biotic anthropogenic factors not wildlife factors of wildlife

1. Light 2. Pressure 3. Humidity 4. Radiation: a) ultra-violet b) infrared c) radioactive d) electro-magnetic, etc. 5. Mineral Wow. 6. Chemical Wow. 7. T * (Temperature) Abiotic factors not wildlife b Antetic factors of wildlife Anthropogenic factors of human activity 1. Life 2. Plants 3. Mushrooms 4. Bacteria 5. Viruses a) straight b) not direct (indirect)

In relation to the light: the astations are divided .... Light-loving tenenious shades

Heat-loving in relation to temperature: plants are ... .. cold-resistant

Plants excessively wetted habitats The effect of humidity on plants: plants of dry habitats of the plant living in medium (sufficient) moisture conditions

Moisture in relation to moisture: drought-resistant

Animals biotic factors environment mushrooms bacteria

Direct impact of anthropogenic f Actors environment not direct impact

Think! List the abiotic factors known to you and their values. What groups are divided by plants relative: a) light b) moisture c) temperature fixing material:

D \\ s $ 54-55 Questions to bring examples on each type of factor of the environment and its impact on plants

The effect of anthropogenic factors on the environment work performed student 1 course 173 groups Kuzmin Yuri

The influence of anthropogenic factors on the environment. Anthropogenic factors - the result of human impact on the environment in the process of economic and other activities. They can be divided into 3 groups.

The first factors that have direct environmental impact as a result of suddenly beginning, intensive and short-term activities. For example: Laying the automotive or railway through a taiga, seasonal fishing hunting in a certain area, etc.

The second indirect impact through the economic activity of a long-term nature and low intensity. For example: environmental pollution with gaseous and liquid emissions of the plant built in the paved railway without the necessary treatment facilities, leading to a gradual drying of trees and slow poisoning with heavy metals of animals inhabiting the surrounding taiga.

The complex impact of the above factors leading to a slow but significant environmental change (population growth, increase in the number of pets and animals accompanying human settlements - crows, rats, mice, etc., transformation of land, the appearance of impurities in water and t . P.). As a result, only plants and animals remain in the changed landscape, who managed to adapt to the new state of life. For example: coniferous trees are replaced in taiga with small breeds. The place of large hoofs and predators occupy the taezhny rodents and the minor kuni hunting on them, etc. Third

In the 20th century Anthropogenic factors began to play a significant role in climate change, the composition of the atmosphere and soil, fresh and marine water bodies, in reducing forest area, the disappearance of many species of plants and animals.

The influence of a person on the environment is currently in the environment, the human environment, changes related to the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, human economic activity. This is, above all, clogging of air, water bodies, mismanic attitude towards Earth and others.

The clogging of the atmosphere of the Gas Sheath of the Earth is one of the important special environmental problems today. It is known what is important for any living organism has air: without food a person can live a month, without water - a week, without air - a few seconds. At the same time, what we breathe is subject to the strong influence of a number of factors - the results of intensive development of such industries, as: fuel and energy, metallurgical, petrochemical, etc.

The fuel and energy complex includes the activity of thermal power plants, the work of which is associated with the emission of sulfur oxide, nitrogen generated during the combustion process of non-skilled coal.

An equally dangerous air pollutant is the enterprises of the metallurgical industry emitting various chemical compounds in the air especially heavy, but rare metals. A dangerous source of air pollution and the refining products of the petrochemical industry, especially hydrocarbon compounds (methane et al.).

A dangerous air pollutant is tobacco smoke, from which in the air, besides nicotine, a large amount (about 200) of such poisoning substances, like carbon monoxide, benzoperin and others.

As a result of the contamination of the atmosphere, such phenomena arose as a greenhouse effect - an increase in total temperature on Earth; Ozone hole resulting from a violation of the ozone layer in the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides emitted by engines of ballistic and space missiles. Could - accumulation of harmful gases in the lower layers of the atmosphere as a result of the reinforced work of the boilenging, working on the corner, fuel oil, diesel fuel, as well as as a result of air basement by motor vehicles. Acid rains - compounds of sulfur and nitrogen air with water and falling on the ground in the form of rain (acid). Such "rain" adversely affects the skin, hair, as well as on the development of plants, accelerates corrosion of metals, destroys the gypsum, marble, whines the reservoirs, soil, which leads to the death of fish, forests, animals living in them.

The main organizational and technological methods of combating air pollution are as follows: Reduction of the number of power plants (thermal TPP) due to the construction of more powerful, equipped with the latest systems for cleansing and disposal of gas and dust emissions; Purification of coal before it gets into the TPP; Replacement of coal and fuel oil to the TPP with environmentally friendly fuel - gas; The control of internal combustion engines in vehicles, the establishment of special catalysts to neutralize carbon monoxide on them, the replacement of harmful ethyl gasoline polluting the air, less environmentally harmful. Of particular importance in the purification of atmospheric air has landscaping of cities and villages, in industrial zones.

THANKS FOR ATTENTION!

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Lesson 61. Basic Environmental Factors and Ecological Groups of Plant Maou Sosh "Foreign" No. 30 Rostov-on-Don

The objectives of the lesson find out what is environment factors? Get acquainted with the main environmental factors. Select the main environmental groups of plants.

What section of biology is studying these organisms?

Let's remember what kind of ecology? Does the Environment affect the growth and development of a living organism? Give a reasonable answer. Give examples.

Dictionary Environmental factors - these are factors of the environment that affects a living organism

Classification of environmental factors

Abiotic factors Factors of inanimate nature: light, temperature, air humidity, water, air, soil, terrain

B Ited Factors Wildlife Factors: Plants, Animals, Bacteria, Mushrooms

Anthropogenic factor The influence of man's economic activity on living organisms

Abiotic factors of group of plants in relation to the light of Bereza Fern meadow plants

Lowing of leaves (reflects the rays, saves from overheating) Different intensity of evaporation and different amounts of stomps on a sheet Reduction (or increase) of the leaf surface, which increases (or reduces) Cooling evaporation of the Monster Episte Abiotic factors of plants to changes in temperature

Environmental groups of plants Light-loving plants F Orma - low, branched, with a wide crown; Leaves are small, dense, with shiny thick skin and numerous stories; covered with wax rod or hairs; MB ribbed to the sun; The root system is well developed.

Environmental groups of plants 2. Telebobile plants F Orma - herbaceous, fragile and gentle; The leaves are large, thin with a large number of chloroplasts, all the sides of the sheet on both sides of the sheet; Root system developed weakly.

Environmental groups of plants of plants of aquatic and excessively moistened places F Orma - herbaceous; The leaves are large, with a large number of chloroplasts, a lot on the upper side of the sheet, a system of interclausers is developed; The root system is developed weakly or is completely absent.

Environmental groups of plants 4. Plants of dry habitats form - herbs, trees, shrubs; Leaves - thick dense peel, downstream or barrels, a lot of wax feet; The root system is well developed.

Homework Tutorial § 54, 55 РТ №182, 183