Presentation on the topic: Assessing the competitiveness of an organization and its product

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Presentation on the topic: Assessing the competitiveness of the organization and its product

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Plan Analysis of the competitiveness of the company according to J.-J. Lambin Requirements and initial data for assessing competitiveness Methodology for assessing the competitiveness of a product based on its effectiveness and market factors Methodology for assessing the competitiveness of a product using the 11111 -55555 system Methodology for analyzing and assessing the competitiveness of a company

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Competitive advantage is those characteristics, properties of a product or brand that create for a company a certain superiority over its direct competitors. These attributes or characteristics can be very different and relate both to the product itself (basic service), and to additional services accompanying the basic one, to forms of production, marketing or sales specific to the company or product

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Competitive advantage can be external if it is based on the distinctive qualities of the product, which create value for the buyer by either reducing costs or increasing efficiency. A strategy arising from external competitive advantage is a differentiation strategy that relies on marketing know-how. the company's how, its superiority in identifying and meeting the expectations of customers who are dissatisfied with existing products

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Competitive advantage is internal if it is based on the firm's superiority in terms of production, management or product costs, which creates value for the manufacturer, allowing it to achieve a cost lower than that of a competitor. A strategy based on internal competitive advantage is a strategy of cost dominance , which is based mainly on the organizational and production know-how of the company

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Types of competitive advantage and strategies C - the ratio of the cost of the analyzed product sample and the priority competitor product; C - the same for prices; 1.0 - point corresponding to the cost and price of the product of the priority competitor; I is the cost strategy zone; K - quality strategy zone; I+K - zone of strategy for costs and quality; Y - zone of unprofitable strategy

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The intensity and specific forms of competition between direct rivals in the market vary depending on the nature of the specific situation. It reflects the degree of interdependence of competitors that arises in a specific market as a result of their actions. When analyzing the situation in a specific market, they rely on various competitive structures: pure (perfect) competition, oligopoly, monopolistic (imperfect) competition, monopoly

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The pure competition model is characterized by the presence in the market of a large group of sellers opposing a large group of buyers, with none of these groups having sufficient power to influence prices. In the short term, it is important for the company to monitor the production volumes of competitors and the emergence of new competitors , which will allow you to predict price dynamics. In the long run, the firm's interest is to escape the anonymity of pure competition by differentiating its products and thereby reducing their substitutability or creating switching costs for buyers. This result can be achieved by, for example, strict quality control, strengthening the brand image.

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Oligopoly is a situation where the number of competitors is small or a few firms dominate the market, creating strong interdependence. The result of a strategic maneuver depends heavily on whether competitors respond to it. Competitive behavior refers to the position that a firm takes in relation to its competitors in the decision-making process.

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Actually observed positions can be grouped into five types of behavior: independent behavior, when competitors do not take into account the behavior of the company; corporate behavior that implies a desire for agreement rather than constant confrontation; adaptive behavior based on explicit consideration of the actions of competitors; anticipatory behavior, which involves anticipating the reaction of competitors to any action of the company; aggressive behavior, when any gain for one is always a loss for the other.

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Monopolistic, or imperfect, competition occupies a middle position between pure competition and monopoly. Competitors are numerous and their forces are balanced. However, their products are differentiated, that is, from the buyer's point of view, they have distinctive qualities that are perceived as such by the entire market. Monopolistic competition stems from a differentiation strategy based on external competitive advantage

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To successfully implement a differentiation strategy, the following conditions must be met: any differentiation must be of value to the buyer; the value may consist in increasing the efficiency of resource use or reducing the costs of consumption and/or use; the value to the buyer must be high enough that he will agree to pay a premium price for it; the firm must be able to protect its element of differentiation so that competitors cannot immediately reproduce it; the price increase acceptable to the buyer must be greater than the increase in costs that the firm incurs to produce and maintain the element of differentiation; Finally, if the element of differentiation is subtle and not recognized by the market, the firm must create signals to achieve its prominence.

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Monopoly competition, like pure competition, is a limiting case. The market is dominated by a single manufacturer facing a large number of buyers. A similar situation occurs in the introduction phase of the product life cycle in nascent sectors characterized by technological innovation. An important factor is the expected duration of the monopoly, depending on the scale of the innovation and the existence of high barriers to entry for new competitors

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More frequent are cases of state monopoly, the logic of which differs from the logic of private firms. This is no longer the logic of profit, but of public good. The difficulty in this case lies in the lack of market control over the service of public interests, which contributes to the development of centralized management, focused rather on its own internal tasks. Cases of state monopoly, the logic of which differs from the logic of private firms, are more frequent. This is no longer the logic of profit, but of public good. The difficulty here lies in the lack of market control over serving the public interest, which contributes to the development of centralized management, focused rather on its own internal tasks

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Assessing the level of competitiveness of various objects is a very difficult job, because: firstly, competitiveness focuses on all indicators of the quality and resource intensity of the work of all personnel at all stages of the life cycle of objects; secondly, at present there are no international documents (by analogy with the standardization of other objects) on assessing the competitiveness of various objects; thirdly, in Russia, technical, economic, personnel, and social policies are not focused on ensuring the competitiveness of various objects.

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It is advisable to determine the competitiveness of simple and inexpensive objects on the basis of an expert assessment or trial sales of a new product. Initial data for assessing the competitiveness of goods, an organization and its competitors: 1. Beneficial effect of the product 1.1. Purpose indicators 1.2. Reliability indicators Including: standard service life (use, storage) reliability coefficient availability coefficient storage coefficient 1.3. Environmental indicators 1.4. Ergonomic indicators 1.5. Indicators of aesthetics (design) 1.6. Manufacturability indicators 1.7. Indicators of standardization and unification 1.8. Indicators of patent purity and patentability 1.9. Indicators of compatibility and interchangeability 1.10. Certificate number, by whom and when issued, validity period

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Initial data for assessing the competitiveness of goods, the organization and its competitors: 2. Total costs for the life cycle of a unit of goods 2.1. Costs of strategic marketing (per unit of a specific product) 2.2. R&D costs 2.3. Costs for OTPP 2.4. Production costs 2.5. Service costs 2.6. Costs of operation (use) and repair (disposal) for the standard service life of the product

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Initial data for assessing the competitiveness of goods, an organization and its competitors: 3. Quality of service for consumers of goods 3.1. Image of the manufacturing organization 3.2. Legal reliability of the organization 3.3. Financial reliability (sustainability) of the organization 3.4. Quality of product information 3.5. Quality of product packaging 3.6. Quality of service of a trade organization 3.7. Quality of delivery and installation (assembly) of goods 3.8. Quality of product warranty service 3.9. Quality of product repair 3.10. Quality of monitoring of the market mechanism 4. The share of this product in the organization’s sales volume 5. Indicators of the significance of the markets in which the product is presented

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Methodology for assessing the competitiveness of a product based on its effectiveness and market factors It is advisable to measure the competitiveness of the analyzed object (product, service) quantitatively, which will allow managing its level. To measure the competitiveness of the analyzed object, qualitative information is required that characterizes: 1) the beneficial effect of this object and competing objects over their standard service life, 2) the total costs for the life cycle of the objects.

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The efficiency of an object is calculated using the formula: where Ps is the beneficial effect of an object over its standard service life in a particular market, a unit of beneficial effect; Зс - total costs for the life cycle of an object in a specific market, monetary unit.

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The total costs for the life cycle of a unit of an object can be determined by the formula: where Zniokr is the estimated cost of marketing research, research and development work; Ztpp - the estimated cost of organizational and technological preparation for the production of a new facility; N - the number of objects that are planned to be produced according to this design documentation Zpr-vo - the costs of producing the object; Zvn - the costs of implementing the facility at the consumer, including transportation costs, the estimated cost of construction, installation and commissioning work; Zexp - costs of operation, maintenance and repair of the facility in year 1 (without depreciation of previous costs); Zlikv - costs of dismantling and liquidation of elements of fixed production assets (including the facility itself), removed in connection with the development and implementation of a new facility.

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According to the 11111-55555 system, without taking into account the weight of factors, the competitiveness of a product is determined as the sum of points for each factor. According to the 11111-55555 system, without taking into account the weight of factors, the competitiveness of a product is determined as the sum of points for each factor. An expert group is created to assess competitiveness, taking into account the weight of factors. The expert can assign from 1 to 5 points to each competitiveness factor. The weight of factors is from 5 to 1.

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The methodology for assessing the competitiveness of an organization is as follows: consider the level of competitiveness as a weighted average based on the indicators of the competitiveness of specific products in specific markets; separately analyze the effectiveness of the organization’s activities based on the competitiveness and effectiveness of each product in each market; separately consider the indicator of the sustainability of the organization’s functioning; predict the above three complex indicators for at least 5 years.

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Topic 4: Competitiveness and quality

Quality management 08050265 “Economics and management in an enterprise” 08050262 “Organization management” 0811165 “Marketing” Institute of Law and Management, department. Management Rukavitsyna Maria Nikolaevna

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The essence and functions of competition. Area of ​​competitive advantage. Level of product competitiveness. Competitiveness of the enterprise. Criteria for assessing the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises. Country's competitiveness: essence and its main indicators.

Topic 4. Competitiveness and quality

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Competitiveness, product competitiveness, “worldwide competitiveness” rating, level of competitiveness, quality of life, competitiveness assessment, consumption price, acquisition price.

Key concepts:

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Competition is rivalry between individual legal entities or individuals (competitors) interested in achieving the same goal.

regulating controlling allocative innovative

Functions of competition

4.1. The essence and functions of competition

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The competitiveness of a product (product) is an integral characteristic of a product that determines its advantages in the market compared to similar competing products. Areas of competitive advantages: Degree of compliance with a specific need (demand); The costs of solving a specific problem.

4.2. Area of ​​Competitive Advantage

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Main characteristics of competitiveness

quality consumption price

Competitiveness level: The ratio of the competitiveness indicators of our products (Kn) and the competitor (Kk). If K is greater than 1, then our products are considered competitive.

4.3. Product competitiveness level

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Factors influencing the scope of a goods transaction

Conditions for concluding contracts

Share of domestic components in complex technical goods

Reputation of the importing country

Supplier reputation

Availability of spare parts

Efficiency of delivery

Service organization

Topic 4. Competitiveness and quality 4.3. Product competitiveness level

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Federal Law “On Technical Regulation”

The state assumes responsibility for the safety of goods

regulation of processes for improving the quality and competitiveness of products belongs to the market, voluntary sphere

The competitiveness of an enterprise is its ability to produce and supply goods and services that meet the fair requirements of a free and fair market and bring benefits to the enterprise's employees.

4.4. Enterprise competitiveness

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Criteria for assessing the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises

Economic potential and performance efficiency

Production potential

Research potential

Financial position

4.5. Criteria for assessing the competitiveness of manufacturing enterprises

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The competitiveness of a country is an integral indicator of the level of development of a country, including the following indicators: Political risk (associated with the return of money); Economic prospects; External debt indicator; Debt due to default or debt restructuring; Solvency rating for credit debts; Access to banking resources; Access to short-term financial resources; Access to capital markets; Scientific, technical and industrial capital; Share of goods exported to the world market; High growth rates of the country's economy.

4.6. Country competitiveness: essence and its main indicators

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Self-test questions:

Describe the competitiveness of products (services). What are the main criteria for “global competitiveness”? Present a methodology for analyzing the competitiveness of products and companies. Describe the capabilities of the enterprise.

Gerasimov B.I. Quality control. – M.: KNORUS, 2007. – 272 p. Mironov M.G. Quality control. M.: Omega-L, 2007. – 664 p. Okrepilov V.V. Quality control. – M.: Publishing House Ekonomika, 2000. Shubenkova E.V. Total quality management. –M.: Exam, 2995. – 256 s. Evans James. Quality management / trans. from English; ed. EM. Korotkova. – M.: UNITY-DANA, 2007. – 671 p.

Competition encourages taking into account the needs of the market and generates among producers either opportunistic behavior associated with the modernization of production only because a competitor is doing this, or providing behavior that stabilizes their position in the market for the long term, or innovative behavior that determines the economic victory of the producer over a competitor through innovation. At the same time, there is a direct dependence of the influence of the level of competitiveness of products on production efficiency since: competitive products more fully satisfy the needs for them and always find a market; competitive products ensure the constant financial stability of the enterprise, as well as the receipt of the maximum possible profit.

Reserves The competitiveness of an enterprise can be increased through various reserves. reserves Reserves are understood as unused opportunities to increase the competitiveness of an enterprise, contained in the entire set of factors, and to reduce on this basis the costs of living and social labor per unit of created and sold consumer value. Competitiveness reserves are systematized in the scientific literature and ranked for each type of enterprise and organization. Competitiveness = price: quality ratio, that is, the less a unit of product utility costs for the consumer (unit of quality), the more competitive the product is.

Taking advantage of the market situation. This group covers all reserves related to how effectively and fully the enterprise uses the operating rules established by the state (the use of various tax incentives, government grants, subsidies, investments, loans; programs to increase the competitiveness of enterprises, etc.). Increasing advertising effectiveness. In market conditions, there is high competition in the advertising market. Advertising is a form of communication that attempts to translate the quality of goods and services, as well as ideas, into the language of consumer needs and demands. With the help of advertising activities, such advantages of the product as the presence of a quality certificate, affordable price, convenient place of sale, etc. are communicated to the consumer. This group includes reserves associated with the operation of the product (service, warranty periods, etc.). Use of production and technical potential. In this direction, an enterprise can increase its competitiveness by improving the use of fixed assets, improving production technology, improving the logistics of production; improving installation, commissioning, loading and unloading and transport services. Using the financial and economic potential of the enterprise. Competitiveness can be enhanced by improving financial stability. Use of human resources. The relevance of the reserves of this group is determined by the growing popularity of the human factor in management. There are significant opportunities in human resources to improve its use and quality development. Creating the necessary socio-psychological support for the entire activity management system is an important condition for identifying and using this group of reserves.

Ways to increase competitiveness Using the achievements of scientific and technical progress Intensifying production Providing the necessary technical equipment Improving standards Technical Implementing modern forms and methods of organizing and managing production Improving the commodity distribution system Expanding direct economic ties along the value chain Using domestic and foreign experience in the field of increasing competitiveness Organizational Using an agreed system of forecasting and managing the level of demand and supply of products Deepening the development of specialized production zones Improving the pricing system, including for industrial products Using an effective labor motivation system Introducing selective state support for priority industries Economic Thus

The government has a significant influence on the growth of competitiveness. Their influence is achieved through: Reducing production costs Reducing production costs (compensating for part of production costs by differentiating tax and interest rates, introducing tax and credit benefits, subsidizing production and exports) Regulation of prices and income Regulation of prices and income (price formation mechanism for means of production and products: indicative, collateral, target, guaranteed, threshold prices) Programs to expand demand for manufactured products Programs to expand demand for manufactured products (state subsidies and administrative assistance to exports, food assistance programs within the country) Regulation of customs and tariff policy, licensing export-import operations Regulation of customs and tariff policy, licensing of export-import operations

The first method is C p = C pr + I p where C p is the consumption price; Ts pr – selling price; And p are the costs for the consumer of this product over its entire standard service life. I n = (ZP + I rem + I mr + A + I pr) T n, where ZP is the annual salary fund for service personnel with contributions for social needs; And repair – annual costs for routine repairs and maintenance; And mr – annual costs for fuel, energy, fuels and lubricants and other materials; A – annual depreciation value; Etc – other annual operating costs; Tn – standard service life

The second method is KP = KP e KP t KP n, where KP is a comprehensive indicator of the level of product quality; KP e – a complex indicator of aesthetic and ergonomic level; KP t – a comprehensive indicator of the technical level; KP n – complex indicator of reliability Pk i = KP 2 i /C i ; Pk b = KP 2 b /C b, where Pk i, Pk b is an indicator of the competitiveness of the compared sample and the standard product; KP i, KP b – a complex indicator of the quality level of the compared sample and the standard product; Ts i, Ts b – estimated or actual selling price of the sample and standard product under consideration OP k = Pk i / Pk b – relative indicator of competitiveness OP k – relative indicator of competitiveness

The third method I tp = I i a i, where Itp is a summary index for technical parameters; I i – individual index of the i-th technical parameter; a i – weight of the i-th parameter. I ep = Tsp i / Tsp o where I ep is a summary index for economic parameters; Tsp i, Tsp o – consumption price of the compared and base sample, respectively. K and = I tp / I agro-industrial complex and is an integral indicator of competitiveness

Foreign experts in product competitiveness management believe that its level depends by % on the quality of the product. The quality of a product is a set of properties that determine its suitability for consumption and its ability to satisfy its intended purpose. Each thing, product, type of product has its own special properties that characterize their quality. High productivity and processing accuracy are important for the machine; for, car load capacity, speed, fuel consumption; for fabric density, shrinkage, wrinkle resistance; for shoes, its strength, elasticity of the leather, comfort of the last, compliance with fashion, etc. K opt = Q/C, where Q is the quality of the product; C is the cost of purchasing and operating the product.

The main components of quality that the manufacturer must pay attention to are: Determination of market needs (quality of choice of your consumer) Quality of product design Quality of the production process Compliance of the quality of the final product with the project Quality of after-sales service

What are the main characteristics of product quality from the consumer’s point of view: functional characteristics, compliance of the product with its intended purpose; reliability number of repairable failures over the service life; durability (service life) is an indicator related to reliability; defect-free - the number of defects detected by the consumer; ergonomic ones characterize the “person-product” system and take into account the complex of human properties that manifest themselves in production and everyday processes. a) hygienic (lighting, temperature, humidity, pressure); b) anthropometric (compliance of the product design with the size of the human body, etc.); c) physiological and psychophysical (compliance of the product design with the strength, speed, hearing, and visual characteristics of a person); d) psychological (compliance of the product with the capabilities of perception and processing of information); e) aesthetic (expressiveness, harmony, compliance with the environment, style, integrity);

The main problems in improving product quality management: inclusion of a marketing mechanism in the product quality management system; orientation of quality management systems to the consumer;. strengthening the mechanism of influence of quality management systems on all stages of the product life cycle. Reasons: lack of qualified personnel; limited organizational, technical and material base of enterprises; insufficient experience in the mass use of statistical methods;. lag in automation of technological and management processes.

Applicability of groups of product quality indicators Group of product quality indicators Product groups Group 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5 Natural raw materials and fuel Materials and products Consumable products Non-repairable products Repairable products Purpose indicators Reliability indicators: reliability ___++ durability maintainability -(+)* -+ storability + ++++

Indicators of economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy Indicators of manufacturability Indicators of transportability Indicators ergonomic - (+) Indicators environmental (+) + 8. Indicators of safety (+)

Aesthetic indicators - (+) Standardization and unification indicators - (+) Patent legal indicators _(+) Economic quality indicators Note: - inapplicability + applicability (+) limited applicability * instead of maintainability - restoreability

Certification of goods is divided into two main systems, which include various registration schemes. Mandatory certification is a means of state control over product safety. Goods and services intended for personal household needs, means of production, weapons, vehicles, etc. are subject to mandatory certification. voluntary certification is carried out at the initiative of legal entities and citizens on the basis of an agreement between the applicant and the certification body. According to current legislation, voluntary certification cannot replace mandatory certification.

The following categories of standards are used in Kazakhstan: Interstate (GOST), regional standard, approved by international standardization organizations; State (GOST K). GOST and GOST K include: 1. mandatory requirements for product quality and its safety for humans and the environment; 2. mandatory requirements for compatibility and interchangeability; 3. mandatory methods of product quality control; 4. parametric series and standard designs; 5. basic consumer properties, packaging, labeling; 6. generally accepted terms and norms. Objects of standardization: components of products; technological equipment and tools; technological processes; services provided within the enterprise; processes of organization and production management.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), uniting 90 countries, has been operating since 1946. The main task of international standardization: harmonization of the country's system of standards and bringing it to the international one, improving the quality of the country's products, cooperation with other countries, participation in the international division of labor. The ISO 9000 series of international standards includes: ISO 9000: general quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and use; ISO 9001: quality system. Model for quality assurance in design and development, production, installation and maintenance; ISO 9002: quality system. Model for quality assurance during production and installation; ISO 9003: quality system. Model for quality assurance during final inspection and testing; ISO General quality management and elements of a quality system. Guidelines. International standards establish requirements for product safety and compatibility. The main emphasis is on establishing uniform product testing methods, labeling and terminology, because this is necessary to ensure mutual understanding between the manufacturer and the consumer, regardless of their country of residence.

There are two forms of certification: Self-certification: guaranteeing product compliance with established requirements by the manufacturer itself; Certification by independent bodies. Gosstandart of the Republic of Kazakhstan certification body. Certification schemes – the composition and sequence of actions of the certification body during certification. In international practice, 8 schemes are accepted: schemes Test objects Place of selection of objects Place of testing Result 1 Product Manufacturer and/or seller Laboratory Certificate for product 2 Product Seller Laboratory Certificate for product 3 Product Manufacturer Laboratory Certificate for product 4 Product Manufacturer and seller Laboratory Certificate for product 5 Product and production Manufacturer and seller Laboratory and production Certificate of production and mark of conformity 6 Production Production Certificate of production and mark of conformity 7 Sampling from a batch of goods Manufacturer and/or seller Laboratory Certificate for a batch of goods 8 Each product Manufacturer and/or seller Laboratory Certificate and mark of conformity for goods

Adopted technical regulations of the Customs Union 2014 Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of explosives and products based on them" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of railway rolling stock" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union " On the safety of high-speed rail transport" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of railway transport infrastructure" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of low-voltage equipment" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union " On the safety of packaging" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of pyrotechnic products" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of products intended for children and adolescents" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Toys" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Perfumery and Cosmetic Products" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Machinery and Equipment" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Elevators" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Equipment for Working in Explosive Environments" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On Requirements for Automobile and Aviation Gasoline, Diesel and Marine Fuel, jet engine fuel and fuel oil" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "Road Safety" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On Grain Safety" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On Safety devices operating on gaseous fuel" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of light industry products" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of wheeled vehicles" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the Safety of Personal Protective Equipment" (TR CU)TR CU Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "Electromagnetic Compatibility of Technical Equipment" (TR CU)TR CU

This presentation is intended for use in a lesson in the discipline “Industrial Economics”. The information presented allows you to study the quality and competitiveness of products, get acquainted with regulatory documents on product standardization. The presentation can be used by students for independent preparation.

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Topic: Product quality and competitiveness

Department of Education, Science and Youth Policy of the Voronezh Region State Budgetary Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Ostrogozh Agrarian College" Presentation on the topic "Quality and competitiveness of products" in the discipline "Industry Economics" Specialty 230105 "VT and AS Software" Developer: T.I. Radchenko Ostrogozhsk 2013 Considered at a meeting of the cycle commission of economic, accounting and legal disciplines Minutes No. 4 of 02.12. 2013 Chairman E.V. Chalaya

Abstract This presentation presents the lecture material on the topic “Quality and competitiveness of products” in a visual form. This presentation is intended for use in a lesson in the discipline “Industrial Economics”. The information presented allows you to study the quality and competitiveness of products, get acquainted with regulatory documents on product standardization. The presentation can be used by students for independent preparation.

Goals and objectives of the lesson To study the competitiveness and quality of products; Study regulatory documents on product standardization; Focus on product quality indicators. 5

Product quality In the market conditions of mass production, which generates global competition, it is necessary to take a special approach to quality as an economic category. Product quality is a set of characteristics of an object related to its ability to satisfy established and expected needs. Quality control is a check of compliance of the quantitative or qualitative characteristics of a product or process on which the quality of the product depends with established technical requirements. 6

Product competitiveness The competitiveness of a product or service refers to its ability to withstand competition, i.e. the ability to successfully sell on a specific market at a specific point in time. To do this, the product must satisfy a specific consumer need and be affordable. Competitiveness is a complex characteristic that determines the preference of a product on the market compared to similar competing products, both in terms of the degree of compliance with a specific social need and in terms of the costs of satisfying it 7

Product quality indicators Product quality indicators are necessary for analyzing and planning the level of product quality at an enterprise and determining its competitiveness. Indicators are: Single Ergonomic Patent and legal Economic 8

Methods for determining a quality indicator Determining a quality indicator means finding its numerical value. For this purpose, in practice, depending on the specifics of the product, the following methods are used: measurement method, registration method, computational method, organoleptic method, sociological method, expert method 9

Standardization An important factor influencing the achievement of the required product quality is standardization. Standardization is an activity aimed at achieving order in a certain area by establishing rules for universal and repeated application in relation to actual existing potential problems. A standard is a normative document that establishes rules, general principles, requirements and methods relating to certain objects of standardization, aimed at achieving an optimal degree of order in a certain area. The object of standardization can be products, services and processes that have the prospect of repeated repetition and use. 10

The objectives of standardization are to assist commodity producers in producing products of the quality that the consumer needs and which will be in demand; regulation of requirements for conditions and methods ensuring the achievement of high product quality indicators. First of all, this concerns production technologies 1 1

Certification Certification is a means of guaranteeing the manufacturer of products in full compliance with its requirements of regulatory and technical documentation, a transition to meeting consumer requirements at a qualitatively higher level, both in the foreign market and within the country. In terms of its content, it includes two types of activities: certification of products and production, technical supervision of compliance with established requirements and rules. In international trade, ensuring the competitiveness of products is impossible without confirming it with a certification act. A product that has passed certification tests for compliance with ISO or IEC standards is recognized by buyers in all countries participating in certification agreements for this type of product 1 2

Certification functions Creation of modern conditions for the activities of enterprises of all forms of ownership and individual entrepreneurs, farmers in the domestic market and for participation in international trade and cooperation; Monitoring the safety of products and services for the environment, life, human health and property; Protection of the consumer from dishonesty of the manufacturer (seller, performer); Confirmation of the quality indicators of products and services declared by the manufacturer; Assisting consumers in competent selection of products and services. 13

Regulatory documents In Russia, regulatory documents on standardization are divided into the following categories: state standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R; industry standards - OST; technical specifications - TU; enterprise and association standards - STP; standards of scientific, technical and engineering societies - STO. 14

Types of standards Depending on the specifics of the object of standardization and the content of the requirements established for it, the following types of standards are developed: fundamental standards; standards for products and services; process standards; standards for control methods (tests, measurements, analysis). 15

Types of standards Depending on the scale of distribution of standards, they are divided into: National standard (GOST R) - a standard adopted by the national standardization body of one country. Regional standard - a standard adopted by a regional international organization for standardization. Interstate standard (GOST) is a standard adopted by states that have joined the agreement on pursuing a coordinated policy in the field of standardization, metrology and certification, and directly applied by them. An international standard is a standard adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 16

Product quality management Quality management is a process of influence, as a result of which the subject of management puts into action certain factors that shape product quality. The main goal of quality management is the formation of high consumer properties of products that maximally satisfy the needs of actual and potential consumers 17

Basic elements of product quality management 18

Factors influencing product quality At every enterprise, product quality is influenced by a variety of factors, both internal and external. Internal factors include those that are related to the enterprise’s ability to produce products of appropriate quality, i.e. depend on the activities of the enterprise itself. External factors in market conditions contribute to the formation of product quality (if the enterprise is not a monopolist). 20

Internal factors And x can be expediently classified into the following groups: Technical factors Organizational factors Economic factors Socio-psychological 21

External factors These primarily include: market requirements, i.e. buyers; competition; regulatory documents in the field of product quality; the need to gain a worthy place in both the domestic and foreign markets; ensuring the company's image among buyers, business people, etc. 22

Reinforce the material studied Define the price. What does price express? What characterizes price functions? What price functions do you know? Define the pricing mechanism. List the types of pricing approaches. What is meant by cost pricing method? What is meant by market pricing method? What factors influence the price of agricultural products? What types of prices do you know? What is meant by negotiated price? 23

Consolidation of the studied material (1) Under what influence are free prices formed? What are tariff prices? What is meant by monopoly price? Continue the formulation: “Market prices are prices...”? What prices vary by duration? What is meant by seasonal prices? What do you mean by current prices? 24

Homework Sergeev I.V. Enterprise economy. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007. - P. 107-109. 25

List of references Sergeev I.V. Enterprise economy. – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007. Internet resources https:// www.google.ru/ http:// ru.wikipedia.org/ http:// www.cfin.ru/ http:// www.be5. biz/ 2 6

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