The case in languages ​​of an inflectional (synthetic) or agglutinating system is a category of a word (usually a name), showing its syntactic role in a sentence and connecting individual words of a sentence. Cases are called both the functions of words in a sentence and the forms of words associated with them.

Term case, like the names of most cases, is a tracing-paper from Greek and Latin - Old Greek. πτῶσις (fall), lat. casus from cadere (to fall). There are direct cases (nominative and sometimes also accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is associated with the ancient idea of ​​"declinatio" as "deviations", "deviations" from the correct, "direct" form of the word, and was supported by associations with dice (where with each throw one or another side falls out - in this case one "direct" and several "indirect").

Below in the table you can see the cases of the Russian language and their endings for various genders, declensions of nouns.

It is generally believed that in modern Russian there are 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), nevertheless, some linguists (Zaliznyak) distinguish at least seven more, with limited distribution and functions. Six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of a word (who ?, what ?, who ?, what ?, etc.), the rest of the cases can be distinguished only by indirect semantic features (for example, the explanatory and local cases are determined one question: about / on / in whom, what?)

Nominative- who ?, what ?, is the only direct case in Russian, used as the main part of the sentence.

Genitive- there is no one ?, what ?, defines belonging, kinship and some other relations.

Dative- to give to whom ?, to what ?, defines the end point of the action.

Accusative- see who ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action;

Instrumental case- I create by whom ?, by what ?, defines the instrument, some types of temporary belonging (at night);

Prepositional- think about who, what

Second prepositional case, or local case- the original (non-sentence) form of the local case is almost completely lost and passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different prepositional form: in the forest, in the shade. The unlimited forms of home and home are, apparently, adverbs.

Vocal case- identical in form to the nominative, but forms an independent turn of speech, similar in function to an interjection. The original vocative case has been completely lost, the forms of the Old Russian language - to a person, a doctor, etc. However, a new vocative can be distinguished, including the colloquial forms of some names: Sing, Sash, Tan, etc. and several nouns.

Quantitative-separative case- a kind of genitive and in many ways similar to it, however, it has some distinct forms: a cup of tea (along with tea), set the heat (not heat), add speed (not move).

Deprivation- a kind of accusative case, but it is used exclusively with negation in the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right).

Waiting case actually coincides with the genitive, but stands out due to the fact that some words in the same grammatical form are declined in the accusative form. Wed wait (for whom? what?) letters, but wait (for whom? what?) mom. Also: wait for the weather by the sea.

Transformative case or inclusive case- answers questions similar to the accusative case (in whom? in what?), but is used exclusively in phrases such as go to the welder, run for president, take as sons-in-law, etc.

Countable case- a slightly different form from the genitive, used when counting: three hours (not hours), two steps.

The grammar of the Russian language is one of the most important parts of the language. Grammar allows us to speak with confidence correct and without errors... Often, the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words at the same time sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, after all, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Quite frankly, they are failing and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know the grammar.

In contact with

The noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is the most common practical part of speech. She has such fickle signs as number, case. The fall paradigm is change a noun depending on the meaning it has in the sentence. In this article, you will learn how to determine the cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask them questions correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.

Cases

The only rule for the correct change of nouns is the correct setting of the ending in connection with the questions asked. For native speakers this is an easy task, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.

Declension

There is also 3 types of declension in nouns.

• First declension. The name of the creatures. masculine and feminine with the ending -a, -i. For example, a flask, a pig.
• Second declension. The name of the creatures. masculine and neuter with the ending -o, -e. For example, a tree, a well.
• Third declension. The name of creatures is feminine with a zero ending, or in -ь. For example, a horse, a horse.

Changing nouns different declensions.

In the Russian language there is such a concept as indirect cases- these are all cases, except for the nominative.

They all have their own meaning:

Determinants

There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following qualifiers.

Using qualifiers makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, it is enough to put this word in front of a noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to memorize one word at a time.

In addition, the question is of great importance for determining the case. The table gives an idea of ​​what prepositions are used with the case forms of nouns in Russian.

Cases are the foundation of the grammar of the Russian language and everyone is obliged to know each of them by heart. But memorizing all of them is very easy, two days of cramming is enough to memorize them for a lifetime. Good luck!

There are only six cases in Russian:

• Nominative;
• Genitive;
• Dative;
• Accusative;
• Instrumental;
• Prepositional.

Why is it necessary to know how to determine the case? The case definition helps to put down the correct ending of the word, therefore, to avoid grammatical errors. How to determine the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective or numeral quickly and accurately?

There are special case questions, with their help, and determine the belonging of parts of speech to a particular case.

Critical questions

Nominative: who ?, what? (fish, barrel);

Genitive: who ?, what? (fish, barrels);

Dative: to whom ?, what? (fish, barrel);

Accusative: who ?, what? (fish, barrel);

Creative: by whom?, By what? (fish, barrel);

Prepositional: about whom?, About what? (about fish, about a barrel).

To correctly determine the case, you should remember the above questions, two for each case. But there is a little trick: instead of twelve, you can memorize only six simple words that will help not only determine the case, but also remember case questions.

Definition of case for different words

How to correctly determine the case using auxiliary words?

There is a fish (who, what) - nominative;

There is no fish (whom, what) - genitive;

I will give to fish (to whom, what) - dative;

I see a fish (who, what) - accusative;

Satisfied with the fish (with whom, with what) - creative;

I think about fish (about whom, about what) - prepositional.

For example, consider the sentence: "The fish did not fit into the barrel." There are two nouns in this sentence: fish, barrel. We substitute auxiliary words: there is (who, what) fish - nominative; I see (who, what) the barrel - the accusative case.

Substituting the required question to the word, you can also determine the case of pronouns. Examples: she was not given a ticket. To her (to whom, what) is the dative case. I think about him all the time. About him (about whom, about what) - prepositional case.

If difficulties arise, then you can replace the pronoun with a suitable noun in meaning: I think about my son all the time. About son (about whom) - prepositional case.

When it is already clear how to determine the case of pronouns and nouns, you can consider numbers and adjectives.

How to determine the case of an adjective and a numeral? Adjectives and numbers have the same case as the nouns to which they refer.

For example:

A big fish is swimming. Big fish (who, what) - nominative.

I'm going to my first meeting. The first meeting (who, what) is the accusative case.

If a noun is omitted in a sentence, then the case can be determined by substituting a word that is suitable for the meaning:

The most beautiful is coming. Beautiful (girl) - who, what - nominative.

After the tenth, everything will be closed. On the tenth (number) - whom, what - the genitive case.

If you master the above material well, then the question of how to determine the case of a numeral, adjective, pronoun or noun will no longer arise for you.

How do we determine the case of inflected nouns?
We read the sentence and check if the noun is part of the phrase.

For example:

Natasha lives in Moscow.
(There are two nouns in this sentence: Natasha and Moscow.
The first is the subject. It is not included in phrases. The subject answers the questions: who? what? and stands in the form of I. p.
The second noun is included in the phrase lives in Moscow... It is a dependent word: its case form depends on the verb. Lives (in whom? In what?) In Moscow- P. p.)

The case of non-declining nouns is determined in the same way, according to the same scheme.

Wildebeest stands on the shore... (Who? What?) - I. p.
We came to the wildebeest cage at the zoo. (Who's cell? what?) - R.p.
I gave the wildebeest a carrot. (Gave it to whom? what?) - D.p.
I love wildebeest. (Who do I love? what?) - V. p.
We admired the wildebeest.(Did you admire who? how?) - T. p.
These are examples of wildebeest. (Examples of whom? about what?) - P. p.

So, in order to determine the case of any noun, you need to know case questions. They will help you to orient yourself correctly.

Case is a variable characteristic of a word, which is inherent only in nouns, adjectives, numerals or pronouns. Given the above, you can determine the meaning of the term "case".

Case- This is a characteristic that denotes the kind in which a noun is located, denoting its relationship with another object or person, determining its action, state or sign.

A more complex concept of case sounds like this:

Case- a changing characteristic of the grammar of the Russian language, which corresponds to a noun, pronoun, numeral or adjective, as well as their hybrids, which determines their meaning in a sentence regarding a semantic or syntactic position.

Cases help to connect parts of speech with each other, endowing a sentence or phrase with a certain thought. Visually, it is expressed with the help of text by transforming the form of the word. For clarity, you can compare:

• month, barns, yellow, face, sun, clear;

The yellow face hides the month behind the barns from the fierce sun.

In the first case, a set of words is used that are not connected by anything and therefore represent a meaningless enumeration. In the second, the parts of speech are changed, the thought is stated clearly and clearly, cases contributed to this.

There are 6 cases in total, which are characterized by a certain ending. A particular case can be determined by asking the appropriate question, or recognized by the presence of certain prepositions. The table below shows all the existing cases, their questions and the corresponding prepositions, if any.

Case table

Cases in Russian (table with questions and endings)

Before analyzing each case separately using the example of specific words, let's once again recall the terminology of this word and correlate it with a noun.

Case- this is a form of a noun that changes it and reveals its relationship to another object, person, action or event, creating a semantic connection in a sentence or phrase.

Cases of nouns. Case prepositions

Nominative

Nominative is the basic or initial form of the name of an item. It is used to denote an object, in the nominative case the word will always express the answer to the question who? or what?

• Who? mother, hare_, doctor_;
• What? pen-a, suns-e, pond_, hush.

Prepositions are not used when using a word in the nominative case. It belongs to the category of direct case (the rest are called indirect). In a sentence, a noun in the nominative case is the subject or part of the predicate.

• I really liked this book. (« book" in the nominative, is the subject)
• A dog is man's best friend. (« friend"- part of the predicate)

Genitive

Indicates the attraction or belonging of an object to another object or person, answers questions whom? what?

• (no) who? mom, hare, doctor;
• (no) what? handle, suns, pond, quiet.

This case belongs to the category of indirect and can be used with or without prepositions. Example:

• (no what?) handles - (what?) handles broke off.

To more accurately connect the meaning of a noun with another word, prepositions are used. If the noun is in the genitive case, then prepositions will correspond to it without, from, around, with, around, at, after, from, for, before.

• walk without a hat;
• learn from the book;
• walk around the building;
• ask a passerby;
• move away from the entrance;
• reach the shoulder.

Dative

It is used in combination with verbs that denote an action in relation to a given subject, it corresponds to questions: to whom? or what?

• I give (to whom?) mom, hare, doctor;
• I give (what?) handle, suns, pond, quiet.

This case (which is also indirect) corresponds to the prepositions k (ko), according to, in spite of, following, like.

• Run up to your sister;
• act according to conviction;
• go towards the train;
• do contrary to advice.

Accusative

The noun in the accusative case indicates the object of the action, is used in combination with the verb, the following questions correspond to it: whom? or what?

• Blame (who?) mom, hare, doctor;
• blame (what?) handle, suns, pond, hush.

Prepositions used with an accusative noun: s (co), through, in (in), o (about), on, through, under, about, through, on, behind.

• Carry through the years;
• talk to yourself;
• peep through glass;
• dance to the music;
• avenged his father.

Some of these prepositions ( on, under, behind, in) specify the direction of the action to be performed:

• hid (what?) in a box;
• put (for what?) on the box;
• put (for what?) per box;
• adjusted (under what?) under the box.

Instrumental case

A noun in the instrumental case denotes an object with which an action is performed on another object, it is determined by questions: by whom? or how?

• Satisfied (with whom?) mother-oh, hare, doctor-oh;
• satisfied (with what?) hand-oh, suns, pond-oh, quiet.

Prepositions used with a noun in the instrumental case: for, with (co), between, under, over, before, together with, in connection with, according to p.

• Speak with pride;
• fly over the ground;
• think before buying;
• look after the child;
• laugh with your grandmother;
• stand between trees;
• stop due to the rules.

Prepositional

Standing in the prepositional case, the noun answers questions about whom? about what?

• I think (about whom?) about mom, hare, doctor;
• Think about what?) about the handle, about the sun, about the pond, about the silence.

Used prepositions, if the noun is in the prepositional case: on, on, on (about), in, at.

• Establish at the department;
• go to the museum;
• sit on a bench;
• tell about the film;
• sail on a boat.