The ball valve is one of the most popular types of pipe fittings. One of his main classifying signs is a way of accession. "Coupling", "flange", "welded" - Frequently used consoles for ball valves. Less often use "adhesive", "fitting", "nipple", "under the soldering".

Types of connections of pipeline industrial reinforcement are defined in the current Interstate Standard GOST 24856-81 (analogue of ISO 6552-80). In the cell "Description" of the terms of the terms and definitions of GOST regarding the types of connections, there is a dashboard, there is only a graphic sketch. It is understood that the meaning of the term should be clear literally out of the name. However, for a person not fondant technique, the marking "coupling ball valve" or "flange ball valve" can be incomprehensible.

Ball cranes on the type of accession

Coupling

The attachment of the coupling ball valve is performed using the inner thread, sliced \u200b\u200bin the case along the edges. The coupling is the connecting part of the pipelines having the shape of a hollow cylinder with a thread sliced.
Coupling ball valves are often used both in domestic and in the industrial, communal sector. They are very convenient, because for installation requires only a pair of keys (rozk, pipe, adjustable) depending on the installation site. To prevent leakage, the carving of the coupling crane is packaged by a flax strand with a unipacker, a tape of the FMU, sealing thread or anaerobic sealant. Installation of a coupling ball crane is performed quickly, the armature itself is relatively inexpensive. The most commonly used dimensions according to the connecting thread ½, ¾, 1, 1 ¼, 1 ½, 2 inches. Also on the market there are smaller diameters - ¼, ⅜ inches, large - 2 ½, 3, 4 inches.

Flange

The attachment of the flange ball crane is made in the form of flat, most often round, parts located perpendicular to the axis, with holes for fasteners (bolt with nut). The connection is always present two flanges. One on the pipe, the second on the reinforcement. The flange connection is highly reliable. The thickness of the flange and the number of holes depends on the maximum pressure on which the ball valve is calculated. In the household sector, flange ball valves are practically not used, unless on joining the central water supply or gas pipeline. Such shut-off reinforcement is mainly used in utilities and in industry.

Weld

Welded ball valves are mounted on the pipeline with welding. The connecting nozzles of such reinforcements are made in the shape of the pipe and do not have threads, connecting parts. Often they are also called (it regulates GOST 24856-81) "ball valves under welding". Welded ball valves can be made of carbon, low-alloyed, stainless steel, have a solid or collapsible version. Scope of applying welded fittings - Industry and utilities.

Fizetic

Equipment ball valves are similar in the design of the coupling, with the only difference that the thread on the connecting nozzle is not internal, but the outer. The choice of a coupling or fitting product is carried out on the basis of which thread on the response detail. Sellers, installers, many manufacturers call such reinforcement "nipple cranes" that the same thing. Their distinctive feature - joining with outdoor threads. The price of a coupling ball crane is lower than the nipple. Installation and sizes of such reinforcement are mostly similar.
The ball valve with an outer thread can be equipped with half groups with one or both sides. Such a connection will be collapsible and the crane can be removed for replacement or maintenance. A half-channel fitting can be threaded or under welding. The reinforcement with a hemiswork on one side is often called "Crane American".

Tacco

An argent ball valve has connecting pipes (one or both) with outdoor thread and collar. Such products are intended for installation directly on the tank, equipment (boiler, boiler), etc. The example of the cranes can be viewed below. For example, these are taps with a lighting fitting, watershed, descent, drainage.

Under the soldek

Attaching ball valves is also possible by soldering. Basically, such reinforcement is placed on copper and polypropylene systems. The use of ball cranes under the soldering makes the connection more durable and aesthetic, no additional fittings are required. It should be noted that it is properly in relation to the polypropylene to use the word "welding", but among the installers and consumers is more often used "soldering".

Names of ball cranes

It was so that the standard installed alone terms for reinforcement, installers and designers use other, Chinese manufacturers - third. We give some, frequently used names and their values:

• ball valve nn - fittings on both sides with outdoor thread (other names, "papa dad", "fitting on two sides", "nipple");
• ball valve ball valve - fittings on both sides with internal thread ("Mama-Mom", "coupling");
• ball valve at one side Outdoor thread with another internal ("Dad-Mom");
• crane with hussac - ancient water treatment with a hose fitting;
• crane-American - reinforcement with folding compound (with pleasing).

Threaded and not only shut-off valves may be the same by type of connecting nozzles or different - combined. For example, a ball valve on one side of which internal thread, and with another outdoor (HV). Or one joining flange, and another under welding.

Large selection of ballcatters in our online store Unidim. Our brands are Giacomini, RBM, Watts.

Main methods - flange, coupling, trunk, welded (indisting). Flange fittings are used more often, the advantages of which are obvious: the possibility of repeated installation and dismantling on the pipeline, the reliability of the sealing of the joints and the possibility of their suspenders, high strength and suitability for a wide range of pressures and passes. The disadvantages include the possibility of weakening tightening and loss of tightness, comparative complexity of assembly and disassembly, large size and weight.

For small molding fittings with conditional passages up to 50 mm (especially cast iron), coupling compounds are often used, the main scope of the application of which is low and medium pressing fittings. For small high-pressure reinforcements made of forgings or rolled products, an armor connection with an outer thread is used under a cape nut.

Types of shock fittings

Welded compounds provide absolute long-term tightness of the compound, a decrease in the total mass of reinforcement and pipeline. The lack of welded joints is the complexity of dismantling and replacing the replacement of replacement. Common types of shut-off valves.

Depending on the nature of the movement of the shut-off elements, the shut-off valves is divided into the following types:

Valves;

Valves;

Rotary shutters.

The valves are shut-off devices that cover the passage of the shutter movement in the direction perpendicular to the movement of the flow of the transported medium.

Compared to other types of shut-off valve valves, they have the following advantages:

Insignificant hydraulic resistance with fully open passage;

Lack of turning streams;

The possibility of applying for overlapping;

High viscosity medium streams;

Ease of service;

The ability to supply the medium in any direction.

The disadvantages that are common to all designs of valves include:

The inability to use for media with crystalline inclusions;

A small permissible pressure drop on the gate (in comparison with valves);

Low shutter trigger speed;

The possibility of obtaining a hydraulic impact at the end of the course;

High height;

The difficulties of repair of worn sealing surfaces during operation;

The impossibility of using a permanent lubrication of sealing surfaces of the saddle and shutters.

When closing the valves, the shut-off element does not meet a noticeable opposition of the medium, since it moves perpendicular to the stream, that is, it is necessary to overcome only friction. The area of \u200b\u200bsealing surfaces are small, and thanks to this, the valves provide reliable tightness.

Various designs of valves can generally divide into two types: wedge and parallel. In turn, the wicked valves are divided into valves with solid, elastic and composite wedges, and parallel - on one-piece (gaming) and two-disc. In the valves designed to work at high pressure drops on the gate, to reduce opening / closing efforts, the total passage area is carried out by less than the area of \u200b\u200bcross section of the inlet nozzles (narrowed passage).

Depending on the design of the "screw-run nut" systems distinguish the valve with retractable and with a non-fitting spindle. The latter must have indicators of the degree of discovery.

The shutter of the wedge shutters has the form of a flat wedge, and the saddle or sealing surfaces parallel to the sealing surfaces of the shutter are arranged at an angle to the direction of movement of the shutter. This design ensures the tightness of the passage in the closed position and insignificance of the compaction force.

In parallel valves, sealing surfaces are parallel to each other and are located perpendicular to the direction of flow of the working medium. The advantages of the valves of this design are the simplicity of the manufacture of the shutter (disk or chirate), the simplicity of assembly and repair and the absence of shutter jams in the closed position. But parallel valves require significant closing / opening efforts and are characterized by strong wear of sealing surfaces. Most valves can be installed on horizontal and vertical gas pipelines in any position, except for the spindle position. The position of the valves with pneumatic and electrical drive is valid. Cranes are locking devices in which the mobile part of the shutter (cork) has the shape of the body of rotation with the hole for the flow of flow and when the stream is overlap rotates around its axis.

Depending on the shape of the sealing surfaces, the cranes are divided into three types: conical, cylindrical (for gas equipment are not used) and balls (with a spherical shutter). In addition, the design of the cranes may vary according to other parameters, for example, according to the method of creating pressure on sealing surfaces, on the form of a passage window, by the number of passes, by type of control and drive, by structural materials, etc.

The suspension of the cork (housing) of conical cranes is set depending on the antifriction properties of the materials used and is 1: 6 or 1: 7. According to the method of creating a specific pressure between the case and the plug to ensure the required tightness in the tap of the taps with a conical gate, are divided into the following types: stretch, gland with lubricant and with clamping plugs.

The group of tension cranes includes widespread coupling cranes with threaded tightening, simple design and convenient tightening force in adjustment. The glands of the taps are characteristic of the fact that the specific pressure necessary for tightness on the conical sealing surfaces of the case and the plugs are created when the gland is tightened. The tightening force is transmitted to the plug, pressing it to the saddle. Lubricant gland taps are used to reduce control efforts at medium and large diameters of conditional passage, specific pressures on sealing surfaces and preventing the prevention of contacting surfaces.

Widespread ball valves with all the advantages of conical (ease of design, direct flow and low hydraulic resistance, constancy of mutual contact of sealing surfaces), at the same time distinguished:

Smaller dimensions;

Increased strength and rigidity;

An increased level of tightness due to the design (the contact surface of the sealing surfaces of the housing and the plug completely surrounds the passage and seals the shutter of the crane);

Less labor-intensity of manufacturing (lack of working machine processing and ticking the sealing surfaces of the body and cork).

Ball cranes, despite the variety of structures, can be divided into two main types: Floating cork and cranes with floating rings.

Valves - shut-off pipe fittings with a progressive movement of the shutter in the direction coinciding with the direction of flow of the transported medium. The movement of the shutter is carried out by screwing the spindle into the running nut. Basically, the valves are intended for overlapping streams, but they often create throttling devices with any consumables.

Compared to other types of shut-off valves, valves have the following advantages:

The possibility of operation at high pressure drops on the spool and at large operating pressures;

Simplicity of design, maintenance and repair;

A small stroke of the spool (compared with the valves), which is necessary for overlapping the passage (usually not more than 1/4D);

Small overall dimensions and mass;

Tightness overlap;

The possibility of using as a regulatory body and installation on the pipeline in any position (vertical / horizontal);

Security regarding the occurrence of hydraulic impact.

For overlapping the flow in pipelines with a small conditional passage and high pressure drops of valves - the only acceptable type of locking reinforcement. The advantage of the valves before the valves is also in the fact that the sealing of the spool can easily be made of rubber or plastics, while the sealing force is significantly reduced, and the corrosion resistance of the seal increases.

Common flaws of valves include:

High hydraulic resistance;

The impossibility of their use on streams of highly polluted media;

Large construction length (compared to valves and disc shutters);

The supply of the medium is only in one direction specified by the valve design;

Reparatively high cost.

However, there is no alternative to control flows with high operating pressures, as well as low or high temperatures of the valves.

The classification of numerous valve designs can be carried out by several features:

According to the design - passing, angular, direct-flow and mixing valves;

For the purpose - shut-off, shut-off and regulatory and special;

According to the design of throttle devices - with profiled spools and needle;

According to the design of the shutters - plate and diaphragm;

According to the propensions of the spindle - gland and bellows.

Electric drives are manufactured with the largest torque points from 0.5 to 850 kgf in normal and explosion-proof versions with different categories of explosion protection. These and other parameters of the electric drives are reflected in the conditional designation of the drive consisting of nine characters (numbers and letters). The first two signs (figures 87) denote the electric motor and the gearbox. The next sign is the letter M, A, B, B, G, or D, denoting the type of attachment of the electric drive to the reinforcement. Attachment type M is shown in Fig. II.2, types A and B - in Fig. II.3, Types in and g on - Fig. II.4, type D - in Fig. P.5. The dimensions of the connecting elements are given in Table. 11.106.

11.106. Dimensions of the connecting elements of unified reinforcement electric drives

All electric drives join the reinforcement with four studs. The diameters of the studs and the dimensions of the reference sites for various types of connections are different. With an increase in the torque developed during water, they increase. In the additions of the types of B, G and D, there are two swords in order to unload the studs from the cutting efforts created by a torque transmitted from the drive to reinforcement.

The following digit conditionally indicates the torque of the electric drive. In total, seven gradations are provided for the total torque interval from 0.5 to 850 kgf (Table 11.107). Inside the provided interval, the setting to the desired torque is performed by adjusting the torque limit clutch.

11.107. Conventional indications of electric drive parameters

The following digit conventionally denotes the rotational speed (in about mines) of the drive shaft of the electric drive transmitting the rotation of the armature chassis or spindle. There are eight frequencies of rotation of the drive shaft of the electric drive - from 10 to 50 minutes (Table 11.107).

Then it is indicated by the conditionally complete speed of the drive shaft, which it can do, depending on the execution of the track and torque switches. In total, six gradations are provided (Table 11.107).

This limits the first group of signs. The second group consists of two letters and numbers. The first letter of the second group of symbols indicates the execution of the drive for climatic conditions: y - for a moderate climate; M - frost-resistant; T - tropical; P - for high temperature. The second letter indicates the type of control cable to the drive of the electric drive; Sh - plug connector; C - gland input. The last digit indicates the execution of the actuator on explosion. Figure 1 denotes normal performance n; The remaining numbers from 2 to 5 indicate the categories of explosion proactivity: 2 - Category beggar; 3 - category B4A; 4 - category B4D; 5 - Category RV. Thus, the electric drive under the designation 87V571 mustache has the following data: 87 -Electrospod; In - type of accession; 5 - torque points from 25 to 100 kgf; 7 - the rotational speed of the drive shaft 48 on the min; 1 - the total speed of the drive shaft (1 - 6); Y - for temperate climate; C - gland input of the control cable; 1 - Execution for Explosion Proof Normal N.

Below are brief technical specifications and dimensional data of the unified series.

Electric drives of normal design with the addition of type M with double-sided clutch of torque limit (Fig. P.6). Legend 87m111 ears1 and 87m113 us1. Designed to control pipeline reinforcement in structures with a maximum torque to 2.5 kgf. Torque control limits from 0.5 to 2.5 kgf. The total number of revolutions of the drive shaft 1 - 6 (87m111 oars1) and 2 - 24 (87m113 oars1). Rotation rate of the drive shaft 10 about mines. The drive of the AB-042-4 brand is installed on the drive, a capacity of 0.03 kW with a rotational frequency of 1500 minutes about mines. The gear ratio from the manual dubler mstelka to the drive shaft \u003d 1. A force of 36 kgf can be applied on the handwheel rim. Electric drives have a built-in box! travel and torque switches. Mass of electric drive 11 kg. The overall dimensions of the electric drives 87m111 ears1 and 87m113 us1 are also given. P.6.

11. 108. Conventions of electric drives

11.109. Brief specifications and mass of electric drives

11.110. Conventions of electric drives

Electric drives of normal design with the addition of type A with a double-sided clutch of torque limit (Fig. II.7). Maximum torques that created drivers, 6 and 10 * kgf. There are eight modifications of electr drives (Table 11.108). Specifications and mass of electric drives are shown in Table. 11.109. The speed of rotation of the motor of the electric motor 1500 is a min. The transfer number from the handwheel of the handwheel to the drive shaft I \u003d 3. The electric drives have a built-in battery and torque switches. The overall dimensions of the electric drives are shown in Fig. P.7.

Electric drives of normal design with the addition of type b with a double-sided coupling of torque limit (Fig. II.8). Maximum torque on the drive shaft 25 kgf (control interval from 10 to 25 kgf). There are twelve modifications of electric drives (Table 11.110). Technical characteristics of electric drives are shown in Table. 11.111. The speed of rotation of the electric motor of 1500 on the min. The overall dimensions of the electric drives are shown in Fig. II.8. Mass of electric drive 35.5 kg.

11.111. Brief technical characteristics of electric drives

Electric drives of normal versions with the addition of type B with double-sided clutch of the torque limit (Fig. II.9). The greatest torque on the shaft 100 kgf m (adjustment interval from 25 to 100 kpm). There are twelve modifications of electric drives (Table 11.112). Technically, the characteristics and mass of the electric drives are shown in Table. II. 113. The frequency of the shaft of the electric motor of 1500 on the min. The overall dimensions of the electrical wires are shown in Fig. II.9.

Electric drives of normal design with the addition of type r with a two-sided coupling of torque limit (Fig. 11.10). The greatest torque on the shaft is 250 kgf (control interval from 100 to 250 kgf). There are twelve modifications of electric drives (Table 11.114). Technically, the characteristics and mass of the electric drives are shown in Table. 11.115. The speed of rotation of the electric motor of 1500 on the min. The overall dimensions of the electric drives are shown in Fig. UFO.

11.112. Conventions of electric drives

11.113. Brief specifications and mass of electric drives

11.114. Conventions of electric drives

11.115. Brief specifications and mass of electric drives

Electric drives of normal design with the addition of type D with a two-sided clutch of torque restrictions (Fig. 11.11). The greatest torque on the drive shaft is 850 kgf (control interval from 250 to 850 kgf). Rotation rate of the drive shaft 10 about mines. There are six modifications of electric drives (Table 11.116). The transfer number from the flywheel to the drive shaft I \u003d 56. The permissible force on the rim of the handwheel of the handwheel dubber 90 kgf. The electric motor of the AOC2-42-4 brand of 7.5 kW is installed on the electric drives with a rates of rotation of the shaft 1500 about the min. Mass of an electric drive 332 kg. The overall dimensions of the electric drives are shown in Fig. 11.11.

Fig. 11.12. Electrical diagram of electrically appliances management of a unified row:

D - asynchronous electric motor with a short-circuited rotor; CVO, FC - travel microswitches MP 1101 opening and closing; KV1, kV2 - additional travel microswitches MP 1101; WMO, NMZ - MP 1101 microswackers of opening and closing; Oh, 3 - Magnetic opening and closing starters; Lo, Lz, LM - Signal Lamps "Open", "Closed" and "Coupling"; Ko, kz, ks - control buttons "open", "closed" and "stop"; 7 - PPZ-20 potentiometer, 20 com; Pr - fuse; A - automatic; 1 - 4 - Contacts of microswitters

Electric drives are also provided in an explosion-proof version:

11.116. Conventions of electric drives

The electrical control circuit of electric drives (one for all) is shown in Fig. P. 12. The "Open" position includes the LO warning lamp, the LA and LM lamps are turned on in the "Clean" position, the LM lamp is turned on in the "Alarm Mode" position. The operation of microswitches is clear from the table. 11.117.

11.117. The operation of microswitters (Fig. 11.12)

It has internal threaded connection. Due to this threaded compound, the coupling crane has a smaller construction length and mass.

Ball Coupling Crane Scheme

The advantage of the crane is that it does not need additional fasteners for a reliable connection. It is also indispensable in those areas of the pipeline, where there is not enough space for the work of the wrench.

Flange ball faucet

Joins the flanges. The connection is ensured by two flanges, a sealing ring, connecting bolts and nuts.

Ball flange crane diagram

Cranes are easily mounted and serviced, they can be mounted repeatedly and dismantled, while the flange taps have large sizes and weight. Used, as a rule, on pipelines where frequent installation and dismantling of cranes are required.

Shuttle crane stitching

This is a crane with an outdoor thread, which is joined by Nipel with a cape nut. The design provides small size and weight of the product, while such a crane is easy to maintain and mount.

Crane Scheme Ball Equipment

Easy mounted and serviced, they can be mounted repeatedly and dismantled. Unlike flange cranes takes less space and can be installed in hard-to-reach places.

Crane ball welded

It has ends under the welding. Such cranes are small, hermetically attached to the pipe, but it is difficult to maintain: their dismantling and replacing quite laborious.

Crane Crane Schedule

Designed for high pressure of the working medium, therefore, they have a high tightness of overlapping and strength of the connection.

The word "flange" came to Russian from the German language with the flange itself, and was not assigned on the basis of some analogies. In the German Flansch, the extension is exactly the same as the derivative of it the Russian word "flange", ─ flat metal plate at the end of the pipe with holes for threaded fasteners (bolts or spills with nuts). We are more familiar when this plate is round, but one disk the shape of the flanges is not limited. For example, square and triangular flanges are used. But round it is easier to make, so the use of rectangular or triangular flanges can be justified by valid reasons.

Material, types and features of the design of flanges are determined by the conditional diameter, the pressure of the working medium and the whole number of other factors.

For the manufacture of pipeline reinforcement flanges, gray and macked cast iron are used, different steel grades.

Flanges made of ductile cast iron are designed for higher pressure and a wide range of temperatures than flanges made of gray cast iron. Even more resistant to the effects of these factors are cast steel flanges. Steel welders, as easily carrying high temperatures, inferior to cast flanges in the maximum allowable pressure.

The features of the flange design may be the presence of protrusions, chamfers, spikes, ring samples, etc.

The prevalence of flange compounds of pipeline reinforcement is due to the plurality of virtues inherent. The most obvious of them ─ the possibility of repeated installation and dismantling. Temptation Add to noun "installation" Adjective "Easy" is somewhat reduced, if you recall how many bolts will be required to unscrew and tighten the flanges of large diameters during disassembly and docking (flange compounds are usually used with pipe diameter from 50 mm). Although in this case the labor-intensity of installation work will not be out of reasonable.

Flange compounds are distinguished by strength and reliability, which makes it possible to use them for a complete set of high pressure pipelines. In compliance with a number of conditions, flange compounds provide very good tightness. To do this, the jacket flanges should have similar, not beyond the permissible error, connecting dimensions. Another conditions ─ mandatory periodic suspension suspension, allowing to maintain bolt compounds at the proper level. This is especially important when the mechanical vibrations are constantly exposed to them or the presence of essential fluctuations in temperature and environmental humidity. And the larger the diameter of the pipeline, the more relevant, because, as it increases it, the effort on the flanges increases. The tightness of the flange compounds largely depends on the sealing ability to be installed between the flanges of the gaskets.

It is impossible to discount deformation. Moreover, the flanges made from different materials are subject to it in an unequal degree, therefore the material from which it is made is the most important parameter of the flange. So, the plastic steel flanges are deformed easier than those made of more fragile, but at the same time much better than the form of cast iron.

The disadvantages of flange reinforcement are a continuation of its advantages. High strength turns into significant overall dimensions and mass, which, in turn, mean an increased metal consumption (in the manufacture of large-sized flanges, you have to use a thick metal sheet or round profiles of large diameter) and labor-intensity of production.

Armature under welding

The harvest of the reinforcement is resorted when the reliability and tightness of other types of compounds is considered unsatisfactory. The welding in the device of pipeline systems is particularly in demand, in which the working medium is toxic, poisonous or radioactive fluids and gases. In this case, the welding compound, with proper execution, providing 100% fermeticity, may be optimal, and often the only acceptable solution. It is only important that such a section of the system does not need a frequent dismantling of the equipment, the execution of which will lead to the complete destruction of welded joints.

Thanks to the welding that combines the fragments of the pipeline system into a single whole, it is possible to provide harmony, or, by the technical language, the structural correspondence between all its elements ─ pipes and pipe fittings. The main thing is that due to the differences between the mechanical properties of the welded joint and other components of the pipeline system, it has not become its weak link.

The connecting ends of the reinforcement are prepared under the welding, leveling and stabbing the surface of the welded fragments, removing the required chamdes.

Welded joints can be performed in a fool and jack. In the first case, the welding seam is located on the outside of the pipe. This embodiment is usually used for steel reinforcement of a relatively small diameter mounted in pipelines operating at high pressure and temperature of the working medium.

In the second case, the compound can be supplemented with a lining ring that excludes the intercourse of the parts connected. It is precisely such that characterized by the reliability and absolute tightness of the compound are used when installing pipeline systems of hazardous production facilities, such as power units of nuclear power plants.

An important advantages of welded joints, especially compared to flange, are minimal, compactness and saving space.

Armature couch

One of the most common techniques is a coupling reinforcement of reinforcement.

It is used for various types of fittings for small and medium diameters, operating at low and medium pressures, the body of which is made of cast iron or alloys of non-ferrous metals. If the pressure is high, then it is preferable to use an embossing reinforcement.

In the connecting pipes of the coupling fittings, the carving is on the inside. As a rule, it is a pipe thread ─ inch thread with a small step. It is formed in various ways ─ rolling, cutting, stamping. It is important that with a small step of the thread, the height of the teeth does not depend on the diameter of the pipeline.

Outside the connecting ends are made in the form of a hex order to be convenient to use the key.

The word "coupling" came to the Russian language from German, and perhaps from the Dutch, where mOUW Means the sleeve. The coupling, like the valve, is an example of how the tailoring and the production of pipe fittings use each in its special terminology the same sound, but carrying different semantic load words. In the technique, the coupling is not called a sleeve, but a short metal tube that compounds of cylindrical parts of machines.

Small carving of the coupling compound plus the use of special viscous lubricants, linen strands or fluoroplastic sealing material (FUM tapes) guarantee its high tightness. The coupling compound does not require the use of additional fasteners (for example, bolts or studs, as in the flange connection). But it is impossible not to take into account that the cooling of the coupling on a thread with a seal requires considerable effort, the larger than the larger the diameter of the pipeline.

Equipment fittings

The German origin of the term "fitting" from the verb Stutzen (trim, cut) gives even his sound. So due to the presence of the roding trunk, the armies used to armared until the XIX century muffins. In modern technology, this noun is used to determine the short cutting pipe (in other words ─ sleeves) with threads at both ends, which serves to attach pipes and pipe fittings to aggregates, installations and tanks. In the fitting unit, the connecting end of the reinforcement with an outer thread by means of a precipitated nut pulls up to the pipeline. It is used for small and supermarine reinforcement (with a nominal diameter of up to 5.0 mm) diameters. As a rule, it is a laboratory or other special fittings. For example, gearboxes installed on cylinders with compressed gas. With the help of an indicator connection to the pipeline networks "implanted", various instrumentation, thermostats, many types of equipment included in the technological lines of chemical production are mounted.

Handic reinforcement

The term "anchor joint" entered a wide source at the end of the XIX century. Its main attributes for pipe fittings ─ connecting nozzles with external thread and the presence of a bintice. The end of the pipeline with a brutal nut grinding to the end of the reinforcement pipe.

An armature compound is used for high pressure reinforcement small sizes, in particular, instruments of instrumentation. It is effective when screwing the reinforcement in the vessel body, devices, installations or machines. Its tightness is ensured by the presence of gaskets and special lubricants.

An example of an arrow compound can be a fire sleeve connection to a fire hydrant.

All threaded compounds are characterized by such advantages as the minimum number of connecting elements, low metal consumption and, accordingly, a small mass, manufacturability. Effective installation of threaded compounds requires the internal and external thread coincidence, the use of soft or viscous materials for sealing. But it should be borne in mind that cutting thread reduces the thickness of the pipe wall, so this type of compound is poorly suitable for thin-walled pipes.

In addition to the listed, there are other ways to join fittings. Thus, duret compounds can be used in pipeline systems. This compounds by cylindrical couplings consisting of several layers of rubberized tissue (speaking with simple words ─ hose fragments), coming to the protrusions made on pipes and fixed with metal clamps.

Another way to attach the reinforcement ─ soldering, which is used for copper pipes with a small diameter. The end of the pipeline, treated with the solder, is inserted into the protocate performed in the pipe.

The functionality, performance and reliability of the pipeline system is determined not only by the parameters of the fittings included in its composition, but also how qualitativelydoneconnection of reinforcement , the choice and execution of which should always be paid to high attention.