Selection of insulation for thermal insulation of exterior walls at home. How to choose the best insulation for walls at home outside insulation for walls at home outside name
Construction and composite composition of the walls of multi-storey buildings or single-storey houses, as well as their thickness is not able to provide 100% preservation of thermal energy indoors. Monolithic concrete or stone is considered to be cold materials, but in strength occupy the first place among all the materials used in the construction of civil and industrial purposes. To transform these materials into energy-saving and warm structures, a multilayer technology of thermal insulation of building structures of any type is used. Heat insulation for walls both outside and from the inside. When performing insulation, all connectors and guests are observed, these two items are very important in the construction process.
All houses, structures or buildings made of stone require additional thermal insulation. The stone includes such materials as: brick (full, hollow, silicate, hollow picked), aerated concrete blocks, foam concrete and fantasic blocks, cheek stone, shellpiece, quotes and all types of cement and concrete products (monolithic slab structures, concrete panels and overlaps) .
Wall insulation, characteristics
There are the following types of insulation for walls:
Styrofoam (insulation for walls of polystyrene foam) - is a modern polymer insulation of the last generation. Use this product in almost all spheres of construction and even in industrial production processes. PPT-25 and PPT-35 foam foam and PPT-35 are used to insulate the walls (outside and inside), attic balconies, loggias and attic, and balcony floors. Sizes of foam plastic plates: 1000x500x50mm.
The material has the following qualities: a low coefficient of water absorption, zero levels of thermal conductivity, resistance to biological and chemical destruction, windproof and soundproof properties, low weight, flexibility and ease of installation. The material consists in a group of environmentally friendly products. Operational period - more than 50 years. The price of this product is most affordable, despite some minuses as a combustible class.
Mineral wool (Stone wool or glass wool) is a heat-soundproof material, widely used in the insulation of buildings of any purpose and especially walls (external and inside), balconies and loggias. The internal and external use of the insulation met its quality due to physico-technical characteristics:
In insulating work (for example, the insulation of walls in the panel house) uses minvat with thermal conductivity: 0.034-0.037W / MK and a combustible class NG (non-flammable). With the material you can work at temperatures from -60 ° C - to + 220ºС. This rolled insulation for the walls has the following dimensions: 1000x600x50mm, 7000x1200x50mm, 9000x1200x50mm, 10,000x1200x50mm, 10000x1200x100mm, except wool rolls are available in stoves.
Mineral wool brands used for insulation of walls: Ursa, Isoov, Knauf, Rockvul, Tehtonikol, etc.
Polyurene Foolder - A variety of plastics, has a cellular-foam structure. The space of the cells is filled with air and occupies 90% of the total mass of the product. The PPU has a high level of resistance to different chemical substances, does not absorb water, excellent heat-sounding motor, has a small weight and high level of adhesion to all types of work surfaces: concrete, glass, wood, steel, brick, painted surfaces. You can work with the material at a temperature of 100 degrees. Operational period - up to 30 years.
PPU (polyurethane foam) is widely used in the process of insulation of walls and frame balconies, as well as for isolation of complex structures. The zero level of the television and the elasticity of the product is exactly what is needed for the insulation of walls, balconies, attic and attic rooms. The seamless process when using this product and its ideal adhesion creates a truly hermetic coating. No need to ask a permanent question: "What insulation is better for thermal insulation?" - PPU Excellent coating for walls both outside and inside. This material is a guarantee of excellent vaporizolation and primarily waterproofing. The only minus is the high cost.
Extruded expanded polystyrene foam - The material of the last generation, manufactured by a special technological process. For insulation of the walls, the foam polyuretreen polyuretreen and the technoplex also applies more often. In the manufacture of technoplex, graphite is applied in the form of nano-dimensional particles. Nanoscale graphite increases the strength of the material and increases the energy saving of the product.
Penoplex (insulation for the walls of the Penoplex) - has a high energy saving coefficient, zero levels of heat losses, an excellent soundproofer. In addition to insulation of walls, this material is widely used in the insulation of balconies, loggias, floors, basements and other construction structures. When installing a "warm floor" - Penopelex is the material of the essential. The thermal conductivity coefficient index is 0.0029W / (M ° C). Comparing the penplex with the panels of foam, mineral basalt wool or glass gamblers in terms of energy saving exceeds them. Moisture resistance of exactly 0.2%, the coefficient of strength is 200-500CP. It is not destroyed by mold, chemicals and rodents. Plates are quickly mounted due to flexibility and low weight. Corresponds to the product of the combustible class - g1, g4. Such characteristics are endowed with almost all grades of extrusion polystyrene foam.
Liquid thermal insulation. For example, Alfatec - liquid-shaped thermal insulation of the last technological progress in the insulation area. In the production technology of this material, a polyacrylic system is included with the formation of a plurality of ceramic bubbles. The bubble system is filled with vacuum. This technical side acts as an insulating component.
Features of the material:
- heat insulator for external and internal use,
- superfine insulation for pipes of any purpose and diameter,
- excellent material that prevents corrosion and others. Metal destruction,
- energy saving product with zero heat lines,
- the material prevents the formation of condensate,
- protection of premises from freezing,
- resistance to sharp temperature differences,
- reduction weight design,
- preservation of premises
- in addition to elasticity and energy saving, the product has aesthetics.
"The effect of thermal mirror" Alfatec is reflected in the heat flux of the heat carrier obtained from the coolant or heat transferser and delay heat in itself. This hyperfine isolation interrupts the contact of the base, with the flow of cold entering the room outside, that is, from the street. Thermal conductivity of the material is 0.001W / M ° C.
Thermal insulation of Alfatec (liquid insulation for walls) Anticorrosive protection of all metal surfaces with a coatedness of all hard-to-reach places that other types of heat insolons cannot be coated. The applied layer of isolation is not subjected to destruction by atmospheric phenomena and chemicals. The concentration of paint does not affect the decrease in the degree of insulation, the main thing is uniform application and the absence of cold bridges.
The appearance of the Alphatete product is similar to the usual paint based on water and acrylic polymers. In addition to pipe systems and metal structures, insulation is used for the insulation of all types of surfaces: brick, stone, concrete, etc. Before applying, careful surface treatment is necessary: \u200b\u200bdedusting, degreasing and drying. For work on metal, a priming or other treatment with anti-corrosion agents is not required, the paint of the insulator acts as a preservative of corrosion.
Other insulation are also used: Equata, warm plaster, polyethylene foam (foam, thermalflex, isolon, energyflex), foam glass and others.
How to insulate the walls?
For thermal insulation of such materials, there are three options:
- I Option - The insulation for the walls of the house is mounted throughout the perimeter of interior rooms inclusive, attic, balcony and loggia (walls, floor, stream, and on the balcony other than the listed parapet);
- II Option - The insulation is placed in the thickness of the construction cake (when pouring concrete, thermal insulation of the type of polystyrene foam, BSA or polystyrene is placed right in the middle of the fill);
- III Option - construction insulation outside (hinged ventilated facades as insulation for walls foam, extrusion polystyrene foam, stone wool or glass gamble, expanded polystyrene and others).
All options have their advantages and disadvantages, for internal insulation minus is the formation of condensate, this is an obvious and current problem of modern construction and thermal insulation.
Masonry in the form of "cake"
Building "Pie" consists of the following layers: the first layer is the carrier walls, the second layer is cement or mixed plaster and thermal insulation material, the third layer - the finishing facade cladding, consisting of: primer, glue, construction facing mesh, finishing plaster and decorative finishing material .
Bearing walls are performed from a durable masonry or filling material, additional connecting and strengthening elements. Stone or concrete - two solid construction and masonry materials used in the construction of houses from the base or foundation to attic rooms. The volume of the bearing walls accounts for the operational period of the house and the force of extracting additional weight added by other materials and devices: concrete stairs and stairs, roofing with its components, plumbing network, heating equipment and all the contents of residential premises (furniture, household appliances and plumbing equipment, etc.). When planning a future building, all these nuances are calculated to the smallest detail.
As for thermal insulation, it is possible to list a whole list of insulation: foam, polystyrene foam extruded, mineral (stone) basalt wool, wool from fiberglass, polyurethane foam (PPU), liquid thermal insulation, warm plaster, boards from cellulings, sandwich panels and other thermal insulation materials. The insulation of technology is superimposed on a smooth layer of plaster, that is, before insulation of the walls, the surface is plastered.
The final or finishing layer is performed in order to seal the previous layers - the carrier wall and insulation, as well as to perform decorative design of walls with the outside of the building. The insulation of the walls from the inside is performed using a similar technology, with the exception of finishing plastering.
Insulation have almost the same thermal conductivity coefficient, due to the thickness of all types of the same, the calculation of the thickness of the insulation for the walls is carried out from the point of view of the correct choice of material with a high level of energy saving inside the building. If the construction is conducted in the zone with a harsh climate, it is used by a double layer of the insulation, regardless of which this mineral wool or is a polystyrene foam. In comparison with basalt cotton wool, extruded polystyrene foam or simple foam, fits tightly to the base without the formation of cold bridges, but in flexibility is inferior to the stone cotton.
Parry permeability plays an important role in the thermal insulation of walls, the higher the indicators of this coefficient, the less likely to form condensation. Condensate leads to the destruction of all composite components of layer masonry, thus shortening the operational period of the building.
Fireproof occupies the first place among the technical requirements for construction and insulation. Despite the importance of this item, still the foam is widely applied due to the cost and ease of installation. Polyfoam is 5 times cheaper than mineral basalt wool, so it is allowed in the process of carrying out thermal insulation.
By agreement of the SP 23-101-2004 "Designing of the heat protection of buildings" using foam (technology of insulation of walls by foam) All window openings and zones surrounding windows are insulated with non-combustible materials - mining, glass gamble and other non-combustible materials. This technology "saved the combustible" foam from the list of forbidden products to carry out thermal insulation of buildings and houses.
Fasteners are plastic dowels or basaltoplastic ribbons. Ribbons are mounted in a step of 60 x 50 cm from each other. The fastening system or fastening the insulation to the wall is rather durable, with a period of up to 50 years. The entire finishing layer rests only on the foundation of the building.
Attention! When performing work on the insulation of walls outside, it is necessary to properly close the lower space in the foundation zone and the three-layer cake.
In order to avoid the destructive consequences of the thermal insulation process, the wall ventilation is performed or hinged ventilated facades are installed. Due to the space between the insulation and the outer wall, as well as the installation of the ventilation holes, an obstacle is created for the formation and settling of moisture inside the construction "cake". Thus, constantly ventilated puff pastry will serve for many years without advertising by consumers.
After the construction is already known, it is already known what material to insulate the walls, because these facts are included in the project plan, and during secondary housing what are the insulation for the walls as choose them?! Engineer Builder in conjunction with a technologist when examining this kind of designs after complete examination will be able to give an accurate technical response to this sick question. There is nothing difficult here - the main thing is to repair the structure, and then everything is performed according to the specified scheme of external thermal insulation.
Mineral basalt wool perfect insulation for walls under siding, in this case it is necessary to perform phased installation and proper ventilation of the facade. In the panel walls of the walls from the inside are very cold, even if the outer insulation is 100% fulfilled, the need for isolation occurs. It is urgent to install the insulation for the walls under the wallpaper, then the walls when touched will become warm and dry.
Provide maintenance of the optimal air temperature in the residential room and high-quality heaters for exterior walls of the house will help. The external insulation of the walls is carried out due to the use of the most modern heat-insulating materials, each of which has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages: this is mineral wool and foam, warm plaster and polyurethane foam, penoplelex and tehnoplex. In each case, the most suitable insulation can be selected in accordance with certain requirements, its technical characteristics and features of operating conditions.
Features of outdoor insulation
Installation of outer wall insulation is the most efficient way to protect the building from negative impact:
- moisture;
- high temperature;
- frost.
That is why the correct selection of insulation for the walls of the house outside has such great importance. For each area and each region, there is a certain calculated indicator of the total resistance of the reference structures of the heat transfer constructs. To achieve this value allows the creation in accordance with all the requirements of SNiP and the GOST of the thermal insulation of external walls.
Among the many ways to insulate the facades of buildings in modern private construction are particularly popular:
- Applying plaster over materials for outdoor insulation. With this method, several layers of building cake are created, the first of which is the mounting glue, which ensures the maximum dense adjacent of thermal insulation plates, the following - directly insulation for the outer walls, then the reinforcement grid, which creates the strength of the design, decorative coating. As such a layer, siding or decorative plastic panels used to decorate the facade of the building.
- Creating thermal insulation for walls outside on the principle of ventilated design. During the execution of these works, various materials for insulation are used, including plates or rolled mineral wool web. Such a cake is more complicated and requires assembling frame and crates from metal profiles or wooden bars. In the cells of the collected design, plates or blocks are placed in the form of which manufacturers produce modern insulation. To protect against wind and moisture, a waterproof diffuse membrane membrane is fixed. The next important stage is the fasteners of the rails the counter tests necessary to create a ventilated gap. The final layer - panels or plastic siding.
All materials for insulation of walls outside have many positive qualities, but when working to create high-quality thermal insulation, you choose with your own hands that requires minimal material and physical costs.
The creation of high-quality thermoshuba requires certain knowledge and skills in the execution of plastering. Working with the level is easier, but it is necessary to high accuracy when installing the frame and the crate. Make stucco so as to give great aesthetics to the facade of the building, few people are capable of places or novice masters. For them, complex methods of insulation of exterior walls of the construction are developed.
Decorative materials for thermal insulation
Modern types of insulation for the walls of the facade are so numerous and diverse that the consumer is not so easy to make a choice. Decorative panels made of polystyrene foaming are enjoying much popularity. If their thickness reaches 6 cm, then it guarantees a high level of protection of walls from freezing in the winter season. The decorative panels for wall insulation allow you to abandon the work on applying on the surface of decorative facade plaster.
An important condition for performing work for insulation of external supporting structures with the help of polystyrene panels is the preparation of the surface. Of course, no particularly careful plastering is required, but the walls must be absolutely smooth:
- The presence of bugro, the influx of the solution or large voids is unacceptable.
- After a complete drying of the plastering solution on a clean, dry surface is applied with a glue composition of the "foam cement". The panels are applied to the wall and grip strongly, achieving a dense fit.
- Excess glue Speaking from under each panel fill the seams, strengthening them and protecting moisture from penetration.
The advantage of the outer insulation of walls with the help of decorative panels is not only in the absence of the need for so-called "wet" works. The heat-insulating panels are the insulation of the walls of the house, to create an environmentally friendly material, is quite resistant to negative impacts, characterized by a high water-repellent ability. It is not easy to decorate the facade, this is a means for protecting the walls and maintaining indoors of comfortable conditions for living. Solving which outer insulation is better, you need to take into account all the nuances, including features:
- climatic conditions;
- materials served as the basis for the construction of walls;
- creating thermal insulation design.
In some situations, such thermal insulation materials are not an optimal solution and are able to ensure effective protection for the construction of freezing. In this case, for the insulation of the outer walls, it is equipped with mounted heat insulation, building a frame and a crate.
Mineral wool
The outer thermal insulation of walls using mineral wool provides for the performance of work "dry way". To achieve a positive result, it is necessary to carry out the installation of a frame that constitutes the elements of which are metal profiles or wooden bars. They are installed strictly vertically. The vertical is checked by a laser level or a building level with Waterpas.
The distance between the frame guides must be 2-3 cm less than the width of the plate or the roll strip. This will ensure the tight entry of the insulation in the crate cells.
Cutting plates or mats are covered with waterproofing material, fixing it with a construction stapler. The next stage is the assembly of crates from transverse crossbars. For this, they will need rail whose thickness twice the height of the bar. Such a counterclaim ensures the creation of an effective air barrier that prevents the penetration of cold and moisture. Choosing, what a heater for the outer walls of the house is better, many consumers prefer mineral wool. Such a choice is based on the properties of this material:
- low weight;
- ease of installation;
- availability of price;
- environmental purity;
- high-quality noise insulation.
The main advantage of minvati is fire resistance. Further work on insulation and decorative design of the facade is associated with the installation of decorative plastic panels or siding. The outer layer of finishing improves the aesthetic attractiveness of the building and provides high-quality, reliable and efficient protection of the heat-insulating material from the destructive impact of various negative factors.
Polyurene Foolder
A special kind of plastic with a cellular structure, which was widely used when used as thermal insulation material for external walls of buildings - polyurethane foam. With it, it is possible to create a particularly durable high-quality and, most importantly, a seamless coating that will be a guarantee of good sound and thermal insulation when the protection of facade walls of country private houses.
Such works require the participation of qualified specialists and the use of special equipment. The insulation in liquid form under high pressure is supplied by a hose for applying to a warmed surface. The ability to change the pressure in the system allows you to adjust the thickness of the applied layer, increasing it in those places where the insulation layer is too thin.
When creating thermal insulation using polyurethane foam, the location of the dew point remains unchanged.
Polyurethane foam is used not only for applying directly to the outer surface of the walls, it is poured between the elements when the bearing structure is erected, which guarantees a high level of protection of the walls from the freezing. When creating a system of insulation, the facade of the building takes into account some features and advantages of this insulation, including:
- The ability to completely repeat the shape of the wall, even with the insulation of buildings with complex geometry.
- Creating a seamless coating that excludes the penetration of cold air or moisture.
- The correct calculation of the thickness of the insulation layer allows you to protect the building from the displacement of the dew point and protect the construction from the appearance of condensate, the development and growth of mold and fungus.
- The clocking structure does not allow the insulation to collapse under the influence of moisture.
Performing work on the insulation of the facade of the house using other materials does not allow the guaranteed exclusion of the appearance of cold bridges, thermoshvs, a large number of joints requiring additional strengthening and protection. All this is excluded when applied to the surface of polyurethane foam. The composition fill the space between the frame guides or completely covers the surface of the outer walls throughout the perimeter of the house.
To adopt the only correct decision when choosing a heater for external walls of a private building, it is necessary to carefully examine the characteristics of the existing thermal insulation materials and the features of each of them. The video will help to figure out the nuances and get reliable information about all the methods of insulation and substances used during the work.
Solving which insulation for walls can be used in each individual case, it is worth carefully studying the features and advantages of each of the materials offered by modern manufacturers.
It is quite a real situation - an effective heating system is mounted in a private house, but it fails to achieve comfortable living conditions, if the building itself does not have good thermal insulation. Consumption of any energy carriers in such a situation jumps to completely unthinkable limits, but the heat generated is completely useless to spend on "Street Warming."
Warm must undergo all the basic elements and construction of the building. But on a general background, the external walls are leading in terms of volume, and they need to think about their reliable thermal insulation first. Insulation for the outer walls of the house in our time are available on sale in a very wide range, and you need to be able to navigate this manifold, since not all materials are equally good for certain conditions.
Main ways of insulation of external walls at home
The main task of the insulation of the walls is to bring the total value of their heat transfer resistance to the calculated indicator, which is defined for the locality. On the method of calculation, we will definitely discharge somewhat lower, after considering the physical and performance characteristics of the main types of insulation. And to begin with, the existing technology of thermal insulation of external walls should be considered.
- Most often resort to external insulation of the already elevated walls of the structure. Such an approach is able to solve all the main problems of thermal insulation and savings of walls from frustration and related to this process with negative phenomena, refurbishment, erosion of building material .
There are many ways to have a lot of insulation, but in private construction, it is most often resorted to two technologies.
- The first is plastering the walls on top of the thermal insulating layer.
1 - exterior wall of the building.
2 - mounted glue, which is close, without gaps, fastened thermal insulation material (pos. 3). Reliable fixation, in addition, provide special dowels - "fungi" (pos. 4).
5 is a basic plaster layer with fiberglass mesh reinforcement inside (pos. 6).
7 - layer. Facade paint can be used.
- The second is the facing of warmed outside the walls with decorative materials (siding, panels, " block House", Etc.) on the system of the ventilated facade.
1 - Capital wall of the house.
2 - frame (doom). It can be performed from a wooden bar or from galvanized metal profiles.
3 - stoves ladded between guides (blocks, mats) of thermal insulating material.
4 - waterproofing diffuse paropropus The membrane simultaneously performing the role of windproof.
5 - element of the frame design (in this case, the rake is a counter test), which creates an air ventilated clearance of the thickness of about 30 ÷ 60 mm.
6 - external decorative facing facade.
Each methods have its advantages and disadvantages.
So, a plastered insulated surface (it is often called "thermoshube") - quite complex in self-execution, if the owner has no sustainable plaster skills. The process is "dirty" and time consuming, but according to the total materials on materials, such insulation is usually cheaper.
There is also a "integrated approach" to such an external wall insulation - this is the use of facing facade panels, the design of which is already provided by a layer of thermal insulation. Plastering in this case is not foreseen - after installation, it will only be left to fill the seams between the tiles.
Installation of the ventilated facade practically does not imply "wet" works. But common labor costs are very significant, and the cost of the entire set of materials will be very considerable. But insulating qualities, and the effectiveness of the protection of walls from various external influences in this case is significantly higher.
- , from the premises.
This approach to thermal insulation of the walls causes a lot of complaints. Here - and the essential losses of the living space area, and the complexity in creating a full-fledged insulated layer without the "cold bridges" - they usually remain in the field of wall adjuncing to the floors and overlap, and the violation of the optimal balance of humidity and temperatures in such a "pie".
Of course, the location of thermal insulation on the inner surface sometimes becomes almost the only way to insulate the walls, but if any opportunity, it is still worth a preference to external warming.
Is it worth insulating the walls from the inside?
All the shortcomings and, without exaggeration, the dangers are very detailed in the special publication of our portal.
- Wall insulation by creating a "sandwich design »
Usually this technology of insulation of external walls is used even during the construction of the building. Several different approaches can also be used here.
BUT. Walls are laid out according to the principle of "well" and as they raise them into the resulting cavity is made of dry or pouring liquid (foaming and frozen) termose insulator. Such a method was applied by architects for a long time, when natural materials were used for insulation - dry leaves and cheeu, sawdust, revealing remnants of wool, and the like. Nowadays, certainly applied special thermal insulation materials adapted to such use.
Alternatively, large walls can be used for wall laying with extensive cavities that During construction, they are immediately filled with thermal insulating material (clay, vermiculite, perlite sand, etc.)
B. Another option to omit both with the initial construction of the house and, if necessary, to create thermal insulation in erected Previously building. The essence lies in the fact that the capital wall is insulated with one or another material, which is then closed by brick masonry in one or ½ brick.
Usually, in such cases, the external laying is performed "under the extection" and becomes the finishing facade facing.
An essential drawback of this method, if you have to perform such insulation in the already erected house - it is necessary to expand and strengthen the foundation, since the thickness of the wall becomes significantly larger, and the load from the additional brick Masonry will noticeably.
IN. Insulated multilayer design is obtained and when used to erect the walls of polystyrene foam beaming formwork.
The blocks of such polystyrene foam formwork resemble the well-known children's designer "LEGO" - they have spikes and grooves to quickly assemble the wall structure, in which the reinforcement belt is installed and the concrete solution is filling. As a result, reinforced concrete walls are obtained, immediately having two - outer and internal, insulating layers. Then, by the facade side of the wall, you can make a thin brickwork, tiled cladding or simply plastering. Inside also applies almost all types of finishes.
Such technology is gaining popularity, though fairnessIt should be noted that she has a lot of opponents. The main arguments are the disadvantages of polystyrene foam from the point of view of environmental and fire safety. There are certain problems and M valent permeability of walls and displacement of the dew point towards the premises due to the layer of internal insulation. But with the fact that the walls really get reliable thermal insulation, agree, apparently, everything.
What requirements should still match the insulation of external walls
It is clear that the thermal insulating layer on the wall first should be reduced to the permissible minimum of the heat loss of the building. But, performing its main function, it should not allow negative moments - the threats to the health of people living in the house, increased fire danger, the propagation of pathogenic microflora, referring structures with the beginning of destructive processes in the wall material, etc.
So, in terms of environmental safety, there are a lot of questions on a synthetic basis. If you read the advertising prospectuses of manufacturers, it is almost always possible to meet the absence of any threat. Nevertheless, practice shows that most foamed polymers have a property with time to break up, and the decomposition products are not always harmless.
Another anxiousness looks like a ignition situation - the low grade class (G1 or G2) does not speak at all about the full safety of the material. But more often it is not even for the transfer of an open flame (modern materials for the most part will be scrambled), and combustion products. The sad story shows that it is the toxic poisoning of smoke, resulting from combustion, for example, polystyrene foam, most often become the cause of human victims. And it is necessary to think carefully than the owner risks, arranging, for example, similar to the thermal insulation indoors.
Creepy picture - burning of a warmed facade The specific advantages and disadvantages of the main thermal insulation materials will be described in more detail in the relevant section of the article.
The next important factor that must be taken into account when planning insulation. Thermal insulation of the walls should make the maximum "dew point" as close as possible to the outer surface of the wall, and ideally in the outer layer of insulating material.
The "dew point" is not a linearly changing border in the wall "Pie", on which water transition from one aggregate state to another - steam turns into liquid condensate. And the accumulation of moisture is blowning the walls, destruction of building material, swelling and loss of insulation qualities, direct path to the formation and development of mold or fungus foci, insect nests, etc.
And where can water vapor be taken from the wall? Yes, it is very simple - even in the process of ordinary life, a person with breathing highlights at least 100 g of moisture per hour. Add here wet cleaning, washing and drying linen, taking baths or soul, cooking or just boiling water. It turns out that in the cold season, the pressure of saturated vapors in the room is always significantly higher than outdoors. And if the house did not take measures to effectively ventilation air, moisture is looking for ways through building structures, including through the walls.
This is a completely normal process.that will not bring any harm if the insulation is planned and implemented correctly. But in cases where the "dew point" is shifted toward the rooms ( it is a typical drawback The insulation of walls from the inside), the balance with can break, and the wall with the insulation will begin to be saturated with moisture.
To minimize or completely eliminate the effects of condensate formation, the rule should be followed - the vapor permeability of the wall "cake" should ideally grow from the layer to the layer towards their room outside. Then, with natural evaporation in the atmosphere, the excess moisture will go out.
For example, the table below shows the values paropropustea The ability of major construction, insulation and finishing materials. This should help with primary thermal insulation planning.
| Material | Parry permeability coefficient, mg / (m * h * pa) |
|---|---|
| Reinforced concrete | 0.03 |
| Concrete | 0.03 |
| Cement-sandy (or plaster) | 0.09 |
| Cement-sand-limestone solution (or plaster) | 0,098 |
| Spring-sand-sand with lime (or plaster) | 0.12 |
| Ceramzitobeton, density of 800 kg / m3 | 0.19 |
| Brick clay, masonry | 0.11 |
| Brick, silicate, masonry | 0.11 |
| Brick ceramic hollow (1400 kg / m3 gross) | 0.14 |
| Brick ceramic hollow (1000 kg / m3 gross) | 0.17 |
| Romatic ceramic block (warm ceramics) | 0.14 |
| Foam concrete and aerated concrete, density of 800 kg / m3 | 0.140 |
| Fibrolite and arbolit plates, 500-450 kg / m3 | 0,11 |
| Arbolit, 600 kg / m3 | 0.18 |
| Granite, Gneis, Basalt | 0,008 |
| Marble | 0,008 |
| Limestone, 1600 kg / m3 | 0.09 |
| Limestone, 1400 kg / m3 | 0.11 |
| Pine, fir across fibers | 0.06 |
| Pine, spruce along the fibers | 0.32 |
| Oak across fibers | 0.05 |
| Oak along the fibers | 0.3 |
| Plywood glued | 0.02 |
| Chipboard and dvp, 600 kg / m3 | 0.13 |
| Tow | 0.49 |
| Plasterboard | 0,075 |
| Plates of plaster (plaster), 1350 kg / m3 | 0,098 |
| Plate from plaster (plaster), 1100 kg / m3 | 0.11 |
| Minvat stone, depending on the density of 0.3 ÷ 0.37 | 0.3 ÷ 0.37 |
| Minvata Glass, depending on the density | 0.5 ÷ 0.54. |
| Polystyrene foam extruded (EPPS, XPS) | 0,005 ; 0,013; 0,004 |
| Polystyrene foam (foam), stove, density from 10 to 38 kg / m3 | 0.05 |
| Eco-cellulose (depending on the density) | 0.30 ÷ 0,67 |
| Polyurethane foam, with any density | 0.05 |
| Ceramzite bulk - gravel, depending on the density | 0.21 ÷ 0.27 |
| Sand | 0.17 |
| Bitumen | 0,008 |
| Ruberoid, Pergamine | 0 - 0,001 |
| Polyethylene | 0.00002 (almost impenetrable) |
| Linoleum PVC | 2E-3. |
| Steel | 0 |
| Aluminum | 0 |
| Copper | 0 |
| Glass | 0 |
| Foam glass block | 0 (rare 0.02) |
| Foam glass bulk | 0.02 ÷ 0.03 |
| Foam glass bulk, density 200 kg / m3 | 0.03 |
| Tile (tile) Ceramic glazed | ≈ 0 |
| OSP (OSB-3, OSB-4) | 0,0033-0,0040 |
For example, take a look at the scheme:
1 - capital wall of the building;
2 - layer of thermal insulation material;
3 - layer of the external finish of the facade.
Blue wide arrows - direction of diffusion of aquatic vapor from the room towards the street.
On fragment "but"showing a mill, which with a very large probability will always remain raw. The vapor permeability indicator of the materials used is reduced in the direction of the street, and the free diffusion of the steam will be very limited if it does not stop at all.
Fragment "B" - insulated and decorated wall, in which the principle of increase is observed paropropustea The abilities of the layers - excess moisture freely evaporates into the atmosphere.
Of course, not in all cases in one way or another it is possible to achieve such ideal conditions. In such situations, it is necessary to try to maximize the extent of the moisture output, well, if the external wall decoration is planned by the material, the vapor permeability is close to zero, it will be best to mount the so-called "ventilated facade" (pos. 4 on the fragment "in"), which in the article has already been mentioned.
If thermal insulation will be mounted do not pass par Materials, then the situation is more complicated. It will be necessary to provide reliable vapor barrier, which will exclude or minimize the likelihood of vapor from the inside of the room wall structure (some insulation themselves are a reliable obstacle to the penetration of vapors). And yet, to fully prevent "conservation" moisture in the wall so hardly possible.
There may be natural questions - but what about summer time when the water vapor pressure on the street often exceeds similar indicators inside the house? Will there be back diffusion?
Yes, there will be such a process to a certain extent, but this is not necessary to be afraid - in the conditions of high summer temperatures there is an active evaporation of moisture, and the wall will not be able to be saturated with water. When normalizing a humidity balance, a wall design will go into a normal dry condition. And temporarily increased moisture is not a special threat - it is dangerous more at low temperatures and the freezing of the walls - then the condensate fallout reaches the peak. In addition, in the summer, in most homes, windows or files are constantly open, and for a significant drop pressure drop for abundant return diffusion simply will not be.
In any case, it was no thermal insulation, and no matter how optimally it was located, nevertheless the most effective measure for the normalization of the humidity balance is effective ventilation of the premises. That extension, which is located in the kitchen or in the bathroom, independently with a similar task, can not be cope!
Interestingly, with such a sharpness, the issue of ventilation began to rise relatively recently - with the beginning of the mass installation by the hosts of the apartments of metal-plastic windows with double-glazed windows and doors with hermetic seals around the perimeter. In the houses of the old building, wooden windows and doors were a kind of "ventilation channel", and together with the outstands to some extent they coped with the task of air exchange.
Ventilation issues - special attention!
Explicit signs of insufficiency of ventilation in the apartment are abundant condensate on the glasses and stains of damp in the corners of the window slopes. And how to deal with it - in a separate publication of our portal.
What materials are used for insulation of external walls
We now turn to, actually, considering the main materials that are used to insulate the external walls of the house. The main technical and operational parameters will, as a rule, are presented in the form of tables. And attention in the text will be concentrated on the characteristics of the material in terms of its use in this area.
Materials of bulk type
For insulation of walls, subject to certain conditions, materials that are filled with cavities inside wall structures can be used, or they are used to create light solutions with thermal insulation qualities.
Ceramzit
From all materials of this type, the most famous is clay. It is obtained by special preparation of special grade clay and the subsequent firing of clay rods at temperatures above 1100 degrees. Such a thermal effect leads to pyroplasty phenroplasty - avalanche gas formation due to the water and decay products available in the raw materials. As a result, a porous structure is obtained, providing good thermal insulation qualities, and clay sintering gives granules high surface strength.
After receiving the finished product, it is sorted by sizes - factions. Each of the fractions are inherent in their indicators of bulk density and, accordingly, thermal conductivity.
| Parameters of material | Ceramzite gravel 20 ÷ 40 mm | Ceramzite crushed stone 5 ÷ 10 mm | Ceramzite sand or sand-chicken mixture 0 ÷ 10 mm |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk density, kg / m³ | 240 ÷ 450. | 400 ÷ 500. | 500 ÷ 800. |
| Coefficient of thermal conductivity, W / m × ° C | 0.07 ÷ 0.09. | 0.09 ÷ 0.11 | 0.12 ÷ 0.16. |
| Water absorption,% of volume | 10 ÷ 15. | 15 ÷ 20. | not more than 25. |
| Mass loss,%, during freezing cycles (with standard marker frost-resistant F15) | not more than 8. | not more than 8. | not regulated |
What are the advantages of clay, like insulating material:
- Ceramite is characterized by high environmental cleanliness - no chemical compounds are used. .
- Important quality - fire resistance material. It does not burn himself, does not spread flame, and when exposed to high temperatures, it does not allocate substances harmful to human health .
- Ceramzite will never be a nutrient medium for any forms of life, and in addition, it is bypassing the party and insects .
- Despite the hygroscopicity, the processes of rotting in the material will not develop .
- Prices for material are quite acceptable, available for most consumers.
From disadvantages, you can note the following:
- High-quality insulation will require quite thick
- Wall insulation is possible only by the creation of the legs of the legs with cavities inside or using large wear blocks during the construction of large hollow blocks. Warming of the walls of the house previously built in this way - e.the very large-scale and costly event that is unlikely to be cost-effective.
Ceramzit falls asleep in the cavity in a dry form or poured in the form of a light concrete solution ( keramzitobeton).
Prices for ceramzit
Ceramzit
Vermikulitis
Very interesting and promising insulating material - vermiculite. It is obtained by thermal processing of a special rock - hydroslides. The high content of moisture in the raw material leads to the effect of peoplasty, the material is rapidly increasing in the volume (prohaul), forming porous and layered granules of various fractions.
Such a structural structure and predetermines high thermal resistance indicators. The main characteristics of the material are shown in the table:
| Parameters | Units | Characteristic |
|---|---|---|
| Density | kg / m³ | 65 ÷ 150. |
| Coefficient of thermal conductivity | BT / m × ° to | 0.048 ÷ 0.06. |
| Melting temperature | ° S. | 1350 |
| Temperature expansion coefficient | 0,000014 | |
| Toxicity | not toxic | |
| Color | Silver, Golden, Yellow | |
| Temperature application | ° S. | -260 to +1200 |
| Sound absorption coefficient (at a sound frequency of 1000 Hz) | 0.7 ÷ 0.8. |
Along with a lot of advantages, vermiculite has one very significant drawback - too high price. So, one cubic meter of dry material can do in 7 and more than thousand rubles (you can find offers exceeding even 10 thousand). Naturally, it is possible to use it in a pure form to fridge in the cavity - extremely ruinous. Therefore, the solution is optimal to use vermiculite as a component in the manufacture of "warm plaster".
Often for high-quality thermal insulation is enough "warm plaster" Such a plastering layer gives the walls of good thermal insulation qualities, and in some cases such insulation will even be enough.
By the way, the material has high vapor permeability, so such can be used on any wall surfaces with almost no limitation.
They are fully applicable for interior decoration. Thus, warm plaster with vermiculite can prepare on the basis of cement, and based on plaster - depending on the specific conditions for their use. Moreover, such a coating of the walls will also come to them and increased fire resistance - even a wooden wall closed with vermiculitic plaster, it will be able to withstand the "pressure" of an open flame.
Another material obtained by heat treatment of rocks. The raw material in this case performs perlite - volcanic glass. When exposed to high temperatures, the particle of this breed is exhausted, it is drawn, forming extremely lightly sorry sand with a specific weighing of only about 50 kg / m³.
Small density I. gaspillary Perlite sand is what is required for efficient thermal insulation. The main properties of the material, depending on the brand on the bulk density, are shown in the table;
| The name of indicators | Sand brand on bulk density | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 75 | 100 | 150 | 200 | |
| Bulk density, kg / m3 | Up to 75 inclusive | Over 75 and up to 100 inclusive | Over 100 and to 150 inclusive | Over 150 and up to 200 inclusive |
| Thermal conductivity at a temperature (20 ± 5) ° C, W / m × ° C, not more | 0,047 | 0,051 | 0,058 | 0,07 |
| Humidity,% by weight, no more | 2, 0 | 2 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Snailing strength in the cylinder (determined by fraction 1.3-2.5mm), MPa (kgf / cm2), not less | Not normalized | 0.1 | ||
Popular material makes a relatively low price that does not compete with the same vermiculite. True, both technological and operational qualities are worse here.
One of the disadvantages of perlite when it is used in a dry form is extremely high moisture absorption - No wonder it is often used as an adsorbent. The second drawback - in the composition of the sand, there are always extremely thin fractions, almost powder, and work with the material, especially in open conditions, even with a very weak breeze - extremely difficult. However, there is a hassle in the room, because it forms a lot of dust.
The usual scope of pelite sand is the manufacture of lightweight concrete solutions with thermal insulation qualities. Another typical use is to mix the masonry compositions. The use of such solutions when laying walls is reduced to a minimum, the effect of cold bridges on the seams between bricks or blocks.
The perlite strolled sand and in the production of ready-made dry mixes - "warm plasters". These construction and finishing formulations are rapidly gaining popularity, since simultaneously with the giving the walls of additional insulation, a decorative function is immediately performed.
Video - Review of "Warm Plaster" Thermover
Mineral wool
From all used insulation materials in the category of assessment "Availability - Quality" Mineral wool, most likely will take first place. It cannot be said that the material is devoid of flaws - they are quite a lot, but for thermal insulation of the walls often becomes the optimal option.
In residential construction, as a rule, two types of mineral wool are used - glass gamble and basalt (stone). Comparative characteristics are specified in the table, and more detail the description of the advantages and disadvantages - following it.
| Name of parameters | Stone (basalt) wool | |
|---|---|---|
| Terms of use, ° С | oT -60 to +450 | up to 1000 ° |
| Middle Fiber Diameter, MKM | from 5 to 15 | from 4 to 12 |
| Material hygroscopicity for 24 hours (no more),% | 1.7 | 0,095 |
| Buckle | yes | not |
| The coefficient of thermal conductivity, W / (M × ° K) | 0.038 ÷ 0.046 | 0.035 ÷ 0.042. |
| Sound absorption coefficient | from 0.8 to 92 | from 0.75 to 95 |
| The presence of a binder,% | from 2.5 to 10 | from 2.5 to 10 |
| Flavoring material | NG - non-combustible | NG - non-combustible |
| Selection of harmful substances when burning | yes | yes |
| Heat capacity, j / kg × ° K | 1050 | 1050 |
| Vibration resistance | not | moderate |
| Elasticity,% | there is no data | 75 |
| Sintering temperature, ° С | 350 ÷ 450. | 600 |
| Length of fibers, mm | 15 ÷ 50. | 16 |
| Chemical stability (weight loss),% in water | 6.2 | 4.5 |
| Chemical stability (weight loss),% in alkaline medium | 6 | 6.4 |
| Chemical stability (weight loss),% in the acidic environment | 38.9 | 24 |
This material is obtained from quartz sand and glass battle. Raw materials melted, and thin and sufficiently long fibers are formed from this semi-liquid mass. Further, there is molding of cloths, mats or blocks of various density (from 10 to 30 kg / m³), \u200b\u200band in this form of the glass gamble comes to the consumer.
- Extremely plastic, and when packaging is easily compressed to small volumes - it simplifies and transportation, and the delivery of the material to the place of work. After removing the packaging, the mats or blocks are spaced to the laid sizes. Small density and, accordingly, a small weight is the simplicity of laying, the lack of the need to enhance the walls or overlaps - the additional load on them will be insignificant .
- It is not afraid of chemical impact, it does not rot and does not exceed. It is not particularly "loved" rodents, it will not become a nutrient medium and for home microflora .
- Glasswater is convenient to place between the frame guides, and the elasticity of the material opens the capabilities of thermal insulation of complex, including curvilinear surfaces .
- The abundance of raw materials and comparative simplicity of manufacturing glass gambles make this material one of the most affordable cost.
Disadvantages glass gambles:
- Fibers at the material are long, thin and brittle, and as it is typical of any glass, have sharp cutting edges. They will defy the cut, will definitely not be able, but the persistent skin irritation is caused - quite. It is even more dangerous to getting these small fragments into the eyes, on the mucous membranes or in the respiratory tract. When working with such Minvat, compliance with the rules of increased security - protection of the skin and face, eye, respiratory organs .
Very high likelihood entering small glass dust into a room where it can be transferred with air flows in suspension, makes it very undesirable to use glass gamblers for internal work.
- It strongly absorbs water and, saturating moisture, partially loses its insulating qualities. It is necessarily envisaged or hydro-insulation of the insulation, or the possibility of its free ventilation .
- Over time, the fiber glass gambles can shove together - nothing unusual, as glass is an amorphous material. Mats become thinner and denser, lose their thermal insulation properties .
- As a binder, holding thin fibers in a single mass, formaldehyde resins are used. No matter how they assure manufacturers in the full environmental safety of their products, the release of free formaldehyde, extremely harmful to human health, is constantly under the entire period of operation of the material.
Of course, there are certain standards of sanitary conformity, and conscientious manufacturers try to adhere to them. The qualitative material must be appropriate certificates - it will never be superfluous to require them to present. But still, the presence of formaldehyde is another argument not to apply glass gamble in the room.
Basalt Wat.
This insulation is made from the melt of rocks of the basalt group - from here the name "Stone Wat". After pulling out the fibers, they are molded in mats, creating a non-layered, but rather chaotic structure. After processing, blocks and mats are additionally pressing under certain thermal conditions. This predetermines the density and clear "geometry" of products.
- Even on the appearance of basalt wool look denser. Its structure, especially in grades of high density, sometimes even closer to the felt. But the elevated density does not speak at all about the decrease, thermal insulation qualities - the basalt wool is not inferior to the glass, and it is often even superior to her .
- It is significantly better and with hygroscopicity. Some basalt wool brands due to special processing are even close to hydrophobicity .
- Clear Forms of blocks and panels make installation such minvati enough easy. If necessary, the material easily cuts to the desired size. True, on the surfaces of a complex configuration work with it will be difficult .
- Stone wool - excellent vapor permeability, and with the right installation of thermal insulation the wall will remain "breathable."
- Basalt Minvati block density makes it possible to mount it on construction glue, providing maximum adjacent to a warmed surface - it is extremely important for high-quality thermal insulation. In addition, on such a cotton can be immediately, after reinforcing, lay a plaster layer .
- Basalt wool fibers are not so striking and stuck, and work with it in this regard is much easier. True, security measures still will not become unnecessary.
The disadvantages include:
- Although the basalt insulation, of course, will not become a nutrient medium for rodents, nor with great pleasure arrange its nests in it.
- It is not anywhere on the presence of formaldehyde - everything is exactly the same as in a glass gamble, maybe in a slightly lesser extent.
- The cost of such a insulation is significantly higher than glass gambles.
Video - Useful information about basalt mineral wool " TechnoNIKOL»
What conclusion? And the one and the other mineral wool is quite suitable for thermal insulation of the walls, if you observe all the conditions so that it does not drink actively moisture and had the opportunity to "ventilate". The optimal place for its placement is the outer side of the walls, where it will create an effective insulation and will not make much harm to people living in the house.
Using minvati for internal warming should, if possible, avoid.
It can be noted that there is another kind of minvati - slag. But it was not intentionally included in a detailed review, since it is unlikely for insulation of residential building. It is from all types to the maximum extent prone to drinking moisture and shrinkage. High residual acidity slags leads to the activation of corrosion processes in materials covered by it. And the purity of the original raw material is domain slags, also causes a lot of doubts.
Prices for mineral wool
Mineral wool
Heaters of polystyrene group
Thermal insulation materials based on polystyrene can also be attributed to the category of the most commonly used. But if you look at them, then they will cause a lot of questions.
Polystyrene foam is represented by two main types. The first is disabled Foamed polystyrene, which is more often called foam (PBS). The second is a more modern version, the material obtained by extrusion technology (EPPS). To begin with - a comparative table of materials.
| Parameters of materials | Extruded polystyrene foam (EPPS) | Styrofoam |
|---|---|---|
| The coefficient of thermal conductivity (W / m × ° C) | 0.028 ÷ 0.034 | 0.036 ÷ 0.050 |
| Water absorption in 24 hours in% of volume | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| Strength limit for statistical bend MPa (kg / cm²) | 0.4 ÷ 1. | 0.07 ÷ 0.20. |
| Compressive strength of 10% linear deformation, not less than MPA (kgf / cm²) | 0.25 ÷ 0.5 | 0.05 ÷ 0.2. |
| Density (kg / m³) | 28 ÷ 45. | 15 ÷ 35. |
| Operating temperatures | From -50 to +75 |
Styrofoam
It would seem that all familiar white foam is the remnable material for the insulation of the walls. Low coefficient Trydness, light and sufficiently durable blocks of clear forms, ease of installation, a wide range of Tools, affordable price - all these are indisputable advantages that attract many consumers.
The most controversial material - foam However, before making a decision on the warming of walls by foam, it is necessary to think very well and assess the danger of such an approach. The reasons for this - quite a few:
- Coefficient t. In the provision of foam plastic - really "enviable". But it is only in the original dry state. The structure of the foam - filled with air balls glued together, to assume the possibility of significant moisture absorption. So, if you immerse a piece of foam in the water at a certain time, it can absorb 300 and more% water about its mass. Of course, thermal insulation qualities are sharply reduced. .
And with all this vapor permeability of the PBS is low, and there will not be insulated walls of normal steamobam.
- Do not believe that the foam is a very durable insulation. The practice of its use shows that in a few years destructive processes begin - the appearance of shells, places, cracks, increasing density and decrease in volume. Laboratory studies of damaged such peculiar "corrosion" fragments showed that the overall heat transfer resistance decreased almost eight times! Is it worth it so much insulation, which will have to change after 5 - 7 years?
- Polyfoam can not be called safe and from a sanitary point of view. This material refers to the group of equilibrium polymers, which even in favorable conditions can go through depolymerization - decay to the components. At the same time, free styrene is allocated to the atmosphere - a substance that represents the danger of human health. Exceeding the maximum permissible styrene concentration causes heart failure, reflected in the liver condition, leads to the emergence and development of gynecological diseases.
This process of depolymerization is activated as temperature and humidity increases. So use foam for me to insulate indoors - an extremely risky lesson.
- And finally, the main danger is the instability of the material to the fire. It is impossible to name the foam in the non-combustible material, under certain conditions it is actively burning with extremely toxic smoke. Even a few breaths can lead to thermal and chemical burns of respiratory organs, toxic damage to the nervous system and fatal outcome. Unfortunately, there is a lot of sad evidence.
It is for this reason that the foam for a long time is no longer used in the production of railway cars and other vehicles. In many countries, he is simply prohibited in construction, moreover In any form - ordinary insulation plates, sandwich panels or even a non-removable formwork. The house warmed by polystyrene can turn into a "fiery trap" with almost zero chances for the salvation of the people remaining in it.
Extruded expanded polystyrene foam
A number of foam deficiencies managed to exclude the development of a more modern species of expanded polystyrene. It is obtained by a complete melt of the initial raw materials with the addition of certain components, the subsequent foaming of the mass and melting through the molding dubs. As a result, a small-sided homogeneous structure is obtained, and each air bubble is completely isolated from the neighboring.
Such material is distinguished by increased mechanical compressive strength and bending, which significantly expands its scope of its application. Thermal insulation qualities are much higher than that of the foam, plus the EPPS practically does not absorb moisture, and its thermal conductivity does not change.
Use as a foaming component of carbon dioxide or inert gases sharply reduces the possibility of fire under the action of flame. However, it is not necessary to talk about full security in this matter.
Such a polystyrene foam has greater chemical stability, to a lesser extent "poisoning the atmosphere." The term of its service is calculated by several decades.
Epps - practically impenetrable for water vapor and moisture. This for walls is not too good quality. True, it can be used for internal insulation with some light - in this case, with proper installation, it simply will simply not allow the penetration of saturated vapor to the wall structure. If the EPPS is mounted outside, then this should be done on the glue composition so as not to leave the slots between it and the wall, and the external facing on the principle of the ventilated facade.
The material is actively used for thermal insulation of loaded structures. It is excellent for the insulation of the foundation or base - the strength will help to cope with the load of the soil, and the waterproof in such conditions is generally invaluable dignity.
The foundation t lists insulation!
Many forget about this, and some of them seems to be some kind of Blazh. For what, and how to do it with EPPS - in a special publication of the portal.
But from the total chemical composition it is not anywhere, and it did not manage to get rid of the highest toxicity when burning. Therefore, all warnings relating to the danger of polystyrene foam in the fire are fully applied to EPPS.
Prices for polystyrene foam, foam, PIR plates
Polystyrene foam, foam, pir plate
Polyurene Foolder
The insulation of the walls of spraying (PPU) is considered one of the most promising areas in construction. In terms of its thermal insulation qualities, PPU significantly exceeds most other materials. Even a very small layer in 20 — 30 mm m roes to give a tangible effect.
| Product specifications | Indicators |
|---|---|
| compressive strength (H / mm ²) | 0.18 |
| Bending strength (H / mm²) | 0.59 |
| Water absorption (% of volume) | 1 |
| Thermal conductivity (W / m × ° K) | 0,019-0,035 |
| Content of closed cells (%) | 96 |
| Foaming | CO2. |
| Class of flammability | B2. |
| Class of fire resistance | Г2. |
| Application temperature OT | +10 |
| Application temperature OT | -150 ° C + 220 ° C |
| Application area | Heat-hydro-refining-insulation of residential and industrial buildings, tanks, vessels, cars |
| Effective service life | 30-50 years old |
| Moisture, aggressive environments | Sustainable |
| Environmental purity | Safe. Allowed to use in residential buildings. Used in the production of refrigerators for food products |
| Time loss time (seconds) | 25-75 |
| Parputability (%) | 0.1 |
| Celebration | closed |
| Density (kg / m3) | 40-120 |
Polyurethane foam is formed when mixing several components - as a result, foaming of the material occurs with air oxygen and with air oxygen, increases it in volume. The applied PPU quickly freezes, forming a solid waterproof shell. The highest adhesion indicators allow spraying almost to any surface. The foam fills even minor cracks and deepening, creating a monolithic seamless "fur coat".
The initial components themselves are toxic themselves, and work with them requires increased precautions. However, after the reaction and subsequent frost, for several days, all representing the danger of the substance completely disappear, and the PPU will no longer represent any danger.
In a fairly high resistance to fire. Even with thermal decomposition, it does not allocate products capable of causing toxic defeat. For these reasons, it was he who came to replacing the polystyrene foam in mechanical engineering and in the production of household appliances.
It would seem - the perfect option, but again the problem rests in the complete absence of vapor permeability. For example, the spraying of polyurethane foam on the wall made of natural wood is able to "kill" it for several years - which does not have a moisture exit inevitably lead to the decomposition processes of the organics. But it will be almost impossible to get rid of the applied layer. In any case, if the insulation is applied by PPU sputtering, the requirements for efficient ventilation of the premises increase.
Another circumstance can be noted from the flaws - it is impossible to achieve surface evenness in the process of applying material. This will create certain problems if the contact finish is planned from above - plaster, cladding, etc. Align the surface of frozen foam to the required level - the task is complex and time-consuming.
And one more conditional lack of insulation of the walls of the PPU is the impossibility of independent conduct of such work. It necessarily requires special equipment and equipment, sustainable technological skills. In any case, you will have to resort to the challenge of the team of specialists. The material itself is not cheap, plus the production of works - in the amount may be very serious costs.
Video - Example of spraying polyurethane foam on the external walls of the house
Ekwata.
Many did not even hear about this insulation and do not consider it as an option of thermal insulation of external walls. And completely in vain! For a number of positions of EcoWat, other materials are ahead, becoming almost an ideal solution to the problem.
EcoWhata is made from cellulose fibers - waste woodworking and waste paper goes. Raw materials undergo high-quality pre-treatment - flame retardant and boric acid - to give the material of pronounced antiseptic qualities.
| Characteristics | Parameter values |
|---|---|
| Structure | cellulose, Mineral Anipient and Antiseptic |
| Density, kg / m³ | 35 ÷ 75. |
| Thermal conductivity, W / m × ° K | 0.032 ÷ 0.041 |
| Parp permeability | walls "Breathe" |
| Foreign safety | claimed, without smoke, combustion products harmless |
| Filling emptiness | fills all the slots |
On the walls, the EcoWhat is usually applied with a spraying - for this in a special installation, the material is mixed with the adhesive mass, and then under pressure enters the sprayer. As a result, a coating is formed on the walls, which has very worthy of thermal resistance indicators. You can apply EcoWhat in several layers, achieving the required thickness. The process itself passes very quickly. At the same time, certain protective agents are definitely needed, but it is not so "categorical", as, let's say, when working with glass gamble or when spraying polyurethane foam.
Equata itself for people is no danger. Boric acid included in its composition is able to cause skin irritation only with long direct contact. But it becomes an overwhelming obstacle for mold or fungus, to appear insect nests or rodents.
Eco-out - excellent vapor permeability, "canning" in the walls will not happen. True, the material is sufficiently hygroscopic, and requires reliable protection against direct water from entering - for this it is necessarily covered by a diffuse membrane.
Apply EcoWhat and on the "dry" technology - fall asleep it in the cavity of building structures. True, experts note that in this case she will have a tendency to leisure and loss in volume and in insulation qualities. For walls, the optimal choice will be still spraying.
What can be said about the shortcomings?
- The surface that is insulated with an emotory cannot be immediately placed or painted, it is required on top of one or another material.
- Application of eclaws by spraying will require special equipment. The material itself is quite inexpensive, but with the involvement of specialists, the cost of such insulation will increase.
Video - Wall insulation Eco
By the aggregate of all their positive and negative qualities of Eco-Wine, seems like the most promising version of the insulation of external walls.
What is the thickness of the insulation?
If the owners of the house decided on the insulation, then the time itself to know which thickness of thermal insulation will become optimal. Too thin layer will not be able to exclude essential heat loss. Excessively thick - not too useful for the building itself, and they will entail unnecessary costs.
The methodology for calculating with admissible simplification can be expressed by the following formula:
Rysum \u003d R1. + R2. + ... + rn
Rysum - the total resistance of the heat transfer of the multilayer wall structure. This parameter is designed for each region. There are special tables, but you can use the scheme-shown below map. In our case, the top value is taken - for the walls.
Resistance value RN. - This is the ratio of the thickness of the layer to the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material from which it is completed.
RN. \u003d ΔN. / λn.
Δn.- layer thickness in meters.
λn. - coefficient of thermal conductivity.
As a result, the formula for calculating the thickness of the insulation appears in this form:
ΔUT. \u003d (Rysum - 0.16 - Δ1 / λ1 - Δ2. / λ2 - ... - Δn / λn.) × ΛT.
0,16 - This is averaged accounting of thermal air resistance on both sides of the wall.
Knowing the wall parameters, measuring the thickness of the layers and considering the thermal conductivity coefficient of the selected insulation, it is easy to carry out independent calculations. But to facilitate the reader to the task, the special calculator is located below, in which this formula has already been laid.
The market of thermal insulation materials offers us a huge selection of options for outdoor insulation of walls, especially popular. These are products based on mineral wool, liquid insulation, classic foam, and a variety of products from polystyrene foam.
In this article, we will deal with what a heater is better, we will study the reviews, and find out how to be guided by the choice of thermal insulation material in each case.
1 Why do you need an outdoor insulation of the walls of the house?
The outer thermal insulation of the walls to the order increases the comfort of accommodation in the house, both in the winter and in the cold season. After performing thermal insulation of the walls of the house with a high-quality insulation, your house will get full protection in any period not only from the freezing, but also from overheating of bricks, ceramzite-concrete or gas-silicate blocks in summer.
Moreover, good thermal insulation materials, as a rule, completely hydrophobic (this example) - they do not absorb water, so the walls of the house will be reliably protected from moisture.
Completed according to the correct technology, external thermal insulation increases the average temperature inside the house for 4-5 degrees, as the walls are not freezed in winter, and do not transmit cold air inside the house, which makes it possible to evaporate the reviews, significantly reduce the financial costs of placing heating.
The qualitatively calculated and made thermal insulation still at the stage of construction of the house makes it possible to optimally select the elements of the heating system, and save both on the boiler and on the radiators.
Similar savings applies to both equipment for maintaining a comfortable temperature for a man's temperature in the hot season. Thermal insulation materials work not only on insulation.
Because their thermal conductivity is minimal, they do not give the walls of the brick house, ceramzite-concrete or gas-silicate blocks to heat under the scorching solar rays, as a result of which in the summer inside such a house is much cooler than in the dismissed buildings.
The right approach to the "sandwich" insulation of walls
2 Types of insulation
As a material for the outer heat insulation of the walls, depending on the financial capabilities, foam, mineral (basalt wool), liquid foaming, or extruded polystyrene foaming can be used. It is not recommended to save on thermal insulation materials.
Of course, there are ways to budgetly insulate the walls of brick, ceramzite concrete, or gas-silicate blocks of foam, certain improvement such insulation will give, however, you should not expect the same efficiency from it, as well as from the insulation of the home basalt wool, or foaming.
When choosing insulation, the key factor is the coefficient of its heat transfer, from which the thickness of the material required for cladding walls will depend on the wall.
Almost everyone in demand for today materials in the average price category This indicator is located ranging from 0.025 to 0.045 W / MK (Watt per meter on Kelvin). An extreme place is occupied by a foam, in which this figure is equal to 0.043 W / MK like.
Choosing materials for insulation of walls outside It is also important to take into account their qualities as hydrophobicity (water resistance), chemical inertness and mechanical strength, since these factors directly affect the durability of the insulation.
It is best that the heat-insulator has and noise-raising properties, which will allow one shot to kill two hares: the outdoor insulation of the house will also solve the issue of sound insulation of housing.
According to statistics, at least 85% of private houses, built over 20 years ago, do not comply with thermal insulation standards. As a result, people are forced to spend a large amount of means on the heating of the room to maintain a comfortable temperature for housing during the winter period.
As the schedule below shows, even the insulation of the outer walls of the house by the ten-centimeter layer of the usual inexpensive insulation (the same foam, or extruded polystyrene foam C), reduces heat loss through the walls at least 3 times.
2.1 Mineral Vata.
The most demanded insulation for the outer part of the walls is the mineral wool. Wall insulation Outside Minvati is very popular due to the excellent thermal insulation characteristics and the reasonable price of this material.
Under the concept of mineral wool, it may be implied at once three types of insulation: cotton wool based on basalt rocks, slag wool (manufactured from slag remaining in the blast furnaces of the metallurgical industry) and glass gambled, made of glass and similar waste.
The highest quality option of mineral wool is considered basalt wool. Methods for the production of this insulation are based on the smelting of mining basalt rocks.
The planting of the breed can be carried out either in blast furnaces, or by induction heating under the influence of electromagnetic radiation.
The molten basalt breed is served in a centrifuge, inside which is located a cooled forming drum. Due to the pressure drop and centrifugal force of the drum, on its surface, separate basalt fibers are formed from the melt, which are supplied to the former.
The forming unit turns separate fibers of mineral wool in a solid carpet as y, which is impregnated with additives that improve the operational properties of mineral wool.
The Ministry of Service itself has exposure to absorbing moisture to eliminate this drawback producers impregnate it with a polymer mixture, which, after solidification, gives the mineral wrench required hydrophobicity.
Comparison of the technical characteristics of different types of mineral wool
- Temperature mode: slag (sew) - up to 250, glass gamble (SV) - up to 450, basalt wool (BV) - up to 1000 degrees;
- The coefficient of thermal conductivity: sew - from 0.46 to 0.48; SV - from 0.038 to 0.046; BV - 0.035 to 0.042 W / M-K;
- Class of flammability: All kinds correspond to the class NG (non-combustible);
- Screwing coefficient for 24 hours of immersion in water: SHV - 1.9%, St. - 1.7%, BV -0.095%;
- Khitty: Shv - there is, sv - there, BV - missing;
- Concentration of binding impurities: all types of mineral wool from 2.5 to 10%;
- Nominal heat capacity: SC - 1000, SV - 1050, BV - 1050 J / kg;
- Sintering temperature of mineral wool: SC - 250, SV - 450, BV - 600 degrees;
- Length of individual fibers: SC - 16, SV - 15-50, BV - 16 millimeters;
- Noise cancellation coefficient as and y: SC - 0.75-0.82; SV - 0.8-0.92; BV - 0.75-0.95.
Mineral wool is made in the form of rolls and plates suitable for insulation of brick walls, ceramzite concrete, or gas-silicate blocks. This insulation, as evidenced by feedback, is the best option for thermal insulation of attic floors, gender, and any smooth surfaces.
2.2 Liquid foamizole
From liquid insulation, the most popular option is foamizol.
This is not the option that is suitable for the arrangement of thermal insulation with your own hands, as you need to rent special equipment producing foamizol right in the workplace, and pay the work of the workers managers, however, if you are not frightened by the difficulties and the financial costs associated with them, Penosole is the best option for the insulation of the outer walls of the house.
In general, the cost of insulation of the house by Peniazole is comparable to the final price of the insulation of the home mineral wool.
However, there is one important difference, foamizol is also successful for the insulation of the internal voids of already exploited hollow walls of bricks, ceramzite concrete, or gas-silicate blocks, without the need for their dismantling, which you will not do with other insulation.
Among the advantages of the insulation of the house with foamizol, it is possible to highlight the maximum protection of the walls from any external influence, since after frozen the foamizol turns into a monolithic surface, through which neither the wind or moisture passes.
Monolith is guaranteed both high-quality insulation, since the possibility of formation of cold bridges is eliminated, which reduce the effectiveness of all thermal insulation.
For insulation of the house, it is delivered to foaming on the workstation, which produces a foam of a special resin and chemical reagents.
Penosol is supplied to the wall with the hose, the surface of the walls is covered with special compositions to improve adhesion. On top of foamizol, a facing layer of siding is installed, or any decorative material.
2.3 Extruded polystyrene foam
This material is used not only when the exterior walls are insulated at home. Due to its mechanical strength and durability, polystyrene foam is also used for the thermal insulation of the external contour located in the land basis.
Use extruded polystyrene foam for insulation Stand at home is justified if your home in itself has good thermal insulation, and you are looking for inexpensive and durable material.
Among all budget variants of insulation, polystyrene foam is the best option, superior to the usual foam in all parameters. Among the strengths of this material, the following advantages can be distinguished:
- Maximum hydrophobicity (expanded polystyrene, as well as foam, completely waterproof);
- Low thermal conductivity coefficient, from 0.029 to 0.034 W / m-K;
- High density, and, as a result, resistance to deformities;
- Chemical stability;
- A wide range of permissible temperatures, from -500 to +700 degrees;
- Property to self-filing;
- Minimum weight and thickness of the panel.
It is also worth highlighting the simplicity of installation of extruded polystyrene foam on all types of walls. In order to secure this insulation on the surface of the brick, ceramzite-concrete or gas-silicate blocks, no adjustment of the additional carrier frame, which is necessary when installing mineral wool is required.
The extruded polystyrene panels are placed on the walls with liquid nails, and are fixed around the perimeter with umbrella-shaped anchors.
Wall insulation is an operation that is designed to solve several tasks at once.
First, thus you can fix errors in the calculations When designing a house, when the walls do not have the desired thickness and do not cope with heat-saving functions.
Secondly, insulation can be initially laid in the project of the house as part of the construction plan, reducing material consumption and increasing functional abilities Outdoor walls.
There are two insulation options that should be considered carefully.
Apply two types of wall insulation:
- Outside.
Compare these options among themselves - not quite correctSince the process of insulation of the wall in a literal sense is possible only with the external location of the insulation.
The outer wall of the house performs three main functions:
- Mechanical barrier to protect against the penetration of the room.
- Carrier construction building.
- Barrier for outdoor cold air.
Thus, when the insulation is located outside, all operating functions of the wall plus appear an additional barrier that excludes contact with the cold air, which is why the inner heat is not dissipated into the atmosphere. Accordingly, the temperature of the wall rises, dew point shifts outward, the process of condensing moisture and wetting material is stopped. All problems are solved in the most efficient way.
Comparison of insulation methods
With the inner arrangement of the insulation, the wall completely ceases to perform heat-saving functions, while remaining the carrier structure and obstacle. The fact is that from the inside the wall is not insteading, but, on the contrary, it cuts off from contact with warm inner air. Its temperature sometimes drops to the degree of equalization with the outer, which creates a lot of problems for organizing the withdrawal of steam from the inner space of the house.
If the insulation misses couples, then the wall will be wetted, which is fraught with undesirable consequences. The solution to this problem is a complex procedure that includes the need to organize the supply and exhaust ventilation, to ensure the most sealed cut-off of the inner atmosphere from contact with insulation, etc.
The presence of such problems quite eloquently convinces the preference of outdoor insulation as an effective process, practically devoid of flaws or harmful effects.
The most common insulation materials
Almost all insulation, existing on a wide sale, are suitable and common materials.
These include:
Minvata.
The most successful option is , dense fibrous material made from molten rock. It has high heat-saving quality, well conducts water vapor, which is important with the outer insulation of the walls.
It does not contribute to the emergence of insects or rodents, it does not burn. Disadvantage of material is the ability to absorb moisturerequiring the organization of high-quality hydraulic protection.
Basalt Wat.
Polyfoam (PPS)
Material, very popular due to its low price and very high heat-saving qualities. It consists of a variety of small hermetic granules filled with gas bubbles and soldered into a single array with a hot steam.
It has a convenient manufacturer format, easily processed and keeps well the form, which helps it very much when installing. Wherein, Almost impenetrable for moisture or aqueous couplethat requires the adoption of appropriate measures to remove it.
In addition, it is not elastic - crumble or breaks when deforming loads appear.
Styrofoam
Polystyrene foam (EPPS)
In chemical terms the material is an analogue of foam, but other manufacturing technology significantly changes its characteristics. - frozen foamed mass, not consisting of individual particles, and which is a solid porous stove.
therefore permeability for water or steam at Epps almost zero. The heat-saving properties of the material are very high, it is durable, produced in the form of rigid plates. At the same time, it is much more expensive than foam, which slightly reduces its use.
Polystyrene foam
Polyurene Foolder
As insulation applied which is applied by spraying using special equipment. The most beneficial property of the PPU is the possibility of maximally densely and hermetically applied to the surface, without forming slots or gaps.
A layer of frozen foam is formed, sufficiently dense and at the same time light, not transmitting couples or water. It is quite expensive, in addition, equipment is required, as well as a specialist who can work with PPU. It is used, most often for internal application.
Polyurene Foolder
Penoplex.
The type of EPPS, which has quality similar to it, but somewhat upgraded. Different types are made - for walls, for foundation, etc. The material is ideal for insulation and waterproofing of the shredded areas of walls or structures, has proven itself well as insulation with internal work.
Produced in the form of plates of various thickness.
Penoplex.
What material is best suited for insulation of walls?
largely depends on the general climatic and atmospheric characteristics of the region, as well as from the material of the walls. The primary criterion for choice is the ratio of steam vehicles of the wall and insulation, which ensures unobstructed withdrawal of steam from one layer in another without the formation of clusters or obstacles.
NOTE!
The main rule of insulation should be performed: The vapor permeability of materials should be maximum inside and decrease as the outside follows.
Compliance with this condition gives a guarantee of high-quality work of a wall cake, durability, preservation of the properties of wall materials and insulation.
Consider the most common wallpapers:
Foam concrete
Such a porous material is easiest to spend steam and absorbs moisture. Such properties determine the selection of insulation capable of ease of passing pairs - Minvatu. At the same time, it is necessary to provide high-quality external vapor and hydraulic protection, which ensures the conclusion of vapors to the outside and not allowing the penetration of moisture inside.
The best choice will be the hydraulic protection membrane of one-way action.
Warming of foam concrete walls of Minvata
Wooden
From the point of view of insulation, the tree - in itself a reliable insulation. In this case, the jokes of logs or bars, connecting planes and angular ligaments become risky areas. The meaning of the entire procedure in this case is transferred to the plane of waterproofing and cut-off of the slots.
Therefore, as a heater can be used both minvat and foamAlthough in any case thorough preparation of surfaces and, in particular, sealing all the cracks. Without this, the positive result is not guaranteed.
Estimation of the centuries The Russian horses saved the presence of furnace heating - the thrust fascinated the extra particles of the steam, and the mesh regime contributed to it. Currently, high-quality ventilation of the premises is required.
Warming of wooden walls of Minvata
Brick
Brick - the most dense material, from those named it is least able to skip water steam. At the same time, possessing the maximum density, the brick has a rather high thermal conductivity, easily gives heat to the environment.
Therefore, the most efficient heat insulator is required, capable of keeping heat, protect the wall from external influences. Recommended material can be Minvat, PPU or foam (expanded polystyrene)Moreover, the Ministry of Service will require waterproofing, and the foam will create the risk of moisture accumulation on the outer border of the Wall insulation.
Heat insulation with polyurethane foam
How to calculate the thickness of the insulation?
The calculation of the thickness of the outer insulation can be produced by several parameters:
- By location of the dew point.
- On thermal conductivity of material.
Both, and another method require the presence of many special data, produced by complex formulas. The most important thing is that such calculations do not take into account the effects of subtle effects that can completely unpredictably change the current processes. Therefore, in practice, ready-made data from similar projects usually use positively used in operation, or apply online calculators, which a sufficient amount is proposed on the network.
Specifications
It is only necessary to substitute the necessary data and get a ready-made result. For reliability, check it on several others to get the average value most correct.
How to avoid errors in thermal insulation of the walls?
The reason for all errors is the lack of information about technology and a weak understanding of the meaning of the actions produced. Therefore, it should be as fully examined the question, find out all the nuances of the vaporization and finding the dew point.
In addition, it is necessary to carefully analyze the technological processes used for the insulation of walls in these conditions and on this material, to clarify all weak points and learn the most effective ways to eliminate them. Only after that you should start work.
Dew point
Outdoor thermal insulation walls - most successful and efficient procedure. The main condition for success is the right choice of material and possessing the necessary knowledge, skills or other information. Such an approach guarantees high-quality and reliable insulation of outer walls, creating a cozy atmosphere in the house.
Useful video
In this video you can watch an overview of modern types of thermal insulation:
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