Design of water and foam automatic fire extinguishing installations. Study guide

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Publisher: VNIIPO EMERCOM of the Russian Federation
Year of publication: 2002
Pages: 431
The authors-compilers set themselves the task of concentrating in a small manual the maximum of the main provisions of a large number of regulatory documents related to the design of fire automation.
The norms for the design of water and foam AUP are given.
The features of designing modular and robotic fire extinguishing installations, as well as AUP in relation to high-rise mechanized warehouses are considered.
Particular attention is paid to a detailed statement of the rules for the development of technical specifications for design, the main provisions for the coordination and approval of this assignment are formulated.
The content and procedure for the design of the working draft, including the explanatory note, are spelled out in detail.
The main volume of the training manual and its annexes contain the necessary reference material, in particular, terms and definitions, symbols, recommended normative and technical documentation and technical literature in relation to various types of water and foam AUL, a list of manufacturers of water foam AUP, examples of the design of water and foam AUP, including performing calculations and drawing up drawings.
The main provisions of the current domestic regulatory and technical documentation in the field of water-foam AUP are described in detail.
The algorithm of hydraulic calculation of hydraulic networks of AUP, intensity; irrigation, specific flow rate, flow rate and pressure of the distribution pipeline section of water and foam AUP. An algorithm for calculating the specific consumption of water curtains created by general-purpose sprinklers is presented.
The training manual corresponds to the main provisions of the current scientific and technical documentation in the field of AUP and can be useful for training employees of organizations that design automatic fire extinguishing installations. The manual may be of interest to managers of enterprises and engineering and technical personnel specializing in the field of automatic fire protection of objects.

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SECTION 1. NORMS AND RULES FOR DESIGNING WATER AND FOAM AFS
1. TRADITIONAL WATER AND FOAM EXTINGUISHING UNITS
2. FEATURES OF DESIGNING AUP OF STATIONARY HIGH-ROOM WAREHOUSES
3. FEATURES OF DESIGNING FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNITS WITH SPRAYED WATER
4. DESIGN FEATURES OF ROBOTIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNITS AND FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNITS WITH STATIONARY REMOTE CONTROLLED MONITORING BANKS
5. PUMPING STATIONS
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR POSITIONING AND MAINTENANCE OF ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT
7. REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER SUPPLY AND PREPARATION OF FOAM SOLUTION
8. REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC AND AUXILIARY WATER SUPPLIES
9. REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPELINES
10. POWER SUPPLY OF UNITS
11. ELECTRICAL CONTROL AND SIGNALING
SECTION 2. PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE TASK FOR DESIGNING AUP
1. STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF THE PROTECTED OBJECT
2. GENERAL PROVISIONS ON THE ORDER OF DEVELOPMENT, APPROVAL AND APPROVAL OF THE DESIGN TASK
3. BASIC REQUIREMENTS TO AUP
4. ORDER OF STATEMENT OF THE DESIGN TASK
5. PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION OF THE DESIGN TASK
6. LIST OF DOCUMENTATION SUBMITTED BY THE DEVELOPER ORGANIZATION TO THE CUSTOMER ORGANIZATION
SECTION III. PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING AUP PROJECT
1. JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF AUP
2. COMPOSITION OF DESIGN AND ESTIMATE DOCUMENTATION
3. WORKING DRAWINGS
SECTION IV. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF WATER AND FOAM EXTINGUISHING UNITS
1. HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF WATER AND FOAM (LOW AND MEDIUM RATIO) FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNITS
2. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC CONSUMPTION OF IRRIGATORS FOR CREATION OF WATER CURTAINS
3. PUMPING UNITS
SECTION V. APPROVAL AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPERTISE OF AUP PROJECTS
1. APPROVAL OF AUP PROJECTS WITH STATE SUPERVISION BODIES
2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXAMINATION OF AUP PROJECTS
SECTION VI. REGULATORY DOCUMENTS WHICH REQUIREMENTS MUST BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT WHEN DEVELOPING A PROJECT FOR WATER AND FOAM FIRE EXTINGUISHING UNITS
LITERATURE
APPENDIX 1 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS APPLICABLE TO WATER AND FOAM AUP
APPENDIX 2 SYMBOLS OF AUP AND THEIR ELEMENTS
APPENDIX 3 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC FIRE LOAD
APPENDIX 4 LIST OF PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO MANDATORY CERTIFICATION IN THE FIELD OF FIRE SAFETY (means of ensuring fire safety)
APPENDIX 5 MANUFACTURERS OF WATER AND FOAM AUP
APPENDIX 6 TECHNICAL MEANS OF WATER AND FOAM AFS
APPENDIX 7 DIRECTORY OF BASIC PRICES FOR DESIGN WORKS ON FIRE PROTECTION OF OBJECTS
APPENDIX 8 LIST OF BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, ROOMS AND EQUIPMENT SUBJECT TO PROTECTED BY AUTOMATIC FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTALLATIONS
APPENDIX 9 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF A SPRINKLER (DRAINER) DISTRIBUTION NETWORK OF WATER AND FOAM AUP
APPENDIX 10 EXAMPLE OF WORKING DESIGN WATER AFS
APPENDIX 11 EXAMPLE OF TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WORKING DESIGN WATER AUP
APPENDIX 12 EXAMPLE OF WORKING PROJECT OF WATER AUP OF PRIRELSOVY WAREHOUSE
REFERENCE SECTION

Fire extinguishing systems are considered a necessary safety element of an object. Further functioning, and hence the degree of safety of the protected building (structure), depends on the correct design of fire extinguishing installations. Currently, one of the most effective installations for fighting fires include automatic fire extinguishing systems. The design of water and foam automatic fire extinguishing installations is carried out in strict accordance with fire safety rules.

Drafting a fire extinguishing project

Fire extinguishing design is carried out before the start of construction of a building (structure). In this case, the design of fire extinguishing installations is greatly simplified - for example, individual communications (water supply, power grids) are designed with the expectation of ensuring the functioning of the constituent elements. However, if the project is drawn up for a finished structure, then the customer shows schematic images of the finished communication elements, and based on them, the possibility of connecting water or foam fire extinguishing installations is calculated.

The development of the project is entrusted to the design organization, but it is possible to resolve this issue in other ways. Responsibility for the project rests with the developer organization and to some extent with the customer.

Components of a firefighting project

There is no need to approve the project in the state supervisory authorities, however, coordination is necessary if there was a deviation from the project in the course of construction work. In the project, regardless of the complexity and features, two parts are distinguished - theoretical and graphic. The first covers issues such as:

  • equipment that is selected for a particular object;
  • system elements;
  • materials;
  • necessary calculations.

It is imperative that this part should contain certain calculations that justify the choice of one or another equipment and individual elements. So, for automatic systems of automatic water or foam fire extinguishing, with a certain degree of accuracy, indicate the amount of extinguishing agent required to eliminate the source of fire and extinguish the fire.

The graphic part of the project should show:

  • floor plans, clearly indicating the location of the installation and individual elements;
  • schematic images of the alignment of system elements;
  • cable routing;
  • placement of communications (in the case of water fire extinguishing - fire water supply).

The need for design

The design of water or foam automatic fire extinguishing installations should be carried out taking into account the individual characteristics of the object (building or structure). Before starting to draw up a project, you need to decide on such basic points as:

  • functional purpose of the facility (warehouse, residential buildings, and others);
  • structural and planning solutions;
  • the location of communications such as water supply, power supply;
  • temperature indicators, humidity level in rooms;
  • categorization of premises by fire and explosion hazard.

Certain calculations in the design process are carried out in strict accordance with the rules and regulations typical for the type of installation and fire extinguishing agent. For automatic foam and water fire extinguishing installations, hydraulic tests are mandatory.

Design of automatic installations for water and foam fire extinguishing special attention should be paid. In the process of creating a project, a wide list of issues should be worked out, covering an assessment of fire hazard, microclimatic conditions, features of the structural and planning type and placement of communications. The development of the project of fire extinguishing systems must be trusted by specialized design organizations, since the safety of the facility, as well as the life and health of people, depends on the correctness and thoroughness of the project.

This is the most crucial stage of the work, preceding the direct installation of a water fire extinguishing system. To draw up a correct project, you need to know all the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the equipment for each room. It is also necessary to accurately calculate the results of the interaction of the fire extinguishing system with other engineering networks (different consoles and sensors must have different power sources, the water supply system must have a backup pump, redundant systems and other points).

The safety of material values ​​and people's lives depends on the successful completion of this stage. Moreover, if a mistake is made in the project, then even the best editing may be useless. You cannot save here, but no one wants to spend too much either. Therefore, let's take a look at the installation and selection of a water fire extinguishing system.

Types of water fire extinguishing systems.

The whole range of water fire extinguishing systems popular today can be divided into two parts: sprinkler and deluge. The former are best suited for suppressing localized fires in various premises. The latter work better at preventing the spread of the resulting fire.

Sprinkler water fire extinguishing systems are simpler in design, therefore they are easier to install and put into operation. Also, these devices are highly reliable due to the simplicity of the actuation mechanism (the valve is deformed from overheating and water begins to flow into the room).

Fire extinguishing systems are an integral part of the safety of any facility. They are automatic, autonomous, or can be activated with human participation. But all of them are united by one purpose and common functions. Regardless of the configuration, they must ensure the safety of the facility (room, building, compartment, etc.), therefore, the design of fire extinguishing systems takes place taking into account the rules established by legislative and regulatory enactments. For this, specialists make calculations and determine the characteristics of the object.

Foundations of creation and responsibility

At what stage is it necessary to design a fire extinguishing? Most often, such systems are planned even before the construction of the building. For installation in an existing facility, a system design is created by analogy with a fire alarm.

In most cases, it is developed by the design organization, but sometimes other options are possible. The solution to this issue depends on the complexity of the task and the risks associated with the occurrence of a fire. The responsibility for the design lies with the developer and partly with the customer.

The approval of the project in the state supervisory authorities is not required if there are no deviations from it during the construction process. In other situations, agreement is required.

However, in practice, customers and designers of automatic fire extinguishing systems turn to state supervisory authorities for approval in order to make sure that the planned technical solutions comply with current standards and get a kind of audit before putting the facility into operation.

The project consists of two parts - theoretical and graphic. The first describes the equipment chosen, materials and reasons for this. Decisions are necessarily supported by calculations. For example, for water-foam or water-based fire extinguishing systems, the amount of extinguishing agent sufficient to extinguish and localize the fire is calculated.

To support the design with arguments, the number of system elements (modules, units) is calculated. All this confirms the effectiveness of the planned protection of the object.

The graphic part includes floor plans with an indication of the location of equipment, connection diagrams of system elements, cabling and other communications, in particular, a fire water supply system is of great importance.

Parameters in design

The design of fire extinguishing installations is in many ways an individual process that affects the features of the object. Before creating it, determine:

  1. the purpose of the object (public, industrial, residential building, warehouse, etc.);
  2. structural and planning features of the building;
  3. availability and placement of communications (electrical networks, water supply, if necessary, etc.);
  4. temperature and other features of the environment in a building or room;
  5. classification of the building by fire and explosion hazard.

The first point is especially important for design, since special rules apply for a particular category of objects. In addition, the choice of equipment and extinguishing agent depends on the purpose of the building. The powder is not suitable for warehouses with rubber products (car tires) or wood. And you should not put out hot coal and many metals with water, despite the effectiveness and popularity of these substances in other cases.

Floor plans when designing clearly indicate the arrangement and amount of equipment. For example, the design of gas fire extinguishing systems and installations always presupposes a certain number of modules for effective operation in the event of fire and smoke detection.

If the project is developed before the construction of the facility, then this greatly simplifies the planning of fire extinguishing systems. Then communications (water supply, electrical networks) are calculated so that they ensure the operation of all elements.

If the installation is carried out for a finished building or structure, then the customer provides diagrams and drawings of existing communications for connecting water, foam, gas or water systems to them.

The issue of compatibility also affects the filling of the system. According to the rules, all elements must work harmoniously and this is proven even at the design stage. If it is necessary to replace a sensor or other device that has ceased to be produced and sold, an analog is chosen, preferably, its compatibility should be confirmed in the design organization.

The room temperature drops are measured. This affects the choice of the type of system and the stages of its design. Sometimes the choice of extinguishing agent depends on this, since not all are suitable for extinguishing at low temperatures, but most often this indicator determines the type of sensors and their setting. The design of water and foam automatic fire extinguishing installations takes into account the air temperature in the room when justifying the choice of sprinkler sprinklers.

Classification of buildings will help determine what substances and materials are used and located in the premises. This parameter is in addition to the others, affecting the choice of the type of fire extinguishing systems and their installation sites at the initial stages of design.

Features of the choice of a building lead to the use of gas or after justification in the theoretical part of the documentation.

The main characteristics of fire extinguishing systems, which are taken into account when designing, can be summarized in a single list:

  • type of extinguishing agent;
  • extinguishing method;
  • constructive performance;
  • way to launch.

Calculations during the design are made according to the rules and regulations corresponding to a specific type of installation and extinguishing agent. For foam systems and carry out hydraulic tests in accordance with the operational documentation.

The type of system is important for calculating the response times and boundaries of the protected area. Firstly, it allows to determine the efficiency. Secondly, to find out whether people will have time to evacuate from the building or premises. It is known that powder fire extinguishing can harm the human body, just like gas. Calculations for the room under consideration are usually carried out for the most dangerous fire factors.

Features of the design of various systems

Water-based fire extinguishing has a lot of advantages and is widespread. In its favor, the problem of other types of systems can be cited: after installation, the load on their elements increases significantly and does not coincide with the calculations in the theoretical part of the project for various reasons. Then you have to make changes to the project in order to achieve the legality of the re-equipment of the system.

However, this is not typical. Its use is justified in rooms with a large crowd of people, it effectively cools, and the cost of equipment is relatively low.

Foam fire extinguishing, like water, is of a sprinkler and deluge type, depending on the design and the start of operation after the response of the sensors or manual start. Particular attention is paid to the design of the jet shape and the coverage of the protected area.

It is necessary to calculate the optimal diameter of the pipeline in order to ensure the effect of the extinguishing agent on the structural elements. The difference between foam and - conditions of use and maintenance (characteristics of the room, materials and substances in it).

Another practically universal option is powder fire extinguishing. Such systems require careful calculations of the number of modules that must cover the room. Full protection of the object is also ensured by their correct placement, which is included in the design plan.

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