In a country private house, one cannot do without stairs to the second floor. Decide on the type, design and materials of the model best of all at the stage of housing construction. It is much more difficult to fit it into a limited space when the house is already ready.

Stair construction

Stairs in a residential building are solid structures that are attached to the floor, walls or ceiling. Their main function is to ensure the movement of residents between floors.

In addition to fulfilling the main purpose, the structure must:

• be comfortable and safe;
• harmoniously fit into the interior;
• match the same color scheme.

Today there is an unlimited choice of staircases from various materials.

The choice of configuration depends on:

• the size of the room;
• style and design;
• wishes of the owners.

They are divided depending on the purpose, functionality and other criteria.

Types of stairs

When designing a structure and determining its dimensions, they are primarily guided by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe dwelling.

In a house with a large area, the structure can be placed in the center of the living room, if there is not enough space - in the hall or in the corner of the living space.

There are three main types of stairs for the house:

• spiral, or screw;
• on the pains;
• marching.

Screw or spiral

The principle of their structure is very simple: steps in the form of wedges are attached around a rack or pillar. It is a pipe and is made of metal. The narrow side of the steps are attached to the pole, and the wide side - to the railing post or wall. There are usually no risers.

Main advantages:

• showiness;
• compactness;
• small sizes;
• great view.

Important points about spiral staircases:

1. For the convenience and safety of lifting, the central width of the steps is designed to be no less than 20-25 cm. The wide part should be no more than 40 cm.
2. Materials for manufacturing are most often wood or metal.
3. The design can be placed against the wall, and in the middle of the room. Install such models less often than direct ones. Movement on a screw copy is quite complicated, it requires accuracy and care.
4. Such stairs are suitable as auxiliary stairs for descending or ascending to the basement and attic. They are good for rooms where there is no place for ordinary direct structures. It is rare to find specimens with a diameter of more than 3 meters. An experienced craftsman uses a large opening for a marching model.
5. The models are quite compact, they take up little space, but it must be borne in mind that the smaller the opening, the steeper the staircase.

The main reason why spiral structures are inferior to marching structures is the difficulty in moving due to the lack of a solid support.

• children;
• aged people.

Despite the complexity of manufacturing, the screw model can be considered an excellent option for both modern and classic styles.

On the Bolts

The models got their name from the German word, which means pin or bolt. It will not work to install a structure of this type in the center of the room. Steps and railings are mounted with bolts. On one side there must be a wall. Or steps lie on steel supports in the form of rods.

Such an instance is good for rooms where you need:

• compactness;
• weightlessness;
• lightness of construction.

Important points of stairs on the rails:

1. Bolts are attached with rubber gaskets, they allow you to adjust the height of the steps after installation. This option is attractive in that it allows maximum light to penetrate into the room.
2. Models are equipped with graceful curved railings; the presence of stringers or bowstrings is not typical for them.
3. Despite the visual lightness of the design, such specimens are very reliable and durable. One step can withstand a load weighing more than 1500 kg.

Experiments will help create a unique option for the home:

• with base;
• form;
• lighting.

Buildings are becoming more and more popular. Particularly popular are products with railings, which take part of the load on themselves.

marching

A common and sought-after version of stairs designed with regard to the biomechanics of movement and providing convenient and safe movement. Ideal for rooms where there is enough space.

Main advantages:

• reliability;
• relatively low cost.

Important points about mid-flight stairs:

1. Models consist of marches, the number of which depends on the layout and the number of floors in the house. The purpose of the premises is also important.
2. Each span contains from 3 to 15 steps. If you do not follow these rules, then it will be difficult to climb such a structure.
3. Usually the flight of stairs is 10-11 steps. Longer buildings are divided into 2 parts by special intervals. Their sizes are multiples of a step. Such instances are already called two-march.

When determining the parameters, it is necessary to take into account the area and height of the ceilings of the room. An important role is played by the location of the second floor.

Such stairs vary in shape and are:

1. Direct. They are the most durable and comfortable. Differ in simplicity of a design.
2. Swivel (L-shaped or U-shaped). If the number of steps is more than 18, the march must be divided into two parts and a platform should be installed. The design is called swivel. Such models are installed along the walls, under them you can place a pantry or utility room.
3. Curved. The peculiarity of this form is that the width of the narrow end of the steps must be at least 10 cm. It is inconvenient to climb and descend stairs with winder steps, the legs do not feel the necessary support.

According to the methods of fastening steps, two types of products are distinguished:

1. On stringers - steps are laid on top of the beams, risers are mounted from the end. Instances of this type are not as popular as string ones. Made from wood, they look perfect. Such designs are good for country-style rooms.
2. On bowstrings - on the inside of the supporting element, grooves are made for fastening the steps. The basis - the bearing part of the structure - are inclined beams running along the entire length of the marches. The thickness of the beams is more than 6 cm. Basically, the overall structures are bowstring (their width is 2 meters or more).

You will also have to choose the type of steps:

1. Details with risers are massive and fit perfectly into a classic interior.
2. Without them, they are suitable for a modern style due to their lightweight construction.

The marching design option can be selected even for small-sized premises.

Design and standards

The construction of stairs to the second floor of a private house should be treated with special attention.

The creation process includes three steps:

• development of drawings;
• production of parts and assemblies;
• installation of the structure at the installation site.

Requirements to be observed during design:

• maximum reliability;
• safe slope;
• safety of approach and movement;
• convenient location of the railing;
• the correct ratio of the width and height of the steps;
• sufficient lighting.

The optimal angle of inclination is 30-45 degrees. Steeper specimens are dangerous for descent.

Before developing a drawing, it is necessary to study the building codes for stairs:

1. Height, width, depth of steps should not change along the entire length of the structure. This ensures safety and ease of movement.
2. If the staircase goes to the door, then a platform with a width of at least a meter is equipped.
3. The recommended number of steps for one march is 18 pcs., winders - 16 pcs.
4. The size of the tread is measured along the center line of the step. With a width of stairs - 1000 mm, and tread along the middle line - 200 mm, the turning radius must be at least 1000 + (200 x 2) = 1400 mm.
5. The clearance, or the distance from the step to the ceiling, must be at least 2 meters. In this case, a tall person will not bend down.

How wide should the stairs be?

Before building stairs in a cottage on the second floor you need to read the rules.

• the opening width for straight marches should be from 900 mm, for screw marches - from 800 mm;
• the fence is selected with a height of 900 mm, with a structure with a height of more than 6 meters - from one meter. It is better to provide it on both sides of the building.

When constructing a structure, the dimensions of the step elements should be taken into account in the drawings:

1. The width of the treads is selected in the range from 260 mm to 350 mm, so that an adult foot is placed on them. This will relieve tension in the calf muscles when climbing the march.
2. The height of the steps is from 125 mm to 200 mm. The best option is drawings with a width of 300 mm, a height of 150 mm.
3. The recommended depth of straight steps is from 200 to 400 mm (optimum - from 250 to 320 mm). For models with winder steps from narrow to wide - from 100 to 400 mm, in the middle 200-250 mm. Overhang of treads up to 50 mm is possible.
4. The total size of the tread and two step heights should be the length of the average step, approximately 650 mm.

Manufacturing materials

For the manufacture of staircases for cottages or multi-level apartments, various materials and their combinations are used.

Metal

Metal as a material for the manufacture of stairs is durable and has a long service life. Instances from it are appropriate in any interior, regardless of the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room.

The material is indispensable for the installation of an external structure:

• to the top floor;
• attic;
• attic.

Stair structures can be made entirely of metal or have only a base of it.

Metal models are:

• welded;
• forged.

By building type:

• on two stringers;
• on 1 kosour.

At the base of the structure is a solid metal beam, an I-beam or a channel, which bears the maximum load. Steps are attached to it.

The strengths of such a ladder:

• durability;
• compactness;
• weightlessness.

Instances made of stainless steel are not susceptible to corrosion and will last half a century, retaining their original appearance. Chrome-plated or painted options have a limited service life - no more than 6-7 years.

Metal is often combined with other materials:

• tree;
• glass;
• concrete.

The plasticity of the base allows you to give the structure and its details any shape. Vintage staircase with wrought iron handrails looks easy and elegant.

Glass

Glass models are designed to serve as the dominant of the interior and its decoration. If design comes first, these designs have no competitors. For daily use, it is recommended to build another, functional and comfortable staircase.

Glass specimens will become an important part of interiors in styles:

• bionics;
• high tech;
• minimalism;
• techno.

Using this model, you can harmonize objects and surfaces made of metal, wood and stone that are present in the house.

Advantages of the building:

• original appearance;
• strength.

Structures are divided into 2 types:

1. Prefabricated - fastened to the wall with a metal support. Steps are made of glass, they are mounted on bolts or used on screw structures. The design of the stairs to the second floor in tandem with metal is very harmonious. The material enhances the effect of gloss and gives reliability to a fragile product.
2. Welded - more reliable, withstand heavy loads. The steps of the buildings are held on stringers. For safety, the surface should be equipped with an anti-slip coating.
   

Glass structures can be damaged by a strong impact, and noticeable scratches appear on their surface over time. For greater strength, it is better to install hardened or laminated varieties. Acrylic glass is considered more reliable, but it tends to darken over time.

Wood

Wood is considered the best material for a staircase designed for installation in a private house. The material is suitable for any buildings, as marching - it looks the most organic. For country or American style, such a solution is indispensable.

The tree has a lot of positive properties, such as:

• environmental friendliness;
• naturalness;
• availability;
• long service life;
• light weight compared to other materials;
• possibility of combination.

Imagining a staircase in a house, the image of a solid wooden structure with curly railings and a beautiful deep texture arises. It can be luxurious wenge, oak or wood of simple species.

The best options are:

• nut;
• ash.

Pine is not strong enough for the required load.

The varnish coating will protect the tree from the negative effects of the environment, but it will have to be updated regularly. This type of product is to the liking of connoisseurs of natural wood and simplicity of design.

A rock

Stone is the best material for creating external and internal stair structures. Such an instance will complement the interior of the room in which luxury reigns.

The design can be made from:

• granite;
• slate;
• marble of various shades;
• quartzite or limestone.

Granite stairs are distinguished by:

• strength and resistance to adverse external influences;
• retain their original appearance for a long time.

Buildings with steps made of natural stone chips are strong and durable.

Marble has a stunning deep texture suitable for any interior. As a stair covering, it wears out quickly, literally after a few years.

Advantages of the building:

• strength;
• ease of installation;
• attractive appearance;
• compactness;
• relatively affordable price.

Products made of granite or quartzite will last longer. A more economical and lightweight option is a copy with stone overlays for steps.

Stone models are often combined with metal handrails, they can fit into many styles.

Calculations and dimensions

To understand how much space a building will take, it is necessary to make a competent calculation and identify how and where it is better to place it. When drawing up a drawing, do not forget about the thickness of the material. The work done otherwise will be performed incorrectly.

To obtain additional data, several formulas are used:

1. Pythagorean theorem. a2 + b2 = c2. With its help, the span length is calculated for straight models. Where a, b - the height of the opening and the length of the projection of the stairs(meters for her on the floor), c - span length.
2. The number of steps (K) is calculated based on the planned step height (h) and opening (H): K = H / h. The parameter h is chosen taking into account the comfortable lifting of the leg to a height.
3. Comfort formula. It is based on the average human step of 600-640 mm (P), the planned height of the riser (h) and the depth of the tread (t): Р = 2h + t. A formula is used to find an indicator of the dimensions of a step in conjunction with another.
4. The calculation of the span length c \u003d K × t can be obtained by determining the number and depth of the step as a result of multiplication.
5. Passage height is an important indicator for safe and comfortable movement. The recommended figure (1900-2000 mm) is subtracted from the height of the opening. The result is divided by the planned height of the riser, increased by the thickness of the tread. It turns out the number of steps located in the overlap zone of the second floor. The rest are located under the opening.

There are no restrictions in the field of design and selection of material for the structure.

Spiral staircase

The calculation of data for a spiral staircase is carried out according to a different formula, but the requirements for ergonomics remain the same.

For convenience, it is considered on an example: the height of the opening H = 2800 mm (2.8 m), the width of the stairs S = 1000 mm (1 m), the diameter of the pillar for the support d = 200 mm (0.2 m):

1. Model diameter is calculated (D=2×S+d): 1×2+0.2= 2.2 m.
2. A circle is drawn with this diameter. The radius R is calculated (R=D/2): 2.2/2=1.1 m.
3. A circle with a diameter d = 0.2 m is inscribed in the center of the circle. Its radius is determined r 0.2/2=0.1 m.
4. A circle with radius R1 is drawn. This is the middle of the steps or the middle line of climbing the stairs. R1 \u003d S / 2 + r: ½ + 0.1 \u003d 0.6 m. The width for the running tread s at this distance is recommended to be set at 200-250 mm (0.2-0.25 m). In the example - s= 0.25 m.
5. The number of steps is considered n=2ΠR1/s: n=2×3.14×0.6/0.25=15.072. As a result - 15 pcs.
6. A circle with radius R1 is divided into 15 equal parts.
7. Passage height (full turn) H1. The range according to the norm is 1900-2000 mm. Take for example 2000 mm (2 m) and a step thickness of 50 mm (0.05 m). The height of a full turn H1 will be equal to: 2 + 0.05 = 2.05 m.

Marching

It is very easy to determine the dimensions and the possibility of installing stairs in a particular room. The width of the model depends on the wishes of the homeowner.

March copies are divided into:

• straight;
• rotary with platforms;
• winder stairs.

Direct. The simplest design for calculation and installation, even an inexperienced carpenter can make a drawing.

Calculated:

• span length:
• number of steps:
• their depth and height;
• width is determined.

How many marches will be depends on the number of steps. In operation, these designs are the most convenient and safe. The installation of such buildings requires a large space.

For direct marches, fastening methods are used:

• stringers;
• string;
• bolt.

The long building must be divided into two parts and made a turn with winder steps or a platform.

Swivel with platforms. Structures are installed to save space and ensure comfortable movement. The swivel platform, where you can rest when lifting, provides convenience. Its dimensions should not be less than the width of the span. Rotation is 90˚ or 180˚.

Stairs of this type are two- or three-flight.

The calculations are carried out according to the previously presented formulas.

Stairs with winder steps. A variation of the previous model, only steps are mounted instead of platforms. In such designs, the treads have the shape of a truncated triangle.

Designs allow you to save extra 1.5-2 square meters. m. For independent design, they are very difficult. You can use design programs or an online calculator that will give you a drawing and details. You will have to manually link the scheme to the floor plan.

Which staircase is better to choose to the second floor

Today, the market provides unlimited opportunities for choosing staircase designs. The emphasis should be on the shape of the building. The main thing is to take into account all the important points.

Among the owners of private houses, the models of the following types have become popular:

• direct single-march;
• two-march;
• rotary, or running;
• screw;
• modular on stringers or on bolts.

Installation of stairs can be divided into stages.

First, a number of important steps are taken:

1. The place for the location of the structure is determined.
2. The type of structure, design and material from which the structure will be erected are selected.
3. The number of steps, their height and width are considered.
4. Installation is carried out after completion of construction and finishing works, external and internal. Stairs should be included in the design of the house. It is necessary to calculate the location of the beams and what will be the supports.
5. It is necessary to measure the size of the opening for it and determine the angle of inclination.
6. All safety measures (fences) are taken into account.
7. It is important to think over the strengthening of the structure, to choose the most optimal one. When the wall is far away, the structure is fixed both from below and from above. So that it does not creak and does not loosen, metal fasteners are needed.
8. After that, you can proceed with the installation. It is better to entrust the work to professionals.

Video about staircase designs

A variety of staircase designs are presented in this video.

Even a child knows what stairs are for. They enable a person and his pets to go up and down from one floor to another. There are quite a lot of stair structures, and it is not at all easy to figure out which staircase is better in the house. Their choice is influenced by several factors that must be taken into account. An important point is that it is necessary to determine the type and material for the stairs at the design stage in order to avoid possible errors.

What should be the stairs

There are several basic requirements that must be observed when designing and constructing a staircase in a residential building:

• maximum reliability;
• safety of approach and movement;
• convenient location of the railing;
• the correct ratio of the width and height of the steps;
• safe slope;
• sufficient lighting.

It must be remembered that the staircase is a traumatic structure, so the best option for the house will be a flight of stairs with railings, the priority function of which will be safety rather than aesthetics. And ideally - their combination.

Which ladder to choose

Today, the market provides almost unlimited possibilities for choosing ladder structures. The main thing is not to get confused and take into account all the important points. Emphasis should be placed on the shape of the stairs, which depends on:

• location;
• driving directions;
• building capital;
• placement area in the plan;
• the size of the stairwell in the ceiling.

When thinking about the question of which staircase is better in the house, you should pay attention to the fact that among the owners of multi-level apartments and private households, the following types of stairs are the most popular:

• direct single-march. They allow you to move up and down without changing direction or stopping. They require a lot of space to install. And they will be convenient only if the number of steps in the march does not exceed 18 pieces, and their height is 17 cm;
• two-march. If more than 18 steps are provided on the stairs, then it is divided into two marches, between which a platform is mounted. The design itself can be straight, L-shaped with a turn of 90 degrees or U-shaped with a turn of 180 degrees. As well as a single-flight, two-flight staircase takes up a lot of space and is not suitable for small areas;
• rotary, or running. Such structures save a certain space due to the fact that they are installed, as a rule, along the walls, and under them they arrange places of rest, work or storerooms. A distinctive feature of winder stairs is the absence of intermediate platforms in the presence of turns of 90 or 180 degrees;
• screw. They are the most compact. Such stairs will be the best option for small spaces. But do not forget that they are not safe for the elderly and toddlers. It is also inconvenient to carry furniture along them;
• modular on the stringer or on the bolts. Despite the elegant appearance, such stairs are strong enough and do not interfere with the penetration of light. But, despite their spectacularity and unusualness, they, like screw ones, are not safe for the elderly and children.

What features need to be taken into account

Each of the types of ladder structures has its own specific nuances and features. The inconvenience of spiral staircases dictates their installation as additional structures for climbing to another level, attic or for descending to the basement.

It is recommended to fasten ladders on bolts to load-bearing walls on one side using special brackets, which gives additional strength. Marching stairs will be much more convenient if the platforms between them are placed every 10 degrees.

If there is too little space for the stairs or the opening in the ceiling cannot be made of sufficient size, then you can increase the angle of inclination of the stairs relative to the horizontal surface. In this case, the installation of steps called "duck step" is envisaged.

A staircase without risers will look easier, but if there are kids in the house or their appearance is planned in the future, then it would be better to make the steps deaf.

In fact, there are a lot of options to make a comfortable and safe staircase design. It all depends on the specific room and the people living in the house. And if the owner is confused and doubts the chosen design, then it is better to consult with knowledgeable specialists.

In order to choose a staircase to the house, you need to decide on the following parameters:

• Location of the stairs: in the house or on the street;
• Stair shape: straight, spiral or turn;
• If the staircase is with a turn, then what kind of turn design: platform or winder steps;
• Step material: wood, metal, glass, stone;
• Frame material: fully wooden ladder or on a metal frame;
• Stairs open (without risers) or closed (with risers);
• Frame construction: bowstrings, stringers, bolts;
• Fencing design;

And now, let's analyze each point in detail.

Straight, swivel or screw?

To make a straight staircase or with a turn depends on the layout of the room in which the staircase is located. A straight staircase is easier to manufacture and cheaper than the same rotary or spiral staircase. However, in order to make it convenient to walk up the stairs, an opening in the ceiling with a length of at least 3 meters is required. Plus, you need a place in front of the stairs on the first and second floor. If the layout of your house allows you to install a straight staircase - you need to install it. A turning staircase is more difficult to manufacture and more expensive than a straight one, but it is much easier to fit it into the layout. The turning staircase can be placed in the corner of the house or in the stairwell.

The spiral staircase differs from the rotary one in that the turning part of the steps is straight, while the spiral staircase has all winder (triangular) steps. Thanks to this, the spiral staircase takes up the least amount of space, but at the same time it is also the most inconvenient option for walking stairs. When choosing a spiral staircase, it should be borne in mind that it is very difficult to carry furniture or some other dimensional objects along it.

L-shaped or U-shaped?

If you decide to make a staircase with a turn, you need to decide how much the staircase turns. The angle of rotation of the stairs is the angle between the direction of the rise of the lower and upper march, when viewed from above (in plan). The angle of rotation, in principle, can be any, but the most common are two options: rotation by 90 degrees and 180 degrees. Stairs with a turn of 90 degrees are called L-shaped, 180 - U-shaped. Such names come from the fact that on the plan the staircase looks like the Russian letter G or P, respectively. In English literature, L-shaped and U-shaped stairs are called, respectively, U-turn and L-turn. The choice of L-shaped or U-shaped stairs again depends on the layout of your home and on your preferences.

Playground or run?

The turn of the stairs can be made through the platform, or through winder (triangular) steps. What to choose depends, first of all, on the availability of space for the stairs and the size of the opening. It is more convenient to walk on a ladder with a platform, but it takes up more space and requires a larger opening than a ladder with a run. Stairs with a run look more impressive than stairs with a platform, but they are not as comfortable when walking and are more expensive. The general rule for choosing a staircase is as follows: if the sum of the length and width of the opening under the stairs is more than 3.5 meters, one and the other turn design can be considered. If less, then your choice is a winder ladder.

Step material

Depending on the purpose and design of the stairs, steps can be made of wood, metal, glass or stone. For internal stairs in a private house, as a rule, wooden or marble steps are used. If the interior is decorated in the style of Hi-tech or Loft, a staircase with metal or glass steps will look great.

For outdoor stairs, the most preferred steps are made of metal, tray metal steps, lined with tiles or granite, as well as steps made of terrace boards.

Private country houses and cottages in two or more floors- have long ceased to seem like a curiosity. This approach to planning their properties allows owners to achieve the maximum possible usable area of ​​​​housing, even on "modest" in size plots for construction. It is clear that both the design of a building on several levels and its construction are seriously complicated. In particular, in addition to the usual architectural and interior elements inherent in any house, it is necessary to think over the creation of interfloor transitions. Most often this role is played by stairs. And if we consider the statistics of individual construction, then the undisputed "leaders" in popularity are

Nowadays, there is no shortage of ready-made projects of staircase structures. You can find on the Internet and special applications that carry out the necessary calculations. But it is quite possible to carry out an independent calculation of a wooden staircase to the second floor. For many, this will be even more interesting and understandable, since in the course of the calculation, the owner of the house delves into the many nuances of such a structure, trying them on for his possessions.

Let's go through the steps of the basic calculations of the stairs in this publication. You will see that everything is not so prohibitively difficult.

The main structural elements of a wooden staircase

First of all, what are they - wooden stairs on?

• The simplest option is a single-flight straight staircase. Such designs are relatively simple in calculations and installation, they are distinguished by high reliability and comfort in operation.

A significant disadvantage of such a staircase can be considered that it "eats" a lot of usable space. And a decrease in its size (meaning its projection onto the floor plane) leads to an increase in the steepness of the ascent and descent. Which, in turn, makes the flight of stairs inconvenient and even unsafe for movement, especially for children or for people with disabilities.

• If the space available in the room does not allow for a single-flight staircase, or it turns out to be too steep, it is divided into two or more flights, changing their direction to perpendicular or opposite.

It is clear that the total length of the marches, with the same height of rise and its steepness, will not decrease. But this approach allows, so to speak, to optimize the space. For example, flights of stairs are located in the corner of the room along the walls, and it does not clutter up the room. Or, under the interfloor passage, a small separate room is completely allocated, turning it into a compact stairwell with an oncoming march.

• Stairs with two or more straight flights may also vary. And this difference lies in the features of ensuring a change in direction of movement. So, between the marches there can be a horizontal transition platform. Another option - marches connects a curved section with a smooth change in direction, with steps of a characteristic trapezoidal shape. Such steps are called running.

A staircase with a running section, of course, looks more elegant in the interior. And due to the fact that the rise does not “stop” anywhere, including at the turn, there is a gain in the overall dimensions of the structure. But a winder ladder is much more difficult in calculations, design and installation, and in operation it is not as convenient and safe as a similar one, but with a transition platform. So it is better to weigh all its advantages and disadvantages in advance.

Prices for wooden stairs

wooden staircase

• The design allows you to place the interfloor passage literally "on the patch". And one cannot but agree that such a staircase in the interior looks very vintage (sorry for the pun). However, this is where its virtues are limited.

But her shortcomings - more than enough. The complexity of calculations and installation largely limit the possibilities for independent creativity - the construction of such structures is still the lot of professionals. Moreover, many models use curved, bent parts, which are completely impossible to manufacture on their own without special equipment and without knowledge of technology. From the point of view of convenience and safety of moving along the spiral steps, the staircase generally loses to all its “brothers”. And yet - just imagine that you need to raise to the second floor (or lower down) some dimensional piece of furniture or household appliances!

• From the inside, the steps can be closed with riser panels (pos. 5). However, this element is not mandatory, and often the risers are not installed either for the sake of giving the structure visual lightness, or in order not to create an obstacle to setting the foot (this is typical for stairs with a pronouncedly steep rise).

For the manufacture of risers, a board with a thickness of at least 20 mm is used (recommended - 30 mm). This part can be located and fastened in different ways, and this must be taken into account in advance, since its position often affects the “working” width of the tread.

The figure above, just as an example, shows two different principles for connecting treads to risers. It is quite obvious that the position of the riser on the left fragment does not affect the width of the step. But on the right, where the riser is installed in the selected grooves, you will have to adjust the width of the tread panel so that the calculated step width does not decrease.

Prices for stairs

• The first step of the lower march (pos. 6) may not differ from all the others. But sometimes its configuration is varied (while trying not to change the height), they are made wider, with rounded edges, so as to facilitate the approach to the flight of stairs from the left or right side. Such a step is called a frieze.

• An important element of any wooden staircase is the design of the railing. This is both security and an additional decorative "highlight" of the interfloor transition. The basis for the installation of the fence are powerful posts (pos. 7), which should be at the beginning and end of each march. On the transition platform, such a column becomes common to both marches. If the entrance to the stairs is made frieze, then the lower pillar can be shifted to the second or even third step.

Between pillars, with an equal pitch, which should not be more than 150÷180 mm, (pos. 8), forming a common balustrade. From pillar to pillar, railings (handrails) (pos. 9) are launched, which, along the march, rest on the upper ends of the balusters.

As a rule, pillars and balusters are given a beautiful configuration - the details are turned on a lathe. There is no shortage of such products now, and it is quite possible to order a kit in a carpentry workshop. In the same place, railings of the desired shape in section will be made. Some recommendations on the shapes and sizes of the design details of the staircase railing are clearly shown in the diagram.

By the way, it is the position of the railing system that determines the width of the flight of stairs - it is calculated between the wall and the handrails, or between the handrails on both sides. From the point of view of convenience for intra-apartment stairs, a march with a width of 900 to 1000 mm is considered optimal - not too wide so that the space is not “eaten up”, and quite convenient for moving one person and transferring furnishings. However, the upper limit in width is not indicated anywhere - this is at the discretion of the owners. But the minimum size is strictly stipulated by fire safety rules. In any case, the staircase is considered as one of the evacuation routes, and its width cannot be less than 800 mm.

It is clear that models of stairs can combine various elements, including those that were not shown in the proposed diagram. But since our article is intended for beginners (experienced craftsmen have long known all the intricacies of calculation and installation), it is better not to spray, but limit ourselves to analyzing the most affordable options.

The principal device of the stairs is considered. You can choose the type of construction that is most suitable for specific conditions and proceed to the calculations.

The main steps in the calculation of a wooden staircase

Stairs can be attributed to structures of increased complexity, however, nothing is impossible for a real owner. The main thing is that the created structure should be convenient and safe in everyday use, be distinguished by high reliability and durability. Plus, no one ever, as a rule, discounts the aesthetic component, since the staircase should fit well into the intended interior.

And they begin to carry out calculations with an assessment of the place where the ladder is supposed to be installed. The steepness of its rise directly depends on this.

Calculations the main general linear parameters of the ladder structure

Although the owner is free to “experiment” within his home, he will have to adhere to certain rules when creating the design of the stairs. And above all, this applies to the steepness of the flight of stairs, that is, the angle between the direction of ascent and the horizontal plane.

The ladder should be both convenient to use and safe. Therefore, there are certain limits to its steepness. So, the rise should not be too gentle - this is both inconvenient for a person and takes up too much space in the room. Less than 20 degrees of slope in residential buildings, stairs are not made at all, but it is still better to consider 24 degrees as an acceptable lower limit of steepness, although this is also somewhat small.

The most optimal a range of approximately 27 to 33 degrees is considered - such marches are the most convenient and safe. But often in cramped conditions at home it is difficult to come to such values, and stairs are made with a slope of up to 40 degrees. Well, the top one. the critical boundary for a staircase in constant use to the second floor can be considered an angle of 45 degrees. But for individual family members, even such a bias is already becoming quite difficult to overcome.

It is clear that the more gentle the staircase, the more space for its installation will be required. Therefore, it seems appropriate as a first step to assess the steepness of the march and the size of the horizontal projection - how it will "fit" into the space of the room, which can be allocated for its installation.

So, we consider the interdependence of the steepness of the stairs and the space required for its installation.

This dependence is expressed by the trigonometric relation:

D=h/tga

Below is an online calculator that already includes this trigonometric function. And come to the calculation, with a known lifting height (and it is calculated “from floor to floor”, that is, taking into account the thickness of the ceiling), you can do it in two ways:

• It is planned to create a staircase with a precisely selected flight steepness angle. The calculation will show what place she will have to allocate in the room.
• The dimensions of the area under the stairs are strictly regulated - you need to determine what angle the march will get, and whether it will fall into the allowable range. For this calculation, it is only necessary, by varying the slope in the input field, to achieve the required value of the projection length at the output - all this will take a few seconds.

If there is not enough space for a single-flight staircase (and this most often happens in a small private house), then it should be divided into two flights, as already mentioned above. In this case, for each of the marches, you can carry out your own calculationby changing the height of the transition platform. But at the same time, not forgetting that the angle of inclination is necessarily maintained the same for all marches. This is a strict rule, which is unacceptable to break!

Calculator for analyzing the interdependence of the slope of the stairs and the size of its horizontal projection

"CALCULATE THE LENGTH OF THE HORIZONTAL PROJECTION OF THE LADDER"

After the value of the length of the horizontal projection is obtained, it is easy to calculate the length of the march span. This parameter is necessary, for example, when ordering materials for the manufacture of stringers (strings) and railings. It is clear that the workpieces must be with a margin - for accurate cutting in place, but you need to have an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe estimated length, at least in order to ensure this margin.

The calculation is simple, since it obeys the Pythagorean Theorem known to everyone from school:

L = √ (D2+H2)

Prices for balusters

baluster

We simplify the task for the reader - he has an online calculator at his disposal:

Stair span length calculator

Enter the requested values ​​and click
"CALCULATE THE LENGTH OF THE STAIRWAY"

Lifting height (from floor to floor), meters

Length of horizontal projection, meters

Another important nuance that should be immediately foreseen when planning stairs. This is an opening in the ceiling through which the flight of stairs will pass. Here you need to focus on the following:

• A person climbing a ladder should not risk hitting his head on the ceiling or the edge of the opening. Therefore, a safe distance must be maintained from any point on the stairs to the ceiling. Usually it is taken at least 2000 mm, but for tall people who make the stairs “for themselves”, more can be set.
• In order not to weaken the ceiling structure, it is better to position the opening so as not to resort to the complete dismantling of the beam or cutting out its fragment with the subsequent installation of an additional support. That is, it is better to think over this question in advance.

According to the scheme presented above, it is easy to establish the dependence of the length of the cut opening (S) from safe passage height (v) and the angle of steepness of the march (a), taking into account the thickness of the overlap (P).

S = (V+P) /tg a

The same dependence, but "transformed into the appearance" of an online calculator:

Slab Opening Length Calculator

Specify the requested values ​​and click
"CALCULATE THE REQUIRED LENGTH OF THE OPENING IN THE FLOORS"

Safe height to overlap, meters

Floor thickness, meters

Angle of steepness of stairs, degrees

The width of the march has already been mentioned above. Important - the dimensions of the transition area cannot be less than the established width of the stairs, and the marches must be equal in width.

The main overall dimensions of the stairs have been determined, the design has so far been theoretically, in terms of, inscribed in the space of the room - you can proceed to the calculation of the parameters of the steps.

Calculation of steps of a marching staircase

This is one of the most crucial moments. The dimensions of the steps should be such that it is most convenient and safe for a person to move up the stairs.

• The height of the step should not be too small, so as not to knock down the step. But at the same time, the height of the leg lift with the subsequent transfer of the center of gravity and taking a step up should correspond to the normal ergonomics of human movement, and not cause rapid muscle fatigue. It is believed that in the best case, this indicator should be in the range from 150 to 180 mm. It is permissible for marches with too gentle or steep angles of rise to use a height from 130 ÷ 140 to 200 ÷ 210 mm, but comfort will certainly decrease from this.
• The width of the tread should provide the fullest possible setting of the foot or shoe sole, but at the same time not force the person to take too wide a step when moving to the next step. That is, the range from 310 to 270 mm is considered optimal, with a permissible variation of up to 320 and 250 mm. True, if the calculated width of the treads is insufficient, it can be “increased”. For this, either oblique risers are made, or they are completely removed so that a barrier is not created for the leg, or, which is most commonly practiced, the tread is made with an overhang over the lower step.

1 - stairs with straight risers;

2 - stairs with risers bevelled inward;

3 - a ladder with ledges of treads above the lower steps;

4 - stairs without risers.

How to determine the optimal ratio of height and width of the step? It is almost universally recommended to use the so-called "safety formula"

2 h +b = 600÷640 mm

h- step height:

b- tread width

600÷640 - Approximate length of a person's average stride.

The formula itself is certainly correct. But there are two nuances:

- The width of the step can be greater or lesser. It is no secret that there are very tall families and, conversely, people with growth below the norm.

- The formula does not take into account the steepness of the flight of stairs. That is, it allows you to find the optimal ratio of a single value, but does not give an answer, but what should be this one of the initial parameters.

Therefore, another algorithm can be considered more universal and accurate. calculation, which takes into account the ergonomics of human movement and makes the size of the steps also dependent on the steepness of the stairs. This method can be implemented graphically and mathematically.

Graphically, the calculation is as follows:

• The coordinate axes are drawn - X and Y, respectively, the length and height.
• The normal length of a person's step is plotted along the X axis (naturally, on the selected scale). Everyone is free to carry out the calculation, in accordance with the most acceptable value of this parameter. The points of these "steps" can be numbered - they are indicated on the diagram 1 ; 2 ; 3 etc .
• Segments equal to half the length of the step are plotted along the Y axis. It is believed that it is to such a height that any person easily raises his leg, without a feeling of discomfort and rapid fatigue. These points are numbered 1c; 2v; 3v and T.d .
• Now points with equal numbers can be connected with auxiliary lines.
• The next step through the center of coordinates is the line of the flight of stairs, that is, at an angle that was obtained as a result of previous calculations. Just for clarity, the diagram shows two options - for two stairs of different steepness.
• The intersection points of the march line with the auxiliary lines will indicate the outer edge of the step. From these points it is already easy to draw vertical and horizontal lines to draw the entire profile of the stairs.
• After that, it remains only to measure the resulting steps, and, knowing the magnitude of the scale, translate the obtained values ​​​​to real ones.
• By the way, pay attention to the nuance. If you connect the dot 1c With 2 , 2v With 3 etc., then the lines will pass exactly through the inner corner of the step.

As mentioned above, the same algorithm can be applied purely mathematically, without going over to graphical constructions.

Let's try to increase one of the schema fragments:

The X-axis represents the length of the step, and the Y-axis represents half of this length. It turns out a right triangle with legs, one of which is twice as large as the other. This is possible only in a triangle, in which the angles (except for a right one) are approximately 63 and 27 degrees (the indicators are actually not rounded, but this is of no fundamental importance).

Knowing this, we can determine the length of the segment G, which connects the edges of the steps. We apply the sine theorem:

G / sin 63° = (0.5 × L) / sin (27° + α)

And the found segment G- is nothing more than the hypotenuse of a triangle whose legs are height ( h) and width ( b) steps.

h = G × sinα= G × cos (90 – α)

b = G × cos α = G × sin (90 - α)

It is these trigonometric dependencies that became the basis for the recommended calculator, which will carry out calculations in a matter of seconds.

Calculator calculationthe optimal size of the steps of the mid-flight stairs

The values ​​obtained as a result of calculations cannot yet be considered final. They need to be brought to the actual dimensions of the flight of stairs. How it's done?

Wood varnish prices

varnish for wood

• The lift height is known. The calculation gave the recommended step height. We divide one by the other and we get the approximate number of steps. Approximate because it usually turns out to be fractional, and requires rounding.
• Rounding, of course, "asks" to the nearest side. But here you can show some "flexibility". The fact is that it is recommended to have an odd number of steps on the flight of stairs. This is from those considerations that it is always much more convenient for a person to start and finish moving up the stairs with one foot. The rule, of course, is optional, but you can still keep it in mind.

Another nuance - the number of steps in the march cannot be unlimited - the maximum allowed is eighteen. However, if a wooden staircase to the second floor is calculated in an ordinary private house, you still won’t have to resort to such a large number.

• Now that the number of steps is known, it is already possible to accurately determine their height. To do this, divide the height of the lift by the resulting number.

This value is sometimes also lead to some kind of rounded indicator, for which, for example, the height of the first frieze step is slightly reduced. But you can leave it as it is - there will be no big difference, for example, when marking a kosour or a bowstring - whether you will draw the lines of steps through 186 or through 190 mm. It just takes a little more care.

Well, if the calculated width of the step turned out to be not quite sufficient for setting the foot (you can focus on about 290 ÷ 300 mm), it can be increased by creating a small overhang - already mentioned above.

Peculiarities calculationsteps of the running section of the stairs

The calculation of the steps of the running section has its own characteristics. But this applies to a greater extent to their size in terms of. The height and width in the central part of the treads should remain the same as on the marching sections of the stairs.

In planning such a site, options are possible.

A. The change in the shape of the steps begins along the border of the curvature of the stairs.

The calculation for this option is somewhat easier.

Winder steps have a trapezoidal shape. In their central part (along the line of movement along the stairs), the width must be the same as on a straight march.

You can make the following diagram. It is shown here to start a 180-degree turn of the flight of stairs, but with a perpendicular arrangement of flights, the principle remains the same.

• The lower left of the diagram shows a straight flight of stairs. There are also notations: L in this case, this is the width of the march, and b- calculated step width for the entire staircase. The height of the steps in this calculation is not required - it simply remains the same for the entire length of the interfloor transition, regardless of whether it is a straight line or a running section.
• A line is punched in the center of the march, which becomes an arc at the turn. It can be conditionally called the "move line" (in the diagram it is shown in blue). It is along this line that the “trajectory” of a person moving up the stairs usually passes.
• Top boundary of the last straight step a horizontal line is drawn, on which the center of rotation is plotted - a point A. It is she who becomes the center for the arcs that determine the turn of the stairs. The position of this center is arbitrary to a certain extent, but they always try to “move” it outside the stairs by at least ¼ ÷ ⅛ of the march width, otherwise the turning radius R will become too small, and this, quite obviously, will unacceptably narrow the inner sides of the trapezoidal winders.

The diagram clearly shows that the radius R is equal to the shortest distance from the center A to the outer side (along the perpendicular) of a straight flight of stairs, and it also sets the "outer contour" of the curved section.

Inner arc with center A is a continuation of the inner edge of the straight march section.

• With the next step from the edge of the last straight step along the arcuate line of the course, chords are laid (segments, the edges resting on this arc). Their length is equal to the estimated width of the stairs. This achieves the required width of the winder steps in the center.
• After that, lines are drawn through the ends of these chords to the center A. It is these lines that will set the boundaries of the winder steps.
• The intersection of these lines with the arcs of the outer and inner contours will show the ends of the chords, which already become the width of the outer ( S) and inner edge ( m) winder steps. As mentioned above, for the inside, this figure should be at least 100 mm, for the outside - no more than 400.
• It is clear that it is hardly convenient to make a complex bent kosour or bowstring for the outer edge of a curved section. Therefore, the lines can be extended to the surface of the walls (shown by the red dotted line). The steps will take on a triangular or other polygonal shape, and their specific size will be easy to remove from the drawing if it is drawn to scale.

Since the width of the march and the width of the steps are constants, it turns out that the dimensions of the winder steps are more dependent on the radius R, that is, from the chosen location of the center A. And in order not to guess and not to redraw the diagram several times, you can “predict” this dependence in advance. To do this, you just need to translate the shown drawing into the "language of geometry". In this case, the patterns of similarity of triangles are most suitable for this.

Our online calculator will help you quickly and accurately determine this.

If you are planning to build a two-story private house or a country cottage, then at a certain point in the construction you will need to take care of the construction of a staircase to the second floor. Not everyone can make a staircase with their own hands - for this you need to have certain carpentry skills, and some experience, as well as enough free time. Wouldn't it be better to take advantage of an advantageous and.. offer from our professional company in Moscow. We offer stairs for every taste, color, style and economic opportunity of our customers. And with the current price list and with 100 magnificent photos of designs you can find in the presented article.

100 photos of the most beautiful stairs for every taste

Before proceeding to get acquainted with the incredible variety of ladder systems from a domestic manufacturer in Moscow, let's get acquainted with the theory - and what kind of ladders exist in nature.

Types of ladder systems depending on the design

So, stair structures to the second floor are divided into the following types:

screw

Spectacular and compact products, complex in manufacturing method, but with a magnificent view. Their main advantage is their small size, which makes it possible to place the structure even in a very small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room.

Photo 1.

marching

This type of ladder structures is the most common and in demand. This is explained by the simplicity of the circuit, reliability, conciseness and relatively low cost.

Photo 2.

Combined

This type of stairs is a great way out for those who wish to combine the advantages of the two types listed above - compactness from a screw design and practicality from a marching system.

Photo 3.

Types of stair structures depending on the material

Today, modern manufacturers offer consumers an incredible number of all kinds of ladder systems from materials such as:

• Tree of various breeds;

Photo 4. The cost of wooden stairs is also very different, it all depends on the value of the wood. For example, an oak product with handmade railings will cost much more than a beech or spruce staircase.

• Marble and other natural mineral;

Photo 5.

• Ultralight metal alloys;

Photo 6.

• Forged construction;

Photo 7. Forged stairs are grandiose and magnificent. The high cost of such work is more than compensated by the incredibly spectacular appearance of the product.

• Concrete system;

Photo 8.

• Combined designs that include several materials at once in one product - wood, metal, stone.

Photo 9. Stair structures that combine several types of manufacturing materials at once are a real work of art that can transform your home beyond recognition

Our specialized enterprise in Moscow offers its customers modern, safe and beautiful staircase designs for every taste. In the assortment of the company you will find a huge number of ready-made products, and you can also order a staircase according to an exclusive original project.

Photo 10. Spectacular and high-quality products from the company "Profi Stairs" will perfectly fit into both modern and classic interiors.

Huge selection of inexpensive stairs in Moscow

In a huge and diverse catalog of our company, ready-made stairs are presented at attractive and competitive prices, classified in the following areas:

• modular designs;

Photo 11. The modular system will perfectly fit into any modern interior.

• wooden crafts;

Photo 12. Wooden stairs - stylish, reliable and environmentally friendly

• stairs for cottages;

Photo 13. Stairs for cottages will certainly decorate the interior of your home

• structures of the second floor;

Photo 14.

• products to order;

Photo 15. Order a ladder from us and you will transform your home beyond recognition

• spiral staircases;

Photo 16.

• products with forged elements

Photo 17. Stairs decorated with forging are always in trend

• metal structures and other types.

Photo 18. Metal stairs are suitable for a stylish country house

Staircase designs for every taste

Photo 19.
Photo 20.
Photo 21.
Photo 22.
Photo 23. Photo 24.
Photo 25.
Photo 26.
Photo 27. What kind of stairs do not exist in nature - order an exclusive design for yourself
Photo 28. The staircase will create coziness and emphasize the style of your home.
Photo 29. Wood is the most versatile stair material.
Photo 30.
Photo 31.
Photo 32. Straight staircase in the style of "minimalism"
Photo 33.
Photo 34. Design construction of the second floor
Photo 35. Cozy wooden staircase for a country house
Photo 36.
Photo 37.
Photo 38.
Photo 39.
Photo 40. One of the incredible designs
Photo 41. Classic is always in fashion Photo 42. Photo 43. Photo 44. Forged products - grandiose and magnificent
Photo 45. Photo 46. Photo 47. Photo 48. Photo 49.
Photo 50. The price of a ladder product depends on many factors - the complexity of the design, the cost of the material, the exclusivity of the design
Photo 51. Ladder with wide steps and a slight bend is absolutely safe to use
Photo 52. Thanks to forged elements, the design looks light and airy.
Photo 53.

Price list for stairs from a company in Moscow

Let us consider in more detail with the indication of prices for each of the types of stairs presented by our company, indicating their current price.

Modular stairs

Photo 54. Modular staircase "Duet" with steps made of natural oak
Photo 55. Construction "Duet" with steps made of beech - an economical and effective product for your interior

Modular stairs series "Elegant" - a great solution for a stylish interior at affordable prices, presented below:

Photo 56.56 335 rub.
Photo 57.50 390 rub.
Photo 58.51 321 rub.
Photo 59.44 290 rub.
Photo 60."Prestige" with a turn of 180 degrees - price 47 160 rub.
Photo 61. Direct "Prestige" - 42 748 rub.
Photo 62."Solo" of a direct design - a stylish and effective product at a reasonable price 70 858 rub.
Photo 63.78 498 rub.
Photo 64. 180 degree reversible design "Modern" - exclusive and fashionable design at an affordable price 125 262 rub.
Photo 65. Staircase with a turn of 90 degrees series "Modern" cost 120 030 rub.
Photo 66. Product "Super Elegant" with 180 degree rotation has a price 108 277 rub.
Photo 67.113 118 rub.
Photo 68.

wooden stairs

This type of stair products will appeal to those who appreciate natural wood, simplicity and reliability of the design. The material used for the manufacture of these stairs is environmentally friendly, beautiful and reliable.