Birch hung. Widely distributed in the European part of our country from southern regions to the borders of Fondra.

It usually participates as an impurity to wide or coniferous rocks in a variety of combination in various types of forest conditions. Despite its widespread, the morphology of the root system of the birch until recently is poorly understood.

Under conditions of fresh suprava on medium-pulled medium-domicular soils in pine-birch plates I class I bonitte, full of 0.8 Birch roots have 10-15 well-developed horizontal roots of the first order, forming a thick network of skeletal, semi-honeymake and suction roots in the upper horizons of the soil. . At the 27th age, the length of the horizontal root of the first order reaches 8.05 m, the diameter of 13.6 cm. The rod roots are weakly developed, penetrate into the depths of the soil at 95-115 cm. Most trees have a large number of well-developed vertical branches from horizontal roots. Some of them penetrate the soil to a greater depth compared to the rod roots. However, individual trees have a complete absence of vertical branches. The length of the skeletal roots of horizontal orientation and their branches depends on the tree growth group.

Compared to other birch breeds, there is the highest branchiness coefficient - 17.2 (pine 3.0, oak 1.5, fir 5,6, Maple 1.8). The area of \u200b\u200bthe projection of root systems is 33.1-46 m 2, the soil volume occupied by the roots, 11.0-43.7 m 3, depending on the tree growth group.

The intensity of the indemnity of the soil occupied in different trees is different - from 19.1 to 111.1 m / m 3, that is, compared with the pine, 1.8-2.6 times more. The average annual increase in the volume of soil occupied by the roots reaches 4.1 m 3, according to the total length of the roots of 15.4 m 3, on the surface of the suction space of the roots of 9.1 dm 3.

Grab ordinary. Usually, in natural conditions, the HRB does not forms clean asstensions, but its value as a concomitant breed is great. Widespread in the broad forest forests of the south-west of the European part of the USSR. It is characterized as a breed having a powerful surface root system.

In the root system of the Grab in 15-year-old oak-robber cultures under the conditions of the Vinnitsa region on gray forest soils (the type of forest and fresh dubrava) is prevailing the roots of horizontal orientation.

However, at the same age, well-developed rod roots, having a high degree of branching and penetrating to 1.9 m. The first-order horizontal roots reaches the length of 5.9 m. The degree of branching is high, there are skeletal roots of the seventh-eight branching orders. In the total length of the roots, the roots of the second order of branch prevail, in the total mass - the first, and by the number of branches - the third order of branching.

Beech forestry. In the USSR, the beech naturally grows in the Kaliningrad region, in the Carpathians and Predarpathia, Moldova Coders and in the Crimea. The structure of the root beech root system, as well as white fir, is not studied enough.

As well as the fir, the root system of beech in 11-22-year-old spruce-beech-fir-fir cultures in the conditions of a carpathian at an altitude of 750-1000 m above the UR. M. It has a pronounced surface structure .. The rod root in the 11-22-year-old trees is usually absent. It is transformed into a short thickening, which is a continuation of the tree trunk.

The relative participation of horizontal roots in the total skeletal length is 99.2-99.96%, in the total mass of the root system 70.1-73.2%. In individual trees, there can be 3-4 vertical branches, some of which have intense branching and penetrate into the depths of the soil on clefts up to 160 cm. However, single trees are found on deeper crushed stone soils, the rod root of which at 18 years old through clefts in Rock rocks penetrate to a depth of 241 cm.

The roots of the beech of the first order are distinguished by severe frightenness at the base. Then, at a distance of 0.1 length, their diameters decrease relative to the length more moderately, and the roots acquire a more pronounced cord-shaped form. The nature of the root faction expresses the following form coefficients by relative lengths: 0.1-62.3; 0.2-50.4; 0.5-27.8; 0.7-16.5; 0.9-7.9%. Form coefficients and coefficient of the root volume (0.1800) indicate a relatively short filling of the beech skeletal roots.

The area of \u200b\u200bprojection of the root system in the top growth trees at the 22nd age is 60.6 m 2 (at the middle trees 21.2, in the growing increase of 10.5 m 2). The volume of the soil space occupied by root systems at this age in the trees of better growth is 36.4 m 3, the average 12.7, lagging behind in the growth of 3.2 m 3. The compactness coefficient of the root system is respectively 14.3; 16.6 and 20.6 m / m. These indicators are slightly higher than the european either.

Cheerful oak. It grows within its natural range in the middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR, in the Crimea and in the Caucasus. Within such a wide range of Oaks occurs in various types of forest-and-wood conditions and types of forest. Being a breed, demanding of soil fertility, oak in vivo forms mixed plantings on soils representing a relatively wide range of both fertility and moisturizing. However, in certain cases, it may have the III-IV classes of Bonitet, forming a second tier in mixed stands on dry, poor sandy soils. In more favorable conditions, it goes to the first tier, reaching II or I class I, and on rich, well-humidified soils - I and IA of Bonitte classes.

The best conditions for the grinding oak plant - fresh and wet gray forest loams, degraded chernozem, powerful brown mining and forest soils. Under the influence of soil conditions, the features of the structure of the root oak root system are formed. With the ability to form a powerful rod root from the very first years, the oak on the soils with excess moisture forms the surface root system, with a relatively insufficient moisture, it gives well-developed vertical branches from horizontal roots, on the soils with the presence of the Ortstein type compacted horizons forms the second tier of the roots above its surface. .

In the root system of oak, the roots of the vertical orientation prevail the roots of the vertical orientation in the chernozem of ordinary low-massens with signs of southern chernozem in oak-yasery crops. Vertical branches begin to appear at 10 years old, but already at 18 years old they make up about 20% of the total length of horizontal roots. Horizontal roots are weakly branched. The highest relative participation is the skeletal roots of the first order. The branching of the rod root is more intense compared to horizontal roots.

The depth of penetration of the rod roots of oak reaches at 10 years of 4.05, in 18-year-old 4.86. The development of vertical branches from horizontal roots is intense. Some of them in diameter and length exceed the rod root, reaching the depth 250-280 cm. The main number of roots is located in the upper soil horizons. In the top growth trees, up to 83.8% of horizontal skeletal roots are placed at a depth of 20 cm, 95% - in a 0-40-centimeter soil layer.

The chernozem degraded is formed a more surface root oak system. The relative participation of the roots of horizontal orientation by 13-20% more with a corresponding decrease in the number of vertical branches and rod roots. At the same time, there is a significantly large branchedness of horizontal and rod roots, despite the fact that the greatest relative participation is preserved behind the roots of the first order of branch. The depth of penetration of the rod root into the soil is sharply reduced. It constitutes a better growth trees at a 9-year-old 167 cm, 16-year-old 183, 18-year-old 195 cm. This is more than 2 times less compared with the depth of penetration of the root of oak powder on the chernozems of ordinary low-hummous in the southern steppe.

On gray forest soils in fresh types of woodworking conditions in the structure of the root system of oak, the relative participation of vertical branches is 2-2.5 times more than on degraded soils, and almost 3 times more than on the chernozem ordinary. The intensity of the development of horizontal roots and the rod root is significantly higher here than on degraded and ordinary chernozem. The total length of skeletal roots in these conditions is already at the 10th age several times more than that of the 16-19-year-old trees in the previously reviewed conditions. The depth of penetration of the rod root on gray forest soils reaches at 10 years of 190 cm, and in 25-year-old 555 cm, which is much more compared to other soil differences. Vertical branches are also intensively developed and already at 10 years old reach 215 cm. Consequently, fresh forest sublibious soils are most favorable to grow oak powder.

Some changes in the structure of the root systems compared to the gray forest soils of the right bank of Ukraine and chernozem are observed in conditions of sod-podzolic and gray forest soils of the western part of the forest-steppe. The total intensity of the development of root systems is less than on chernozem and gray forest soils of the right bank. The rod root is much weaker, the growth of Ortstein soil horizons with signs of flocking is prevented here. The depth of penetration of the rod root reaches on ferris-podzolic soils at a 14-year-old age of 160 cm, on gray forest 220 cm.

Root systems of older trees are fully executed at the last stage of their development. Horizontal oak roots in the 90-year-old (planting of I class Bonitte, the soil average-turf-weakly-casual low-oopscent on fluvioglacial sediments) are represented by powerful first-order roots located near the soil surface at a depth of 30 cm. From the rod root at a depth of 32-60 cm 11 roots of horizontal orientation depart.

The intensity of the root branch is rather weak, the greatest number of branches-torshee. Horizontal roots form a network of cord-shaped roots located near the surface of the soil. The length of the most developed first order root is 22.4 m. The total length of skeletal surface horizontal roots with branches to the fifth order is 1995 m, the deep 207.9 m. Surface horizontal roots have vertical branches up to 113 m long, which make up about 5% of the total The length of these roots. The deep roots of horizontal orientation differ in poor development. The greatest relative participation in this category of roots is the roots of the second order.

A feature of the deep roots of the horizontal orientation is their ability to form vertical branches, which can be directed not only deep into, but also up to the surface of the soil. Surface horizontal roots have well-pronounced inacidity, at the base of the root, their vertical diameter may exceed horizontal 5-8.5 times. The difference in the sizes of vertical and horizontal diameters disappears at a distance of 60-140 cm on the base of the root depending on its size. The deep horizontal roots of the decidification do not possess.

The 90-year-old rod root has many branching of large diameters, strongly intertwined with each other and almost completely contrived at the top. Anchor roots formed in close proximity to the tree of the tree are intertwined with the rod root and its branches. The penetration depth of the main root is 178 cm, anchor - up to 250 cm. The rod portion of the root of the oak of the cherry is a single, monolithic plexus of the rod root and the nearest anchor roots that have grown together.

The length of the elements of this surrounding system is 17.8 m. The total length of the rod part of the root system and vertical branches from the rod roots is approximately 130 m, or 5% of the total skeletal root length.

Oak, like other tree species, the root system is mainly involved in the roots of the horizontal orientation, the most intensively mastering the upper tillage horizons in the range of 0-60 cm. However, Oak has the ability to form deeply reaching soil and hydrological conditions and highly developed rod root. The ability to form it to form vertical branches from horizontal roots is slightly smaller than many tree breeds (pine, nut, chestnut, linden, spruce). The intensity of branching of the root of oak is weak, and there is no significant variation of this feature under the influence of soil conditions.

The average branching coefficient of oak root is expressed by 1.46, which is lower than its value obtained for other tree species. The filling intensity of the skeletal root roots is determined by the coefficients of the form of the root on the relative lengths: 0.1 - 72.4 ± 0.55; 0.2 - 56.2 ± 0.63; 0.5 - 29.8 ± 0.54; 0.7 - 16.7 ± 0.4; 0.9-7.4 + 0.20. The coefficient of volume of horizontal skeletal roots of oak 0.1851, which indicates a large cordability of its roots compared to other rocks.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe projection of the root oak systems can reach 50 m 2 age, to a 25-year-old more than 60 m 2. Exceeding area of \u200b\u200bprojections of root systems over the area of \u200b\u200bprojections of the crown ranges from 5.4 to 8.4. The high penetration depth of root penetration into the soil provides an oak to the rapid development of significant volumes of soil space, which makes the exceptional compactness indicator of its root system, which is in the range of 1.9-10.8.

Lipa largest linden. Widespread in the forests of the European part of the USSR. It grows on various soils, preferring richer, fresh forest watering conditions. It acts in natural plantations and is used in cultures as a concomitant breed with oak, pine, larch, as a rule, forms a second tier, and in less favorable conditions - the third one.

The root system is well developed. In its structure (in 12-year-old cultures, on gray forest subline soils), the roots of the horizontal orientation are 78.6-93.6%. There is no better growth in the rod root, in the middle and increasing growth, it takes 3.1 and 9.9% of the total skeletal root length. The branching of skeletal roots is limited to the formation of third-order roots. Vertical branches from horizontal roots are 3.6-11.2%.

The structure and structure of the root system of the linden indicate its surface location. The penetration depth of the roots is at the best growth tree 40 cm due to the deepening of horizontal roots. In this 40-centimeter, the soil layer housed all 100% of the roots of the best growth tree. The rod roots of the medium growth trees and growing in growth reach depths of 80 and 70 cm. The average annual increase in the largest horizontal root is 21.7, the average of 14.3 cm. These indicators are significantly lower than that of other wood species in this plantation (Klen Javore 40.8 and 15.7, birch by 35.4 and 27.1, pines of an ordinary 0.43 and 16.3, an oak of cherry 28.9 and 17.5 cm).

The intensity of the branching of the roots of the linden is medium. It is characterized by a 2.1 branchiness coefficient. It is somewhat larger than that of the javor's maple (1.8) and oak (1.5), but significantly less than that of other joint growing breeds (in pine 2,5, birch 17.2).

Filling the roots of the linden is determined by the form coefficients on the relative lengths: 0.1 - 0.657 ± 0.016; 0.2 - 0.472 ± 0.017; 0.5 - 0.330 ± 0,018; 0.7 - 0.220 ± 0.012; 0.9 - 0.104 ± 0.04. The coefficient of the root rate is 0.1701, which corresponds to the average value among other wood species.

The area of \u200b\u200bthe projection of the root linden system is less than that of other breeds: the best growth tree is 9.3 m 2, the average 10.0, which is growing in the growth of 1.3 m 2. The volume of the soil space occupied by the root system is respectively 2.2; 2.7; 0.3 m 3. The compactness coefficient of the root system is very high. The best growth tree is 37.7, at the middle 19.1.

Maple isolate. Like oak, the maple is widespread in the forests of the European part of the USSR. However, the biometric characteristics of the root system of the maple is poorly studied. When aggravated in the cultures of oak, the keple is a sharp-developed root system consisting of a rod root penetrating into the depths of 3 m, and the powerful roots of horizontal orientation. The intensity of the root dealer of the upper horizons of the soil in the maple is almost not inferior to the oak powder.

Sycamore maple. It grows in the Carpathians as an impurity in spruce, beech and fir forests. At the same time, it is widespread in the plain forests of the Vicarpathia. The wood of this breed has a greater economic value.

Maple Jawor is distinguished by well-developed rod and horizontal roots. Horizontal roots have branches of the third and fourth orders. The roots of the vertical orientation are represented by the rod root and its branches of the second and third orders. The bulk of the roots on the brown mining soils is located in a 0-30-centimeter layer, but separate rod roots penetrate the depth of more than 1 m. Yavora, as in other breeds, the roots of horizontal orientation prevail in the total length of the roots (81.2 -99.2%), the participation of the core root in the total mass of the roots in Yavora is much more. In the total length of the roots of Jawor, the roots of the second-third orders are dominated.

The length of the skeletal roots in Yavora is less than that of ate, fir and beech, but unlike them, the rod roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots are more intensely developed.

The difference in soil conditions is reflected in the structure and structure of root systems. At deep gray forest soils, the relative participation of the rod root in the total length is significantly larger than on the brown mining soils of the average power, and the length of the rod root with branches on gray forest soils is 2.5-8 times more. Under these conditions, vertical branches from horizontal roots are more intensively developed. The maximum depth of the penetration of the rod root on the brown mining soils is 120 cm, on the gray forests at the age of 12 in the middle growth trees - 123 cm, the best - 510 cm.

Furging the horizontal roots of the Maple Maple is characterized by the following form coefficients on the relative lengths of the root: 0.1 - 67.3 ± 0.01; 0.2 - 46.0 + 0.01; 0.5 - 24.4 ± 0.07; 0.7 - 16.2 + 0.01; 0.9 - 9.2 ± 0.003. The volume coefficient for the horizontal roots of the first order of 0.1444. According to the intensity of filling the roots of Javor, it occupies the middle position among the wood species presented in this textbook. The intensity of the branching of the roots of the javor maple is very low (the average branching coefficient is 1.8).

The maximum average annual increase in the length of the horizontal root of the first order is 21.7 cm, the average increase of 14.8 cm, the average annual increase in the rod root of 6.7 cm. The ratio of the growth intensity of rod and medium horizontal roots is on gray forest soils 0.47.

The area of \u200b\u200bprojections of the root system to 18 years old on brown mining soils reaches 20.4 m 2, on gray forest soils at a 12-year-old age of 11.2 m 2, which corresponds to the area of \u200b\u200bthe projection of the roots of the 14-year-old trees (11, 5 m 2) on brown soils Carpath.

The root system of the Maple Javor on the gray forest deep soils is distinguished by low compactness. Thanks to the rod root, which intensively penetrates deep into the root system relatively quickly occupies an extensive amount of soil space. In the 12th age, in these conditions, the soil occupied by root systems is for a better growth tree of 19.3 m 3, an average of 18.9 and lagging 1.1 m 3; coefficient of compactness of root systems, respectively, 2.6; 2.9 and 2.9 m / m 3. However, this figure increases in 10 or more times on medium-freighteous brown minor forest soils, where the top growth trees at the 8th age is 36.3, in 12-year-old 26.3 and in 17-year-old 23.2 m / m 3.

Walnut walnut. In natural forests grows in the mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan. Widely cultivated in Central Asia, in the Caucasus, Ukraine, in Moldova and in the south of Belarus. Prefers fresh and wet enough rich soils (chernozem and gray forest soils). Already by the 6-year-old age on gray forest soils, not only well-developed rod and horizontal roots are formed in nuts, but also a significant number of vertical branches. The depth of the penetration of the rod roots at this age is depending on the group of green growth 273, 241 and 194 cm. The branches from the rod root are uniformly throughout its length. The total length of vertical branches from the roots of the horizontal orientation is 6.9-12.3% of the total length of skeletal roots. Each tree has 8-10 vertical branches. The depth of penetration is also different depending on the tree growth group. So, in trees, lagging in growth, it is 49-67 cm, 82-124 trees, the best 120-241 cm. The average annual increase in the length of the horizontal orientation roots is 61-73 cm, in diameter 3,4-9, 5 mm.

Branching of the roots is quite intense: 420-820 skeletal branches. The highest order of branching at this age is the fourth, but the roots of this order are very small (0.3-0.9%). The main relative participation in the total length of skeletal roots take the roots of the second order of branch (39.1-55.8%).

In the overall length of skeletal roots of walnut walnut, vertical branches from horizontal roots take significant relative participation. The compactness of the root systems is insignificant.

Walnut walnut is characterized by high intensity of the root growth in the diameter reaching the horizontal orientation of 0.95 in the roots of the horizontal orientation, and the rod roots 1.05 cm. The area of \u200b\u200bthe horizontal projection of the roots is respectively for groups of growth of trees 38, 26 and 23 m 2, which exceeds the area of \u200b\u200bprojections Croons, respectively, at 2.9; 3.9 and 5.5 times.

Furiousness of the roots is characterized by the following coefficients of the shape of the roots on the respective relative lengths: 0.1 - 56.5; 0.2 - 35.1; 0.5 - 26.1; 0.7 - 18.7; 0.9 - 11.4. The coefficient of the root volume is 0.1207.

Veschina ordinary. Widespread in the European part of the USSR as an undergrowth. Within its natural range, it is found in fresh and wet hygrotopopes on chernozem, borous, gray forest, dend-podzolic soils with high fertility.

The root system of the slash in the conditions of the Western of Ukraine on the dernoslabopzolistric light-coded soils in the fresh robust sanguvea in 90-year-old sine IA of the Bonitte class is as follows: the rod roots are absent, horizontal have high branchiness. The overall length of the skeletal roots of one bush reaches 256 m, of which the roots of the first order of branch are 8.7, the second 40.8 and the third 50.5%. The total number of branches in the most developed bushes 850, including the first order of 1.1, the second 21.9, the third 77.1%. The coefficient of branchiness of the roots is high - 7.8. Filling the roots of the first order is characterized by form coefficients on relative lengths: 0.1-0.54; 0.2 - 0.38; 0.5 - 0.25; 0.7 - 0.174 and 0.9 - 0.14. The coefficient of the skeletal root of the first order of 0.1224.

The bulk of the roots of the flake is located at a depth of 0-30 cm, however, individual roots penetrate into 60 cm. The roots of the flavory, diverting far to the side of the bush, master the significant area of \u200b\u200bpower, reaching 15 m 2. Despite this, the coefficient of the compactness of the root system is 28.3%. Thus, the root gear system is quite intensively inhabiting the top horizon of the soil in plantings.

Cachet edible (sowing). Chestnut edible (sowing), European, or noble, naturally grows in the Caucasus, and is also widespread in the Carpathians, forming high-performance valuable ancient in cultures. Chestnut forms a deep root system due to large roots, reaching the cosmatrimony into the depths of the soil. The rod root is absent. Root systems of 10-year-old trees in chestnut cultures involving oak powder in Carpathian brown mining soils consist of a rod root, horizontal roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots. Part of the horizontal roots go into the soil under a well-pronounced angle in the cosbeltics direction. The skeletal roots of the first order in the trees of better growth are a bit, and in trees that are lagging behind in growth, they are much larger. At the same time, trees that are lagging behind in the growth, there are no second-order branches and vertical branches from horizontal roots, and the rod roots are developed significantly weaker. This suggests that weaker trees master the vital soil space with younger horizontal first-order roots.

In the structure of the root system of chestnut sowing, the main relative participation is taken by the roots of horizontal orientation. However, attention is drawn to the very high relative participation of the roots of vertical orientation in the trees of the best and medium height. Thus, the total length of the rod roots and vertical branches is in the trees of better growth 25.7, the average is 12.7%.

In the structure of the root system of chestnut sowing at the 10th age, the roots of the second order of branch prevail. So, at the top of the best growth, the horizontal roots of the first order are 21.7%, the second 46.7, the third 10.9, vertical branches of 15.8%, the rod root with the branches of the first and second orders of 4.9% of the total skeletal root length.

The core roots of the chestnut penetrate to a depth of 3 m. However, the depth of penetration of the core roots of the oak powder with chestnut grudge is 4.2 m.

Just like other wood species, the area of \u200b\u200bprojections of the root systems of Chestnut significantly exceeds the area of \u200b\u200bprojection crowns. This provision is characterized by the following indicators: a better growth tree has a crown projection area of \u200b\u200b3.14 m 2, the area of \u200b\u200bprojection of the roots is 22.04 m 2, i.e., 7 times more; At the medium height tree, respectively, 1.76 and 12.6 m 2, i.e., 7.2 times more.

The intensity of the population of soil space with skeletal roots at the Tree of a better growth of 6.7, the average 6.1, which is growing in the growth of 13.9 m / m 3.

Horizontal roots of chestnut sowing relatively minor. The diameter of the first-order roots by 0.5 relative length is 34.9%, which is significantly higher than in many tree breeds. As well as other breeds, the horizontal roots of the second order in the chestnut sowing less frighteners than the roots of the first order.

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The plant is one-bedroom, with rim flowers in inflorescences, fruiting mainly on the rockets and fruit twigs. In biologically close to rowan ordinary. It differs from non-easy leathery leaves, dark-colored fruits and bush-type growth (the height of the shrub does not exceed 2-3 m). The root system is horizontal, urine, superficial, for soil conditions is unable. [...]

Flowers from July to autumn, ripe spikelets fall along with inflorescence. One plant gives about 1000-2000 seeds. For germination of seeds, a temperature of 20-35 ° C is needed and sufficient soil moisture. Shoots are formed only with the surface sealing of seeds to a depth of 3 cm, and the light increases their germination by 2 times. The root system is represented by the apparent roots penetrating the soil to a depth of 1.5-2 m. Thick roots that permeate the arable layer in all directions are carried in numerous renewal kidney nodes and on loose soils are focused mainly in the layer to 20-25 cm. From The kidneys or from ascending rozes are formed overhead shoots. Some of them are fruiting, and others, especially on dense soils, extend along the surface in the form of a weave, and after 1-3 m, the tops are pouring them back into the soil. Therefore, there is a strong silence of the soil by a swine. [...]

In the fight against the bodian, agricultural measures are widely practiced. Brushing after harvesting crops ensures the elimination of relatively weak young plants that have grown out of seeds. Against well-developed plants use a depletion method, which includes multiple surface treatment with deep trimming root system. Crouching the root system accelerates the awakening of the renewal kidneys, weakens and depletes the viability of plants. The greatest success in the destruction of this weed is achieved with a combination of mechanical and chemical methods. In the crops of crops, the buoyat is well suppressed by the herbicides of 2,4-d, 2m-4khp, as well as their mixtures. [...]

In the spring of 1997, communications with an increased power of snow cover containing large water reserves during the snowmage period on the slope where the experience 5 is located, the intensive flow of melt water was formed, which led to the development of soil erosion. Melting water, staining along an overlapped soil layer, an underlylated Merzlot, which served as a waterproof, was produced on the plugs of the jarkens for the depth of the soil (3-5 cm). Due to the exposure of the node of the body and the upper part of the root system, in places of the soil, plants occurred. The most significantly suffered from the erosion of the plant on the defensions of the first repetition of the experience located in the concave part of the slope, which was held the most concentrated surface drain. In this regard, the first repetition of the experience, on which more than 50% of plants died from erosion, was excluded from experience and plague. [...]

Each of the three types of xerophytic root systems is focused on different water sources. Plants with deep penetrating rod root use deep water representing even a difficult to achieve, but a fairly reliable constant source of water supply. Plants with a surface type of root system are focused on the maximum use of precipitation almost at the time of their loss. Such plants have the ability to mostly use precipitation than plants with a deep root system. A powerful root system, intensely penetrating the entire volume affordable plant, occupies an intermediate position. It uses water that penetrates into the soil and delayed it, that is, not depicted in the depth, where the groundwater is locked. [...]

Due to deeper root systems, the majority of C. can activate bio-geochemical exchange between deeper soil layers and arable horizon. Absorbing nutrients from deep layers of soil, they raise phosphorus, calcium, trace elements in surface layers, where root systems of cultivated plants are concentrated. Single culture C. Replaces the introduction of 25 kg / ha phosphorus. [...]

Young generative plants preserves the ability to form silavenic shoots. The shoots of the basal part of the crown are so long and thin that under the action of their own gravity they are saved down. In the basal part of the crust of peel fractured. Adult leaves, mainly with a wedge-shaped plate, rhombic. The root system is apparent, superficial. [...]

Weeds with a deep root system extract minerals from inaccessible cultural plants of deep layers of soil. Nutrients produced by weeds from soil depths are enriched with a surface layer of soil, and this helps to improve the conditions of growth and the development of cultivated plants. Weeds to a certain extent protect the soil from erosion, preventing the movement of the elements of the mineral nutrition of plants beyond the limits of agrobiogeocenosis. Weighing plants diversify the species composition of agrobiocenosis, contributing to an increase in the number of related animal species and especially insects. The emergence of new symbiotic links approaching the agrobiocenosis to the natural community is stimulated. The multi-shaped composition of the agrobiocenosis prevents the exorbitant reproduction of insect-dominants, capable of causing significant harm to sowing. Sowing without weeds more often amazed by pests .. [...]

Cucumber is an annual stray plant. With the help of the mustache, it is firmly attached to the supports and grows up. The leaves of angular heart-shaped, large, regular, in the sinuses of the leaves appear men's flowers (empty) and fruitless women's (ovary). On side shoots, as a rule, women's flowers are formed more than on the main thing. With the culture of cucumbers in a protected ground in order to obtain an early and friendly harvest, the main escape in plants pinch over the second or 3-4th sheet. The cucumbers are brought to us from hot tropics, so high demanding to heat and moisture is the most characteristic feature of cucumber plants. It is not by chance that the people allocate "cucumber" years, when in the summer there is warm weather, they are drowning rains through the deck-two and with the heated surface of the Earth there is warm evaporation. In the air drought atmosphere, the growth of cucumbers weakens and even suspended. Cucumbers are demanding and soil moisture. The root system of them develops in the surface layer of the soil and the change in the humidity of this layer adversely affects the overall development of plants. In order for the top layer of the soil (10-15 cm) all the time in a wet state, small, but frequent watering are required for cucumbers. [...]

Features of the care of early onion bulbous plants. The main value of the early onion of bulbous plants is in very early blossom, which during the summer is no longer repeated. Therefore, early bulbous plants plant on sunny places near the house on the background of the lawn or in front of small shrubs. After the launch of the leaves in June, July, the place freed in the flower bed may be occupied only with semids with a shallow and surface root system, for example, Nemesis, Lobelia, Portulak. That is why early onion of bulbous plants are not planted in the center of the flower bed. [...]

The phosphorus, absorbed (adsorbed) on the surface of the root system, is easily washed off when the root system is immersed in water and much more difficult to flow into the plants. From the total number of phosphorus adsorbed by the root in 20 minutes of stay of plants on the water, entered the above-ground organs almost seven times less than during the same time it was lost in the outer solution. It seems that the first portions of phosphorus adsorbed by roots in a short time can not move further on the plant and that it is more ease of ease for new portions of phosphorus entering the plants after saturation of the surface absorption capacity of the root. [...]

There is also a layout of summer places, close, on the crash, but with a different structure of the bush, such as Eshchol-ration, walney and marigolds. The classic was the contrast combination of yellow with purple (Tagtess Gnome and Age-Ratum). Surface root system of textures (Salvia, Begonia, Grazilis, Petunia Terry, Nasturtium, Lobelia) Allows you to land them into wide vases, boxes, decorative containers, etc. Long blossom of these plants creates a decorative effect for several months. [...]

The amount of suspended material, which can be demolished from the surface of the drain, is largely depends on the vegetation cover (Fig. 2.13). The structure of plants above the surface is the physical barrier, which reduces the intensity of the surface drain. The root plant of plants under the ground hits the soil particle, which prevents erosion. [...]

In this paper, we were interested in a general question: how deeply reflect the surface effects on, plants with solutions of chemical compounds on the course of physiological processes distantly connected with what happens at the exposure site. In particular, it was interesting to consider the nature of the surface spraying of surface spraying by the retrofitivir substances on the activities of the root system of the plant organism. Studies were carried out on wheat Lyutnescex 758 and tomatoes of the "Best of All" varieties. As a growth regulator, a sodium salt of 2,4-d (2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceous acid) was taken in the form of an aqueous solution, which sprayed plants. In experiments, it was assumed to trace the effect of toxic, causing formative changes in plants, doses of 2,4-d and lower, stimulating doses. [...]

Outdoor leaves, widespread, root, on the main velvety-left background along the veins are located darker spots of oval, elongated or linear shape, the lower side of the leaves purple, with the same pattern. Long stuffs, up to 15 cm, with wings. In nature, this species, as well as other representatives of the Maranth family, lives in Brazil's tropics, in the Amazon River basin, where high temperature reigns, the spirit is saturated with water vapors, which determines the requirement of the plant to culture: the trend and moisture, It needs permanent spraying Yes, I maintain high humidity and cover the root moss, winter temperatures should not fall below 17 °, it grows well with the northern exposure, but when protecting from direct sunlight can be kept on Western and eastern. Land mixture: sheet, humid, peat, sand (4: 1: 2: 2) with the addition of a small amount of coniferous ground and crushed charcoal. In the Marantic surface root system, therefore they cultivate them in flat tanks, arranging a good drainage. With the slightest tube of plants, the leaves roll up, and when the water is stuck, the roots are dropped, so it is necessary to water it in winter. We define the division of large specimens in spring during the period of active growth. In wide tanks or in the soil of the Winter Garden, the Calatei grow up lush, forming spectacular decorative-deciduous groups. They are good for the arrangement of flower baskets. In room conditions with high dry air of Calatei and some types of Marant "It is better to grow in glass greenhouses with a waterproof DKOM and artificial highlighting of daylight lamps (Fig. 60). [...]

Of the 13 meeting and the USSR, the species of dogwood most well-known and useful is a male dog (S. MAS). This is a large, high up to 4-5 m high, a multi-strip shrub, sometimes the form of a low (5-7, rarely up to 9 m) of the tree. Dogwood male is widespread in the mountains (from footing up to 700-800 m) of the Caucasus and the Crimea, the southern part of the USSR also grows, and outside of our country - in South and Central Europe and in Asia Minor. This is a very unpretentious plant. It can be found in the slopes of all exposures, a variety of soils, including dry gravel, in undergrowth of deciduous forests, in thickets of shrubs and open solar slopes; The surface microdone root system allows the crosshouse even on significant steepness. [...]

Water movement in the soil from bottom to top is carried out by capillary forces. Since this is the phenomenon of surface tension, the height of the rise of water is inversely proportional to the diameter of the soil. Thus, the smaller the pores, the greater the distance of the capillary movement. The rise of capillary water from the level of groundwater (the depth on which all the soil is in the state of field moisture mixture) replenishes the loss of water on the plants and to evaporate the soil. Water loss on evaporation affects only the upper soil layers, since as the water column increases to extract the soil moisture, more and higher pressure is required. In the period of long drought it is easy to recognize plants with a finely occurring root system. [...]

The right choice of varieties plays a big role. In recent years, interlinear hybrids PI hybrid plant at 20 brushes gives more than 20 kg of fruits. It should be noted that the seeds collected from hybrids cannot be used for sowing in the following years, since plants of them do not have high qualities. I have a new grade that I called Golden Akre Dorf. Plant growth is terminated when they reach a height of about 1.2 m. It is a very busy strambered variety that does not require support. Grade Liquorous EXlelents with its excellent surface root system is very valuable for both large and small hydroponic farms. [...]

The main condition for the construction of a sustainable, long functioning composition is the correct selection of species in terms of their ecology, namely the same requirements for the irrigation regime, illumination and the composition of the soil. It is important to take into account when group landing the character of the root system and the growth rate of each type. Plants with a surface root system deep - with a strong rod are plated into low vases. With a free landing into the ground, the plants are very quick and magnificent, losing initial proportions. This method of planting is suitable for compositions constructed symmetrically, i.e. foreseeable on all sides, and on the principle of free, natural plants. When constructing asymmetric compositions, each plant is better cultivated in a separate pot, and to combine into the group with any aggregate - peat, moss, vermiculite, sand, clay. Pottery culture restrains the development of root systems and, accordingly, the above-ground parts of plants, slows down their growth, and the composition as a whole preserves the initial proportions longer. The advantage of such a landing is also the possibility of rapidly replacing one instance by another without damaging the roots of the plant. Current caring for compositions consists in watering and feeding taking into account the rhythm for the development of plants of alternation of rest periods and vegetation, timely pinzires ke and trimming. Group landings and solvents in mobile tanks are recommended to be periodically rotated to avoid uneven growth of shoots due to one-sided lighting. [...]

The selective effect of auxins depends on a number of factors. Very often sensitive are two-color plants with horizontally located wide leaves, which, after spraying, the solution is delayed, and resistant plants, often single-bedroom, with narrow, vertically directed leaves, from which the droplets are easily rolling. In addition, the epidermma in some plants are more permeable for Auxin solutions than others. Another cause of selectivity in the action of herbicides during the processing of soil is associated with their solubility in water. For example, weaklyolar herbicide can be adsorbed in surface soil layers. Hence, it is absorbed by weeds with a shallow-located root system, which are dying as a result, and cultural plants with more deeply located roots are not damaged. Conversely, if the roots of cultivated plants are shallow, then you can use a more polar herbicide, which lens down and will absorb deeply rooted weeds. However, more important than all these factors has a hereditary difference in the sensitivity of living cells of various plant species to synthetic auxins. [...]

Setting the deadlines for making fertilizers, the depth of their sealing, in particular, during feeding, it is necessary to be considered with the nature of the development of the root system of plants, its penetration depth, as well as with the ability of some crops to form additional roots developing in surface layers of the soil. [...]

On cooler slopes to reduce the mobility of impaired soils and braking, plants with a solid and deep root system are used - shrubs. At the same time, much attention is paid to preventing the htsching of embelling herbs or shrub, superficial drain, especially in the initial period. With a high surrounding surface runoff on steep slopes, use? Mulching is a laying of roots of plants with straw, manure branches or foliage, and in addition, they are arranged with a hole. [...]

The role of mycornizes in tropical rainforests, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of a mycorrhis mushroom, which feeds the saprotrophospores on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals is not the soil itself, but soil mushrooms. . Mineral substances come to the humbness directly from the hypotic mushrooms. In this way, more polyuetics are provided by the use of minerals and more than their comprehensive circulation. It is explained to imopo that most of the roasting rainforest plants are in the surface layer of soil to a depth of about 0.3 m. [...]

Microerring is the most economical water-saving watering methods, among which drip irrigation is the most famous. With this method of irrigation, water is supplied through the system of distribution plastic pipelines, in which each plant has droppers that supply moisture drops to the surface of the soil in the zone of propagation of the main mass of plant roots (used in the former USSR); or porous tubes, laid above the surface of the Earth or bringing water straight to the root system. All this significantly reduces the loss of evaporation and seepage, but the most important thing is that with drip irrigation, it is consumed by 20-25% of water less than in conventional sprinkle, by 40-60% - than with surface irrigation. This economical method of watering agricultural land began to be widely used in many countries of the world (Table 40), and the area of \u200b\u200birrigated land with the help of micro-training from the mid-70s in the world has increased almost 8 times, and now this value is more than 475 thousand. . ha. Experiments in foreign countries (USA, Israel, South Africa) have shown that the use of M. allowed to increase alfalfa yield 2 times, potatoes - by 75%, barley - by 43%, etc. (Pustla, 1989). [...]

The desert is grassy and shrub (some areas of Africa, such as sugar, the Middle East and Central Asia, a large swimming pool and south-west of the USA, North Mexico, etc.). The climate is very dry, with hot day and cold nights, precipitation is less than 200-250 mm per year. Vegetation: xero-fithic herbs and rare-resistant shrubs, cacti, many ephemers, quickly developing after short rains. Root systems in plants are extensive, surface, intercepting rare precipitation moisture or rod roots penetrating into the ground to groundwater level (30 m and deeper). Animal World: Diverse Rodents (Tushkanchiki, Susliki), Uncoat (Kulans, Jaran, Viloroga Antilope), Predators (Wolf, Coyote, Corsaq). From the birds of Szazzha, Ryabki, Lark. Many reptiles, insects and spider-shaped. Soils are light brown, serous, taccts. Ecosystems are fragile, easily violated as a result of re-fall, wind and water erosion. [...]

The leaching of the scattered elements and the inclusion of them in the migration processes occurs not only as a result of the effects of abiogenic factors on rock and their mechanical destruction products. Alive organisms play an active part in this. Some of them, above all, wood plants are removed using the root system from the depths of the ore elements, including heavy metals. The subsequent decomposition of deciduous puff and dead wood leads to the enrichment of the surface layer of the soil by these elements. Therefore, we can talk about the functioning of a kind of geochemical, or rather the biogeochemical pump (V. M. Goldshmidt), due to which geochemical anomalies are often formed on the surface. [...]

With regard to the results of the impact of emissions into a living nature, then the following circumstances should be taken into account. For the conditions of Bovanenkovsky fishery for almost 9 months, the surface of the soil is covered with snow, in which the gradual accumulation of acid precipitation occurs, in essentially, without any further physico-chemical transformations. During the spring flood, a portion of the pollutants dissolved in water is carried away with the river with the river of the Sayach river flowing through the complex. However, due to a poorly developed drainage system, for most of the territory of the fishery during the flood period, there are no active mixing and movements of "contaminated" water, and it geographically remains in about the same zones (on the same areas), where the surface accumulation of pollutants, T .. Either in the adjacent water bodies, increasing the acidity of the upper layers of water, or in the upper ground layer, having a partially negative impact on the root system of plants. However, as the analysis showed, the main negative impact on the MAY and lichen (the main type of vegetation cover for the location area of \u200b\u200bthe BGKM), and during their spring-summer vegetation, they have "acidic" precipitation. The distribution histogram of the areas of some thresholds of irreversible changes of moss and lichen due to the effects of acid precipitation is presented in Fig. fifteen.

"Plant a tree, build a house, give birth to a son ..." The time of time, life is inextricably linked with the life of a person. How to place faithful satellites so that they cancel themselves and pleased the eyes for many years?

The tradition of planting a tree into the dates significant for a person goes its roots in prehistoric times. Our ancestors honored the "Coriferatives" of the plant world and attributed to them magic properties. Especially in this, dried druids. To this day, it is considered a kind to put a tree to the wedding, in honor of the birth of a child and after the arrangement of your own family nest: the lively guard protects against evil, gives strength and health. Activated alleys raise the branch in memory of the outstanding people ... What is already talking about - the rare owner will refuse to plant at least one tree on the site. But in our time in priority, the practical value of these Flora representatives - they are key elements. So, trees:

• make a garden three-dimensional,
• zonat
• cover uncompatient
• or, on the contrary, serve as bright accents
• and, of course, give a graceful shadow.

Earlier in the villages almost near each house, splashing giants were crushed - or. Today, not every owner of land "acres" can afford to invite in permanent garden of large handsome hands. Fortunately, over the past decades, the efforts of breeders have a lot of compact varieties with column-like or. The trees are becoming more beautiful every year, and their aura, protecting the garden, is stronger.

Autumn leaves maple Dlanoid (Acer Palmatum) 'aureum' acquire an orange-red shade. This low-speed tree reaches only 3 m in height, so it is great for landing in a small garden.



Jacmon Birch and Maple Dlanid "Aureum"

Hardwood plaida Clenoliste (Platanus Acerifolia) gives the desired coolness in hot summer days.

Foliage plum Melkopilica (Prunus serrulata) in the fall is painted in reddish yellow tones. The plant in the garden requires a lot of "personal space", since its crown in diameter reaches 5 m.

Choosing a green satellite, Analyze his deco-potential: Does "Newbie" fit into the garden's appearance? For example, trees with picturesquely falling branches, such as birch hung (Betula Pendula) 'youungii' or beech forestry (Fagus Sylvatica) 'Purpurea Pendula, - ideal candidates for a romantic area and natural style. And trees with geometric crowns - a winning option for gardens in a modern style. They take up little space and, as a rule, even without preserve the form.

Undisputed garde favorites Trees will be, preserving decorativeness all year round due to bright foliage and crust, lush flowering, abundant fruiting (, rowan).

Observe the distance

The tree at the house is the classic of the garden "genre." But so that this tandem is harmonious, when landing, you need to carefully calm the distance. Do not land out large trees near the wall of the house. After all, even views with narrow krons, such as cherry small, or Sakura 'Amanogawa' require a lot of "personal space".

For narrow pales It is better to choose plants that are well tolerated (for example, common Grab (Carpinus Betulus)After all, they are easy to "fit" under the desired size.

Another important point - the features of the root system. Next to paved Tree tree circle is not the most suitable place to plant other plants

Compete with these soles for water and nutrients can except shadowish and drought-resistant herbian perennials, such as the:

• sparrow (Lithospermum),
• (Duchesnea),
• epimedium (Epimedium),
• (Symphytum)

as well as hardy decorative herbs and dwarf shrubs, eg:

• solid Shadow (Carex Umbrosa),
• (Euonymus Fortunei)
• pakhizandra (Pachysandra).

Single easier to find satellites for capital, Liquidambar, Ginkgo, Decorative Apple and Sakura. Under them you can break the flower garden:

They do not like pests

Lipliste lime (Tilia PlatyphylLOS) often attacks sheet. As a result, an adhesive feet appears on the leaves, because of which it becomes very unpleasant to rest under the tree. If you decide to plant such a tree in the garden, give preference to Lipe Silver (Tilia Tomentosa): it is more resistant to this attack.


On the leaves of the linden appears sticky paud but maple field Acer Campestre) often affects. The situation will save the choice of a variety less susceptible to this disease, "ELSRIJK '.

Love konsky chestnut ordinary (Aesculus Hippocastanum), but the contemplation of the leaves conquerved because of the moths of the flocks of the leaves does not entrust you? Set your garden more low horse chestnut meat-red (Aesculus x Carnea) 'Briotii' with red flowers - it is not to taste the pest.

Photo: Annette Timmermann, Gartenfoto.eu/martin Staffler, Gap Gardens, Marion Nickig, Ursel Borstelll, GBA / Staffler, D. Van Dieken, F. Schuberth, F. Siemens, Alamy / Zoonar, Robert Mabic. Staging: W. Bohlsen / k. Nennstiel / m. Schacht.a., Georg / k. Wiegert.
Pictures: MSG / Claudia Schick.

The empty soil under the trees and shrubs looks unattractive, and the weeds extending through free areas take a lot of time and strength. It is quite difficult to find a solution to this problem, because, on the one hand, the crown of large trees and shrubs is too tight and does not provide sufficient lighting for landing the lawn, and, on the other hand, planted plants may interfere with the development of the main actors of the Garden. And the more thick, the trees and shrubs have a dense crown, the more superficial root system, the more difficult the task of placing the place around them. But this does not mean that there is no solution to such a problem. Among the garden plants there are many very beautiful and unpretentious perennials, which their roots will not interfere with the development of shrubs or trees actually, as well as a great many "lungs" of soil workers who not only feel well in the shade, but also create favorable conditions for the development of trees. The main thing is to choose a magnificent accompaniment for specific species and varieties of trees.

Not all trees "love" the neighborhood with other plants. "Peace-loving" linden, apple tree, oaks are as if created in order for their rich zone to be decorated with lush plants and bright colors. These trees have a compact, not too wide and deep root system, which allows you to plant a variety of plants in the shade of crowns, even perennials that actively use moisture and nutrients of the soil. It is fully for them to rank and pears with cherries. Under such trees that will not give up the neighborhood with other cultures in the rolling circle, plants for creating as a beautiful carpet as possible are planted quite tightly, with one square meter to 12 saplings of soil workers, about 7 average or 3 major perennials.

It is much more difficult to arrange a zone under such representatives of trees as a maple is in -uret or birch, because their roots are located very widely and develop horizontally, close to the surface of the soil. Herbatous perennials in such trees are inappropriate, and the soil collens will need help: to pour a layer of compost with a palm with a palm with an additive of the gardens of garden soil between the roots with the addition of a gardens of garden soil, to climb the plants to climb them with large sawdust or bark and wait until the plants come true and distribute the plants. . Starting should be started with several plants. The landscaping of the ribric circles of Birch and Maple is not the same season, and most importantly in it - stock patience and allow plants to gradually develop independently. Twice a year between plants should be launched a new compost and double-blade with organic fertilizers, as well as provide additional watering into drought.

But there are among trees and such plants that create a very strong shadow in which only units of plants can take place, and they are "scared", releasing poisonous substances. Thus, the wood and chestnut in the leaves contain poisons, which, after fastening, fall into the ground and suppress the growth of plants in the attractive zone. Robinnia is even more cunning: poisons allocate not only the leaves, but also the roots. Next to these plants, the lush carpet will not create.

The easiest way to fill the space around the trees and shrubs is to create a green carpet under them, which will close bare areas not only under large trees, but also under low shrubs without harm to themselves. Create it, of course, with the help of soil rims and shafts close to them with decorative leaves. In addition to the decorative effect, green plantations will allow suppress the distribution and development of weeds, significantly simplify the care of the garden, saving enough of you a lot of time, which is usually spent on weeding. Actually, the green carpet may not necessarily be only green: combining plants with beautiful foliage with seals, planted by clearing and "walkers", you can create colorful, highlighting shady places from the inside, carpets that are more reminiscent of the pechework style.

Selecting the plants for your green rug, pay attention to the period of their decorativeness: the longer your plants will be attractive, the more stable and colorful will be the design of your garden. So, if the soil ribs are good only in the active garden season, then such evergreen handsome handsome, like a hardy and unpretentious, and besides, and quickly growing ivy, Barwinka, Pakhisandra, clutch will cover the soil not only in spring, summer or autumn, but also in winter The period without losing its attractiveness regardless of the season and weather, and decorative-deciduous stars, such as host, so spectacular that the lack of a winter dress is easy to forgive. The Top Pahisandra pleases the eye of the foliage of a juicy green color, a dense and magnificent carpet of carved leaves, under which free soil is not visible. But the host with its large heart-hearteds with the pesting patterns fills the shady places with charm and light. And let it appreciate it more precisely for the decorativeness of foliage, flowering that lasts all summer is also very attractive. Barwinka is a plant. Easy, but such a cute thanks to modest leaves and amazingly bright flowers. It grows in the shade, and in the sun, durable, blooms very long and easily settle even under shrubs. Much more space will be required to beckle of Thongs with its powerful shoots, but bright foliage, for winter changing yellow-green patterns on pink-green, it is worth allowing other cultures. And to dilute the green sea of \u200b\u200bleaves and bring summer bright paints to it. Teenylebiy annuals - begonias, mimeulyus, balsamines, nasturtiums, some types of fine geraniums.

If shrubs can be "arranged" only the covering of soil and precipitated plants with rare enclosures of blooming seals, then under the trees you can arrange a real mini-flower bed (if, of course, we are not talking about pear, lime, oak, apple or cherry with a surface root system) . The ideal combination for registration of areas under the trees is considered a combination of perennials that are not afraid of competitors and are well evolving even in the cramped conditions of crushing ornamental herbs and tepenubivy ferns. They play in contrasts, create the effect of the motley sea and only emphasize the beauty of the soloist trees.

Some of the best plants capable of living in the shade is the magnificent stepper with its unique long inflorescences from bizarre bells, a bright cuff, an impressive epimedium, touching lounge. They definitely do not call imperceptible "crumbs"! The original blooming rug can be made up of a plush-owned cycle, which produces pink flowers in the late summer. It will not be superfluous in the collection of shadownased perennials and an impressive Astilba with its open-fibular loose pancakes or akveliya with elegant flowers, which is considered to be a ramped plant. But sometimes even too bold paints for shadow need balancing with the help of more restrained, but not less beautiful plants. Decorative School, the shielder excellent "reassure" blooming perennials and create a landscape effect in a rustic circle. But Gerani is better to plant in the scattered shadow along the edge of the crown as a kind of edging. By the way, geranium is the only plant that is suitable for creating a monofer from high perennials. Its root system is so compact that it is even possible to plant geraniums even next to the capricious beauties. Sit a few bushes in the rolling circle and after a few years you will get a surprisingly hardy and colorful geranium mat.

In the shade of huge trees, you can even plant small blooming shrubs, such as low rhododendrons. They should be surrounded by only one plant, because the accumulation of the different floor mats will look too screaming. To Rododenndrons, for example, you can put the clearing of Derena Canadian, which will be a surprisingly elegant duet with blooming handsome hands, or a contrasting dark flying ivy.

Accounting for the area of \u200b\u200bpropagation of the root system is very important when creating compositions from wood plants and planning landings of the lower tier. In an ideally composed composition, all the soil layers are mastered by roots of different plants, and they will minimally compete with each other for moisture and food.

Knowledge of the propagation features of the roots will make it easier to facilitate gardening and avoid numerous complications. For example, it is not necessary to make a pavement under a robinium, the roots of which will raise the tile. It is especially important to provide for trees with surface roots not oppressed perennials in nearby flower beds. It is better to put the root protection membrane with their close neighborhood.

Plants with rod roots, like pines, get moisture and nutrition from the lower layers of the soil. They are resistant to drought and wind, leave the living space to shrubs and herbaceous plants, and do not compete with them. However, they usually suffer at a high groundwater level, painfully transfer a transplant.

On the other hand, views with surface roots, like birch or will, tightly fill the surface layer of the soil, taking themselves all moisture and food. They are better adapted to the overwhelmed soils. Under their canopy, there are few opportunities for the growth of other plants. Often such species are depressing when the soil is overporing.

From Deliki: This table will help to avoid many errors in the preparation of wood-shrub compositions. Legend you will find below, under the table.

Russian name	Latin name	Plant size	Easy content
Plants with deep (rod) root system
Hawthorn bleeding, b.	Crataegus Sanguinea, c. Monogyna.	***	++
Ordinary pear, Ivolovaya	Pirus Communis, p. Salicifolia.	**	+++
Cheerful oak	QUERCUS Robur.	****	++++
Maple isolate	Acer Pseudoplatanus.	****	+++
Kishtan Konsky	Aesculus hippocastanum	****	+++
Larch Siberian	Larix Sibirica.	****	++++
Red cedar	Juneperus Virginiana.	**	+
Nut black	Juglans Nigra.	****	++++
Pine ordinary, s.Kedrov	Pinus Silvestris, p. sibirica.	****	++++
Lavroliste poplar	Populus Laurifolia.	****	++++
Clean ordinary	Fraxinus Excelsior.	****	++++
Views with a dense compact root system
Maaak's honeysuckle, etc.	Lonicera Mackii.	**	+
Veschina ordinary	Corylus Avellana.	***	++
Lipa Plotovate	Tilia Platifillum, t. Cordata.	****	++++
Single-color fir	Abies Concolor	****	++
Pseudootsuga Menzisa	Pseudotsuga Menziesi.	****	+++
Plum Chinese	Prunus Salicina.	**	+++
Mountain ash	Sorbus Aucuparia.	***	+++
Tis berry	Taxus Baccata.	**	+
Apple tree Nedlavetsky	Malus Niedzwetzkyana.	***	++
Plants with surface root system
Velvet Amur	Phellodendron Amurense	***	+++
Birch hung	Betula Pendula.	****	++++
Deren white	Cornus Alba.	**	+
Oak red and swamp	QUERCUS RUBRA, Q.PALUSTRIS	****	++++
Spruce ordinary	Picea abies	****	++++
Iva Ostroland	Salix Acutifolia.	**	+++
Irga Kruglyoliste	Amelancier Rotundifolia.	**	++
Maple Silver, Red, Ginnala	Acer Saccharinum, A. Rubrum, A.Ginnala	** (****)	+++
Larch Gmelin	Larix Gmelinii.	****	+++
Magnolia star	Magnolia Stellata.	**	+
Robinini pseudoocation	Robinia pseudoacacia	****	++++
Rhododendron Yellow and Dr.Vid	Rhododendron Luteum.	**	++
Pine Gorna	Pinus Mugo.	* (**)	++++
Snowy year white	Symforicarpus albus	*	++++
Tuya Western	Thuja Occidenthalis.	***	+++

Conditions adopted in the table

Large tree, height of more than 8-10 m (****)
Small tree, height up to 10 m (***)
Large shrub, height from 2 to 3 m (**)
Small shrub (*)

Does not require (++++)
Practically does not require care (+++)
Small care (++)
Regular care (+)