It's like an introductory structure. Introductory construction: examples

I. Introductory words and phrases are those that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and show the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed or to the way of expressing it. In pronunciation they are distinguished by pauses and special intonation.
Most often, words or phrases used as introductory words are:
1) to express confidence: certainly, without a doubt, indisputably, in fact, naturally, of course, true, of course, really, undoubtedly;

to express uncertainty: probably, apparently, perhaps, should be, it seems, seemed, maybe, probably, obviously, apparently, perhaps, in all likelihood;
to express one or another feeling: to annoyance, unfortunately, to chagrin, to joy, unfortunately, fortunately, to surprise, to misfortune, a strange thing, what good;
to indicate the source of the message or who it belongs to: they say, in my opinion, in the opinion of someone, according to someone, according to someone’s message, in someone’s opinion;
to indicate the sequence of phenomena, the connection between them: firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, therefore, so, thus, means, on the contrary, on the contrary, however, however, on the one hand, on the other hand, for example , in particular, let's say, therefore;
to indicate a way of expressing, formalizing thoughts: in one word, in other words, in short, in other words, so to speak, roughly speaking, to put it mildly;
to attract attention: do you see, do you see, know, excuse me, imagine, allow me, agree.

They are not introductory words: after all, in general, here, as if, as if, as if, supposedly, exactly, just, hardly, unlikely, almost, approximately, approximately, simply, as if, even, perhaps, suddenly, etc.

Introductory sentences, like introductory words and phrases, express the attitude of the speaker (writer) to what he is reporting: You, I know, are unpretentious (cf.: You, of course, are unpretentious).

Introductory sentences are emphasized intonationally using pauses and a faster pace of speech.

Inserted sentences contain various kinds of additional comments, incidental instructions, clarifications, amendments that explain the main sentence as a whole or a single word in it: Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (her father is an art professor, founder of the A. S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow , mother - pianist) born in 1892.

At the end of an inserted sentence, in accordance with its content and intonation, question marks and exclamation marks can be used:
The stars rose and went out (where does such tenderness come from?)... (M. Tsvetaeva)
In my hand - what a miracle! - your hand... (A. Fet)
Punctuation marks
for input and plug-in structures

1) Introductory words are separated by commas:
g,introductory , ] sl.	M. Tsvetaeva, of course, took a prominent place among the poets of the Silver Age.
2) The introductory word after the conjunction is separated from the conjunction by a comma. But if the introductory word comes after the conjunction a (less often) and forms a single phrase with it, it is not separated from the conjunction by a comma:
g and introductory ] sl. But: [..., A? introductory, ...]. L "sl." J	Firstly, thank you for everything and secondly, I invite you to visit. Firstly, thank you for everything, and secondly, I invite you to visit.
3) If the introductory word is included in a separate phrase and stands at its beginning or end, then it is not separated from the phrase:
[introductory vseparate ] "next phrase " " [separate from input. ] L"" "rev. """J"	Tsvetaeva, probably out of pride, never complained about poverty. Tsvetaeva, probably very worried, nevertheless persuaded the family to return to Russia.

[... (inserted), and...]
sentence [. (inset): .]
sentence
and etc.

In 1921, Tsvetaeva wrote the plays “Knave of Hearts”, “Blizzard”, “Fortune”, “Phoenix” (published in a separate edition under the title “The End of Casanova”), as well as the fairy tale poem “The Tsar Maiden”, etc.
In what cases are words (phrases) repeated in each pair of sentences introductory? Place punctuation marks.
1) You need to strive for happiness. - Fortunately, he is distinguished by his desire to be useful to people. 2) His face seemed sad. -

Everything seemed to be going as well as possible. 3) The solution is obvious. - Obviously we will have to make an appropriate decision. 4) You can support a person with a word. - In a word, he needs to be supported now. - Teachers, students, parents, in a word, everyone present was in a festive mood. 5) The message must be delivered as soon as possible. - It must have been very late. 6) Children sat on one side, parents on the other. - On the one hand, everything is going great, on the other hand, the lack of security is causing concern.
I First write down sentences with introductory words, and then
Topic I - with introductory and inserted sentences. Add missing punctuation marks.
1) “For all the complexity of her writing and thinking, she was surprisingly democratic and, as they say in such cases, humane,” Boris Pasternak wrote about M. Tsvetaeva. 2) “It seems that in my memories there is no more tragic image than this,” wrote I. Ehrenburg. 3) There must be a village behind that grove where I lived; love must be simpler and easier than I expected. 4) Here is the window again, where no one sleeps again. Maybe they drink wine, maybe they sit like that. Or simply - two hands cannot separate. 5) Apparently, until they sing the litiya over me, I will sin - as I sin - as I sinned: with passion! 6) Or maybe my feat is false and my labors are in vain, like being laid in the ground, maybe you’ll sleep until the trumpet. 7) Do you see me, these dissolute curls? You can’t make earthly salt. 8) The stars rose and went out, where does such tenderness come from? The eyes rose and went out right next to my very eyes... I have never listened to such songs on a dark night, where does such tenderness come from? on the singer's chest. 9) Perhaps everything in life is just a means for brightly melodious poetry. 10) Scattered in the dust in stores where no one took them and no one takes them! my poems, like precious wines, will have their turn. 11) To all of you, that I didn’t know the limits of others and my own in anything? I make a demand for faith and a request for love. 12) Two suns are freezing, oh Lord have mercy! one in the sky, the other in my chest. How can I forgive myself these suns? how those suns drove me crazy! 13) Do I envy you from afar? the pilgrimage will stretch out in confusion, crossing itself, along the black path towards my hand. 14) But until I cross my fingers on your chest about the curse! you still have - you! (M. Tsvetaeva)

provisions
Place the necessary punctuation marks and highlight introductory words. Parse the 4th pre-

1) He skimmed through the manuscript without even delving into its contents. 2) Are you silent, obviously not wanting to talk to me? 3) Saying goodbye, he looked at her for a long time, trying to remember every feature of his native face. 4) She did not reproach him, did not scold him, obviously understanding the meaninglessness of the words. 5) However, I will think about your proposal. 6) You are overtired and therefore need to rest. 7) Firstly, we don’t have much time and secondly, this event is not so important. 8) The work has not been completed, and therefore it is too early to talk about settlement. 9) Everyone has gathered, and therefore the holiday can begin.

Insert the missing letters and symbols, open the brackets.
Formulate the main problem of the text, comment

edit it, determine the author’s position.
Tsvetaeva, as a well-known(?) but always stood outside of poetic groups(?), because she felt(?) felt like an outcast “islander” from distant islands. The poet, according to her conviction, is (not) subject to the voice of reason and everyday logic. Of course, her contemporaries were most shocked by the fact that in the era of the formation of all kinds of poetic teachings and theories of declarations, they were born almost every day, and suddenly independent poems appeared (by girls) of a teenager who seemed to have never heard ( I haven’t heard of any Symbolists, Acmeists, or Futurists. In general, M. Tsvetaeva’s relations with (poets) contemporaries(?) largely determined her life(?) position.
There is no doubt(?) She felt a spiritual kinship with Blok Pasternak Bely Voloshin. Her confession is significant: “I am many poets, but how it is intertwined in me is already my secret.” In essence, she constantly (?) saw a road in front of her that came “from afar” and led “far away.”
M. Tsvetaeva’s reckoning with time is (not) easy. And (not) only because she (did not) accept the revolution. On the contrary, she argued that “(not) a single major poet of our time whose voice (has not) trembled and (has) grown after the revolution.” While, according to Mayakovsky, “all the middle” and “earthly
the ball itself split into two halves, red and white, Tsvetaeva equally condemned both of them for bloodshed. Explaining her militant(?) loneliness, she wrote: “To be a contemporary is to create your time and not reflect it.” But creating time (does not) mean agreeing with it: you can “fight with ten-tenths in it.” This battle led first to isolation and then to death. All hope was for the Future: “And most importantly, I know how much they will love me to read! in a hundred years!” And she turned out to be right about this!
(According to G. Sedykh)

(task no. 17)

A lesson on introductory constructions with examples. Rules and exercises that will help you complete task No. 17 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language

Introductory constructions can express:

1. Varying degrees of confidence

OF COURSE, OF COURSE, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, WITHOUT A DOUBT, UNCONDITIONALLY, ACTUALLY, SEEMED, PROBABLY, POSSIBLY, POSSIBLY

For example:

You, undoubtedly, do well on the exam.

To you, Seems, you need to practice more.

2. The speaker’s feelings and attitude towards what he is reporting

UNFORTUNATELY, UNFORTUNATELY, SURPRISINGLY, UNFORTUNATELY

For example:

You, Unfortunately, did not pass the exam very well.

To my great surprise, everything turned out to be in place.

3. The source of information that the speaker reports.

ACCORDING TO THE MESSAGE, ACCORDING TO WORDS, ACCORDING TO OPINION, IN MY opinion, ACCORDING TO RUMORS, SAYING, HEARD, IN MY OPINION, IN YOUR opinion

For example:

To you, according to doctors, you need to stop training for a while.
To you, They say, you will have to interrupt your training.
As old people say, there are fish in this lake.
According to my father's memories, as a child he studied well.

4. The order of thoughts and indications of their connections with each other

FIRST, SECONDLY, THIRDLY, FINALLY, CONSEQUENTLY, MEANS, SO, OPPOSITE, FOR EXAMPLE, ON THE CONVERSE, HOWEVER

For example:

Firstly, this participle is formed from a perfective verb; Secondly, it has dependent words. Hence, it should contain two letters N.

5. Method of forming thoughts and assessing the style of expression

IN OTHERWISE, IN ONE WORD, IT’S BETTER TO SAY, TO SPEAK SOFTLY

For example:

In a word, everything went well.

Speaking figuratively, in the very center of the Earth there is a huge cauldron cooking magma.

6. Ways to attract attention

LISTEN, WATCH, INTERESTING, etc.

For example:

But here, look, some kind of bird / It rushes lower and lower across the sky! (K.I. Chukovsky)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The following words and expressions never act as introductory constructions:

in general, for sure, after all, as if, as if, suddenly, please, after all, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, maybe, definitely.

Practical tasks

Exercise 1. Insert introductory words necessary for meaning. Add missing punctuation marks. Please indicate who owns message data.

2. There used to be a lot of fish in this (not) wide but deep river.

3. The hardest mineral is diamond.

Task 2. Find introductory words. Indicate their meaning. Write it down using punctuation marks.

Sample: Maybe, tomorrow there will be a thunderstorm (uncertainty).

1. It seemed that the quiet hour of the night gave the gray hair a special charm.

2. Indeed, stones come in different hardnesses. The softest stone is talc.

3. (Finally) luckily for me, uncle and old man Yakov turned towards a small park.

4. I (not) will detain you. (In) my opinion the matter is clear.

5. The air smelled of water, grass and fog - in a word, it smelled of ra(nn/n)im on a beautiful summer morning.

6. Science, in other words, does not deny faith and religion, but only complements them.

Task 3. Read it. Include an introductory word at the beginning of every second sentence that indicates the connection of thoughts. Copy using parentheses and commas.

I. 1) These are parallel lines. They (do not) intersect.

2) The introductory word is grammatically (un)connected (nn/n) with other words in the sentence... It is not a member of the sentence.

3) While working on a historical work, they study the past and try to vividly imagine historical pictures. To artistically recreate the past, both scientific knowledge and creative imagination are (necessary).

II. 1) (Bad) luck (not) embarrassed the boxer. She made him exert even more... strength.

2) Comrade... (not) offended by the joke. He himself laughed along with everyone.
⁠⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Note!

Many of the above words can act as parts of a sentence. In this case they are not separated by commas.
Life just carries me along fortunately. - Fortunately, everything ended well.
I dream of entering a theater institute, however Mom is categorically against this idea (adversary alliance). - Soon, however, my doubts were dispelled.
⁠⁠ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 4. Read and indicate where the highlighted words are members of the sentence and where they are introductory words. Copy using commas and underlining introductory words; indicate their meaning.

1) Exercise there must be done cleanly and neatly. - Student there must be I was in a hurry and didn’t think through the tasks to the end.

2) As a result of rapid snow melting Maybe flood. - In May Maybe there will be frosts.
3) Certificate issued by the directorate, really until the end of the year. - Really The weather was wonderful throughout September.

4) The decision in the case was perfect obviously. - Train obviously a little late.

5) My friend and I agreed on everything, but he unexpectedly acted completely vice versa. - The loss did not discourage the chess player; he vice versa forced him to play more carefully in the future.

6) What Means your silence? - Means will you come to me in the evening?

Task 5. Read, indicate where the highlighted words are members of the sentence, and where they are introductory words. Write down, using commas and underlining introductory words, indicate their meaning.

1) This moonless night it seemed was still as magnificent as before. (I.S. Turgenev.) – Tatyana Andreevna’s eyelashes were frozen and that’s why she it seemed that brittle streaks of light fall from the star onto the road. (K. Paustovsky.)

2) When you observe how a person behaves alone with himself, he Seems crazy. (M. Gorky.) - However, our fate Seems the same and we were born it is seen under one constellation. (A.S. Pushkin.)

3) From the previous chapter it is seen what was the main subject of his taste and inclinations. (N.V. Gogol.) – Assumptions, estimates, considerations wandering across his face it is seen were very pleasant. (N.V. Gogol.)

4) Almost against his basement stretched across a huge wasteland of city land... (A.I. Kuprin.) - But... Arkhip remained calm and unperturbed and did not grieve at all; against He even jumped over them and lashed them with his whip, not without pleasure. (I.S. Turgenev.)

Task 6. With the words indicated below, make two sentences each so that in one the given word is a member of the sentence, and in the other it is an introductory word.

Perhaps, in my opinion, unfortunately, on the contrary, let's say.

Task 7. Dictation.

Why do people read? Obviously, three reasons can be identified that motivate people to read. (Firstly) for mastering some (some) specialty. And although it’s (necessary) to study all your life... teach, etc.... one must learn to read from the time of childhood. And woe to the parents and children (not) understanding this! (Secondly, people read to satisfy their artistic needs, out of love for pr…red. Finally, we read, turning to dictionaries, reference books, scientific (popular) magazines in order to obtain information about the world around us.
True, there may be another reason - “to kill time”! Unfortunately, there are still people who don’t know what to do with themselves. They jokingly devour book after book, and a week later they can’t even remember what they read. But when reading... I require... (y/t) a thoughtful... in... thoughtful attitude. You should read (slowly) thinking not only about the meaning of the writing (nn/n) but also about the form, that is, about the style of the work of its sound... even about spelling... and punctuation... After all, what they say is true To be literate you need to not only learn school rules and do exercises, but also read a lot. After all, this is exactly how we see these boring rules in living speech, in the speech of the great masters of words.
Thus, reading can be of great benefit but may not leave a noticeable mark on the mind and heart of a person. It's all about being able to... read!

Introductory words and phrases

These are words or combinations of words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is reporting: I, I remember, I started reading, working - nothing went well . Yermolai shot, as always, victoriously. I , as usual,- Badly.

Meanings of introductory words (constructions)

Introductory constructions (introductory words and phrases) can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of a sentence.

So, there is no spring or autumn hunting in our area.
Large perches are undoubtedly fun to fish for.
It was not easy to convince him, I must say.

They are not introductory words: after all, as if, as if, as if, precisely, supposedly, even, just, hardly, hardly, almost, approximately, approximately, simply, decisively, as if, suddenly, exclusively.

It is necessary to distinguish introductory words And members of the proposal. Compare: I think it will be warm today (introductory word). He did it my way (how? - circumstance of the manner of action). In my opinion, my mother understood everything (by whom? - definition).

Introductory sentences

Introductory sentences are used in the same function as introductory words. They can be impersonal, indefinitely personal or two-part :

Time seemed to stand still. In this way, it is believed that more cargo can be transferred faster and more. But a gigantic banana, or , as they call him,“Tree of Travelers”, spread its leaves like a wide fan. Death, I think, threatened everyone equally.

Plug-in structures

Plug-in design- this is a phrase or sentence that contains additional information, clarifies, explains the described speech situation. I will never forget (he was or wasn’t, this evening): the fire of dawn burned and parted the pale sky, and in the yellow dawn - lanterns!

The inserted construction does not express the speaker’s attitude to what is being expressed and does not contain an evaluation of the message. It can be in the middle or at the end of a sentence. I was calmly (or restlessly) enjoying my fame, when a young man of a rich and noble family decided to join us (don't want to name him).

Additional material on the topic:

The necessary unit of language is the introductory construction. First you need to understand what it is.

Introductory design. Examples of introductory units

The person creating the text may include a word or combination of words in a sentence whose purpose is to evaluate or characterize the message.

An example of a sentence with an evaluative construction: But then, unfortunately, an insurmountable shyness fell upon me.

Example sentence with a characterizing construction: Everyone was probably a little confused.

In the first sentence, the content is assessed negatively using the introductory word “unfortunately.” In the second sentence, the message is characterized as possible by the introductory word “probably.”

Once we know what an introductory construction is, we need to understand the next point. They are separated by commas.

What is an introductory structure

Introductory units of language are called units that represent a phrase. They have features that distinguish them from other components of the sentence.

They do not expand the content of the message.
Such words express the speaker’s attitude to the information being communicated.
They are not connected with the members of the sentence, main and secondary, syntactic connections.
They will not change their grammatical form when the words in a sentence change.
They can be omitted without any damage to the meaning of the sentence.
Due to their autonomy, introductory units can be freely placed at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.

I guess I'll go.

I'll go, I guess.

Introductory units can refer to an entire sentence or to a single word. In the latter case, the introductory unit stands next to this word.

To feel like a senior, or, more precisely, in charge, became his need.

To feel senior or in charge, more precisely, became his need.

So, we also looked at proposals with examples. The main thing that is important to understand is that they are autonomous, which is why they are separated by commas.

Introductory units that do not have homonymous members of the sentence

Few of the introductory units function only as introductory components in sentences.

List of introductory words and word forms that do not have homonymous members of the sentence:

apparently;
actually, strictly speaking;
perhaps;
put;
Certainly;
Firstly Secondly Thirdly;
hence;
that is;
a sinful thing;
the hour is uneven;
what good;
at least;
at least.

Such introductory constructions are like incentives to action - you need to put commas. In this case, there are no other options.

Introductory units that have homonymous members of the sentence - predicates

Most introductory units are correlated with words of other parts of speech, which are members of the sentence in sentences.

Words that can be both introductory units and predicates:

	Sentences with introductory constructions	Sentences with member sentences
	I hope you are ready to go.	I hope for a successful outcome.
I repeat	All of you, I repeat, must give one example.	I've repeated the same thing a hundred times already.
I emphasize	I emphasize that we do not have losers in our family.	I always emphasize spelling in sentences.
	I remember you said something completely different.	I remember that evening in every detail.
I confess	Yesterday, I confess, I was already thinking about giving up the case.	I confess everything so that an innocent person does not suffer.
feel	I feel like I’m about to not be able to stand it.	I feel everything, but I don’t show it.
happens	It happens here that even hornless people butt heads.	Nothing like this happens here.
told	Here, they said, there were terrible battles.	They told me about this yesterday.
	Teachers, believe me, do not wish anything bad for you.	Believe me.
	Everyone here, understand, has gathered because of you.	Just get it right.
agree	With us, you will agree, everything was planned correctly.	You will definitely agree with him when you hear him.

The introductory construction, examples of which we looked at in the table, differs from the predicate in that it is not related to the subject.

Introductory constructions that have homonymous members of the sentence - additions

A significant group of introductory constructions are case forms of nouns with prepositions:

fortunately;
to joy;
Unfortunately;
unfortunately;
to the surprise;
to regret;

to despair;
to annoyance;
to shame;
For example;
by the way;
according to legend;
according to rumors;
according to conscience;
frankly;
to pleasure.

What is an introductory construction and what is an addition with a preposition can only be determined by comparing sentences. It will be possible to pose the question of the indirect case to the addition, but it is impossible to pose such a question to the introductory units. The introductory construction can be skipped, but the addition is impossible.

Introductory constructions with the conjunction “how”

Introductory units can begin with the word “how”, and it is necessary to be able to distinguish them from comparative phrases and complex sentences with the conjunction “how”. Comparative phrases “like + noun” can be transformed into a noun in the instrumental case. In any comparative phrase, the conjunction “as” can be replaced by the words: “as if”, “as if”, as if.” CPP sentences usually have a demonstrative word “so” in the main clause, which will not allow the conjunction “how” to be omitted. And such an introductory construction, examples of which are given below, can be deprived of the word “how” and the meaning of the sentence will not suffer from this.

as seen;
as is known;
as usual;
as it should be;
how they write;
as the saying goes;
as they told;
as it seemed;
as often happens;
as you understand;
as planned;
as expected;
as science says;
as practice has shown;
as indicated above.

Offers with comparative turnover:

The mouse's eyes are like beads. - The mouse has beady eyes.
The horse reared up as if bitten. - The horse reared up as if bitten.

Introductory constructions with confidence value

The speaker can express in a sentence his conviction in what he is saying, or, conversely, express doubt about the truth of the facts being presented.

Introductory words and constructions. Examples with confidence value
conviction	doubt about the truth
Certainly; indisputably; undoubtedly; indisputably; undoubtedly; without any doubts; of course; goes without saying; naturally; Truth; sure; Indeed; of course; needless to say.	apparently; apparently; it is seen; see; in all probability; probably; Maybe; obviously; Seems; right; Maybe; Maybe; May be; there should be.

It is necessary to differentiate in which sentence there is an introductory construction, examples and other examples of which were discussed in sufficient quantities above, and in which sentence there are members of the sentence homonymous to the introductory units. Here are some examples of the latter:

A textbook, notebook, pen - all this should be in your bag.
There may be a traffic police post on this section of the road.
It was so obvious that no one objected.
Dad can go to the meeting instead of Mom.
He said all this surprisingly naturally.
The lake was visible from the window of my room.

Introductory constructions with the meaning of emotional assessment of what was said

A speaker expressing a positive or negative attitude towards his message uses an introductory construction, examples of which are:

unfortunately;
to regret;
for bad luck;
bad luck;
what's worse;
which is offensive;
strange affair;
amazing thing;
which is amazing;
what good;
God forbid;

Introductory constructions - addresses to the interlocutor

In order to draw attention to the reported facts, the speaker uses introductory constructions:

listen;
agree;
believe me;
understand;
notice;
note;
judge for yourself;
imagine;
imagine this;
can you imagine;
what can I say;
Sorry;
Sorry;
think for yourself;
as you understand;
You know;
see;
do you hear;
please;
do you believe it?

Introductory constructions - a way to formulate thoughts

The speaker, formalizing his thoughts, uses introductory constructions:

in a word;
at all;
in other words;
in short;
roughly speaking;
let's put it bluntly;
one might say;
let's say without embellishment;
easier to say;
to put it mildly;
or rather;
to be precise;
as the saying goes;
Let's say this;
in other words;
so to speak.

Introductory constructions - the source of the statement

according to information;
by order;
as everyone says;
according to rumors;
by my calculations;
told;
according to eyewitnesses;
In my opinion;
according to you;
as research has shown;
as the results of the study;
as the weather forecasters say.

Introductory constructions indicating the sequence of reasoning

vice versa;
against;
however;
On the one side;
on the other side;
hence;
Means;
So;
Thus;
Firstly;
Secondly;
Thirdly;
finally;
in the end;
Further;
mainly;
first of all;
especially;
by the way;
By the way;
Besides;
For example;
in particular.

Sometimes introductory structures are used as a means of creating comic relief. For example, if we use the outdated form of the introductory combination of words: I, by the way, completed three classes of the gymnasium.

Introductory speech units and plug-in constructions

Constructions, which are called inserted, differ from introductory syntactic units in content, purpose, and emphasis marks. Plug-in structures usually contain various additional information to the main content. They serve to clarify various circumstances related to a fragment of speech, but they are not fundamental in their purpose. Most often, inserted structures are separated by brackets, sometimes by dashes; if they are not common, by commas.

Compare introductory and insertion designs, examples of which are given below.

Introductory syntactic units are not the result of the author’s creativity; they exist in the language in finished form. are usually unique.