The use of laser measuring devices in construction. How to use the building level Use vertical presentation on vertical screens

About laser devices for construction and decoration.

Laser plummet and level, laser level and rotary laser, laser marker and builder, laser tape measure and rangefinder - all these names are related to a modern and effective tool used in the breakdown of land plots, building construction, interior decoration, installation of communications. These devices allow you to build a basic horizontal, vertical or inclined plane, directly on the wall, floor, ceiling and control them visually or using special receivers and leveling rails.

LP tasks

A perfectly flat laser beam successfully replaces a conventional plumb bob, spirit level, metal square, construction string or cord, and even a tape measure, especially at distances up to 200 meters. How much easier and more accurate it is to erect a wall, a column, install a door frame or a window, when you can clearly control the deviation from the vertical with the help of the red line of the laser beam passing through them, precisely tied to the vertical, and with the help of a laser tape measure, which allows you to measure distances to inaccessible areas ... LP allow you to quickly and conveniently check the horizontal and general level of the foundation, design the slope of the water pipe or drain, plan the slopes of the land plot, install the fence and siding, control the laying of bricks and tiles, mark the beacons for installing ceilings and pouring the floor, mount telescopic gates, etc. the roof, to help everyone, without exception, to do their job efficiently.

How drugs work

Many are already familiar with the laser pointer, with which children often direct the red dot of the laser at objects. This is the principle used by laser devices to project a horizontal, vertical, inclined plane or point directly onto the work surface. The pictures will show this most clearly:


A red laser light-emitting diode is usually installed inside the device, with a power of about one mW and a wavelength of 633 - 670 nm, belonging to the second class of lasers, which requires no additional eye protection. The LED is housed in a sufficiently robust housing and, using an electronic circuit, interacts with the control panel and receives power. In order to focus the radiation of the LED to a point or obtain a line, optical elements of various shapes (cylindrical, conical, etc.) are used.

The laser emitter can be rigidly fixed inside the device or in a free hanging state for self-alignment. Self-leveling LPs use the "pendulum principle" - the emitter is suspended inside the device and, when installed on a surface, it aligns itself with respect to the ground level and gives an accurate horizontal, vertical or oblique projection of the beam. To shorten the balancing time of the pendulum with the emitter, magnetic cushions are often used, formed by magnets built into the bottom of the device. In more complex LPs, a system similar to a gyroscope is used, which electronically controls the servo drives of the emitter built into the device, allowing it to balance and even set the required slope.

Instruments with a self-balancing emitter are often equipped with an automatic warning of a critical inclination of the housing (usually more than 5% of the horizontal), which avoids erroneous projections and measurements. You just need to put the device on a relatively flat surface and turn it on - the device will automatically balance the emitter relative to the horizon within a few seconds and ... Let's get to work!

Laser level

Inside the laser level (hereinafter referred to as LU), the emitter is fixed relative to the alcohol bubble and can project a point at a distant distance at the same level and in the same vertical plane, simultaneously playing the role of a level and a stretched string between the level and the projection point. The Stabila 70LJ level with one emitter can be purchased at a price of 2250 rubles.

One of the most popular models of the LU Stabila 70LJ P + L is produced by the German company Stabila and has two perpendicularly located emitters, which allows it to be used for a wider range of works (Fig. 1). Another novelty presented on the Russian market by the German company Geo-Fennel is the MultiDigitPro goniometer with a built-in laser emitter and a digital goniometer / level, which allows you to simultaneously design a level point, measure the angle and deviation of the measured surface from the horizontal (Fig. 2). Geo-Fennel also produces a pocket laser level / Long Linner cord for fixing shelves, paintings, etc. on one level. It is enough just to lean it against the wall and it will project a straight line on it at the angle you need with an LED - just turn the device to the desired angle (Fig. 3).


Laser plotters of horizontal and vertical planes (hereinafter LPP)

The palm among LPs for finishing is occupied by devices that allow you to build different options for intersecting horizontal and vertical beams at an angle of 90 °. The simplest intersection of the vertical and horizontal planes forms a "laser cross" on the working surface with two red projections of lines. Each BOB model can build:

  • from one to four vertical lines (for projection of planes directly onto 4 walls of the room);
  • one horizontal line with a sweep up to 360 ° (to close the projection of the line along the horizon on the wall and cross it with vertical projections);
  • projection of a point upwards onto the ceiling (upper laser plummet);
  • projection of a point down onto the floor (lower laser plummet)

Laser plane builder BOIF APL-1

The main producers of BOBs in Europe are Geo-Fennel, Stabila (Germany), Agatec (France), Zircon, Trimble (USA). Most LLPs sold in Russia under other brands are either copies of the products of these companies (in a different case or in a different color) and are made to order (as a rule, they are more expensive), or are made in China or Taiwan, often with a lower build quality. But there are also high-quality devices in China. We are talking about LLP, produced at the Beijing Optical and Mechanical Plant (BOIF) - APL-1, offered on the Russian market for a little more than 4100 rubles. It is made of high quality plastic and has a rubberized outer case that protects the device when dropped. LLP can project three lines simultaneously - one horizontal and two vertical lines, projected onto the walls at an angle of 90 ° relative to the center of the device emitter. This device is used to simultaneously mark two vertical walls at an angle of 90 °. APL-1 is one of the most affordable, and its emitter is covered with a black plastic cover with slots for the rays in the form of a cross, which makes the glass less vulnerable to accidental impacts and falls than in similar devices from the Triax LS series.

The sweep of the projection of the laser beam is limited by the mounting of the pendulum and the lens of the emitter. This means that the laser plane projected in one direction is limited horizontally by a circle with an angle of 0-90 ° (depending on the device model) and can be increased using additional emitters located perpendicular to each other. Turning the instrument around its axis can lead to a displacement of the horizon, if the LLP is not equipped with a special rotary mount with a dial and a fine adjustment knob, such as in the FL-50 Multi-Linner and FL-50 Plus models of the German company Geo-Fennel. By the way, the latter gives a sweep with an approximate angle of 270 ° of the horizontal line and the vertical line, as well as 360 ° of the second vertical line, located perpendicular to the first, which makes it practically unattainable for competitors.

Laser Square (Right Angle Builder)

The laser square belongs to the category of plane builders with a fixed emitter and projects two lines at an angle of 90 ° relative to each other on the floor or wall (working surface). It is a good tool for controlling working axes and is widely represented on the Russian market by two models - the Square Linner by the German company Geo-Fennel and the LT-80 by the Triax company. Unfortunately, this device cannot replace plastic crosses, which make it possible to maintain the joints between tiles in the same dimension and is used only to control the working axes (it is put for checking and then removed during the laying of the next tile many times during work). The LT-80 model is too heavy (weight 3.4 kg) to constantly set it up, raise and put it away for control, operates with a declared error of 4 mm by 10 m and is more than three times more expensive than the Square Linner (declared an error of 3 mm by 10 m), which makes the Geo-Fennel device more practical.

Multi-beam laser instrument

From the name of this group of laser builders, it is clear that these devices project laser points onto the surface and are designed to mark holes that are perpendicular to each other on several surfaces at once. In the most advanced models of this type, a system of five points is used: two vertical points up and down from the device, two horizontal to the right and left and one directly in front of the device, which allows you to mark any frame structure located on the right, left, top, bottom and in front of the device.

Laser Multi-Pointer

So far, there are three similar devices on the Russian market - RT-7610-5 (Robotoolz), PLS-5 (Pacific Laser System) and Multi-Pointer from Geo-Fennel. According to the declared characteristics, the most accurate is the German Multi-Pointer (Fig. 4), and the multifunctional mount included in the kit (allows you to mount the device to the wall, tripods with a 5/8 "or 1/4" screw, wooden surfaces on nails or metal with using a magnet), bring it forward. It should be noted that with the price of analogs in the region of 12-13 thousand rubles, the price of Multi-Pointer looks more attractive.


Laser level (full horizontal plane builder)

Laser builders of a horizontal or vertical plane with a projection radius of 360 ° are called levels, which almost completely replaced plane builders from this segment of laser builders. After all, a laser builder with a compensator suspended inside can only give a horizontal projection, at the same time, almost any laser level can be used both horizontally and vertically, often work in different modes (point, line and laser segment) and use it with receiver and / or remote control.

Laser level Agatec M-10

One of the last builders on the Russian market is the PLS-360 (Pacific Laser System) builder with a cost of more than 14 thousand rubles today. Its direct competitor is the M-10 laser level of the French company Agatec. At a cost of less than 9 thousand rubles, this device can:

  • used to build both horizontal and vertical planes;
  • work in the mode of a point, a closed line and a laser line;
  • controlled from the remote control, which is included in the delivery set;
  • to be mounted on different surfaces and on a sling using the built-in multifunctional mount;
  • set an inclined plane;

The closest analogue of this level is an almost exact replica from Triax with the LT-60 model at a price almost 40% higher than the cost of the French Agatec M-10.

How to choose a device

On the Russian market, the most widely represented are the German companies Geo-Fennel, Stabila, the French company Agatec, the Beijing Optical-Mechanical Plant, which indicates a steady demand and high popularity for these manufacturers' drugs. When choosing a laser builder, the following aspects should be considered:

  1. It is necessary to define as fully and clearly the tasks for which a laser builder is needed;
  2. Our consultants will help you with finding and processing information about devices;
  3. Visit our showroom and see the device itself;
  4. Do not skimp on versatility at the expense of the quality of work;
  5. Do not buy devices of poor external performance from an unknown seller, you should give preference to well-known brands of equipment;
  6. Do not overpay extra money for a more expensive European device, if there is an analogue produced by a well-known factory in China - this will save you money, allow you to learn how to work with the device and will be a great gift for your friend when you are thinking of buying a more prestigious and advanced model of a European manufacturer.
  7. Check the error with which the device is plotting the planes. Very often, especially for laser levels, high accuracy can lead to a limited number of functions;
  8. Do not forget that devices that work with a receiver have a transmitter with a different wavelength, which can cause a brighter radiation beam.
  9. The laser beam is best seen in special glasses that can be purchased from the seller of the laser builder, they will really help you in your work for the small remuneration that the supplier receives;
  10. Remember - accuracy is never superfluous! This will help you save time, money and nerves, as well as make a good impression on the customer.

The participants in such cases of rendezvous are aircraft performing level flight at adjacent oncoming echelons. Due to technical errors in keeping the height, the trajectory of each of the aircraft can be shifted vertically towards the other. This can also be due to rounding errors in the transmission of altitude data, especially with a 100-foot quantization interval. As a consequence, the TCAS II logic program estimates the altitude separation between these aircraft to be less than 1000 ft. When the altitude difference reaches 850 ft, a TA warning will be issued (=>), and if the difference is 700 ft, an RA recommendation will be issued. This variant of aircraft rendezvous is shown in Fig. 1.23.


In this case, pilots should not request information on air traffic from the air traffic controller, as well as maneuver on the basis of TA only. At large displacements, limiting recommendations may be issued by TCAS II systems. Such a rapprochement will not be reflected in the work of air traffic controllers.

Flight trajectory fluctuations.

Participants in such incidents of rendezvous are aircraft also performing level flight at adjacent oncoming echelons.

While maintaining a given altitude, the aircraft flight path can oscillate vertically. As a consequence, the estimated altitude separation between these aircraft may be less than 1000 ft, and in some rare cases, a TA warning may be issued, as shown in Fig. 1.24.

This option is a rare event, since the issuance of TA is possible when one aircraft is equipped with an ATCRBS transponder with an altitude data quantization interval of 100 ft, or when the amplitude of simultaneous oppositely directed oscillations of the trajectories of both aircraft is 51 feet.

In this case, pilots should also not request information on air traffic from the air traffic controller, as well as maneuver on the basis of TA only. Such a rapprochement will not be reflected in the work of air traffic controllers. There is no specific procedure to be followed in such a case.

Turbulence.

Cases of rendezvous with an aircraft entering the zone of atmospheric turbulence or vortex wake turbulence are possible. In this case, sharp deviations are observed in the direction of another aircraft located at an adjacent oncoming flight, with a high instantaneous vertical speed and significant acceleration. The logic programs of the TCAS II systems of both aircraft perceive these movements as a deliberate approach and may issue TA recommendations or even "sudden" RAs (Fig. 1.25).

When issuing TA warnings, pilots should not request air traffic information from the ATC and should not maneuver based on TA alone. The main purpose of a TA is to alert the flight crew of the possibility of an RA recommendation. When issuing a "sudden" RA, you should follow its recommendations, which are more likely for this case - limiting. Performing a lateral shift maneuver due to a sudden RA is not an approved procedure. The air traffic controller should not attempt to change the flight path of the aircraft, but, if necessary, provides advisory information on air traffic.

Level flight at an adjacent flight level.

In such cases of rendezvous, one aircraft flies horizontally at its cleared flight level, while the other occupies an adjacent flight level allowed to it by climbing or descending with an excessively high vertical speed, for example, 12 m / s (Fig. 1.26).

The results of the calculation of the logic programs of TCAS II systems will predict that at this vertical speed, both aircraft will soon be at the same altitude. In such cases, the TCAS II systems of both aircraft first issue TA warnings, and then the issuance of RA recommendations is possible. In the process of aircraft rendezvous, the altitude check is based on calculating the flight time to the point of closest approach, that is, until the altitude of the other aircraft is reached. In this example, 48 s for issuing a TA, and for RA recommendation - 35 s for a maneuvering aircraft and 25 s for an aircraft performing level flight. Thus, the crew of the maneuvering aircraft will receive an RA earlier - with an altitude separation of 1400 ft. In order to avoid the issuance of TA warnings and RA recommendations, pilots should maintain a vertical speed of less than 7.6 m / s in such cases of approach at the final stage when approaching the cleared level.

To designate the position of the human body in space, the location of its parts relative to each other in anatomy, the concepts of planes and axes are used (Fig. 1). The initial position is considered to be such a position of the body when a person stands, legs together, palms facing forward. Man, like other vertebrates, is built according to the principle of bilateral (bilateral) symmetry, his body is divided into two halves - right and left. The border between them is the median (median) plane, located vertically and oriented from front to back in the sagittal direction (from Latin sagitta - arrow). This plane is also called the sagittal plane.

Sagittal plane separates the right side of the body (right - dexter) from the left (left - sinister). The vertical plane, oriented perpendicularly to the sagittal plane and separating the anterior part of the body (anterior) from the posterior (posterior), is called frontal (from Latin irons - forehead). This plane in its direction corresponds to the plane of the forehead.

As synonyms for the terms "anterior" and "posterior" when determining the position of internal organs, you can use the concepts of "abdominal" or "ventral" (ventralis) and "dorsal" or "dorsal" (dorsilis), respectively.

Fig. 1. Axes and planes drawn through the human body (diagram).

1 - vertical (longitudinal) axis;

2 - frontal plane;

3-horizontal plane;

4-transverse axis;

5-sagittal axis;

6-sagittal plane.

Horizontal plane oriented perpendicularly to the sagittal and frontal and separates the lower parts of the body (lower - inferior) from the overlying ones (upper - superior).

These three planes - sagittal, frontal and horizontal - can be drawn through any point of the human body. Therefore, the number of planes can be arbitrary. According to the planes, directions (axes) can be distinguished, which allow the organs to be oriented relative to the position of the body. The vertical axis (vertical - verticalis) is directed along the body of a standing person. The spinal column and the organs lying along it are located along this axis (spinal cord, thoracic and abdominal parts of the aorta, thoracic duct, esophagus). Vertical axis coincides with the longitudinal axis (longitudinal - longitudinalis), which is also oriented along the human body, regardless of its position in space or along the limb (leg, arm), or along the organ, the long dimensions of which prevail over other dimensions. The frontal (transverse) axis (transverse - transversus, transversalis) coincides in direction with the frontal plane. This axis is oriented from right to left or left to right. The sagittal axis (sagittal - sagittalis) is located in the anteroposterior direction, like the sagittal plane.

To indicate the position of organs and parts of the body, the following definitions are used, included in the list of anatomical terms:

medial (medialis), if the organ (s) lies closer to the median plane;

lateral (lateral; lateralis), if the organ is located further from the median plane;

intermediate (intermedins), if the organ lies between two adjacent formations;

internal (lying inside; internus) and external (lying outside; externus), when they talk about organs located respectively inside, in the body cavity, or outside it;

deep (lying deeper; profundus) and superficial (located on the surface; superficialis) to determine the position of organs lying at different depths.

When describing the upper and lower extremities, special terms are used. To designate the beginning of the limb - the part that is closer to the body, use the definition proximal (closest to the body) (proximalis). The part of the limb removed from the body is called distal (distalis). The surface of the upper limb relative to the palm is denoted by the term palmar (palmaris or volaris - located on the side of the palm), and the lower limb is
ty relative to the sole - plantaris. The edge of the forearm from the side of the radius is called the radial (radialis), and from the side of the ulna - the ulnar (ulnaris). On the shin, the edge where the fibula is located is called the fibularis, and the opposite edge where the tibia lies is called the tibialis.

To determine the projection of the boundaries of the heart, lungs, liver, pleura and other organs, vertical lines are conventionally drawn on the surface of the body, oriented along the human body. The anterior median line (linea mediana anterior) runs along the front surface of the human body, on the border between its right and left halves. The posterior median line (linea mediana posterior) runs along the spinal column, above the tops of the spinous processes of the vertebrae. Between these two lines, on each side, you can draw several more conventional lines through the anatomical formations on the surface of the body. The sternal (peri-sternal) line (linea sternalis) runs along the edge of the sternum, the midclavicular line (linea medioclaviculdris) runs through the middle of the clavicle. Often this line coincides with the position of the nipple of the mammary gland, in connection with which it is also called the nipple line (linea mamillaris). The anterior axillary line (linea axillaris anterior) starts from the fold of the same name (plica axillaris anterior) in the axillary fossa and goes along the body.

The middle axillary line (linea axillaris media) starts from the deepest point of the axillary fossa; posterior axillary line (linea axillaris posterior) - from the fold of the same name (plica axillaris posterior). The scapular line (linea scapularis) passes through the lower angle of the scapula, the paravertebral line (linea paravertebralis) - along the spinal column through the costal-transverse joints (transverse processes of the vertebrae).

Imagine having to pick a cupcake quickly.

What do you think is the most attractive option for positioning the assortment on the screen?

Or vertical:

Each of us is faced with both on a daily basis. Everything around: from supermarkets to online stores - they attack us with different options for presenting products:

But which one is better? And can this factor in general be important and influence something?

Maybe. And in this article, you will learn about which product presentation is more effective and when.

First, we see the world horizontally. We have binocular vision, and our eyes are horizontal, which gives us a wide horizontal view - about 190 degrees.

This is why computers and monitors are made wider (rather than taller).

Secondly, horizontal scanning is physically easier.

Due to the peculiarities of the muscular structure of a person, it is easier to move the eyes horizontally. Our head naturally tilts slightly forward, which makes moving our eyes up and down more laborious.

In 2016, a study was conducted, during which the subjects were offered two options for the location of the lollipops. To study the patterns of eye movements of the participants were used. It was possible to find out that the nature of eye movement corresponded to the type of presentation of products. The eyes made movements in the horizontal plane with the horizontal presentation of goods and in the vertical plane with the vertical one.

But more importantly, since horizontal movements are easier to perform, people covered more objects per second in the horizontal view (3.26 for the horizontal and 2.77 for the vertical).

3. The horizontal assortment of goods seems to be more diverse.

Since a person can see more objects at a time, he makes the erroneous conclusion that the choice of goods is wider.

4. Horizontal display increases the likelihood of selection

In turn, a wide choice is a factor contributing to the transaction. Customers have a natural tendency to look for variety, which is why they prefer product ranges that meet this criterion.

In addition, it takes people more time to browse through a more diverse assortment. As a result, people view more items of a product and form a wider pool of options available to choose from (considering buying more options). Unsurprisingly, a horizontal view ultimately leads to more purchases (and more purchases of multiple items).

A few caveats

1. Use vertical presentation on vertical screens

The presentation of goods on smartphones should not be horizontal. It's just smart. No other explanation is needed here.

2. Use vertical representation when you need to reduce product variety.

The horizontal presentation is effective because the product range presented in this way appears to be wider.

But sometimes a wide variety of choices can be counterproductive.

If customers know exactly what they need, they are unlikely to want to browse too many items.

Take Amazon for example.

It is right. When people are “just looking,” variety is helpful.

However, if you look at the search results — the area where people search for a particular product — you will notice that the products are presented vertically.

If users are looking for a specific product, you should reduce the apparent variety and simply help them find the product they want. Therefore, vertical presentation is most preferred.

Conclusion

The good thing about the horizontal presentation of products is that it increases the breadth of choice and gives the impression that the range of products is more diverse. However, if your goal is to shorten and speed up the selection, use the vertical view.

You can follow the lead of Amazon or even Walmart. On the site of the latter, if you are not looking for a specific model of a certain product, but give a request for all categories (for example, humidifiers), the proposed results will be presented horizontally.

And this is also correct. Walmart understands that the person searching for this generic term is in the early stages of the sales funnel, where choice is an advantage, and horizontal product presentation does just that. But if you search for a specific product, the search results will be presented vertically.

The vertical view focuses the customer's attention on a specific product of interest. In addition, these products will occupy the most advantageous place on the page — there the customer's eyes will fall first of all.

A building level is used to determine the evenness of a horizontal or vertical surface. There are several varieties: water, laser, but most of all use a bubble level, or alcohol. We will tell you how to use the level below.

Device

Structurally, the bubble level is a rectangular rail made of metal or plastic, equipped with special transparent inserts, the so-called "eyes", or visors. Usually there are two or three of them: each is needed to check a specific plane. So, with the help of sighting devices, the evenness of the horizontal, vertical, and the surface located at an angle is determined. These inserts are made in the form of a flask with a colored alcohol liquid and an air bubble. On the walls of the "eye" there are special marks that serve as a guide for the correct position of the air bubble.

Building levels are used both during home renovations and in capital construction. Therefore, they come in different sizes and types. More reliable are rails with a metal case, which protects the tool during falls and from other mechanical damage at the construction site. In addition, the metal slats are made of a special alloy that does not lend itself to corrosion. Plastic levels are less durable, accurate, but cheaper. In order for the instrument to show the most accurate measurements, it is recommended to purchase it from a specialized store.

In addition to the standard rectangular models, there are round levels. They are made in the form of a sealed capsule with an air bubble inside, which is placed in a small case. Typically, such devices are used in industrial plants to comply with the technological conditions of the equipment.

How to use

The bubble level has a working surface - the one that is applied during the measurement to the wall, floor, foundation. It can be identified by the absence of paint, in contrast to the rest of the body surface. If you apply the building level not with the working, but with the opposite surface, when measuring, the device may show a small error. The side of the tool is not used at all.

To check the horizontal plane, use the sight, which is located in the middle of the staff. For checking vertical surfaces, there is a sighting device located closer to the end of the device body. The length of the tool should be selected based on what work will be done with it. It can vary from 20 cm to 4 meters. A 20 cm level is used to determine the accuracy of small surfaces such as the location of sockets, switches. Slats up to 1 meter long are used when carrying out work on a larger scale, for example, when laying tiles. Long building levels are used as control rails.

Terms of use

To talk about the rules for operating the bubble level, it is necessary to consider 2 options for its use:

  • Checking horizontal surfaces

The rail is laid on a horizontal (floor covering, window sill, timber, etc.) with the working surface downwards. In this case, the air bubble inside the sight should be exactly in the center between the two risks. During measurement, millimeter accuracy is important, i.e. if the bubble deflects even by one millimeter, this is an indicator of unevenness. If it deviates from the center to the left, this indicates the need to raise the right side of the horizontal surface to the desired height until the bubble snaps into place. When it is in the middle, the horizontal is fixed in this position.

  • Checking vertical surfaces

The flatness of the plastered walls is often checked. To do this, apply the rail with the working surface to the wall and observe the readings of the sight, located near the edge of the rail. If you notice a deviation of the air bubble in the direction "from the wall", then the plaster layer at the bottom is thicker than at the top. If it deviates "to the wall", then there is not enough mortar below the plastered surface.

Despite the fact that the tool is usually made of metal, glass eyes are susceptible to mechanical damage. The device often shows inaccurate measurements after being dropped or hit. Immediately after purchase, you need to set it up: apply it to a perfectly flat surface horizontally. To adjust the error, you need to rotate it around its axis.

You cannot do without the help of this simple tool even during ordinary cosmetic repairs, not to mention capital construction. Simple operation, lack of special maintenance, combined with accurate readings, are the main advantages of bubble building levels.

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