Not only power supply reliability, but also the safety of housing depends on the quality of the wires. Variation damage occurs due to poor contact at the connection site, as a result of which it is burning, and in the worst case causes a fire.

The method of connecting the wires is selected, depending on:

• Wiring material.
• Sections lived.
• Wiring operating conditions.
• Number of conductors.

All connections are performed according to the circuit in the junction box, which is installed in a hidden or open method.

Complete terminal blocks

The design of the terminal block consists of a plastic housing, inside of which brass tubes with threaded holes on both sides are installed. The diameter of the inlet tubes is different, selected, depending on the cross section of the wire.

The process of connecting wires in this way does not cause difficulties even with newcomers:

• Choose a block with the desired cell size.
• Cut the required number of sections.
• Remove from conductors 5 mm insulation and clean the surface lived.
• Insert the ends of the wires inside the cells and secure the tightening of the screws.

The latest procedure is made with effort, especially if aluminum conductors are used. With an excessive force, the screw transmits aluminum core, the same applies to and stranded wires - thin wires are deformed under the action of the screw, the connection is obtained unreliable.

This problem is solved by special tips, which are put on the bare ends of the wires, are crimped with press clamps or passages, and then inserted into the cells of the terminal blocks. To connect aluminum or stranded conductors, terminal blocks of high-strength plastic are also used, in which the conductor clamp is made not with a screw, but a plate, due to which reliable contact is achieved. The devices are designed to work with a higher current.

Benefits of terminal blocks:

• Low cost.
• Quick installation.
• Good connection quality.

Disadvantages:

1. There are many bad quality products.
2. You can not connect more than two conductors.

Terminal pads are convenient to use for connecting chandeliers, sockets, switches, as well as docking the wires of the wires, but such a connection cannot be hidden under the layer of plaster, but only in the junction box.

Spring terminals

The design of spring terminals was developed by the German company Wago. The principle of their work is that the conductors are clamped not with a screw, as in conventional terminal blocks, and a lever-type mechanism that is fixed by the veins without deforming them.

The case of the WAGO terminals is made of polymeric materials. The contact part is two brass plates, one is fixed rigidly, and the second is movable. The bare end of the wire is enough to insert into the cell of the terminal and lower the locking flag.

There are two types of WAGO spring pads:

• Detachable.
• Digging.

The detachable terminals suggest a reusable use of the connection can be disassembled and gather again. Undoubted terminals are used only once. To repair wiring, the terminal box will have to cut, and after troubleshooting, install a new one.

Benefits of spring terminals:

• Quick installation.
• The connection of more than two conductors.
• Reliable contact without deformation lived.
• Hole for measuring network parameters.
• You can connect conductors from different materials.

Disadvantages:

• High cost compared to conventional pads.
• It is not recommended to use in networks with a large load.

Important. When connecting aluminum wires, it is recommended to pre-fill the terminal with contact paste to prevent oxidation. In the range of products of WAGO, there are terminals already treated with such a means of manufacture.

Caps Sizes

The design of connecting insulating clamps (PPE) consists of a cap and a cone spring inserted inside it. The cap is made of heat-resistant plastic withstanding voltage up to 660 V.

The connection of wires with caps of PPE is produced in two ways - with a pre-twin conducted and without. When connecting two conductors, it is enough to attach their bare ends to each other, put on a cap and rotational movements clockwise to make a twist. Coupling with a cap of three and more wires make, twisting their ends with passats. The insulation from the cables is removed so that the bare part does not protrude beyond the cap, the applying isolation does not need.

Advantages of caps SIZ:

• Low cost connectors.
• Quick installation.
• PPCs are made of non-combustible material.
• The caps have a variety of coloring, which makes it possible to label wiring.

Disadvantages:

• You can not connect copper conductors with aluminum.
• Relatively weak fixation and insulation.

To ensure that the connection is reliable, it is important to choose the desired clamp type. All CAP caps are labeled in which the type of housing is first indicated: 1 - no protrusion, 2 - with a protrusion for a more convenient capture of the cap with fingers. After the type of housing, the minimum and maximum total cross-section of the veins can be connected in the clamp.

Pressing sleeves

The most reliable connection used in high current load lines. A tube is used as a clamp, into which the bare ends of the conductors will be created and crimped with mechanical or hydraulic press clamps. Some wizards for this purpose use passatasi, but in this case it is impossible to ensure the reliability of the connection.

The material of the sleeve must coincide with the material of the conductors. If you need to combine the copper cable with aluminum, use a combined copper-aluminum sleeve. The diameter of the tube is selected, depending on the total cross section of the conductors - after the ends of the ends, it should not remain emptiness.

Connection of wires with crimping is done so that their ends are approximately in the middle of the sleeve. The connection is insulated with a shrink tube or ordinary tape.

Advantages of crimping sleeves:

• Low cost of sleeves.
• Reliable connection with high mechanical strength.
• You can connect copper with aluminum.

Disadvantages:

• Local connection - if necessary, the sleeve will have to cut.
• For work, you need a special tool.
• It takes more time to carry out work.

Important. Copper and aluminum are subject to oxidation. Before crimping, it is recommended to clean the wires to the brilliance and handle with a special lubricant.

Soldering and welding

Soldering is old, but a reliable method used so far. Its essence is to connect the wires of the molten solder, which is pushing into the cleaners of the twist. After it is frozen, a monolithic connection is formed. The soldering is used for docking copper wires. There are fluxes and aluminum for sale, but experts prefer to refrain from its soldering. Soldering process:

1. Remove from the ends of the wire isolation and clean it from varnish.
2. Make a twist.
3. Process the twist rosin.
4. Heat the place of connection with a soldering iron with a scored solder until it fills all the gaps.
5. Give cool.
6. Treat the place soldering with alcohol and exhibit.

This method is well suited for docking conductors of small diameters. The resulting connection does not need to maintain the entire service life.

Benefits of soldering:

• Excellent connection quality.
• Low cost of work.

Disadvantages:

• Labor consumption.
• We need experience working with a soldering iron.
• Low connected connection.
• Cannot be used in high current loads.

To connect the welding cables, a welding machine is used. As in the previous case, the ends of the conductors are pre-twisted, then the coal or graphite electrode spill the end of the twist before the formation of the ball. As a result, a monolithic connection is obtained, distinguished by reliability. The disadvantages of this method are an inconsecting connection and the need to have a certain skill of working with welding.

Twist and insulation

The essence lies in twisting the bare ends of the conductors among themselves with subsequent insulation. Even until recently, when the load in the apartments was only from lighting and television, the twist was used everywhere. Now it is forbidden to PEU, especially in wooden buildings and rooms with high humidity.

Advantages of twist:

• Easy work.
• No material costs are required.

Disadvantages:

• Low connection quality.
• You can not connect copper with aluminum.

Preparatory stage to soldering or welding, when installing temporary wiring.

Connection of wires by the "Walnut" clamps

The branch slice is designed to perform branches from the main cable without its rupture. The clamping device consists of a collapsible polycarbonate housing, inside the steel core of two dies and an intermediate plate. Halves of the housing are interconnected by locking rings, and the dies are tied bolts.

Installation of a branch compressory:

1. Disassemble a branch spot.
2. Remove isolation from the main wire for the waiter length.
3. Turn the end of the exhaust wire on the wave length.
4. Put the wires in the grooves on the dies.
5. Tighten the core bolts, pre-laying a brass plate between the ds.
6. Collect hull.

Important. It is necessary to correctly select the "Out" sizes, depending on the section of the cables used. The selences are selected in accordance with the range of sections indicated on the core plates.

Advantages of the "Walnut" compression:

• Low cost.
• Easy installation.
• The possibility of compounding aluminum and copper.
• Good insulation.

Disadvantages:

• Large dimensions of the device.
• It is necessary to periodically tighten the bolts.

The device is allowed to use in networks with a voltage up to 660 V. Walnut housing has quite good insulation, but it is not capable of providing full protection against moisture and dust. When compressing in adverse conditions, the housing is recommended to wrap the tape.

Bolt connection

All that will need to work is any bolt, the washers of the corresponding diameter and nut.

The ends of the conductors are cleaned by isolation. In the bare areas form loops on the diameter of the bolt. To simplify the work, the ends of the cables can be wrapped around the bolt and then spin. The connection elements are put on the bolt in the following order:

1. Washer.
2. Conductor.
3. Washer.
4. Conductor.
5. Washer.
6. Nut.

The nut is tightened by hands, then the key or passage. The finished connection is carefully isolated.

Advantages of the bolted connection:

• Easy work.
• Reliable contact.
• Low cost.
• Collapsible connection.
• Use in high-load networks.

Disadvantages: the bulkness of the structure, which can not always be fit into the junction box, high consumption isol.

How to connect several wires

The following methods will be suitable for combining wires:

1. Spring terminals.
2. A twist with soldering, welding or using caps of PP.
3. Pressing sleeves.
4. Bolted connection.

The first option is less labor-intensive and the fastest. A bolted compound is also suitable - the number of conductors is limited only to the bolt length, but the compound has large dimensions.

Connection of wires of different sections

When connecting the conductors of different sections, the twist cannot provide reliable contact, so all the methods associated with it are excluded. It is recommended to use terminal blocks, spring terminals or a bolt connection.

Combining stranded and single-core conductors

Does not have any features. Any of the described methods is suitable, the exception is only a twist of conductors from different materials. Otherwise, the choice depends on the preferences and financial capabilities. When using screw terminal blocks, it is necessary for the presence of tips on a stranded wire.

Cable connection in water and underground

Electricity and moisture are incompatible things, therefore, for compounds made under water or in the ground, special requirements are presented. The ends of the conductors are combined by soldering or crimping sleeves. Then processed with thermal and isolate the heat shrink tube. If everything is done correctly, the penetration of moisture into place is excluded.

You can also use docking terminal pads. The connection site is placed in a hermetic box and fill with silicone sealant. The cable passing under the ground must be placed in a pipe or box of damage to rodents.

You can use one way or several immediately - it all depends on the installation. The main thing is that one should not forget - this is safety. The plot on which electrical installation works is made, it is necessary to disable from the network, to adhere to the PEU and use a good tool.

Electricity is not the area where you need to save. It is advisable to do everything carefully, the materials to select high-quality, to choose the sizes / diameters / denominations we suspend. Let's start with the fact that even to connect the conductors is necessary correctly. And choose the wire connection methods - it's not as easy as it seems.

Wire connection methods have about a dozen. In general, they can be divided into two groups: those that require special equipment or specific skills and those who successfully use any domestic master - they do not require any special skills.

The first group includes:

• Soldering. When connecting the wires of a small diameter in the amount of -2-3 pieces - a very reliable method. True, requires a soldering iron and some skills of ownership.
• Welding. We need a welding machine and special electrodes. But contact is obtained reliable - the conductors are melted into the monolith.
• Clamping sleeves. We need sleeves and special pings. The sleeves are selected according to certain rules that need to know. The connection is reliable, but to rebuild it, it will have to cut it.

All these wire connection methods are performed mainly by specialists. If you have handling skills with a soldering iron or a welding machine, having trained on unnecessary trimming, you can do them yourself.

Some wire connection methods are more popular, others - less

Wire connection methods that do not require any specific skills are becoming increasingly popular. Their advantage is quick installation, reliable connection. Disadvantage - Need "Connectors" - terminal blocks, clips, bolts. Some of them are fairly decent money (WAGO terminals, for example), although there are inexpensive options - screw terminal blocks.

So, there are ways to connect wires that differ simplicity:

Among the professionals there are two opposite opinions. Some believe that new ways of connecting wires are the best way, as they accelerate the installation without compromising the quality of the connection. Others say that the springs someday can weaken and the contact will worsen. In this question, the choice is yours.

Technical nuances of different types of wire connections

All the types described above are used when laying wiring, but the specific type is selected based on several characteristics:

Consider each connection method, the technology of its implementation and the feasibility of use in various situations.

Soldering electrical wires

One of the oldest and widespread types of compounds. To work it will take rosin, solder and soldering iron. The soldering process is:

Actually, on this soldering of electrical wires is completed. Not the most difficult process but requires certain skills. The main thing is to warm up the connection location is enough to solder the chapel between all the wires. At the same time it is impossible to overheat, otherwise the isolation is melted. This is the art - not to burn isolation, but ensure reliable contact.

When can I use a soldering? This method of wire connecting perfectly manifests itself in a minor electrician. When connecting wires in the junction box, it is no longer very convenient. Especially if there are a lot of wires and / or they are large diameter. Lead such a twist - the task is not for newcomers. In addition, when trying to lay a connection in the junction box, the soldering starts to collapse. Up to the point that some wires fall off. In general, the method is good when connecting the conductors of small diameters.

Welding of conductors in electrical connections

One of the most reliable ways of connecting wires - welding. During this process, the metal of individual conductors is brought to the melting point, stirred, after cooling is a monolith. Very good, this method works on large diameters or with a large number of connected conductors. It differs not just an excellent contact, which over time does not weaken and does not change its characteristics. It is also mechanically very durable - the fused part does not allow the connection to be collapsed even at high loads.

Drop at the end of the twist - melted aluminum

Disadvantages are also present. The first - just that the conductors are melted, that is, the connection is absolutely delicate. If you need to rebel to it, you have to delete the fused part and all start to start. To have the opportunity to do it, you should always leave a small ground along the length of the wires. The second drawback is a welding machine, the skills of handling it, special electrodes for aluminum or copper welding. The main task in this case is not to burn isolation, but to melt the conductors. So that it can be carried out, they are cleaned of the insulation of about 10 cm, tightly twisted into the harness, after which they weld at the very end.

Another lack of wire welding is a time-consuming process, which also requires jewelry accuracy in handling the welding machine. For the combination of these qualities, many professionals do not like this method. If you pull the wiring "for yourself" and know how to handle equipment, you can spend some time. Only pre-work on trimming, pick up the current and welding time. Only after you get everything you perfectly, you can start welding the wires "in real life".

Pressing

Another method requiring special equipment - crimping wires by sleeves. The sleeves are copper and aluminum, different diameters. The material is chosen depending on the material of the conductor, and the size is selected by diameter and the number of wires in a particular connection. They should be filled almost all the space inside the sleeve, but it should be free space. The quality of the contact is depeted from the correctness of the size of the size of the sleeve. This is the main complexity of this method of connecting the wires: the sleeve should not be too big or too small.

Technology of work Such:

• Explorers are cleaned with isolation (length of the stripped area - a little longer than the sleeve).
• Each conductor is tested to a pure metal (removing the oxides with sandpaper with small grain).
• Wires twisted, inserted into the sleeve.
• Cropped with special ticks.

It seems simple, but it is in the selection of a sleeve and the presence of ticks all the complexity. You can, of course, try to blame passatias or pliers. But it is impossible to guarantee normal contact in this case.

Twist

In the first section of the article, we deliberately lowered the twist of the wires. According to the current standard, it cannot be used, as it does not provide proper contact and reliability of the connection. This method can replace any other wire connection methods.

Yes, on twists they made a wiring 20-30 years ago and everything worked fine. But what then were the loads on the network, and what now ... Today, the number of equipment in a regular apartment or a private house has increased at times and most of the equipment demanding power supply. Some species simply will not work under reduced voltage.

What is so bad twist? The wires twisted in the harness do not give a fairly good contact. At first, everything is fine, but over time, the metal is covered with an oxide film that significantly worsens contact. With insufficient contact, the connection place begins to warm up, the temperature rise causes more active formation of an oxide film, which further worsens contact. At some point, the twist heats up very strongly, which can lead to a fire. It is for this reason that it is better to choose any other way. There are which are even faster and easier, but which are more reliable.

Isolation of compounds

All Wiring Connections described above - welding, soldering, crimping the sleeve - provide for their insulation, as the bare conductive conductors must be protected. For these purposes, the tape or heat shrink tube is used.

How to use the tape, probably everyone knows, but we will tell about the heat shrinking tubes. This is a polymer hollow tube, which, with an increase in temperature, significantly reduces its diameter (2-6 times, depending on the species). The size is selected so that the propulsion volume is larger than the diameter of insulated wires, and the post-witted one. In this case, a dense adjacent of the polymer is ensured, which guarantees a good degree of isolation.

Heat shrink tubes for insulation of conductors can be different diameters and colors

In addition to the size of the heat shrinking tubes, they are selected by special characteristics. They are:

• heat-resistant;
• light stabilized (for outdoor use);
• oil-gas resistant;
• resistant to chemical substances.

The cost of heat shrink tubes is not very high - from $ 0.5 to $ 0.75 per 1 meter. Their length should be slightly larger than the length of the bare conductors - so that one edge of the tube was pulled on the insulation of the conductors by about 0.5 cm, and the second is 0.5-1 cm braided. After the tube is stretched, they take the heat source (you can use a lighter) and heated the tube. The heating temperature can be different - from 60 ° C to + 120 ° C. After the connection is covered, the heating is stopped, after which the polymer coolers quickly.

The time isolation of wires with a shrink tube takes a little - the account goes for seconds - and the insulation quality is high. Sometimes, for greater reliability, two tubes can use - slightly smaller and slightly larger diameter. In this case, first put on and warm one tube, then the second. Such compounds can be operated even in water.

Terminal blocks

This method also prefer to use electricians, but it can easily use a person who can hold a typical screwdriver in his hands. This is one of the first ways to connect electrical wires without soldering. Today, almost on each electrical appliance you can see the option of this connection - this is an output block to which the power cord is connected.

Terminal pads are a contact plate, which is posted in a plastic (polymer) or carbolite case. They stand very little, eat in almost any store selling electrical goods.

Terminal blocks are convenient, inexpensive, allow combined copper and aluminum wires, conductors of different diameters, one- and multi-

The connection occurs literally in seconds. The insulation is removed from the conductor (approximately 0.5-0.7 cm), the oxide film is removed. Two conductors are inserted into the nest - one opposite the other - and fixed with bolts. These bolts pressed the metal to the contact plate, providing a connection.

The advantage of this method of compound: can be connected wires of various sections, single-core with stranded. Disadvantage - only a pair of wires is connected. To connect three and more must be installed jumpers.

Caps Sizes

Another way of connecting wires that does not require special skills - installation of CAP caps. They are a plastic cone-shaped case, inside of which the spring is robbed. They are of different sizes - from 0 to 5. You can connect the wires of different diameters - on each package the minimum and maximum and minimum total cross-section of the connected wires is written. In addition, there are housings simply in the form of a cone, there are "ears" with the stops that make them easier. When choosing, pay attention to the quality of plastic - it should not be fed.

Connect the wires using PPE is very simple: clean the insulation, collect the wires into the bundle, insert the cap inside and start twist. The spring inside the cap captures the conductors, helping them twist. As a result, a twist is obtained, which is wrapped in the outside of the springs on the outside. That is, contact is obtained very high quality and good. This method of connecting wires with caps of PPE has long been in Europe and America, it came to us about 10 years ago.

If we need ways to connect wires without welding - consider PP

There is another way: first the wires are twisted, then the caps are put on them. This is a way of constructed by the Russian campaign, which produces these connectors for wires - KZT. But this technique requires more time, and the quality of the connection does not differ.

There is one more point: what length to clean the wire insulation. Manufacturers on this score give clear instructions - for each size of its length of the bare conductors. It is designed so that all conductors without insulation are inside the hull. If you do this, the connection does not require additional isolation, which is much accelerating the process. The coma of that extended lower part does not prevent the heat assignment and the compound is heated less.

Practicing electricians advise to clean the wires by 5-10 cm, and the leaving without insulation the twist to exhibit. It is argued by the fact that the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with this version is obtained more. It is so, but this option is heated stronger. And the standard solution with reliability. Contact problems E sometimes (with normal CAP).

Wago clamps

The hottest disputes broke out exactly about Vago. One product is unconditionally liked, others do not like. And no less categorically. The opponents of using WAGO do not like the fact that the contamination is based on the spring. They say that she can relax. This will lead to a deterioration in contact and overheating. And give photos with molten clamps. Supporters of this method are testing tests and comparisons, they suggest that the correctly selected corporate clamp serves many years without signs of the deterioration of contact. Yes, and manufacturers suggest that, subject to technology, WAGO terminals can be operated for 25-35 years. It is important to choose the right type and parameters and not to buy a fake (there are a lot of them).

There are two types of Wago clamps. The first series is slightly less expensive, called WAGO. These clamps are suitable for connecting single-core and stranded wires with a cross section of 0.5-4 mm2. For the conductors of smaller or large sections there is another series - Cage Clamp. It has a very wide range of use - 0.08-35 mm2, but also a large value. In any case, contact is provided with a contact plate of good copper. The special form of the plate allows you to achieve reliable contact.

Connecting

In addition, the spring-loaded wage clamps are detachable (222 series) and inepent (773 and 273 series). Connectors are convenient to put in those places where network configuration changes are possible. For example, in junction boxes. They have levers that are clamping or released. WAGO detachable terminals can be connected from 2 to 5 conductors. Moreover, they can be of different sections, such as (single-core and stranded). The order of connecting the wires is:

We repeat the same operation with another (other) wires. All this takes a few seconds. Very fast and convenient. It is not surprising that many professional electricians have forgotten other ways to connect wires.

Permanent

Local series are distinguished by the structure: there is a clamping case and cap. The cap can be made of transparent polymer (773 series) or from opaque plastic (223). In the case there are holes in which the wires stripped from insulation are inserted.

To ensure normal contact, it is only necessary to correctly remove the insulation - exactly 12-13 mm. Such a requirement places the manufacturer. After the conductor is inserted, its bare part should be in the terminal bar, and the insulation should be restarted into the body. Under such conditions, contact will be reliable.

Bolt connection

Another type of electrical wires with solid experience is bolted. It is called because it uses a bolt, nut and several washers to connect the wires. Contact due to the use of the washer is not bad, but the entire design takes a lot of space and uncomfortable in laying. It is used mainly if you need to connect conductors from different metal - aluminum and copper.

The procedure for assembling the connection is such:

• We clean the wires from isolation.
• From the stripped part we form a loop, the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the bolt.
• On the bolt we put in such a sequence
  • washer (it rests on the head of the bolt);
  • one of the conductors;
  • other washer;
  • second conductor;
  • third washer;
• Tighten all the nut.

So you can connect not only two, but also three, and more wires. Please note that it is necessary to delay the nut not only with your hands. It is necessary to use wrench, attach solid efforts.

Best Wiring Connection Methods for Different Cases

Since different wires can be connected, they can be operated in different conditions, the optimal way to choose considering all these nuances. We give the most common situations:

These are the most common options for non-standard connections.

Content:

The wire connection is likely the most common task in electrical engineering. Since for one reason or another there is a shortage of the length of conductors in electrical circuits, it has to be connected to each other. It is obvious that at the same time a contact appears, which underlies many electrical problems. And not electrical connections in a particular place of conductors are meant in this case.

If the contact is completed correctly, the electrical circuit will be functioning properly. But, nevertheless, the phrase "Electrical Equipment is the science of contacts" for a long time it sounds like a parable in the towns. Next, the article will discuss how to connect the wires to correctly so that this connection does not create problems as long as possible. As well as a number of other issues that are essential for twisting wires and cover other types of their compound.

A twist, which is silent by PUE

In addition to frequently mentioned words about contacts, in the environment of electrical workers there is another common phrase that the work performed by electricians and minerals is often very similar to their death. In particular, for this reason, and there is PUE - in fact, the set of laws for all that relates to electrical networks. Interest in the rules of the electrical installation device on how the wires are connected.

On the one hand, everything is clearly indicated:

• crimping;
• welding;
• soldering;
• sugmas -

and these are four officially permissible ways to connect the ends of the conductors. But they all require anything extra from the tools or equipment, and in some cases quite complicated because:

• for crimping, a special tool will be required, which corresponds to the connected conductors;
• welding is impossible without a welding machine;
• for soldering, the presence of a soldering iron is necessary, as well as the suitability for soldering the material of the connected veins;
• sugmas suggest using a special electrical wire connector designed for this.

However, in order to ensure the connection of electrical wires, you can simply twist their veins with each other, thus obtaining electrical contact. And, despite the fact that the PUE does not specify a twist, the compressive reliable connection of the wires itself, the more approved in the prescribed manner, is quite consistent with the letter of the PUE electrotechnical law.

To the wires of the wires turn out to be reliable, it is necessary to fulfill such conditions:

• the length of the twisted livers of conductors from the insulation edge and up to the ends is 40-50 mm;
• electrical wires, or rather their contacting veins, in order to remove oxidic films or isolation residues, deteriorate with fine-grained emery or file. You can also use a knife. At the same time, movements must be done along the veins. After stripping, it is recommended to estimate the quality of removal of the film using a magnifying glass. This will create the best electrical connection;
• to properly make the connection of wires without soldering, the retained ends of the veins must be formed by one of the generally accepted methods. They should most closely press each other anywhere in the twist.
• Applied screws are shown below. These images will help our readers understand how to make a clench.

What has a bad connection of wires twist and why is it clear about it not mentioned in PUE? After all, the rest of the wire connection methods are noticeably inferior to it in ease of installation and the minimum cost, for which such a connection of two wires with one residential, as well as the twist of stranded wires, is standing ahead of all. The remaining methods for connecting electrical wires remain far behind it.

• The main lack of a twist is concluded in its weakening over time as a result of repeating temperature extensions of the conductors.

Gradually, for temperature deformations, an effort was cured, pressing them to each other, weakens, and the contact resistance increases. For wires of electrical circuits, in which there are low-power consumers of the type of energy-saving and LED lamps, the weakening of contact effort will not be dangerous. But to twist the wires in the circuit with electrical heating devices with a power of several kilowatts from a certain point, avalanche-like process of deterioration of the contact between the twisted cores can begin. Moreover, if the electrical wiring time is noticed in a timely manner, at best, either copper wires, or aluminum, whose veins are twisted, near it is affected by the porch of isolation of high temperature.

• For this reason, the use of twist in rooms with an increased fire hazard is prohibited. In these rooms it is necessary to apply a more reliable connection of wires.
• The twist of copper wires with aluminum conductors is not allowed. In the same way as in any other connection, direct contact of copper and aluminum veins is not allowed in the twist due to the appearance of electrochemical processes, leading to quickly spoilement of compound and enhance fire danger.
• Re-connect two wires that are in a clench is not recommended. Only smooth veins are twisted after removing the insulation, and the straightening usually breaks even the veins of the stranded conductor.
• The correct twist may turn out only for relatively thin conductors. Twist thick single-core wires are not recommended. To connect the wires with each other with a significant thickness, it is better to use the crimping of their sleeve.

Starting with a certain value of the diameter, there lived a cleaner of the wires at all is not possible. An example may be a power cable. Therefore, the twist of the cable containing 2, 3 or more lived, is made fine copper wire as preparation for the compound "full". Then each pair of fixed lived solders.

Twist as half an end

However, the experiment that was conducted with twisted multiple conductors showed high quality of the contact of all wire connections immediately after the installation is complete. A hundredmatic copper wire segments made with a cross section, characteristic of the usual apartment wiring, showed very small contact resistance, which confirm the images further.

Consequently, after having completed a clench, you do about half of the installation work on the connection of two conductors. It remains to finalize the resulting connection so that it does not deteriorate over time. And for this, it is necessary to either create an effort that overtakes the twisted veins outside, or apply one of the ways of merger lived. The merger lived, of course, best provides minimal resistance at a junction of two, three or several conductors.

The connection of wires fusion vessel is made either by melting them, or the solder. In any of these options, the smallest value of contact resistance is achieved. But there are significant disadvantages of these methods. And during welding, and when soldering, heating lived to a temperature dangerous for isolation.

• In order not to spoil it, it is better to keep the twist with tongs immediately over the edge of the insulation to remove heat during welding or soldering and some time after their completion.
• Although there is a welding technology and soldering aluminum lived, it is still better to deal with copper. But the copper lived before soldering or welding is cleaned of outsiders and degreases.

Welding and soldering eliminates the very concept of contact at the end of the twist, making it in this place or the body in the form of a drop (when welding), or filling all the cracks of the solder. When connecting wires intended for powerful electrical appliances, welding and soldering - the most correct way of connecting the conductors. However, the experiment, which was carried out on the hundred already shown twists, did not demonstrate a significant reduction in contact resistance. This is evidenced by the images shown below.

The images present the apparent proof of the same properties of the connection of the usual and welded twist of stranded wires. But with an increase in the thickness, there lived, as well as for thick single-core wires, a soldering and welding will have an advantage over a twist. If the connection of the wires can be made with a twist, and the powerful electrical equipment is not connected to them, it does not make sense to solder them and the more welded.

Connect connections

The experimentated experiments testify in favor of mechanical fixation of scrubs. For this purpose, along with the sleeves there are special caps. They make it possible to do as it were to splicing wires, crimping the twist and keeping the compression force. These are two varieties of lights, which are mentioned in PUE. The first is a sleeve, and the second is the cap. It is screwed up to the end of the stripped veins. The device, as well as possible varieties of caps, are shown later on the images.

Abbreviation PPE is read as:

C - connecting;

And - insulating;

S - clamp.

Figure 1 (SIZ-1) indicates a cap with grooves, and 2 (SIZ-2) - on the same item with protrusions. The numbers through a hyphen indicate the range of centers of wires connected to PPE. The cap is very convenient because it is achieved not only the good conductivity of the connection, but also to separate it. If you need to choose than to connect the conductors with each other, for domestic and office power grids, PC is the best option.

A quick and convenient device that complements the disconnected types of compounds of conductors is a terminal bar. However, it is limited to loading current characteristics. In comparison with the CAP cap, which improves the contact resistance, the terminal block impairs it. And very noticeable. To obtain the relevant data, the third experience was made, the information about which is shown next. Cooked twists were cut off. The ends of the wires are inserted into terminal blocks.

• The contact resistance of the terminal block is an order of magnitude greater than that of the twist.

But it is not only the most acceptable solution for connecting wires of low-current wiring in the apartment and the office.

• Terminal is a binding element between wires with copper and aluminum veins.
• It is convenient to use it for connecting wires with different cross section.
• For copper lived before inserting them to the terminal bar, it is recommended to apply contact paste.
• Aluminum veins before inserting the terminal bar must be cleared of oxide film.

Three varieties of these connectors are used:

In order for the wire without effort into the terminal bar and, if necessary, it is also easily removed from it, a design with a lever is used, which creates an effort in a compound for fixing the veins. In this principle, Wago Terminals and their analogues are made.

A highly widespread type is a screw connection. On such a compound, the design of many terminal, connecting pads and sleeves are based. Screw compound allows you to get the greatest effort, compressing the connected veins. But in order for the connection with time from the vibrations and temperature deformations, this compound has not weakened, an effort is applied to it, which creates a retaining voltage.

• Screw clamps are the most effective connection of a single-core wire with multi-core, lived different diameters, including aluminum and copper.
• Since the screws, nuts and washers are always available with everyone who has tied their profession or hobby with appliances and works with their own hands, if necessary, connect two wires with their help will not be much difficult. However, this is done according to the rules that illustrate the image further.

• Using screw clamps, it is necessary to remember that the quality of the contact is primarily determined by the area of \u200b\u200bcontact surfaces. And it decreases as the diameter of the core increases. At the same time, no efforts of screw clamps will help. At large diameters, contact pastes and gels must necessarily apply. But in this case, the soldering and welding will still provide more reliable contact, rather than a screw connection.

The correct connection of the wires is the key to the safe operation of the power grid. We must not forget how to make a twist, optimally choose the type of connection, and also competently execute it.

When wiring or repairing electrical wiring, when connecting household appliances and another mass of other works requires to connect conductors. To connect the wires is reliable and safe, you need to know the features of each of them, where and when, under what conditions they can be used.

Existing Conductor Connection Methods

To connect wires can be made in several ways:

• welding is the most reliable method that provides high reliability of the compound, but requiring the skills and presence of a welding machine;
• terminal blocks are simply a complete and fairly reliable connection;
• soldering - works well if currents do not exceed the normative and the connection does not heat up to temperatures, above the norm (65 ° C);
• pressing sleeves - requires knowledge of technology, special ticks, but the connection is reliable;
• the use of spring clamps - WAGO, PPE - is quickly installed, while observing the operating conditions provide good contact;
• the bolted connection is simple in execution, it is usually used in difficult cases - if you need to transition from aluminum to copper and vice versa.

The specific type of compound is selected based on many factors. It is necessary to consider the material of the conductor, its cross section, the amount of lived, the insulation type, the number of conductors to be connected, as well as operating conditions. Based on these factors and consider each of the types of connections.

Welding - High reliability in any conditions

When welding wires, the conductors are twisted, and the end of them is brewed. As a result, a metal bulb is formed, which provides a stable and very reliable connection in any conditions. Moreover, it is reliable not only in terms of electrical characteristics, but mechanically also - the metal of the connected wires after melting is formed by the monolith and to determine the separate conductor is impossible.

Welding - it is important to heat the metal, but do not melt insulation

The lack of this type of wire connection - the compound is 100% inconphigra. If necessary, something to change, you need to cut off the fused piece and redo everything again. Therefore, such compounds leave some wires of wires - in case of possible alterations.

Of the other deficiencies, the welding machine is required, the corresponding electrodes, flux and skill of work. In addition, it takes welding a lot of time, it is required to protect the surrounding items, and it is also uncomfortable to work with a welder at the height. Because electricians this type of compounds practiced in exceptional cases. If you do "for yourself" and know how to handle the welding machine well, you can work out on trimming. The main focus is not to melt isolation, but weld metal.

After cooling the place of welding isolate. You can use isolate, you can - shrink tubes.

Connection of wires crimping

For crimping wires, a special aluminum or copper sleeve is required - it is selected based on the sizes of the twist (the diameter of the beam), and the material take the same as the conductors. The wires and stripped to the brilliance of the wire are twisted, they wear a sleeve tube, which is clamped with special ticks.

And sleeves, and ticks are different, several species. Each of them has its own rules of use (the number of wires that can be packaged in the sleeve), in which you need to navigate well. The wire packaging is necessary according to certain rules, measure the size of the resulting harness, customize it for the requirements. In general, a rather turbine occupation. Therefore, such a type of wire connection is mainly professional electricians, and even more often they go to spring clips.

Terminal blocks

One of the simplest and most reliable wire connections - through terminal blocks. There are several types, but almost everywhere uses a screw connection. There are nests of different sizes - under different sizes of conductors, with different number of steam - from 2 to 20 and more.

The terminal block itself is a plastic housing in which a metal socket or plate is breeded. In this nest or between the plates, a bare conductor is inserted, clamped with a screw. After the screw is tightened, you need to pull the conductor well - make sure that it is good to clamp. Due to the fact that the joints of the compounds remain uninsulated, the scope of the terminal blocks - the room with normal humidity.

The lack of such a compound: due to the plasticity of metals - especially aluminum - over time, the contact weakens, which can lead to an increase in the degree of heating and acceleration of oxidation, and this leads to a decrease in contact. In general, periodically connecting wires in screw terminal boxes must be tightened.

Advantages - speed, simplicity, low cost, does not require any skills, except the ability to use a screwdriver. Another important dignity - you can easily connect wires of different diameters, single-core and stranded, copper and aluminum. There is no direct contact, therefore there are no risks.

Soldering

First on soldering technology. The connected conductors are cleaned of isolation, cleaned from oxide film to pure metal, twisted, then poured. For this, the conductors are heated by a soldering iron, applied to rosin. It should cover the connection site completely. The listed wires twist first with their fingers, then wait, using the passage. Instead of tinning, you can use a solder flux. They are well wetted wires, but after twist.

Then, in fact, the process of soldering begins: heated by a soldering iron or narrow-faced burner. When the rosin or flux is starting to boil, take some part of the solder on the sting of the soldering iron, bring the soldering area, pressing the sting to the wiring. Solder spreads, filling the gaps between the wires, providing a good connection. When using a burner, solder simply make a little bit into a torch.

Next, after cooling the place of the soldering, the technology must be flushed by the flux residues (they accelerate oxidation), dry the compound, coat it with a special protective varnish, then isolate with a healer and / or heat shrink tubes.

Now about the advantages and disadvantages of this method of connecting wires. In low-current systems, soldering is one of the most reliable ways to connect wires. But, when wiring wiring in a house or apartment, it is criticized mercilessly. The thing is that the solder has a low melting point. With a periodic passing through the connection of large currents (it happens, if the protective automata vehicles are incorrectly or faulty)) the solder is gradually melted, evaporates. Once at once, the contact becomes more worse, the connection is heated more and more. If this process does not find it, it may well end fire.

The second negative point is the low mechanical strength of the soldering. The case is again in the tin - it is soft. If there are many wires in the soldered connection, but if they are still tough, when trying to pack them, often conductors fall out of the soldering - the force of elasticity that elapses them is too large. Therefore, the connection of the conductors soldering when the electricity is wiring and do not recommend using: uncomfortable, long and risky.

Spring clamps for connecting wires

One of the most controversial ways to connect wires - with the help of spring clamps. They are several types, but the most common two are Wago Terminals (Vago) and Caps Peep. Externally and by the method of installation, they are very different, but the spring is based on the spring, which creates durable contact with the wire.

About this spring and argue. Opponents using WAGO say that spring will weaken over time, the contact will become worse, the connection will start to warm up to warm up, which, again, leads to an even more rapid decrease in the degree of elasticity of the spring. After some time, the temperature can rise so much that the housing (plastic) is melted, but what can happen further - it is known.

Spring clamps for wiring - Popular wire connection

In defense of the use of spring clamps for connecting wires, it can be said that if they are used in accordance with the recommendations of manufacturers, problems are found very and very rare. Although there are a lot of fakes and WAGO, and the Sizes as well as the abundant number of pictures of them in the molten form. But at the same time, many of them are used, and, with normal modes of work, they work without complaints.

Wago Wire Clamps

They appeared on our market several years ago and made a lot of noise: with their help, the connection occurs very quickly and easily, it has high reliability. The manufacturer has concrete recommendations on the use of this product:

Inside these devices have a metal plate, which and ensures due degree of contact. The form and its parameters of the plates were developed and tested specifically. The tests were carried out on a vibration stand for many hours, then heated-cooled. After that, the electrical connection parameters were checked. All tests were passed on "excellent" and branded products shows themselves to "five".

In general, the product range of the company WAGO is very wide, but for mounting wiring or connecting home appliances, lighting devices, use two options for wires for wires: series 222 (splitting) with the ability to rebust or change the connection and series 773 and 273 - which are not called all-in-mail.

Connecting

Spring clamps for WAGO 222 series wiring has a number of contact pads - from two to five - and the same number of flags-locks. Before starting the junction of the flags, the conductors stripped from insulation are inserted into them (until the stop), after which the check box is lowered. This compound is considered completed.

Wago Wire Connectors - Connection Methods

If necessary, you can connect to rebuild - raise the checkbox and remove the conductor. Convenient, quickly and securely.

222 Vago series can be used for connecting two or three, even five copper or aluminum conductors (can be connected different metals in one terminal). Wires can be single-core or strain, but with rigid wires. Maximum section - 2.5 mm 2. Soft multi-core wires can be connected by a cross section from 0.08 mm 2 to 4 mm 2.

Permanent

There is another type of clamp that does not provide for the ability to remake the connection of the wires - series 773 and 273. When using these terminals, the operation is generally a second: the stripped wire is inserted into the corresponding socket. The spring existing there claps it, providing contact with the plate. Everything.

Data The spring-loaded wires for wires can be used to connect single-core aluminum or copper wires with cross-sectional area from 0.75 mm 2 to 2.5 mm 2, stranded with rigid wires - from 1.5 mm 2 to 2.5 mm 2. Soft multi-core conductors can not be connected using such connectors.

To improve contact before connecting the wire, it is necessary to clean from the oxide film. So that the oxidation continues to continue, the manufacturers of WAGO also produce contact paste. It fills in the inside of the clamp and it itself corps an oxide film, and then protects the wires from oxidation in the future. In this case, only strongly oxidized, dark conductors are needed in preliminary stripping, and the clamping body is filled with paste.

By the way, manufacturers suggest that, if desired, the wire from the clamp can be pulled out. To do this, one hand is taken over the wire, the second hold the terminal box and rotate them there and a small range, in opposite directions, stretching in different directions.

Lamp clamps (construction and assembly terminals for lamps)

For a quick and convenient connection of lamps or sconces, WAGO has special 104 series terminals. With their help, you can combine aluminum or copper wires of different sections and type (single-core or stranded with rigid wires). Rated voltage of this compound 400 V, rated current:

• for copper conductors - 24 a
• 16 A for aluminum.

The cross section of the connected conductors from the mounting side:

• copper 1.0 ÷ 2.5 mm2 - single-core;
• aluminum 2.5 mm2 - single-core.

The cross section of the connected conductors from the chandelier / sconce: copper 0.5 ÷ 2.5 mm2 - single-core, stranded, tinted, compressed.

When connecting copper wires, it is necessary to use the contact paste, and the aluminum wires must be cleaned manually to pure metal.

There are two drawbacks for this product. The first is the price of the original terminals high. The second - there is a mass of fakes at a lesser price, but their quality is significantly lower and they are lit and melted. Therefore, despite the high cost, buy better original products.

Caps Sizes

Caps SIZ (deciphered as "connecting insulating clamps") - very simple in the use of the device. This is a plastic housing, inside which there is a spring having a conical shape. Conductors strolled from insulation are inserted, the cap is scrolled clockwise several times. You will feel that he stopped scrolling, then the connection is ready.

How to make a connection of wires using PP

These conductor connectors are available in many manufacturers, there are different sizes, for different diameters and the number of connected conductors. To connect the wires to be reliable size, it is necessary to choose correctly, and for this you need to understand marking.

After letters, PPE goes a few numbers. Depending on the manufacturer, the number of numbers changes, but they indicate the same things. For example, there is a type of marking: SIZ-1 1.5-3.5 or SIZ-2 4.5-12. In this case, the number immediately by the letters indicates the type of body. "1" put if the hull is an ordinary cone, on the surface of which grooves can be applied - for better grip. If there is a CIZ-2, then there are small protrusions on the housing, for which it is convenient to take your fingers and twist.

All other numbers reflect the total cross-section of all conductors that can be connected using this particular CAP cap.

For example, SIZ-1 2.0-4.0. This means that the connecting cap is ordinary, cone-shaped. With it, you can connect two conductor with a cross section of at least 0.5 mm 2 (in sum, they give 1 mm, which meets the minimum requirements - see the table). Maximum in this cap includes conductors, the total cross section of which should not be more than 4 mm 2.

Connecting wires with caps

In the second variant of the labeling after the abbreviation, the PC is only a digit from 1 to 5. In this case, it is simply necessary to remember which one is useful for what section of the wires. The data is in another table.

Caps SIZ and their parameters

By the way, the caps can be connected only with copper wires - aluminum veins, as a rule, thicker than the maximum permissible connector data.

Bolt connection

This connection is assembled from a bolt of any diameter, a suitable nut and one, and better - three, washers. Collecting quickly and easily serves quite a long time and reliably.

First, the conductors are cleaned of isolation, if necessary, the upper oxidized layer is removed. Next, the loop is formed from the stripped part, the inner diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the bolt. To make it easier - you can wrap the wire around the bolt and spin (the average option on the right figure). After all this is going in that order:

• The puck is put on the bolt.
• One of the conductors.
• Second washer.
• Another conductor.
• Third washer.
• Nut.

The connection is tightened first by hand, then with keys (you can take the passage). That's all, the connection is ready. It is used mainly if you need to make a connection of wires from copper and aluminum, it can be used when connecting the conductors of different diameters.

How to connect aluminum and copper conductors

By the way, we recall why it is impossible to directly connect the copper and aluminum wires. There are two reasons:

• Such a connection is greatly heats up, which in itself is very bad.
• Over time, there is a weakening of contact. This is because aluminum has a lower electrical conductivity than copper, as a result, when passing the same currents, it is heated stronger. When heated, it expands stronger, pressing the copper conductor - the connection becomes more worse, it is still warm.

To avoid similar troubles and aluminum conductors are connected using:

• terminal blocks;
• wago;
• bolted compound;
• branch clamps (make wire connections on the street).

Other connecting types cannot be used.

How to connect wires of different diameter

If you need to connect conductors with different diameter, a twist should be present to obtain good contact. So you can use the following types:

• terminal blocks;
• wago;
• bolted connection.

The connection of the wires is probably the most responsible area of \u200b\u200boperation when installing electrical networks. The higher the load on the site, the higher the requirements for the connection of the wires - therefore it is necessary to use the most effective techniques, techniques and fixtures.

We will analyze the most popular ways to connect electrical conductors, paying attention to their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, I will give examples of implementing the techniques most frequently used when installing the power grid.

Overview of the main ways of connection

Installation without applying additional parts

The connection of the electrical network wires must match a variety of requirements.:

• reliable mechanical fixation of two conductors;
• ensuring conductivity between two conductors (the higher the conductivity, the beam);
• minimizing resistance on the joint;
• lack of resistance growth for long-term operation.

Today, when installing the power grid, a variety of wires connect are used, which allow you to implement the above requirements at different levels. You can also classify them in different ways, but for convenience of analysis, I will allocate two large groups: compounds using additional devices and without them.

If we need to connect two wires, and we do not plan to use any other devices (except, naturally, isolation), then the list of methods will be limited. Wires can be twisted, soldered or welded. These are three methods we will analyze.

Without the use of special devices, the conductors are mounted as follows:

1. Twist - The easiest, fast and cheapest way. The ends of the wires are cleaned of insulation, then twisted with each other along the spiral, after which the bare parts of the conductor are re-isolated.
   The main minus Such a compound is a gradual conduction drop. The place of contact is oxidized with time, the heating of the conductors is growing, as a result, the reliability of fixation is reduced. The more current in the network, the higher the risk of a fire at the place of the twist, while the protective shutdown machine will not work almost guaranteed.

In modern "rules of electrical installation devices" (Pue from 2009, chapter 2, p. 2.1.21) such a way of installation as the fixation of the wires of the twist is absent in principle. If in earlier editors this method could be used to dock the wires with a cross section of up to 10 mm 2, then with an increase in the average load on the network from twist refused. Now it is used only as one of the stages of mounting soldering, welded or other connections.

1. Welding wires - According to most electricians (I fully share!) The most reliable method. When welding, the conductors first twisted to increase the contact area, and then weld using AC.
   It is very easy to work with copper, but when installing aluminum wires it is desirable to use a flux to remove the oxide film from the metal surface. Resistance in the place of welding remains constant and over time does not increase, because the site will last for a very long time.

1. Soldering - Another fairly effective method of mounting compounds. When soldering the copper wire, it is cleaned of insulation, the location of the connection is listened, after which the conductors are twisted. The twisted area is disappeared with the solder and the rosin, and it is necessary to try to suck the butt without skipping and influx.

From my point of view, the soldering is less reliable compared to welding. On the other hand, when installing the wiring with your own hands, the soldering iron find much easier than the welding machine. A margin of durability for household needs at the proplayed connection is quite sufficient!

Connection using additional parts

To connect wires while maintaining the maximum conductivity of the site, a variety of devices can be used. This can be attributed to both the simplest impressing sleeves and complex terminals that allow you to install literally in seconds.

With what parts can be connected wires?

1. Gelza for crimping. Crimp sleeve is a hollow cylinder made of soft metal. When installing the wires are cleaned, they are found together, after which the connecting sleeve is put on their ends. The item is clamped with a special tool, which allows you to tightly fix the conductors and exclude their offset relative to each other.

1. Branch clamps.Used to form taps from the main conductor with a voltage up to 660 volts without disturbing its integrity. The contact is provided by a clamping platform from anodized steel, which is put on the cleaned portion of the cable and is fixed with four screws. The wire connection is protected by the case from the dielectric material (carbolite or analogs).

1. Self-insulating (SIZ) caps. A popular device that is suitable only for low-current chains. Cap SIZ is a plastic cone, inside of which there is a clamping spring. When connecting, the conductors are twisted, after which the cap is screwed to the twist. Despite the fact that the spring, in theory, should keep the twist from the weakening of contact, it turns out not very reliable.

1. Terminal blocks. A fairly reliable and simple device that consists of a plastic insulating body, copper contacts with screw fasteners. When the wire is connected to the terminal, its end is determined, inserted into the hole of the block and the screw is pressed to the contact plate.

The quality of the connection directly depends on the state of the terminal pad itself. In some cheap varieties due to thermal expansion of materials, the thread over time weakens, and contact has to "pull up". Other pads have a risk of destruction of contact with a strong tightening of the screw.

1. Spring terminals (WAGO and analogs).Used to maximize the fixation of the site: removed insulation from the wires, inserted the wire into the hole of the terminal - the spring was recorded with sufficient strength. There are also varieties with clamping levers that allow you to reliably fix the conductors of soft metal - I use them most often.

The main disadvantage of such products is a relatively high price. Qualitative self-arc terminal block WAGO costs from 7 to 25 rubles, depending on the configuration. If such compounds need to do a lot - the decent amount falls.

A few words about copper and aluminum

Describing the methods of installation of electrical networks, it is impossible not to pay attention to such a delicate question as a twist of copper and aluminum wires. Probably, everyone who has at least a distant attitude to this area knows - directly connect these material it is impossible.

There are several reasons:

1. Temperature deformation.Aluminum with copper have different thermal expansion coefficients. This means that when the current is turned on, they are heated differently, and cooled differently when disabling. As a result, periodic shutdown on-shutdowns lead to loosening compound and reduce contact density.
2. Oxidation. On the surface of aluminum over time, the film of oxides is formed, characterized by poor conductivity. As a result, resistance increases, and with it heating.

Yes, both of these factor can compensate: the first dense clamps, the second use of special lubricants. But let's be honest: who and when does it do this when equipped with the simplest twists?

1. Galvanic. Copper and aluminum is a galvanic pair. This means that when connecting these metals, the resulting oxides will decay on charged ions, moreover, the higher the humidity in the room, the more active the process will go. As a result of electrolysis, the reliability of the compound will fall - primarily due to the appearance of emptiness, and then due to the emerging heating.

Primicious into account these arguments, I strongly do not advise connecting the copper wire with aluminum without the use of "intermediaries" - terminals, adapters, clamps and other devices.

Mounting algorithms for basic compounds

Method 1. Twist with soldering and heat shrink tube

Different methods for connecting electrical wires require different approach. In this section, I will give step-by-step instructions on the device most frequently used schemes.

Let's start with the simplest - from a twist. Yes, it is not very reliable, but in low-current circuits it can be successfully applied. And if you suck the contact site - then the use of conductors can be almost everywhere.

Illustration	Technique implementation
	Stripping conductors. Using a special tool or a sharp knife, remove isolation from the end of the conductor. We need to expose about 25 mm wires.
	Preparing isolation. From the heat shrink tube of the desired diameter, we cut a fragment, the length of which will be about twice the length of the connected area. We put on the phone on one of the conductors and move to the side so that it does not interfere with us.
	Twist. Plots of the conductor, purified from isolation, twist among themselves. When installing single-core conductors, watches them to connect spiral, and not one turned around the other. The stranded wires first "waiver", then weak the veins among themselves and twist the spirals.
	Soldering. Using a soldering iron on medium heating, carefully disappear compound. When soldering, watches so that the solder evenly filled the emptiness between the individual veins in the twist.
	Insulation. The thermal insulation tube is shifting on the positioned or twisted area, so that it completely overlap it and came into isolated plots on both sides.
	Seal insulation. Using a construction hairdryer (better) or a conventional lighter (worse, but also you can) warm the heat shrinking tube until its diameter decreases and it does not take birth along the entire length.

Method 2. Installation with crimping

The connection of conductors in the junction box can be made by crimping. To do this, we will need special crimping sleeves and a tool that allows you to fix them on the wires.

Installation instructions using crimping sleeves:

Illustration	Technique implementation
	Removing overall isolation. A sharp knife is cut off the insulation casing on the wires derived in the distribution box. Remove isolation and disassemble the wires in color by collecting them in groups. So it will work much more convenient.
	Stripping conductors. We remove the insulating layer of conductors with a special tool or knife. It is advisable to remove a little less than it can enter the crimping sleeve - it will be easier to isolate.
	Wearing a sleeve. Conductors requiring connections to one group collecting together without twisting. We put on the guilz guilz, coming her edge on an isolated plot.
	Pressing. Using a special tool, perform the cover of the wires. Crush the sleeve at least two places, after which you check the strength of fixation.
	Connection of other conductors. We repeat the operations for the rest of the conductors.
	Insulation. For each group of wires with an established crimping sleeve, we wear a heat shrink tube. Warm insulation for its seal along the entire length.
	Installation of the second insulation contour. The free ends of the heat shrinking tubes are bending. Top to wear a larger diameter tube.
	Seal insulation. As in the first case, heating the shrink tubes with a hairdryer. Compressing, they fix the curved ends of the insulation, ensuring maximum tightness.

Method 3. Twowell with welding

The most reliable view of the connection without additional parts is welded. It can be used where the contact site is exposed to serious loads.

Mount the wires in junction boxes with welding can be so:

Illustration	Technique implementation
	Preparation of wires. Wires are displayed in a junction box, after which we remove the outer insulation and disassemble them on the veins. Ends lived cleaning, forming free-free areas with a length of 50-70 mm. We collect wires in color to facilitate the formation of twists.
	Formation of twists. All wires of the same color are coated together, we fold in parallel and bend the edge of about 1 cm. Holding behind the curved part, twist the wires on the helix. To increase the reliability and sealing of the twist, the last few turns are done using the Passage.
	Preparation of the welding machine. You can weld the wires with practically any household apparatus - power is enough. For welding it is desirable to apply graphite (special insert, brush from the engine, the rod from the battery).
	Wiring welding. One clamp is installed on a twist at the top, the second clip with graphite insert is welding, starting with a twist nose. At the same time, watches the connection to be overheated and not started to collapse. Carefully cook all connections.

After that, we sufficiently exhibit all the strongest areas of the wire. This is done with the help of insulating tape, heat shrinking tubes or special caps.

Method 4. Compound of copper and aluminum using screw

Above, I noted that it is impossible to directly connect copper and aluminum. And yet sometimes it is necessary to equip a reliable contact of such conductors - for example, with the "splicing" of the old and new wiring.

If we have two single-core wires, it is easiest to connect them to using a clamping screw:

Illustration	Technique implementation
	Formation of end rings. We clean the ends of both wires by about 30-40 mm. Using the round-rolls, we do on both wires "ears". The ring diameter must advise the diameter of the screw to be used to connect.
	Installing a bolt. As a connecting element, we use the M4 bolt. On the rod under the Hat we wear a puck of this diameter so that it completely overlap the end ring of the wire. Wire with a ring wear a bolt so that when tightening the attachment, the curved part did not open, but on the contrary, bent even stronger.
	Formation of the compound. The first wire is covering the second puck of a suitable diameter. Then we put on the second wire on the rod - also with the ring. We cover it with the third washer, and at the top we install the grover (spring washer), which will not give to unwind the mount.
	Tightening fastening. We set the nut on top and tighten the fastener while holding the screw with a screwdriver. When fixing, you need to tighten the fastening tightly, but without unnecessary effort, otherwise there is a risk of damaging a soft conductor. This is especially true for copper stranded wires.
	Insulation. Connection location is insulating using either tape or a large diameter heat shrink tube. When using a shrink tube, its edge is desirable to additionally fasten the left and right from the contact site.

Method 5. Using Terminals

The use of terminal pads of different types allows not only to keep the wires from copper and aluminum, but also makes it possible to create collapsible connections.

These details are used as follows:

Illustration	Technique implementation
Conventional terminal block
	Stripping wires. The ends of the connected wires are cleaned. At the same time, from the insulation, it is necessary to free approximately 5-7 mm - this is quite enough for reliable contact inside the terminal block.
	Preparation of the terminal block. From the product cut off a fragment with the desired number of contacts. Terminal pads fastening screws weakening, opening holes for installing wires.
	Installing the first wire. On the one hand, insert the stripped ends of the wire into the holes, promoting them in such a way that they do not reach the middle. Tighten the fastening screws with a screwdriver, clamping the wire inside the pad.
	Installing the second wire. We repeat the operations for the second wire. Watch that the wires inside the wires do not touch each other.
	Completion of work. Check the reliability of the connection, then isolating the contact location, protecting it from moisture and dust.
Spring Terminal Wago 222
	Preparation for installation. Wires intended for installation, we clean the same as for installation using a terminal block. We raise the clamping lever on the terminal, opening the hole to install the conductor.
	Installing the wire. Explorer insert into the hole, promoting it until it stops. Watch that inside the device the wire is not bent.
	Fixing the conductor. Lower the clamping lever. In this case, the contact plate inside the terminal bar is lifted, clamping the conductor and securely fixing it within the device due to spring action.

Conclusion

Reliable and secure wire connection can be secured by different paths. The options given above are enough to fulfill the most common types of work. If you need additional information - read the video in this article or ask a question in the comments!