An intrapersonal conflict is one of the most complex psychological conflicts that is played in the inner world of man. It is difficult to submit a person who would not be subjected to intrapersonal conflicts. Moreover, with such conflicts, a person is constantly facing. Constructive intrapersonal conflicts are the necessary moments of personality development. But destructive intrainarity conflicts carry a serious danger to personality, from serious experiences that cause stress, to the extreme form of their resolution - suicide. Therefore, it is important for every person to know the essence of insider-personal conflicts, their causes and solutions. These and other aspects of intrapersonal conflicts are reflected in this workshop.

Material for self-study

The concept of intrapersonal conflict

The intrapersonal conflict is a conflict inside the mental world of a person, which is a collision of its oppositely directional motives (needs, interests, values, goals, ideals).

Some features that are important to consider when identifying it is inherent in the intrapersonal conflict. These features are:

Unusual in terms of conflict structure. There are no subjects of conflict interaction in the person of individual personalities or groups of people.

The specificity of the forms of leakage and manifestation. Such a conflict takes place in the form of heavy experiences. It is accompanied by specific states: fear, depression, stress. Often, intrapersonal conflict is poured into neurosis.

Latennost. Intrancy conflict is not always easy to detect. Often, a person himself does not realize that he is in a state of conflict. Moreover, sometimes he can hide its conflict condition under euphoric mood or for active activities.

The main psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts

The problem of intrapersonal conflict in the views of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

According to 3. Freud, a person conflict in nature. In it, two opposite instincts are struggling from birth defining its behavior. Such instincts are: Eros (sexual instinct, instinct of life and self-preservation) and Tanatos (death instinct, aggression, destruction and destruction). Intrecy conflict and is a consequence of the erased struggle between Eros and Tanatos. This struggle, by 3. Freud, manifests itself in the ambivalence of human feelings, in their contradictions. The ambivalence of feelings is enhanced by the inconsistency of social being and comes to the state of the conflict, which is manifested in the neurosis.

The most fully and specific conflict nature of a person is represented by 3. Freud in his views on the personality structure. According to Freud, the inner world of a person includes three instances: it (ID), "I" (EGO) and above-I (Super-EGO).

It is the primary, innate instance, initially irrational and subordinate the principle of pleasure. It is manifested in unconscious desires and attractions, which are manifested in unconscious impulses and reactions.

"I" is a reasonable instance based on the principle of reality. Irrational, unconscious impulses It "I" is in line with the requirements of real reality, that is, the requirements of the principle of reality.

Super - I am a "censored" instance based on the principle of reality and submitted by social norms and values, the requirements that society presents to personality.

The main internal contradictions of the individual add up between it and above-I, which regulate and resolves "I". If "I" could not resolve the contradiction between it and above-I, then in awareness instance there are deep experiences that characterize the intrapersonal conflict.

Freud in its theory not only reveals the causes of inside-personal conflicts, but also reveals the mechanisms of protection against them. The main mechanism of such protection, he considers sublimation, that is, the transformation of the sexual energy of a person into other types of its activities, including in his work. In addition, Freud allocates such protective mechanisms as: projection, rationalization, displacement, regression, etc.

The theory of the complex of inferiority Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

According to A. Adler's views, the formation of the nature of the personality occurs in the first five years of human life. During this period, he has an influence of adverse factors who give rise to a complex of inferiority. Subsequently, this complex has a significant impact on the behavior of the personality, its activity, the image of thoughts, etc. This is determined by intrapersonal conflict.

Adler explains not only the mechanisms for the formation of intracual-wealth conflicts, but also discloses ways to resolve such conflicts (compensation of an inferiority complex). Such paths it highlights two. First of all, this is the development of "social feeling", social interest. The developed "social feeling" is ultimately manifested in interesting work, normal interpersonal relations, etc. But a person can form and the so-called "undeveloped social feeling", which has various negative forms of manifestation: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, etc. P. Second, stimulation of own abilities, achieving superiority over others. Compensation of an inferiority complex by stimulating its own abilities can have three forms of manifestation: a) adequate compensation, when the coincidence of superiority with the content of social interests (sport, music, creativity, etc.) is coincide. b) the supercompensation when hypertrophied development occurs in one of the abilities having a pronounced egoistic character (accumulation, dedication, etc.); c) Imaginary compensation when the incompleteness complex is compensated by the disease that has developed circumstances or other factors that do not depend on the subject.

The doctrine of the extroversion and introversion of Charles Jung (1875-1961)

K. Jung in an explanation of intrapersonal conflicts proceeds from the recognition of the conflict nature of the personality itself. In 1921, Psychological Types published in 1921, he gave a personality typology, which is still considered one of the most convincing and is widely used both in theoretical and practical psychology. Personality typology K. Yung carries out four grounds (personal functions): thinking, sensations, feelings and intuition. Each of the functions of the psyche, according to K. Yung, can manifest itself in two directions - extroversion and introversion. Based on all this, he highlights eight types of personality, the so-called psychosocyotypes: a thinker-extrovert; introvert thinker; feeling-extrovert; sensing-introvert; emotional-extrovert; emotional-introvert; intuitive-extra-vert; Intuitive-introvert.

The main thing in Jung typology is the direction - extroversion or introversion. It is she determines the personal installation that ultimately manifests itself in an intrapersonal conflict.

So, the extrovert is initially focused on the outside world. He builds his inner world in accordance with the external. The introvert is originally immersed in itself. For him, the most important thing is the world of internal experiences, and not the external world with its rules and laws. Obviously, the extrovert is susceptible to intra-like conflict more than introvert. (

Concept of "existential dichotomy" Erich Fromma (1900-1980)

In an explanation of intrapersonal conflicts, E. Fromm tried to overcome the biological interpretations of the person and put forward the concept of "existential dichotomy". In accordance with this concept, the causes of intrapersonal conflicts are enclosed in the dichotomous nature of the person himself, which manifests itself in its existential problems: the problem of life and death; limited human life; Hasive potential human and limited capabilities of their implementation and other conditions.

More specifically, philosophical approaches in explaining intrapersonal conflicts E. Froch implements in the theory of biofilia (love for life) and necrophilia (love for death).

Theory of psychosocial development Eric Erikson (1902-1994)

The essence of Erixon's theory is that he put forward and substantiated the idea of \u200b\u200bthe stages of psychosocial identity development, each of which every person experiences his crisis. But on each age stage, either a favorable overcoming of the crisis situation, or unfavorable. In the first case, there is a positive identity development, her confident transition to the next life stage with good prerequisites for its successful overcoming. In the second case, the personality goes into a new stage of his life with problems (complexes) of the last stage. All this creates unfavorable prerequisites for the development of the personality and causes her inner experiences. The stage of psychosocial development of the personality by E. Erickson is given in Table. 8.1.

Motivational conflicts on Kurt Levin (1890-1947)

The classification of internal conflicts presented in Table is greater practical value for identifying intrapersonal conflicts and determining their resolution paths. 8.2.

In addition to the above psychological concepts of intrapersonal conflicts, there are other developed in the framework of cognitive and humanistic psychology.

Forms of manifestation and methods of resolution of intrapersonal conflicts

To resolve intrapersonal conflicts, it is important, first, to establish the fact of such a conflict, secondly, to determine the type of conflict and its cause; And thirdly, apply the appropriate solution. It should be remembered that often to resolve intrapersonal conflicts, their carriers need psychological, and sometimes in psychotherapeutic assistance.

INTERCISTRAL conflicts 187.

Table 8.1 Stage of Psychosocial Development by E. Erickson

Table 8.2.

Classification of intrapersonal conflicts by K. Levin

Below in Table. 8.3 We present the form of manifestation of internal conflicts that are designed to help them discover or other people, and in Table. 8.4 - Methods for their permission.

Table 8.3 Forms of manifestation of internal conflicts

Table 8.4 Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts

Sources for in-depth study of the topic

1. Antsuzov A. Ya., Shipilov A.I. Conflictology. - M.: Uniti, 1999. - Section. V.

2. Grishin N. V. Psychology of conflict. - SPb.: Peter, 2000.

3. Conflictology / Ed. A. S. Carmina - SPb.: Lan, 1999. - GL.4.

4. Kozyrev G. I. Introduction to conflictology. - M.: Vlados, 1999. - C.144-146.

5. Psychology. Tutorial / Ed. A. A. Krylova. - M.: Prospekt, 1998. - Ch. eighteen; nineteen; 22.

6. Horney K. Your internal conflicts. - SPb.: Lan, 1997.

Control questions

1. Give the definition of intrapersonal conflict.

2. List the features of intrapersonal conflicts.

3. List the main psychological concepts of in-personal conflicts.

4. What is the main essence of views 3. Freud on the nature of intrapersonal conflicts?

5. What is the main essence of the incompleteness complex A. Adler?

6. What is the main essence of the teachings of K. Jung on the nature of intrapersonal conflicts?

7. What is the main essence of "existential dichotomy" E. Frochma?

8. List the main types of intrapersonal conflicts by K. Levin.

9. List the form of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts.

10. List the main ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts.

Lesson 8.1. Practical lesson on the topic: "Self-assessment of the test method"

The purpose of the lesson. Fastening students' knowledge on the main problems of the theory of intrapersonal conflict, the development of self-assessment skills and the formation of the analysis of the results of the test results and the development of the program of self-improvement and self-correction of behavior.

Procedure for holding

Preparatory stage. For one or two weeks, students receive an installation for testing in the form of testing for self-assessment of the individual. They are reported the topic and goals of classes. Indications are given on an independent study of the literature and the clarification of the basic concepts: "intrapersonal conflict", "types of inside-personal conflicts", "forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts", "Ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts".

During the lesson. Students are invited to pass the following tests. The teacher organizes a discussion of test results and provides methodological assistance in developing a program of self-improvement and self-correction of behavior.

Test 8.1. Self-assessment of character according to the method of R. Kattel

Purpose of the test. To identify individual features character features.

This test is a modified simplified version of the 16-factor questionnaire, developed by the American psychologist Raymond Bernarr Kattel and intended for identifying generalized initial features of the personality - factors included in its structure and being the causes of human reactions to the surface.

It is simpler in processing and interpretation, although it does not give such an idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality as a classic option (16 re).

Instruction. You are invited to choose one of the options for answering each question ("A", "B", "B").

Reading questions, do not think about them for a long time, try to present the whole situation as a whole and appreciate how typical of you is typical.

In all matters, the answer "b" corresponds to the cases in which you cannot clearly reply, or when both opposite options are equally acceptable to you. Try, however, do not abuse such answers.

Remember that there is no "wrong" or "right" answers - each person has the right to his own opinion.

1. I could well live alone, away from people: a) yes; b) sometimes; C) No.

Introity conflicts 191.

2. Sometimes I do not mean yourself without a special reason: a) Yes; b) I do not know; C) No.

3. Reading about any incident, I am interested in all the details:

a) yes; b) sometimes; c) rarely.

4. When friends are riding to me, I usually laugh with them and not at all offended:

5. The fact that to some extent distracts my attention:

a) annoying me;

b) something average;

c) does not bother me completely.

6. I like a friend:

a) the interests of which have a business and practical nature; b) I do not know;

c) which is distinguished by deeply thoughtful views on life.

7. I was more interesting at the enterprise:

a) work with machines and mechanisms and participate in the main production;

b) hard to say;

c) talk with people to engage in public work.

8. I always have enough energy when I need it: a) yes; b) hard to say; C) No.

9. I would rather reveal my innermost thoughts: a) my good friends;

b) I do not know;

c) in his diary.

10. I can calmly listen as other people express ideas opposite to those in which I firmly believe:

b) I find it difficult to answer;

c) incorrectly.

11. I am so careful and practical that less surprises happen to me than with other people:

12. I think I tell a lie less often than most people: a) true; b) I find it difficult to answer; c) incorrectly.

13. I would rather work soon:

a) in the institution where I would have to lead people and be among them;

b) I find it difficult to answer;

c) architect.

14. What I'm doing, I can't:

a) rarely; b) something average; c) often.

15. Even if I say that my ideas are impracticable, it does not stop me:

a) true; b) I do not know; c) incorrectly.

16. I try to laugh at jokes not as loud as most people do:

a) true; b) I do not know; c) incorrectly.

17. Efforts spent on making plans:

a) never extra;

b) hard to say;

b) Do not stand it.

18. I like working with people sophisticated, sophisticated than with people frank and straightforward:

a) yes; b) I do not know; C) No.

19. I am pleased to make a person a favor, agreeing to appoint a meeting with him for a while, convenient for him, even if it is a bit uncomfortable for me:

a) yes; b) sometimes; C) No.

20. When I go to bed, I:

a) fall asleep quickly;

b) something average;

c) fall asleep with difficulty.

21. Working in the store, I would like:

a) draw the showcases;

b) I do not know;

c) be a cashier.

22. I prefer:

a) questions concerning me to solve myself;

b) I find it difficult to answer;

c) I advise my friends.

23. Neat, demanding people do not get along with me: a) right; b) sometimes; c) incorrectly.

24. If people think of me badly, I do not try to convince them, but I continue to do in my own way:

a) yes; b) hard to say; C) No.

25. It happens that I do not want to talk with anyone all the morning: a) often; b) sometimes; c) never.

26. I am bored:

a) often; b) sometimes; c) never.

27. I think that even the most dramatic events will no longer leave any traces in my soul:

a) yes; b) hard to say; c) incorrectly.

28. I think more interesting to be:

a) Botany and work with plants;

b) I do not know;

c) insurance agent.

29. When a question that needs to be solved is very difficult and requires a lot of effort from me, I try:

a) do another question;

b) I find it difficult to answer;

c) once again try to solve this issue.

30. At night, fantastic or ridiculous dreams are filmed: a) yes; b) sometimes; C) No.

This test cannot fully give an idea of \u200b\u200byour character and does not claim absolute accuracy.

However, it allows you to learn some features: sociability, emotional stability, conscientiousness, discipline.

Data processing

The answer "b" is always estimated at 1 point.

From the 1st to the 7th and from the 23rd to the 30th questions:

"A" - brings 0 points;

"B" - 2 points.

From the 8th to the 22nd Questions:

"A" - 2 points;

"B" - 0 points.

Key to test and evaluation of results

1. The amount of points obtained in responses to questions 1, 7, 9, 13, 19, 25 speaks of your sociability or closetness.

If the amount of points does not exceed 8, then you are most likely not very needed in the society of others and by nature, as they say, are not contact. It is possible that you are skeptical about familiar and quite strictly judge others. And this, as you know, limits the circle of close friends, with which it is easy to be frank.

If the amount of points above 8, then you are sociable and good-natured, open and heart. You are peculiar to naturalness and ease in behavior, attentiveness and softening towards people. You are not very afraid of criticism. Choosing a specialty, you should pay attention to, you can recommend a profession of the "man - person" type, requiring constant communication with people, collective action.

2. The amount of points obtained by answering questions 2,5,8,14,20,

26, speaks of your emotional stability or instability.

If the sum is less than 7, you are most likely susceptible to feelings and prone to a quick mood change. High ratings are peculiar to people weathered, calm, whose look at things is more realistic.

3. If the amount obtained by answering questions 3, 6.15, 18, 21,

27, less than 7, you are practical and conscientious person, easily follow the generally accepted standards, rules of behavior. Although, perhaps, it is characterized by some limitations, "grounding", excessive attentiveness to small things.

With high estimates - you have a rich imagination and, as a result, high creative potential. Try to still not "turn in the clouds." This often leads to everyday failure.

4 If the amount of points in responses to questions 4,10, 16, 22, 24 and 28 exceeds 5, you probably characterize prosecution and prudence. You are quite insightful, you know how to evaluate the events and surrounding people "without sublimation".

With low estimates, it is quite possible, you are characterized by straightness, naturalness and immediacy in behavior.

5. With the amount of answers to questions 11, 12, 17, 23, 29 and 30 less than 6, you seem to do not always have a good deal with self-control and discipline. Usually, such people, as psychologists say, inherent inner conflict.

When evaluating above the points, you probably have a purposeful person, well control your emotions and behavior, it is not difficult for you to adhere to the generally accepted rules.

Test 8.2. Self-esteem personality (1st option)

Instruction. Each person has certain ideas about the ideal and the most valuable properties of the person. People are focused on these qualities in the process of self-education. What qualities do you appreciate in people "? Different people have these ideas of unequal, and therefore they do not match the results of self-education. What ideas do you have? To understand this will help you with the following task that is performed in two stages.

1. Divide the sheet of paper into four equal parts, designate each part of Roman numbers I, II, III, IV.

2. There are four set of words characterizing the positive qualities of people. You must in each set of qualities to highlight those that are most significant and valuable for you personally, which you prefer before others. What these are quality and how much - everyone decides himself.

3 Carefully read the words of the first set of qualities. Write the most valuable quality in the column for you along with their numbers standing on the left. Now proceed to the second set of qualities - and so to the very end. As a result, you must receive four sets of ideal qualities.

To create conditions for the same understanding of the qualities by all participants in the psychological examination, give the interpretation of these qualities.

A set of personal qualities

I. Interpersonal relationships, communication.

1. Politeness - compliance with the rules of decency, courtesy.

2. Care - thoughts or actions aimed at well-being of people; Care.

3. Sincerity - expression of genuine feelings, truthfulness, frankness.

4. Collectivity - the ability to maintain overall work, common interests, collective start.

5. Responsiveness is ready to respond to other people's needs.

6. Radies - heartless, affectionate relationship, connected with hospitality, readily to serve something.

7. Sympathy is a responsive, spray attitude to experiences, misfortunes of people.

8. Tacticity - a sense of measure that creates the ability to behave in society, do not hurt the dignity of people.

9. Tolerance - the ability to relate to someone else's opinion, character, habits.

10. Sureness is responsiveness, sympathy, the ability to easily understand people.

11. Goodwill - the desire of good people, willingness to promote their well-being.

12. Discussion - the ability to express a sense of personal pleasure.

13. Charmality - the ability to charming, attract to yourself.

14. Sociability - the ability to easily enter into communication.

15. Binding - loyalty to the word, debt, promise.

16. Responsibility is the need, the duty is responsible for their actions and actions.

17. Frankness - openness, accessibility for people.

18. Justice is an objective assessment of people in accordance with the truth.

19. Compatibility - the ability to combine its efforts with the activity of others when solving common tasks.

20. Requirement - strictness, waiting from people to fulfill their duties, debt.

II. Behavior.

1. Activity - manifestation of interested attitudes towards the environment and oneself, to the business of the team, energetic acts and actions.

2. Pride - self-esteem.

3. Good nature - softness of character, location to people.

4. Decency - honesty, inability to commit educational and antisocial actions.

5. The courage is the ability to accept and implement their decisions without fear.

6. Hardness - the ability to insist on its own pressure, unshakable, stability.

7. Confidence - faith in the correctness of actions, lack of oscillations, doubt.

8. Honesty is straight, sincerity in relations and actions.

9. Energy - determination, activity of actions and action.

Internalism conflicts 197.

10. Enthusiasm - strong inspiration, mental lift.

11. Goodness - honest fulfillment of their duties.

12. Initiative is the desire for new forms of activity.

13. Intelligence is high culture, education, erudition.

14. perseverance - perseverance in achieving goals.

15. Decision is inflexibility, hardness in actions, the ability to quickly make decisions, overcoming internal oscillations.

16. Principality - the ability to adhere to the firm principles, beliefs, views on things and events.

17. Self-criticism - the desire to assess your behavior, the ability to open your mistakes and disadvantages.

18. Independence - the ability to perform actions without someone else's assistance, on their own.

19. Balanced - smooth, calm, behavior.

20. Foreignness - the presence of a clear goal, the desire to achieve it.

III. Activity.

1. Thoughtfulness - deep penetration into the essence of the case.

2. Business suit - knowledge of business, enterprise, intelligence.

3. Mastery - high art in any area.

4. Ponatility - the ability to understand the meaning, intelligence.

5. Speed \u200b\u200bis the rapidness of actions and actions, speed.

6. Cobeness - focus, tightness.

7. Accuracy - the ability to act as set, in accordance with the sample.

8. Diligence - Love for labor, socially useful activities requiring voltage.

9. Madness - the ability to completely surrender to any case.

10. Expandability - zeal in what requires a long time and patience.

11. Accuracy - compliance in everything about the order, carefulness, operational.

12. Attentiveness - concentration on performance.

13. Forensicity - dismissions, the ability to foresee the consequences, predict the future.

14. Discipline - the habit of discipline, the consciousness of debt to society.

15. Extension - diligence, good task execution.

16. Inquisition - the toastfulness of the mind, a tendency to acquire new knowledge.

17. Response - the ability to quickly find a way out of difficult provisions.

18. Sequence - the ability to perform tasks, actions in strict order, logically, slim.

19. Performance - the ability to work much and productively.

20. Scrupulosis - accuracy to small things, special care.

IV. Experiences, feelings.

1. Cheerfulness - a feeling of completeness, activities, energy.

2. Fearlessness - the lack of fear, courage.

3. Greater is a carefree-joyful state.

4. Independence - sincere friendliness, the location of people.

5. Mercy - willingness to help, forgive from compassion, humanity.

6. Tenderness - manifestation of love, caress.

7. Freedom-loving - love and desire for freedom, independence.

8. Heartness is implacing, sincerity in relations.

9. Personality - the ability of entirely to accomplish their passion.

10. Shame - the ability to experience a feeling of shame.

11. Emotion is a measure of experience, mental concern.

12. Establishness - a big lifting of feelings, delight, admiration.

13. Possibility is a tendency to feel the feeling of pity, compassion.

14. Cheerfulness - constancy of the feeling of joy, lack of despondency.

15. Loving - the ability to love much and many.

16. Optimist is a cheerful globility, faith in success.

17. Restraint - the ability to keep itself from the manifestation of feelings.

18. Satisfaction is a feeling of pleasure from the fulfillment of desires.

19. Coolness - the ability to keep calm and exposure.

20. Sensitivity - the ease of experiences, feelings, increased susceptibility to exposure from the outside.

Carefully consider the qualities of the personality that you discharge from the first set, and find among them that you have real. Circuit numbers with them with a circle. Now go to the second set of qualities, then to the third and fourth.

Treatment

1. Count how much you found real qualities (P).

2. Count the number of ideal qualities imposed by you (and), and then calculate their percentage.

Results compare with an estimated scale (see Table 8.5).

Test 8.2. Self-esteem personality (2nd option)

Instruction

1. Carefully read a set of 20 personality qualities: accuracy, cheerfulness, kindness, perseverance, mind, truthfulness, principle, independence, modesty, sociability, pride, conscientiousness, indifference, laziness, sassillion, cowardice, greed, suspicion, egoism, inconsistency.

2. In the 1st Stage "Ideal" under the number (rank) 1, write down the quality of the above, which you most value in humans, at number 2 - then the quality that value is slightly smaller, etc., in descending order significance. Number 13 Specify that quality - disadvantage - from the above, which you could easier could forgive people (after all, as you know, there are no ideal people, everyone has shortcomings, but some can forgive, but some - no ), at number 14 - the disadvantage that is more difficult to forgive, etc., at number 20 is the most disgusting, from your point of view, the quality of people.

3. In the 2nd Stage "I" under the number (rank) 1, write down the quality of the above, which you personally have the strongestly developed (regardless of whether it is or disadvantaged), at number 2 - then the quality that has been developed You are slightly smaller, etc., in a descending order, under the last numbers are the qualities that you have less developed or absent.

Data processing

1. Counting by the formula

where- Rank (number) of quality in the 1st column; - rank of 1st quality in the 2nd column; - the difference of grades of grade 1 in the columns.

We will calculate everything, there must be 20. Suppose that the first word in the 1st column - the mind in the 2nd column is the word is on the 5th place, that is. \u003d 5, then according to the formula, calculate (1 - 5) 2 \u003d 16 And so on for all words in order (n - the amount of the analyzed qualities, n \u003d 20).

2. Then we obtain the stock, we multiply on 6, we divide the product to \u003d\u003d 7980 and, finally, from 1 taking private, that is, we find the rating correlation coefficient:

Evaluation and Interpretation of Results

1. Calculate the formula:

where: - Rank (number) of Mr. Quality in the 1st column;

Rank (number) of g "-go quality in the 2nd column; Vi- difference of ranks g" -go number in columns. Calculate everything must be 20.

2. The resulting rating correlation coefficient compare with the scale (Table 8.5).

Self-assessment of the individual may be adequate, overestimated or understated.

Adequate self-esteem corresponds to two positions (levels) of a psychodiagnostic scale: "Middle", "above average".

Table 8.5 Psychodiagnostic Scale Test 8.2

With adequate self-esteem, the subject of social interaction is correct (real) relates its capabilities and abilities, it criticically refers to itself, sets real goals, knows how to predict an adequate attitude of others to the results of its activities. The behavior of such a subject is based on its non-conflict, in conflict it behaves constructively. Inside riffine conflicts are under little.

With the self-esteem "High level", "above average": a person deservedly appreciates and respects himself, satisfied with himself, he has a developed sense of self-esteem.

With self-esteem "Middle Level": a person respects himself, but knows his weaknesses and strives for self-improvement, self-development.

The overestimated self-esteem corresponds to the level "inadequately high" in a psychodiagnostic scale.

With an overestimated self-esteem, a person has an incorrect idea of \u200b\u200bitself, an idealized image of his personality. He overestimates his capabilities, is always focused on success, ignores failures.

The perception of reality is often emotionally, failure or failure, as a consequence of someone's mistakes or adverse circumstances.

Fair criticism in his address he perceives as picky.

Such a person conflict is inclined to overestimation of a conflict situation, in conflict behaves actively, making a bet on victory.

The understated self-esteem corresponds to the three positions (levels) in a psychodiagnostic scale: "inadequately low", "low" and "below average".

With understated self-esteem in humans there is a complex of inferiority. He is unsure of himself, Robot, passive. Such people are distinguished by excessive demanding to themselves and even greater demanding to others. They are fusey, whitewings, and others see only shortcomings.

Such people are conflict. The causes of conflicts often occur due to their intolerance to other people.

Test 8.3. "Self-assessment of the level of claims according to the method of Schwarzlander"

Instruction

1. Think how many "plusies" you can draw in 10 seconds, and this is the number of prospective "plusies" specify in forms 1; Put the number next to the UE (levels of claims). Then, at the Start Experimentator signal, start drawing "plusings" in each square of the form 1, and stop drawing along the STOP signal. Calculate the number of the "plus signs" you really draw and specify in Blanca 1 next to CD (level of achievements).

2. Considering your previous experience and the range of your features (can you more, quickly draw "pluses"), specify in the letter 2 your levels of claims and then by signals of the Start and Stop experimental signals, refine the experience and write down in the blank 2 Your level of achievements.

3. Repeat this procedure for the third, and then for the fourth blank. (Notes for the experimenter, see below.)

Data processing

1. Calculate your claims according to the formula:

where UP (2) is the level of claims from the form 2; UD (1) is the level of achievements from the form 1, etc. In accordance with the numbers specified in the brackets.

2. The resulting values \u200b\u200bof the claims are comparable to a psychodiagnostic scale.

The level of claims (the technique was developed by Schwarzlander)

Psychodiagnostic scale to test 8.3

The level of claims (U P) is 5 and higher - unrealistic high; UP \u003d 3 ■ * - 4.99 - high; UP \u003d 1 * - 2.99 - moderate; UP \u003d -1.49 * ■ 0.99 - Low, UE \u003d -1.50 and below - unrealisticly low.

The level of claims characterizes the degree of difficulties of those goals to which the person seeks to the achievement of which is attractive and possible. At the level of claims, the impact of the dynamics of good luck and failures in the life path, the dynamics of success in concrete activities. There are adequate levels of claims (a person sets them to those goals that can actually achieve, which correspond to its abilities and opportunities) and inadequate: overestimated (claims that it cannot be achieved) or understated (chooses light and simplified goals, although it is capable of larger). The more adequate self-esteem, the more appropriate level of claims.

Persons with an unrealistic inflated level of claims, overestimating their abilities and opportunities, are taken for those who are unbearable tasks for them and often fail. People with a high, but realistic level of claims strive constantly to improve their achievements, to self-improvement, to solve more and more complex tasks, to achieving difficult goals. Persons with a moderate level of claims stably and successfully solve the range of tasks of medium difficulty, not seeking to improve their achievements and abilities and move to more difficult goals. Persons with a low or unrealistic understated level of claims choose too light and simple goals, which can be explained: a) understated self-esteem, unbelief in their forces, "Incompleteness Complex", or b) "Social cunning", when, along with high self-esteem and self-esteem The person avoids social activity and difficult, responsible cases and goals.

Note for an experimenter: 1) Sizes of Tables yukhsm, dimensions of small squares in tables 1 x 1 cm; 2) the duration of the 1st, 2nd, 4th experiments of 10 seconds, and in the 3rd experience - 8 seconds for the artificial creation of a failure situation.

Test 8.4. Self-esteem complex of inferiority

The first complexes of inferiority described and gave them the definition of "founding fathers" of psychoanalysis. These names, they identified emotionally painted beliefs and life principles that are manifested in impulsive, unsenable to explain the actions that complicate the normal life that limit the possibilities of developing the personality and preventing the feeling of joy. The inferiority complex makes people feel lower than others, he, for example, can cause a refusal from any competitive struggle: exams, professional contests, business, etc. This complex is generated by uncertainty in its virtues or abilities. "I will not even try, I'll lose!" - convinced the victims of this complex.

Complexes are developing, as a rule, in people who, by nature, or by education, tend to be harsh judges. They endure themselves a harsh sentence ("for small growth", "thick legs", etc.), but also constantly condemn others. From the point of view of psychology, one or another self-assessment is directly related to your attitude towards the environment. He who loves this world loves himself. So, if we always criticize others, we will be ruthless and to ourselves. Ruthlessness will enter the habit, and then become a complex. Such a person is practically satisfied with himself. Everyone nibbles something, each has its own complexes. We all compare themselves with someone to make sure that we are standing.

And what about you? To do this, answer the test questions.

Instruction. Read each approval, select the answer option that is most valid for you, write down the approval number and the number of points to the selected answer option (the number of points is indicated next to the answer option).

1. People do not understand me

a) often (0)

b) rarely (3)

c) this does not happen (5)

2. I feel "not in its plate"

a) rarely (5)

c) very often (0)

3. I am optimist

b) only in exceptional cases (3)

4. Rejoice What fell, it's a) stupidity (0)

b) helps to survive difficult minutes (3)

c) what it is worth learn (5)

5. I would like to have the same abilities like others

b) sometimes (3)

c) no, I have higher abilities (5)

6. I have too much flaws

a) it's true (0)

b) it's not my opinion (3)

c) not true! (five)

7. Life is beautiful!

a) it really is so (5),

b) it is too general assertion (3)

c) not at all (0)

8. I feel unnecessary a) often (0)

b) at times (3) c) rarely (5)

9. My actions around others are incomprehensible.

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

10. I tell me that I do not justify hope

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) very rarely (5)

11. I have a lot of advantages

b) it all depends on the situation (3)

12. I am pessimist a) Yes (0)

b) in exceptional cases (3)

13. How every thinking person, I analyze my behavior

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

14. Life is sad thing

a) generally yes (0)

c) it is not so (5)

15. "Laughter is health"

a) Banal statement (0)

b) it is worth remembering in difficult situations (3)

c) not at all (5)

16. People underestimate me

a) alas, it is so (0)

b) I do not give it much value (3)

c) not at all (5)

17. I judge others too harsh

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

18. After the failure strip always comes

a) I believe in it, although I know that this is faith in miracles (5)

b) maybe so, but there is no scientific confirmation (3)

c) I do not believe in it, because it is faith in miracles (0)

19. I behave aggressively

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

20. I am lonely

a) very rare (5)

b) sometimes (3)

c) too often (0)

21. People are unfriendly

a) Most (0)

b) some (3)

c) not at all (5)

22. I do not believe that you can achieve what you want

a) Because I do not know who it succeeds (0)

b) sometimes it succeeds (3)

c) it is not, I believe! (five)

23. Requirements that in front of me put life exceeded my possibilities.

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

24. Probably, every person is dissatisfied with his appearance a) I think yes (0)

b) Probably sometimes (3) c) I do not think so (5)

25. When I do something or say, it happens, I do not understand me

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) very rarely (5)

26. I love people

b) approval is too general (3)

27. It happens, I doubt my abilities

a) often (0)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (5)

28. I am satisfied with myself

a) often (5)

b) sometimes (3)

c) rarely (0)

29. I think that it should be more critical than other people

b) I do not know (3)

30. I believe that I have enough strength to realize my life plans.

b) sometimes happens (3)

Assessment of results

ATTENTION: If you did not score the same amount of points (for example, 0 and 0.3 and 3, 5 and 5) in the following pairs: 3 and 18, 9 and 25.12 and 22, the total test result can be considered random, unreliable.

0-40 points - unfortunately, you are compacted. Evaluate yourself negatively, "looked around" on their weaknesses, shortcomings, mistakes. You constantly struggle with you, and it only aggravates your complexes, and the situation itself, even more complicates your relationship with people. Try to think about yourself otherwise: concentrate on the fact that there is a strong, warm, good and joyful in you. You will see that your attitude towards himself will change very soon and to the world around.

41-80 points. You have all the opportunities yourself perfectly cope with your complexes. In general, they do not really interfere with you live. At times you are afraid to analyze yourself, your actions. Remember: to hide your head in the sand - the case is completely unpromising, it will not bring to the good and can only discharge the situation for a while. From myself you will not kill, bolder!

81-130 points - you are not devoid of complexes, like every normal person, but perfectly cope with your problems. Objectively assess your behavior and actions of people. Hold your destiny in your hands. In the company you feel easily and freely, and people feel as easily in your society. Tip: keep it up!

131-150 Points - you think you have no complexes at all. Do not deceive yourself, it simply does not happen. The world invented by you and your own image is far from reality. Self-exchanger and overestimated self-esteem. Try to look at yourself from the side. Complexes in order to cope with them or ... to love them. You will be enough for both. Otherwise, your self-love complex will turn into a rapidness, arrogance, will cause hostility to you around people, will significantly spoil your life.

Test 8.5. Determination of temperament according to the method of Aizenka

Instruction. You are offered 57 questions. For each question, only "yes" or "no". Do not waste time discussing questions, there can be no good or bad answers, since this is not a test of mental abilities.

1. Do you often have a lot of new impressions, to distracting, experience strong sensations?

2. Do you often feel that you need friends who can understand you, encourage, sustain?

3. Do you think yourself with a carefree person?

4. Is it really hard for you to abandon your intentions?

5. Do you think about your business in slow and prefer to wait before acting?

6. Do you always restrain your promises, even if it is unprofitable for you?

7. Do you often have a decline and mood lifts?

8. Do you usually act and say?

9. Do you ever have a feeling that you are unhappy, although there was no serious reason for this?

10. Is it true that "on the dispute" are you able to decide on everything?

11. Do you confuse when you want to get acquainted with the person of the opposite sex that you are sympathetic?

12. Does ever happen that, getting angry, do you come out of yourself?

13. Does it often happen that you are working thoughtlessly under the influence of the moment?

14. Does you often bother you about what you have not followed something to do or talk?

15. Do you prefer reading books with people?

16. Is it true that you can easily hurt you?

17. Do you think often to be in the company?

18. Do you have such thoughts that you would not want to share with others?

19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in their hands, and sometimes you feel fatigue?

20. Do you try to limit your dating circle with a small number of closest friends?

21. How many are you dreaming?

22. When you scream, do you answer the same?

23. Do you think all your habits are good?

24. Do you often have a feeling that you are to blame for something?

25. Are you able to sometimes give Will with your feelings and have a carefree to have fun in a funny company?

26. Is it possible to say that your nerves are often stretched to the limit?

27. Do you hear a person live and fun?

28. After the case is done, do you often come back to him and think that you would be able to do better?

29. Do you feel restless while in a big company?

30. Does that you pass rumors?

31. Does it happen that you do not sleep because of the fact that different thoughts climb?

32. If you want to know something, do you prefer to find it in a book or ask people?

33. Do you have a strong heartbeat?

34. Do you like work requiring concentration?

35. Do you have attacks trembling?

36. Do you always talk truth?

37. Do you unpleasantly located in the company, where do you get rid of each other?

38. Are you irritable?

39. Do you like work requiring speed?

40. Is it true that you often do not give peace of thought about different troubles and horrors that could happen, although everything ended well?

41. Is it true that you are leopard in movements and are somewhat slow?

42. Did you ever go to work or at a meeting with anyone?

43. Do you often dream nightmares?

44. Is it true that you like to talk so much that you do not miss any incident to talk with a new person?

45. Do you worry any pain?

46. \u200b\u200bWould you be upset if you couldn't see friends for a long time?

47. Are you a nervous person?

48. Are there any familiar among your acquaintances that you obviously do not like?

49. Are you confident man?

50. Is it easy for you to criticize your drawbacks or your work?

51. Is it difficult for you to get real pleasure from events in which many people participate?

52. Do you worry your feeling that you are something worse than others?

53. Would you make a recovery in a boring company?

54. Does that you talk about things in which you do not understand at all?

55. Do you worry about your health?

56. Do you like to jerk over others?

57. Do you suffer insomnia?

Emotional stability

Extraversion - is the amount of answers "Yes" in questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13,17,22,25,27,39,44,46,49,53,56 and no answers in matters: 5, 15,20,29,32,34,37,41.51.

If the amount of points is ranging from 0 to 10, then you are introverted, closed within our own inner world.

If 15-24, then you are extrovert, sociable, addressed to the outside world.

If 11-14, then you are an ambiver, communicate when you need it.

Neurotic - there is a number of answers "Yes" in questions: 2, 4, 7, 9,11, 14,16, 19, 21, 23, 23, 28, 31, 23, 35, 38, 28, 31, 23, 35, 38, 31, 31 , 50, 52, 55, 57.

If the number of answers "Yes" is ranging from 0 to 10, then emotional stability.

If 11-16, then - emotional impressionability. If 17-22, then there are separate signs of the separation of the nervous system.

If 23-24, then - neurotic, bordering pathology, a breakdown, neurosis is possible.

Lies - is the amount of answers "Yes" in questions: 6,24,36 and no answers in matters: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48, 54.

If the number of points scored 0-3 is the norm of human lies, the answers can be trusted.

If 4-5, it is doubtful.

If 6-9, then the answers are unreliable.

If the responses can be trusted, a schedule is built on the data obtained.

Sanguinik Extravert: Stable Personality, Socialien, aims to the outside world, sociable, sometimes chatty, carefree, cheerful, loves leadership, many friends, cheerful.

Choleric-extrovert: an unstable personality, unwinning, is excited, inconsistent, aggressive, impulsive, is optimistic, active, but performance and mood is unstable, cyclical. In the situation of stress - a tendency to hysteria-psychopathic reactions.

Phlegmatic-introvert: Stable personality, slowly, calm, passive, calm, careful, thoughtful, peaceful, discreet, reliable, calm in a relationship, is able to withstand long-term adversity without disruptions of health and mood.

Melancholic-introvert: an unstable person, anxious, pessimistic, externally restrained, but in the soul is very emotional, sensitive, frustrated and worries, inclined to anxiety, depression, sadness; In tense situations, a breakdown or deterioration ("Stress of the Rabbit") is possible.

Lesson 8.2. The training "intrapersonal conflicts"

The purpose of the lesson. Show students mechanisms for the involvement of a person in the state of intrapersonal conflict, familiarize them with ways to prevent conflict and exit from it, teach them methods of stress resistance.

Participants of the game:

1. Official.

2. Head of the official.

3. A representative of the public.

4. Sweeper.

5. Representative of local mafia.

6. Officer's wife.

* See: Kozyrev G. I. Introduction to conflictology. - M: Vlados, 1999. - P. 144-146.

7. Conscience official.

8. Group of experts.

The game can take part from 7-8 to 30 or more people.

Game Situation

1. The municipal lease department and the use of the Earth is headed by a kind of official. The department received a disposal of the respective city authorities, prohibiting the use of children's, sports, gaming and other sites for any other purposes (for example, building, organization of parking lots, etc.). However, the immediate supervisor of the official interprets the received order in its own way and requires the official to provide relevant instructions on the elimination of a certain playground. The official begins to indicate the chief.

2. At the same time, visitors come to the official at the reception: a representative of the public, which requires compliance with the law and restoration of the playground; The petitioner offering a bribe for providing him to lease purified

Scheme of the training game (exempted) territory; A representative of the local mafia, threatening an official with a violence, if the desired territory will not be transferred to him.

3. After completing the working day, the official goes home and the following happens to him: a dialogue with his conscience about what happened to him per day; A conversation with my wife, which is dissatisfied with his constant delays at work ("Children without a father; Wife without a husband"). In turn, the official annoys what they do not even understand at home in the family.

The order of the game

1. Distribute all the listed roles among students (the role of the official is distributed only at the request of the applicant). Assign a group of experts.

2. The game begins with the conversation of the chief with the official. Further order of the game is described in the "gaming situation".

3. During the game, the participants change roles, still not involved directly players are attracted.

4. Expert statement and summing up the training game. Caution (for the game manager). The training game "Intringency conflict" suggests the high emotional and psychological stress of players, especially playing the role of the official. During the game, it is necessary to closely monitor the psychological state of the "official", and if necessary, stop the game and change the roles. In conclusion, the game needs to be "rehabilitation" of all "officials": make a comprehensive analysis of the situation and outputs from them; Familiarize all participants of the game with ways to protect against frustration.

Control Test

Select the correct answer in each of the 10 questions. 1. Intrancy conflict is:

a) deep emotional experiences of the personality of their failures;

b) the state of anxiety caused by the upcoming complex situation;

c) the collision of the opposite directional motives of the personality;

d) the collision of the oppositely directed behavioral characteristics of the personality;

e) Internal identity fluctuations facing the choice of funds to achieve a specific goal.

2. Which scientists have the development of teachings on the struggle between Eros and Tanatos, as a natural basis of intraity conflicts?

a) 3. Freuda;

b) A. Adler;

c) K. Yunga;

d) E. Fromma; e) to. Levin.

3. Who from scientists own the development of exercise on extroversion and introversion, as the objective nature of intrapersonal conflicts?

a) 3. Freuda;

b) A. Adler;

c) K. Yunga;

d) E. Fromma;

d) K. Levin.

4. Which scientists own the development of the "theory of the complex of inferiority"?

a) 3. Freuda;

b) A. Adler;

c) K. Yunga;

d) E. Fromma;

d) K. Levin.

5. Who from scientists own the development of the theory of "existential dichotomy"?

a) 3. Freuda;

b) A. Adler;

c) K. Yunga;

d) E. Fromma;

d) K. Levin.

6. Which scientists own the development of the theory of "motivational conflicts"?

a) 3. Freuda;

b) A. Adler;

c) K. Yunga;

d) E. Fromma; e) to. Levin.

7. Equivalent intrapersonal conflict is:

e) a conflict associated with a combination equally in the inner world of the personality of a tendency to extroversion-intrrow-cii.

8. Ambivalent intrapersonal conflict is:

a) the conflict associated with the choice between two equally unattractive objects;

b) conflict associated with a choice of 2 or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive objects;

c) conflict associated with the choice of an object in which at the same time there is an attractive and unattractive parties;

d) the conflict associated with the situation where the expected result of the decision of any task does not receive approval in society, a team or family;

9. Vital Intrinner conflict is:

a) the conflict associated with the choice between two equally unattractive objects;

b) conflict associated with a choice of 2 or more equally attractive and mutually exclusive objects;

c) conflict associated with the choice of an object in which at the same time there is an attractive and unattractive parties;

d) the conflict associated with the situation where the expected result of the decision of any task does not receive approval in society, a team or family;

e) a conflict associated with a combination equally in the inner world of the personality of a tendency to extroversion-intrrow-cii.

10. Forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts are:

a) neurasthenia, euphoria, sublimation, idealization, nomadism, rationalization;

b) neurasthenia, euphoria, regression, projection, nomadism, rationalization;

c) neurasthenia, euphoria, idealization, projection, rationalization, displacement;

d) neurasthenia, euphoria, regression, projection, nomadism, reorientation;

e) compromise, care, reorientation, sublimation, idealization, displacement.

The intrapersonal conflict is a condition in which a person has contradictory and mutually exclusive motives, the values \u200b\u200band goals with which he cannot cope at the moment cannot work out the priorities of behavior.

Innerinishing conflict source

The study of intrapersonal conflict began at the end of the XIX century and was associated primarily with the name of the founder of psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud. He showed that human existence is associated with constant tension and overcoming the contradiction between biological attractions and desires (primarily sexual) and socio-cultural norms, between unconscious and consciousness. In this contradiction and constant confrontation, according to Freud, the essence of intrapersonal conflict.

"I-concept"

Otherwise, representatives of the humanistic school considered the theory of intrapersonal conflict. The fundamental component of the personality structure, Karl Rogers believes, is the "I-Concept" - the presentation of the personality of itself, the image of its own "I", which is formed in the process of interaction with the environment. Based on "I-Concept" there is self-regulation of human behavior.

But "I-Concept" often does not coincide with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe ideal "I". The mismatch may occur between them. This dissonance between the "I Concept", on the one hand, and the ideal "I" - on the other, and acts as an intrapersonal conflict that can lead to a severe mental illness.

Pyramid Maslow

The concept of an intrapersonal conflict of one of the leading representatives of the humanistic psychology of the American psychologist Abraham Masow received wide fame. According to the oil, the motivational structure of the person forms a number of hierarchically organized needs:

1) physiological needs;

2) security need;

3) the need for love;

4) the need for respect;

5) the need for self-actualization.

The highest is the need for self-actualization, that is, in the realization of human abilities and talents. She is expressed in the fact that a person seeks to be who he can become. But it does not always succeed. Self-actualization as the ability may be present in most people, but only a minority is implemented. This gap between the desire for self-actualization and the actual result and underlies the intrapersonal conflict.

Logotherapy

Another very popular theory of intrapersonal conflict was developed by Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist Viktor Franklom, created a new direction in psychotherapy - logotherapy - the search for the meaning of human existence. According to the concept of Frankl, the main driving force of every person's life is to find the meaning of life and the struggle for him. But the meaning of life is possible only a little. The absence of it gives rise to a person in a person, which he calls an existential vacuum, or a sense of aimlessness and emptiness.

Boredom - evidence of the lack of meaning of life, sense-forming values, and this is already serious. Because the meaning of life to find is much more difficult and more important than wealth. In addition, the need pushes a person to action and contributes to getting rid of neurosis, and boredom associated with an existential vacuum, on the contrary, encourages it to be inactive and thereby contributes to the development of psychological disorder.

Leontiev's theory

According to A.N. Theory Leontiev, intrapersonal conflict - the inevitable part of the personality structure. Anyone, even having a leading behavior motive and a major goal in life, cannot live only one of any purpose or a motive. The motivational sphere of a person never resembles a frozen pyramid. So the conflict of certain interests and goals is quite normal for each person a phenomenon.

To resolve intrapersonal conflicts, it is important to establish its fact itself, to determine the reasons, select the appropriate solutions.

The intrapersonal conflict does not occur spontaneously. Man creature biosocial. On the one hand, its livelihood is carried out in the social environment. In addition to the fact that the person's psyche itself is quite controversial. A person is involved in diverse social relations. According to its content, the social environment and social relations are pretty contradictory and affect the individual in various directions and with different signs. Only in society a person can satisfy his needs, asserted and self-realize. The individual is an individual becomes in society. He must, obliged, forced to comply with the norms and rules of behavior, which established in its social environment, both official (enshrined legally) and unofficial. It is impossible to live in society and be free from it. On the other hand, the person is striving for freedom, preserving its individuality, uniqueness.

Thus, the relationship between a person with a social environment is contradictory, which necessitates the inconsistency of the internal structure of the individual. According to Alexey Leontiev, "the diverse relations in which a person comes, are objectively contradictory; These contradictions and generate conflicts that under certain conditions are fixed and included in the personality structure.

When identifying the reasons for intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to take into account that the authors of each of the concepts allocate their groups. But the main reason uniting various approaches should be called the presence of contradictions. There are two groups of contradictions leading to the emergence of intrapersonal conflict.

Groups intrapersonal conflicts:
1st group: Transition of external contradictions, in relation to man, in its inner world (adaptation, moral, etc.);
Group: Contradictions of the inner world of the individual, reflecting her attitude to the social environment.

Along with groups of contradictions, highlight their levels:

1. Psychological balance of the inner world;
2. Intrapersonal conflict;
3. Life crisis.

Psychological equilibrium of the inner world is characterized by the background level of an internal conflict situation, the ability of a person to optimally resolve it.

The level of intrapersonal conflict is characteristic of a violation of mental equilibrium, complication, difficulty of basic activities, making mental discomfort for professional activities, interaction with the social environment.

For the level of the life crisis, it is impossible to implement life plans and programs, performing even basic life functions until the contradiction is resolved.

The resolution of the contradiction is possible on any of these levels. This is primarily due to the ratio of claims and the possibility of their satisfaction or the ability to reduce their level, or even refuse.

But for the transition from the first level, then the presence of both personal and situational conditions is necessary.

Personal conditions:

• Complex inner world, actualization;
• Personality's ability to self-analysis.

Situational conditions:

• Internal;
• External.

External conditions according to V. Merlin are associated with the satisfaction of any deep and active motives, the needs and relationships of the personality (the fight against nature, the satisfaction of some needs generates other, more complex, still unsatisfied, social limitations of the methods of satisfying motives and needs).

Internal conditions - Contradictions between different sides of the individual. By Kurt Levin, these contradictions should be meaningful, approximately equal, and the personality should be aware of the high level of difficulty solvability. Some authors, when considering the social and psychological reasons for the intrapersonal conflict, three groups are distinguished:

• Internal reasons that are rooted in contradiction of personality psyche;
• The external reasons caused by the position of the individual in the social group;
• The external reasons caused by the position of the individual in society.

At the same time, it should be emphasized that all types of causes of conflict are interconnected between themselves and are interconnected, and their differentiation is sufficiently conditional. In essence, we are talking about isolated, special and general reasons, between which there is a corresponding dialectical relationship and interdependence. By specifying the internal and external reasons, it should be noted that it is they predetermine the type (view) of an intrapersonal conflict.

Internal reasons Independent self-conflict personality:

• Contradiction between the need and social norm;
• Contradiction of social statuses and roles;
• Contradiction of social norms and values;
• The contradiction of the motives of interests and needs.

The general sign of the external reasons for the intrapersonal conflict due to the position of the personality in the group is the impossibility of meeting the principal, in this situation a deep internal meaning and the importance for the personality, needs and motives.

External reasonsConditioned by the Personality of Personality in the Social Group:

• Physical obstacles that prevent the satisfaction of needs;
• Physiological restrictions preventing the satisfaction of needs;
• The absence of an object required to meet the need;
• Social conditions that impede the satisfaction of needs.

Among the causes of intrapersonal conflict, due to the position of the person in the groupIt is necessary to allocate a group of reasons at the level of social organization (institute). At this level, to external reasons that cause this conflict should be attributed:

• Inconsistency of responsibility and rights;
• Non-compliance of working conditions with the requirements for its result;
• Inconsistency of personal norms and values \u200b\u200bby organizational;
• Discrepancy between social status and role;
• Lack of opportunities for self-realization, creativity;
• Mutually exclusive requirements, tasks.

In the conditions of a market economy, a contradiction between the desire for profits and moral norms is distinguished as the cause of intrapersonal conflict. However, in our opinion, this is more effectively in the transitional stage of market relations, the stage of the initial accumulation of capital.

The external causes of intrapersonal conflict due to the position of the individual in society are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of social macrosystems and are rooted in the nature of the social system, the social structure of society, its political device and economic life.

A significant contribution to the development of problems associated with the causes of the emergence of an intrapersonal conflict in the conditions of market economic relations was made by Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and others. In their works, Karen Horney allocated a number of contradictions in market culture, which underlie typical intrapersonal conflicts, which even lead to neurosis.

In her opinion, in the context of competition, characteristic of market relations, the personality is forced to constantly compete with themselves, under these conditions, constant hostility to the social environment develops under certain conditions in hostility to itself, which ultimately leads to the emergence of intrapersonal conflict. On the one hand, market relations require an individual of an appropriate level of aggressiveness, and on the other, society requires a certain altruism, patronage, considering them as appropriate public virtues. These circumstances act as an objective social basis for intrapersonal conflict in the premium of market relations.

The reasons intrapersonal conflict (K. Horney):

• Rivalry and success;
• Stimulation of needs;
• Proclaimable freedom and equality;
• Fraternal love and humanity;
• Obstacles to their achievement;
• Actual restrictions.

Erich Fromm, studying the influence of market relations on an intrapersonal conflict, calls the modern society "Sick society", the main disease of which is the general competition and alienation where the struggle for power, prestige and status. Alienation is striking the internal structure of the personality by the self-denial of a person from its essence. There is a conflict between the essence and the existence of the person.

The individual in the conditions of the market feels that his self-esteem depends on the conditions of the market, which it cannot control. He feels that his value does not depend on his human qualities, but from success in the competitive market. And losers, and wealthy people live in fear and anxiety in front of the future. Therefore, they are forced to continuously fight for success, and any obstacle on this path represents a serious threat to the internal state and generates an intrapersonal conflict.

It should be emphasized that in conditions of market culture, in combination with other factors of reforming public life, the likelihood of the transition of any kind of intraity conflict in a neurotic form is significantly increasing. The risk group includes not only those who live at the level of the subsistence minimum and lower, but also representatives of the wealthy segments of the population for which the business cause of the whole life. In case of crashing plans, bankruptcy, a person is experiencing the strongest stress. It should be borne in mind that the lifestyle of such people is existence in a stressful situation: a constant state of anxiety, concern, overwork.

Thus, the personality is constantly under the influence of external and internal factors that are confronted within it and disagreement, and only on the identity itself depends on what consequences they will lead.

The intrapersonal conflict in its consequences can be both constructive (functional, productive) and destructive.

The most severe destructive consequences of a timely unresolved intrapersonal conflict is that it can turn into a state of stress, frustration, neurosis, lead to suicide.

It is necessary to take into account that stress is very common to intrapersonal conflict, if he went far enough, and the person did not allow him in time and structurally. At the same time, stress itself often provokes further conflict development or generates a new one.

Frustration is also one of the forms of intrapersonal conflict. It, as a rule, is accompanied by pronounced negative emotions: anger, irritation, guilt, etc. The depth of frustration is the greater the stronger the intrapersonal conflict. The level of frustration of tolerance is individual, based on this, each has certain forces to overcome frustrationoid reaction to intrapersonal coofer.

The neurosis is based on the unproductively resolved contradiction between the person and significant factors for it are valid. The main reason for their occurrence is the deep intrainarity conflict, which personality is not able to resolve positively and rationally. The impossibility of resolving the conflict is accompanied by the occurrence of painful and painful experiences of failures, unmet needs of the unavailability of life goals, the loss of the meaning of life, etc. The emergence of neuroses testifies to the transition of an intrapersonal conflict to a new level - a neurotic conflict.

Neurotic conflict as the highest stage of development of intraperial conflict may arise at any age. Three forms of neuroses are distinguished: neurasthenia, hysteria and neurosis of obsessive states.

NeurastheniaAs a rule, it is characterized by increased irritability, fatigue, loss of ability to long-term mental and physical tension.

Hysteria Most often arises from people with great suggestibility and self-abscess. It is characterized by the disorder of the musculoskeletal system, paralysis, coordination disorder, speech disorders, etc.

Neuroses of obsessive states - painful thoughts, ideas, memories, fears and motivations to action, unexpectedly emerging in a person besides his will, are irresistibly causing all his "I.

Long-term foundation in the neurotic state leads to the formation of a neurotic type of personality, personality characterized by internally contradictory trends, which it is not capable of allowing nor reconcile.

A characteristic feature of a neurotic person in relationship with the social environment is the constant desire for rivalry in any situations. K. Horney allocated a number of features of neurotic rivalry, distinguishing it from ordinary.

Features of neurotic rivalry:

• Hidden hostility;
• The desire to all be unique and exceptional;
• Permanent comparison of yourself with others.

The negative consequences of the intrapersonal conflict relate to not only the state of the personality, its internal structure, but also its interaction with the social environment.

The intrapersonal conflict may carry not only a negative charge, but also positive, i.e. Perform a positive (constructive) function, to positively affect the structure, dynamics and the final result of mental processes, states and properties of the person, it serves as one of the most important sources of self-improvement and self-affirmation of the individual. In this case, the conflict situation is permitted without the predominance of negative consequences, the overall result of their permission is the development of personality.

Based on this, most of theoretics and intrapersonal conflict researchers consider positive intrapersonal conflict as one of the main methods of personality development. It is through the struggle, permit and overcoming intrapersonal contradictions, the formation of will, knowledge of the surrounding reality, the formation of a character is actually formed and developing all the basic structural components of individual psyche.

Constructive functions intrapersonal conflict:

• Mobilization of domestic personality resources;
• The development of the structural components of the psyche of the personality;
• The method of rapprochement "I" is the perfect and "I" real;
• Activation of self-knowledge and self-assessment processes;
• The method of self-actualization, self-realization.

Thus, the positive intrapersonal conflict on the one hand complicates the mental life of a person, but on the other it contributes to the transition to a new level of functioning allows you to realize yourself with a full-fledged, strong personality, get satisfaction from victory over your weaknesses.

Along with the causes and functions of the intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to determine with its main forms. One of them, the most destructive and dangerous - we have turned, describing the negative functions of the conflict. But, along with Pei, other forms are distinguished.

Rationalism - Self-creation, inventing artificial acquittal reasons for their actions, actions to ensure the state of mental comfort. The protective mechanism of concealment by the subject from its consciousness of the causes of his actions, actions in order to preserve the feeling of self-esteem, the integrity of their I, prevent unwanted mental states (feelings of guilt, recession, etc.). Rationalism is aimed at concealing socially, personally unacceptable motives, needs.

Euphoria - a mental state characterized by unprecedented, joyful, blissful mood, carelessness, serenity of not the corresponding objective position of a person.

Regression - Return to more primitive, often childish, types of behavior, form of psychological protection, return to that stage of personality development in which a feeling of pleasure was experiencing.

Projection - the process and result of the comprehension and generation of values, consisting in the conscious or unconscious movement by the subject of its own properties, states, experiences on external objects, other people (the unconscious attempt in the critical situation to find a "scapegoat"; interpretation of situations, events with the giving of their own feelings, Own experience; unconscious attributing to other people their own morally, unwanted, unwanted thoughts, feelings, actions first expressed by 3 Munde Freud). In addition to comprehending and generating new values, the projection also performs the function of removal from the personality of excessive internal moral conflicts by accusing others.

Nomadism - frequent change in the place of residence, place of work, marital status.

Deciding with the main reasons, functions and forms of intrapersonal conflict, should be declared such categories as their warning (prevention) and permission (overcoming). It must be borne in mind that to warn the conflict is always easier than to solve it.

Prevention of destructive intrapersonal conflict - the creation of appropriate prerequisites and conditions preventing the occurrence of sharp forms of intrapersonal contradictions.

Resolution of intrapersonal conflict, according to A.Ya. Antsupova is the restoration of the coherence of the inner world of the personality, the establishment of unity of consciousness, a decrease in the sharpness of contradictions of life relations, the achievement of a new vital quality.

Methods and conditions for overcoming the intrapersonal conflict:

• Universal (social and social);
• Personal.

Universal, or social, conditions and methods of preventing intrapersonal conflict are related to the establishment of the progressive social structure of society, civil society, the legal state and concern the changes occurring at the macro level of the social system.

National conditions, to a lesser extent depend on a separate specific personality. Therefore, we will consider the personal methods and conditions for overcoming the intrapersonal conflict in more detail.

Allocate a number of major permission methods intrapersonal conflict:

• Compromise - make a choice in favor of a particular option and proceed to its implementation.;
• Care - refusal to solve the problem caused by intrapersonal contradictions;
• Reorientation - changing claims against an object that caused the internal problem;
• Idealization - dreams, fantasies, care from reality, from intrapersonal contradictions.;
• The displacement is the process, as a result of which, not acceptable for the identity of thought and experiences from the sphere of consciously translated into the unconscious;
• Correction is a change in the I-concept towards achieving an adequate idea of \u200b\u200byourself.

It should be emphasized that all the listed methods of breaking the conflict of this type are quite effective, and lead to constructive resolution of the conflict.

The effectiveness of the activity of the personality on the constructive resolution of the intrapersonal conflict is influenced by a number of factors.

Along with the methods of permission, mechanisms for the resolution of intrapersonal conflicts (mental protection mechanisms) are also identified.

Mental defense - unconscious, spontaneous regulatory mechanism for elimination of anxiety, unpleasant, psychotrauming experiences, emotions, any mental discomfort associated with the awareness of the conflict.

The function of mental protection is " fencing»The spheres of consciousness from negative, traumatic experiences of experiences. It, as a rule, leads to a specific change in the content of consciousness as the result of the functioning of a number of protective mechanisms.

The mechanism of psychological protection of the individual is a special regulatory system of stabilizing the psyche of the personality, aimed at eliminating or minimizing the feelings of anxiety or fear accompanying intrapersonal conflict.

Attention should be paid to the fact that a number of mechanisms of mental protection simultaneously are its form.

• Deniation - Substitution of decision to ignore it.
• Substitution is a protective mechanism from the threat of destruction, the integrity of the "I" of the personality, from mental overvoltage, which consists in spontaneous change in the object of the updated need. For example, aggression, irritability in relation to the boss can be rented on family members. Or in modification, transformation of the need itself. For example, the motives of admission to the technical university can be replaced after failure on the motives of admission to the humanitarian university or on the refusal of obtaining higher education in general. Replacement as a mechanism of mental protection can manifest itself in changing the feelings, motifs, personality relations to the opposite (unrequited love can turn into hatred; unsatisfied sexual need for aggression, etc.). In the process of action of the replacement mechanism, transformation occurs, the translation of activity, energy from one type of activity to another, accompanied by catharsis. Catharsis - the liberation of the personality from the injury to her emotions by the story, remembering.
• Suppression is the containment of fear by the forgetting of its source, as well as circumstances associated with it.
• Isolation is the perception of the traumatic situation or the memory of it without a feeling of anxiety.
• Introduction - assigning values \u200b\u200bor character traits of other people to prevent threats on their part.
• Intellectualization is a way to analyze the person facing the person, for which the absolutization of the role of the thought component is characterized with the full ignoring of its sensual elements. When using this protective mechanism, even very important events for the personality are considered neutral, without the participation of emotions, which causes the surprise of ordinary people. For example, in the intellectualization, a person, hopelessly sick with cancer, can serenely calculate how many days left him, or to engage in any business, without thinking about the upcoming death.
• Cancellation - behavior, thoughts contributing to symbolic note on no previous act or thought that caused strong anxiety, guilt.
• Sublimation - a replacement mechanism (switching) with a conflict situation to another
• Reactive education - Development of the opposite installation.
• Compensation is a hide defect, through exaggerated manifestation and development of other qualities.
• Identification
• Device
• Separation
• Imagination (fantasy).

The formation of a stable inner world relies on accounting for its positive and negative life experience.

The orientation of success, as a rule, assumes that the identity should be guided by a real estimate of its chances for achieving a goal and therefore should be faithful to them, although there may be moderate goals and objectives.

The principle of self, not only in large, but also in small, reliably warns the emergence of serious internal contradictions.

Morally mature man who approves his behavior high ethical norms will never be in a situation for which he will have to worry, feel the feeling of guilt and remorse.

To adequately assess and rationally resolve the intrapersonal conflict, it is necessary to comply with a number of general principles.

Thus, the intrapersonal conflict is quite complex, diverse, multifunctional, both positive and negative phenomenon. Knowing its essence and content, basic types, causes of the occurrence of the principles, methods and methods of its permission, the actions of psychological protection mechanisms allows to constructively approach this unique social and psychological phenomenon, one of the main ways to develop the psyche and self-affirmation of the individual.

and basic ways to resolve it.

Methods for permission inside personal conflicts

One of the main ways to exit intrapersonal conflicts is an adequate assessment of the situation in which the individual turned out to be. It includes the self-esteem of the individual and assess the complexity of existing problems.

In social psychology, there is a concept of reflection - the ability of an individual to take a look at its situation from the position of the external observer, at the same time realize itself in this situation and how he is perceived by other people. Reflection helps a person to identify the true causes of its internal tension, experiences and alarms, correctly assess the current situation and find a reasonable way out of the conflict.
The famous psychotherapist Maxwell Malz in the book "I am I, or how to become happy" offers a lot of useful advice who can help a person solve personal conflicts. Most of these tips are based on the phenomenon of self-reflection. Consider some of them:
Create the correct image of your own "I". Know about yourself the whole truth. Be able to face the truth;
react to facts, and not on the idea of \u200b\u200bthem;
not to pay increased attention to the fact that people think about you as they rate you;
Do not react too emotionally on external stimuli, be able to delay your reaction to them ("I will worry only tomorrow");
Do not cultivate a feeling of insult, pity for yourself;
To be able to forgive yourself and others, forgiveness acts healing;
Be able to direct your aggression into the right track.
For surplus emotional "couple" you need to have a safety valve (exercise, creativity, hiking, etc.) :
Not "fight with windmills." Emotionally react only to what actually exists here and now;
Do not inflate "from the fly of an elephant", to actually assess the situation with all the consequences arising from it;
Have a clearly pronounced goal and steadily strive to achieve it. If possible, set real goals;
Act resolutely, purposefully, to come, not to defend.

During the conflict, emotions overwhelm people and prevent him from acting rationally.

In order not to carry an unnecessary and burdensome cargo, it is necessary to learn how to manage your emotions and periodically "clearing" from an excess of feelings such as insult, anger, fear, hatred, etc. For this, you can use a wide variety of ways and techniques, for example: to speak In a circle of friends, "Roach" in sports games, arrange hysterics alone (so as not to hear outsiders), break the old magazines in the shreds, to beat the mattress fists, etc. D.1. Freed from shipping emotions, a person receives additional resources to solve his problems.
D. Carnegie recommends in conflict situations (to overcome stress) Do not panic, but to take what happened as a faithful fact and act, throwing emotions. "It seems to me," writes D. Carnegie, - 50% of my unrest disappear when I take a clear, meaningful solution; Another 40% usually disappear when I proceed to its implementation.
So, I overcome my concern about 90% thanks to the implementation of the following principles:
Exact description of the situation exciting me.
Recording possible actions that I can do.
Decision-making.
Immediate implementation of this solution. "
In the event that an obstacle that caused intrapersonal conflict is unable to overcome, the frustrating individual can find other outputs:
replace tools to achieve a goal (find a new way;
replace goals (find alternative goals satisfying needs and desires;
Assess the situation in a new way (loss of interest in the goal as a result of obtaining new information, an argued refusal to goal and others. .

A special approach is needed when resolving unconscious internal conflict. The problem is that such a conflict exists on the subconscious level and its reasons are not clear for the carrier of the conflict. A person may be painful to react to certain life situations, some events or actions of others can be annoyed, he may be disliked to a certain type of people.

The reasons for such conflicts should be searched primarily in the man itself. To do this, it is necessary to carefully analyze several typical situations that cause your negative reaction and ask themselves a few questions:
What annoys me in this ...?
Why do I react so much ...?
How do I behave at the same time?
Why others on this ... react otherwise?
How adequately I react to this ...?
What is the cause of my irritation?
Wouldn't something like me happened to me before?
Other issues of issues will be possible to help better understand themselves. In the event that a person is able to realize the real sources of its internal conflicts, he will be free from the cargo of old problems and will respond to crisis situations adequately. In the event that it is not possible to resolve such problems, it is necessary to turn to a psychotherapist.

Inside, personal conflicts and stress activate the processes of spending physical and spiritual forces of a person. For their restoration and mobilization, as well as to drop out of the increased internal stress, there are various ways: for example, yoga, meditation, autotraining, etc.

Causes of intrapersonal confluenceskTA

Man's relationships to the world, to other people and to themselves are controversial, which causes both the inconsistency of the internal structure of the individual. Man as part of society cannot "jump out" from a holistic system of contradictory public relations, which ultimately determine his consciousness, psyche and the whole inner world.

Diverse relationships - wrote in this connection A.N. Leontyev, - in which a person comes to reality, are objectively contradictory. Their contradictions and give rise to conflicts, which under certain conditions are fixed and included in the personality structure.

With a more concrete consideration of the causes of intrapersonal conflict, they can be divided into three types:

1) the internal reasons that are rooted in contradictions of the identity itself;

2) the external causes due to the position of the individual in the social group;

3) The external causes caused by the position of the individual in society.

It should be borne in mind that all these types of causes of conflict are interrelated, and their differentiation itself is sufficiently conditional. It is essentially about single, special and general reasons, between which, as between categories, which reflect them, there is a dialectical relationship. For example, the internal causes of the conflict is the result of the interaction of the personality and with the group, and with society, and do not arise by themselves, nowhere.

Internal reasons

The internal causes of intrapersonal conflict are rooted in contradictions between different personnel motifs in the incrugulating of its internal structure. At the same time, the more difficult in the inner world of a person, the more its feelings, values \u200b\u200band claims are developed, the higher its ability to self-analysis, the more personality is subject to conflict. Among the main contradictions causing an internal conflict can be allocated as follows:

Contradiction between the need and social norm. Intrapersonal conflict arising on this basis is classically described 3. Freud;

The contradiction of motives, interests and needs (and in the theater I want to go, and to the seminar should be prepared);

The contradiction of social roles (and the production of production should be lined to fulfill an urgent order, and with the child to take a walk);

The contradiction of social values \u200b\u200band norms: how to combine the Christian value "not kill" and the debt of the protection of the fatherland on the battlefield.

For the emergence of intrapersonal conflict, these contradictions must acquire a deep personal meaning, otherwise a person will not give them importance. In addition, various parties contradictions on the strength of their impact on the identity should be approximately equal. Otherwise, a person from two evils easily chooses a smaller, and from two benefits - more. And no conflict arises.

External reasons

The external causes of intrapersonal conflict may be due to: the position of the person in group, 2) the position of the individual in the organization, 3) the position of the individual in society.

1 The external causes of the intrapersonal conflict due to the position of the person in the group can be diverse. But their overall sign is the impossibility of satisfying any important, in this situation a deep internal meaning and importance for the personality, needs and motives. In the work of "Psychology of the Individual and Group", four types of situations causing intrapersonal conflict are allocated in this regard.

1) physical obstacles that prevent the satisfaction of our basic needs: a prisoner to which the camera does not give freedom of movement; bad weather preventing harvest; insufficient income that does not allow the hostess to acquire what she wants; omitted barrier go clock that is not transmitting to one or another place;

2) the absence of an object required to meet the experienced need (I want to drink a cup of coffee, but the shops are closed, and there is no longer it left at home);

3) biological restrictions (mentally retarded people and people with physical defects, whose obstacle is rooted in the very body);

4) Social conditions (the main source of the greatest number of our intrapersonal conflicts).

When our need for respect does not meet an understanding when we are deprived of the freedom or feel others in our class because of the relationship to us of some people, we are in the state of frustration. There are many examples of conflict situations like this in the life of society, since it is very often a group of pressure on their members, which leads to personal conflicts.

2 At the organization level, the external causes that cause intrapersonal conflict can be represented by such types of contradictions as:

1) a contradiction between a large responsibility and insufficient rights for its implementation (a person has increased in office, they gave to subordinate new employees, expanded the functions, etc., and the rights remained the same);

2) the contradiction between the stringent requirements for the timing and quality of the task and the bad working conditions (by all means it is necessary to perform a production task, and the technique is old and constantly breaking);

3) a contradiction between two mutually exclusive requirements or tasks (requirements at the same time increase the quality of products and at the same time increase its production with constant equipment);

4) the contradiction between the rigid task and the poorly prescribed mechanisms and means of its execution. (In our recent past in the face of a tough planned economy in this regard, the slogan "Plan at any cost" was popular);

5) the contradiction between the production requirements, norms and traditions in the organization, on the one hand, and personal values \u200b\u200bor needs, on the other. (Permanent work on weekends, eternal Avrals, Practice of bribes and offerings, Podhalimage, Head of the Chief Beach with Claims to subordinates, systematic collective drinks at work, etc. - this kind of requirements, customs and norms may not be acceptable for people, not comply with their values \u200b\u200band needs);

6) a contradiction between the desire for creativity, career, self-affirmation and the possibilities of implementing this in the organization. (Many people as a vital goal seek to improve the qualifications, to self-realization, and if there are no conditions for this, intrapersonal conflict may develop);

7) Contradictions caused by incompatibility of social roles. (This cause of the intrapersonal conflict is quite common. Its content consists in contradiction between those functions that a person must perform, having different statuses, in this case, the various roles will be made to a person different, maybe even conflicting requirements. For example, the status of the organization's head will make some requirements and norms of behavior in relation to subordinate, and the status of a close friend is other);

8) the contradiction between the desire for profits and moral norms. (A person works in an organization that issues profitable, but poorly quality or harmful to consumers products).

3 The external causes of intrapersonal conflict due to the position of personality in society. These reasons are associated with contradictions that arise at the level of social macrosystems and are rooted in the nature of the social system, the social structure of society, its political device and economic life.

For Russia, in this regard, it is necessary to pay attention primarily to the influence of market relations on the emergence and development of intrapersonal conflict. For us, this question is especially relevant, because the country recently got up on the path of the market economy. And although in the domestic literature, this issue has not yet been studied in due expensive, we can refer to the studies available in other countries that have long been inserted on the path of economic liberalism.

The consequences of intrapersonal conflict. Negative consequences of intrapersonal conflict

The intrapersonal conflict in its consequences can be both constructive (functional, productive) and destructive (dysfunctional, unproductive). The first has its result positive consequences, the second is negative. The intrapersonal conflict is of a destructive nature when the person cannot find a way out of the established conflict situation, not in the state in time and positively resolve the contradictions of the internal structure.

1 In general, it is possible to distinguish the following negative consequences of an intrapersonal conflict relating to the state of the personality:

Termination of the development of the personality, the beginning of degradation;

Psychic and physiological disorganization of the individual;

Reduction of activity and efficiency;

A state of doubt, mental depression, anxiety and human dependence from other people and circumstances, general depression;

The appearance of aggression or, on the contrary, humble in human behavior as protective reactions to intrapersonal conflict;

The emergence of insecurity in their forces, feelings of inferiority and worthlessness;

Destruction of sense-forming life values \u200b\u200band loss of the very meaning of life.

2 The negative consequences of the intrapersonal conflict concern not only the state of the personality itself, its internal structure, but also its interaction with other people in the group - in the family, school, university, organizations, etc. Such negative consequences may be:

Destruction of existing interpersonal relations;

Unexpectedly separation of personality in the group, silence, lack of passionism, in general, all that in psychology got the name "retreat,

Increased sensitivity to criticism;

Frightening information - criticism, criticism, demonstration of its superiority;

Deviant (deviating) behavior and inadequate reaction to the behavior of others;

Unexpected, illogical questions, as well as the responses of the Nefopad, leading the interlocutor to confusion;

Hard formalism - Booking, Formal politeness, tracking others;

The search for the guilty is the accusation of others in all sins or, on the contrary, challenge.

3 If the intrapersonal conflict is not permitted on time, then it can lead to more severe consequences, the strongest of which stress, frustration and neurosis.

Stress (from English. Stress, voltage) - the state of a person arising in response to a variety of emotional effects. It can manifest itself on the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels and is a very common response to an intrapersonal conflict, if he came out quite far and the person is not capable of it in time and constructively solve. At the same time, stress itself often provokes further conflict development or generates new conflicts, since some are trying to disrupt their irritation and anger on others. More This problem will be reviewed in ch. eleven.

Frustration (from Lat. Frustratio - disorder, destruction of plans) - the mental state of a person caused by insurmountable objective (or subjectively perceived as such) difficulties arising from the purpose of achieving the goal or permission to task. Frustation is always a painful experience of failure or an insoluble contradiction. It can be considered as one of the forms of psychological stress.

Frustration - a negative consequence of intrapersonal conflict when the voltage rise exceeds frustration tolerance, i.e. Personality stability to frustrations. Frussor is the reason that causes frustration. It is accompanied by a whole gamut of negative emotions: anger, irritation, a sense of guilt, etc. And the stronger the intrapersonal conflict the greater the depth of frustration. Different people cope with it in different ways. Each has its own threshold of sensitivity and has individual forces to overcome the frustration reaction to an intrapersonal conflict.

Neurosis (from Greek. Neuron - nerve) is a group of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders having a psychogenic nature, the basis of neuroses lies an unproductively resolved contradiction between the person and meaningful factors for it. A deep intrapersonal conflict, which personality is not able to resolve positively and rationally, is the most important cause of neuroses. This inability to resolve the conflict is accompanied by the occurrence of painful and painful experiences, unsatisfied needs, unattainable life goals, loss of life, etc. The emergence of neurosis means that the intrainarity conflict is converted into a neurotic conflict.

4 Neurotic conflict as the highest stage of development of intraperity conflict may arise at any age. But in most cases it is laid in childhood in conditions of violation of relations with the surrounding social microcrus, and first of all with parents. As a result of the difficulty with finding out of experiences, mental (and physiological) disorganization of the individual may appear, the formation of neurosis.

Highlight three main forms of clinical neurosis:

1) neurasthenia. Its main symptoms: increased irritability, tear, instability of emotions and mood, which is often reduced, depression. In some cases, alert and fear, sleep disorder, various impaired impaired nervous system;

2) hysteria. Hysterical neurosis forms are very diverse and often disguised as various diseases. Most frequent: motor disorders, paralysis, violation of coordination of movements, speech disorders, etc. Most often, they arise in persons with great suggestibility and self-adhesion;

3) neuroses of obsessive states. In addition to universal symptoms, this neurosis is characterized by the appearance after a severe psychotrauma of various intrinsicness, especially often in the form of phobias - obsessive inadequate experiences of fears.

With the advent of a neurotic conflict and neurosis, a neurotic person occurs, characterized by internally contradictory trends, which neurotic is not able to resolve nor reconcile. Speaking about the difference between a neurotic person from a normal person, K. Horney writes:

The vegetative nervous system is part of the nervous system, regulating the metabolism in the body, the activities of internal organs and blood circulation systems, respiration and others.

While a normal person is able to overcome difficulties without prejudice to his personality, neurotic has all conflicts to be enhanced to such an extent that it is impossible to make any satisfactory solution.

Constantly tense neurotic attitude to another, painful reaction to criticism and conventional comments, hidden hostility and the desire always and everywhere all out make this personality from the very beginning overly conflict. And the rod of her relationship with others is constant rivalry. But in this neurotic differs from normal people. K. Horney highlights three features that distinguish a neurotic rivalry from the usual.

1) The neurotic constantly compares himself with others, even in situations that do not require this. He is measured by the forces with people who are in no way its potential rivals and who do not have any common goal with it. His feeling in relation to life can be compared with the feeling of jockey on the jumps, for which only one thing matters - whether he was ahead of another;

2) the difference between neurotic rivalry is that it seeks to be unique and exceptional in all respects. While a normal person can be content with comparative success, the purpose of neurotic is always complete superiority. He must be the best in each area with which it comes into contact. This is one of the reasons why people of this type can not enjoy success. For example, disappointment of neurotics can bring a limited interest in his scientific article or a book, since they did not produce a coup in science expected by him;

3) The difference lies in hidden hostility characteristic of the ambition of neurotic, its installation, that "no one, besides me, should not be a beautiful, capable, lucky." In a person suffering from neurosis, the destructive aspect of the activity is stronger than the creative, and it is encouraged by the blind, unintelligible and obsessive desire to humiliate others. News that someone was ahead of it can bring neurotic to blind rage.

These are the main negative consequences of the intrapersonal conflict. But the worst thing is that it can cause suicide (suicide). The fact that our country occupies today in this indicator is one of the first places in the world, it fully correlates with the situation when almost half of our fellow citizens is experiencing depression, despair and burglarity, a sense of loneliness and unnecessary to anyone, fear of lawlessness and crime, in front of economic difficulties. Today in Russia under the supervision of psychiatrists there are 5 million citizens, and they need a minimum of six times more. Thus, more than 20% of the total population needs psychiatric care. And all these phenomena are directly related to intrapersonal conflicts.

Positive consequences of intrapersonal conflict

As noted, the intrapersonal conflict may not only be destructive, but also constructive, i.e. Positively affecting the structure, dynamics and effectiveness of intrapersonal processes and an employee source of self-improvement and self-affirmation of the personality. In this case, intrapersonal contradictions are resolved without special negative consequences, and the overall result of their permission is the development of personality, so many intrapersonal conflict researchers are completely reasonable to consider the productive intrapersonal conflict as an important way to develop a person.

Indeed, it is through conflict that the resolution and overcoming of intrapersonal contradictions occurs becoming the formation of character, will and the entire mental life of the person. Lush a person of this inner work and the struggle and you will deprive it of full life and development, for life itself is a constant resolution of contradictions. One of the authors of modern psychology of the person who has become already a classic, - V. Frankla wrote:

I consider it a dangerous delusion of the assumption that, first of all, a person needs an equilibrium, or, as it is called in biology, "homeostasis". In fact, a person is not required to be equilibrium, but rather the struggle for some purpose. worthy of it.

If we consider the positive consequences of the intrapersonal conflict more specifically, then the following can be allocated:

1) conflicts contribute to the mobilization of personality resources to overcome existing obstacles to its development;

2) conflicts help self-knowledge and developing it adequate self-esteem;

3) the intrapersonal conflict temper the will and strengthens the psyche of man;

4) the conflict is the means and the personality self-actualization method;

5) Overcoming conflicts give the personality feeling of completeness of life, make it internally richer, brighter and full. In this regard, intrapersonal conflicts give us the opportunity to enjoy the victory over themselves when a person has its real "I" at least a little closer to my ideal "I".

Factors and mechanisms for the resolution of intrapersonal conflict

Factors and mechanisms for the resolution of intrapersonal conflict

Under the resolution of the intrapersonal conflict, it is understood as the restoration of the coherence of the inner world of the personality, the establishment of the unity of consciousness, a decrease in the sharpness of contradictions of life relations, achieving new vital quality. The resolution of the intrapersonal conflict may be constructive and destructive. In constructive resolution, mental equilibrium is achieved, an understanding of life is deepened, a new value consciousness arises. The resolution of the intrapersonal conflict is realized through the absence of painful states related to the conflict, a decrease in the manifestations of negative psychological and socio-psychological factors of intraperial conflict, improving the quality and effectiveness of professional activities.

There is no single recipe for the right attitude towards intrapersonal conflicts. It is important that a person who gives himself a report in his own individual characteristics, produced his style of permission of intraperial conflict, a constructive attitude towards him.

Overcoming the intrapersonal conflict depends on the depth worldview of the personality, the content of its faith, the experience of overcoming itself.

The development of volitional qualities contributes to successful overcoming the person of an intrapersonal conflict. If the will is not developed enough, it wins what requires the smallest resistance, and this does not always lead to success.

Methods for resolving the conflict, time spent on this in people with different temperament features are different. For example, Melancholic reflects for a long time, weighs, not deciding to begin any actions. However, such a painful reflective process does not exclude the possibility of changing the situation. The properties of temperament affect the dynamics of the resolution of the intrapersonal conflict - on the speed of experiences, their stability, its own rhythm of the flow, the intensity, the focus is on or inside.

The process of resolution of intrapersonal conflict is influenced by the age of sexual peculiarities. With age, intro-trigger conflicts are typical for this individual permission form. Work on your past is the analysis of its biography - one of the ways to develop internal stability, integrity, harmony.

Forms of manifestation and methods of resolution of intrapersonal conflicts

the overall solution of the permission of intrapersonal conflicts provides for:

1. Establishment and awareness of the fact of such a conflict;

2. Determining the type of conflict and its cause;

3. Apply the appropriate permit method.

In this regard, allocate six forms of manifestation of intrapersonal conflicts:

1) Neurasthenia, Manifested in unbearable to strong stimuli, depressed mood, reducing performance, poor sleep, headaches.

Neilism is one of the types of neurosis, i.e. Neriva-mental disorder arising on the basis of an unproductive and intrationally resolved neurotic conflict. Neilism arises as a consequence of long-acting psychotrauming factors.

2) Euphoria, manifested in a swoven fun, expressing joy inadequately, laugh through tears. Euphoria is accompanied by a faithful and common motor revival, psychomotor excitation.

3) Regression, expressed in circulation to primitive forms of behavior, including in leaving responsibility. It is one of the mechanisms of psychological protection, the retreat at that psychological period, when a person felt the most protected. The regression of behavior characterizes a nfantyl and neurotic personality;

4) Projectionmanifested in the form of attributing negative qualities to another person, criticism of other people. Sometimes such a state is called a protective or classical projection, emphasizing its relationship with psychological protection;

5) Nomadism, coming to frequent change in the place of residence, place of work, marital status;

6) Rationalism, which comes to self-defining its actions and actions. It is based on concealment from the consciousness of true thoughts, feelings and motives of actions by formulating more or less acceptable explanations for this personality. Rationalism is explained by the desire to preserve the feeling of self-esteem, self-esteem.

Consider main ways to resolve intrapersonal conflicts:

Compromise - This is an attempt to make a choice in favor of any option and proceed to its implementation. This method is the fastest among others, it allows you to reduce the psychotracting effect of the conflict situation. At the same time, the compromise is not associated with the analysis of the causes of the conflict, so it allows only partially to realize painful impulses;

Care - This is a conscious evasion of solving the problem with the hope of further disappearance. This method is also distinguished by relative speed; It is not related to the impact on the cause of the conflict, so it can only bring a temporary relief;

Reorientation It is a change in claims against an object that caused the internal cause. This method involves identifying the actual cause of conflict and its carrier. It also requires its own motivation and orientation skills. For reorientation, a certain time is required, but it usually gives a guaranteed result. Since the orientation is associated with the basis of the assessment of the identity of certain actions and actions, in the post-hour reorientation leads to a change in these estimates;

Sublimation - The process of translation of mental energy from unacceptable in acceptable forms than the elimination of the cause of the internal conflict is achieved. Sublimation is the most adequate way to resolve the conflict, because It is connected not only with the determination of the cause, but also with the impact on it. Therefore, sublimation is a relatively long way. All people have the ability to sublimacy, but it requires development and exercises;

Idealization - The process of empowering an object causing an internal conflict, qualities and properties, in fact not inherent. Thanks to idealization, the object without changing in essence becomes more significant and is assessed above. Idealization is manifested in the form of care from reality, betraying dreams and fantasies. This method is temporary, because not related to identifying the causes of conflict;

crowding out (repression) - This is the process of suppressing unacceptable for an individual of thoughts, memories and experiences up to the complete exile of them from consciousness and transfer to the scope of the unconscious. It is considered the most primitive and relatively inefficient way to resolve the conflict. Appeal to the oust characterizes the identity as infantile and invisible;

Correction - This is a change in the elements I - the concept towards achieving an adequate idea of \u200b\u200byourself. Under the "I - Concept" we agree to understand an individual's representation system about himself. The correction is the impact not on the cause of the conflict, but on its own ideas about it. At the same time, this method showed its relative efficiency.

As a result of studying this topic, you can formulate the following conclusions:

Intrecy conflicts were the object of study of representatives of various areas in psychology. As a result, a certain multiplicity of judgments arose, which makes it difficult to develop practical recommendations for resolving such conflicts;

A common trend in the study of intrapersonal conflicts is the transition from the consideration of the conflict at the level of a private individual presented mainly by the motivational, cognitive or role-playing sphere or other personal entities (moral, adaptation, frustration), to the description of the conflict as a holistic phenomenon of self-consciousness.