ALBERT EINSTEIN v Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the small Austrian town of Ulm. When the boy was one year old, his parents Hermann and Paulina Einstein moved to Munich. Herman entered the business of his younger brother Jacob and became a co-owner of a company for the production and repair of electrical appliances. Things were going well, and the family lived in a luxurious two-story villa.

v At the age of seven, Albert was sent to public school. His sister recalls that he was considered only “moderately bright,” as he was very slow to absorb and digest new information: “His mathematical talents were not yet noticed at that time; He didn’t even shine in arithmetic, that is, he could make mistakes in calculations and did not do them too quickly, although he had logical abilities and perseverance.”

v But already at the age of seven he begins to show promise. In August 1886, Paulina wrote to her mother, Einstein's grandmother, that he had again received the top of his class certificate. Paulina's statement that her little Albert would be a famous professor became an integral part of family tradition.

v Einstein recalled his years of study at the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he was sent at the age of nine and a half, with bitterness: “I was ready to endure any punishment, just so as not to learn incoherent nonsense from memory,” he later recalls. v Having completed six classes, he lived in Milan until the fall of 1895 and studied independently.

v In the fall of 1895, he came to Switzerland to enter the Higher Technical School in Zurich, the Polytechnic - that was the name of this educational institution for short. But before enrolling here, he had to complete his last year at the cantonal school in Aarau.

v In October 1896, Einstein was finally accepted into the teaching faculty at the polytechnic. Studying in Aarau was the happiest period in Einstein’s life; he describes the town as “an unforgettable oasis in the oasis that Switzerland is for Europe.” Professor Winteler. like Einstein's father, he turned out to be a very kind, easy-going and easy-to-communicate person.

v During his first year at the polytechnic, Einstein worked diligently in the physics laboratory, “fascinated by direct contact with experience.” In addition to his interest in theoretical physics, during his student years Einstein was interested in geology, cultural history, economics, and literary studies. And he continued to educate himself. . . Helmholtz's works appear on his desk. Hertz and even Darwin.

v In the summer of 1900, Albert graduated from the polytechnic with average grades and received a diploma as a teacher of physics and mathematics, and in 1901 he received Swiss citizenship. Einstein was not accepted into the Swiss army because he was found to have flat feet and varicose veins. v From the time he graduated from the polytechnic in 1900 until the spring of 1902, Albert could not find a permanent job. Things were getting worse. He once said that, apparently, he would soon have to walk the streets with a violin in order to earn a piece of bread.

v During these difficult years, Einstein wrote an article “Consequences of the theory of capillarity”; it was published in 1901 in the Berlin “Annals of Physics”. The article discussed the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids. v Finally, on the recommendation of his friend, the mathematician M. Grossmann, Einstein was appointed to the position of third-class expert with an annual salary of 3,500 francs at the Federal Patent Office in Bern. He worked there for more than seven years - from July 1902 to October 1909. Easy work and a simple way of life allowed Einstein to become a major theoretical physicist during these years. After work, he had a lot of time to do his own research.

v Six months after getting a job at the patent office, Albert Einstein married Mileva Maric. He settled with her in Bern. The Einsteins rented the top floor of a grocer's house. In May 1904, the family welcomed its first child, named Hans Albert. v In 1904, he completed and sent articles to the journal “Annals of Physics” devoted to the study of issues of statistical mechanics and the molecular theory of heat. In 1905 these articles were published. As the famous physicist Louis de Broglie put it, these works were like sparkling rockets that illuminated the darkness of the night, revealing to us the endless and unknown expanses of the Universe.

v The scientist was able to explain the Brownian motion of molecules and concluded that it was possible to calculate the mass and number of molecules present in a given volume. A few years later, this discovery was repeated by the French physicist J. Perron, who received the Nobel Prize for it.

v The second paper proposed an explanation for the photoelectric effect. “Experiments have shown that rays of light, falling on the surface of some metals, knock out electrons from there,” P. Carter and R. Highfield write in their book about the scientist. What seemed surprising was that the speed with which electrons come off the surface depends not on the degree of illumination, but on the color of the rays. For example, when exposed to the brightest red light, electrons were ejected at a lower speed than when exposed to dim blue light. This fact defied any explanation until Einstein hypothesized that a beam of light carries energy in the form of tiny particles, which he called quanta of light energy. When the illumination intensity increased, more quanta fell on the metal surface and, accordingly, more electrons were knocked out from it. But the speed with which they came off the surface increased only when the energy quanta themselves became larger, that is, when the frequency of light radiation increased and its color became closer to the blue part of the spectrum. According to Einstein, there is a lower threshold for the frequency of radiation, that is, a lower limit on the size of quanta that can knock out electrons from the surface of a metal. If the size of the quanta is less than this threshold number, the electrons will not be able to break away from the metal surface at all. . .

v He confronted science with the famous paradox: light had both wave and corpuscular properties. It was for this work that Einstein belatedly received the Nobel Prize in 1922, but the contradiction in question continued to plague him throughout his life. At the end of his life, he wrote to Besso that he still did not have a clear idea of ​​what a quantum of light was. “Today every student thinks he understands this,” Einstein wrote. “But he’s wrong.”

v Albert's third and most remarkable work was devoted to the creation of the special theory of relativity. The scientist came to the conclusion that not a single material object can move faster than light. Based on this, he came to the conclusion that the mass of a body depends on the speed of its movement and represents “frozen energy,” which is related to the well-known formula - mass times the square of the speed of light.

v After the publication of these articles, Einstein gained universal recognition. In the spring of 1909, Einstein was appointed extraordinary professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. v On July 28, 1910, the Einsteins' second son, Edward, was born. At the beginning of 1911, the scientist was invited to occupy an independent department at the German University in Prague. And in the summer of the following year, Einstein returned to Zurich and took a position as a professor at the Polytechnic, the very same place where he sat as a student.

v A new theory was born in the scientist’s head. On June 25, 1913, he wrote to Mach: “These days you have probably already received my new work on relativity and gravitation, which was finally completed after endless efforts and painful doubts. Next year, during a solar eclipse, it should be determined whether light rays are bent near the Sun, in other words, whether the basic fundamental assumption about the equivalence of the acceleration of the reference frame, on the one hand, and the gravitational field, on the other, is really confirmed. If yes, then your brilliant research on the fundamentals of mechanics will be brilliantly confirmed, despite Planck’s unfair criticism. Because from here it necessarily follows that the cause of inertia is a special kind of interaction of bodies - quite in the spirit of your reasoning about Newton’s experiment with a bucket.”

v In 1914, Einstein was invited to Germany to the position of professor at the University of Berlin and at the same time director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics. That same year, World War I broke out, but as a Swiss citizen, Einstein did not take part in it. v In 1915 in Berlin, the scientist completed his masterpiece - the general theory of relativity. It contained not only a generalization of the special theory of relativity, but also a new theory of gravity. Einstein suggested that all bodies do not attract each other, as was believed since the time of Isaac Newton, but bend the surrounding space and time. This was such a revolutionary idea that many scientists considered Einstein's conclusion to be quackery.

v Among other phenomena, the deflection of light rays in a gravitational field was predicted, which was confirmed by English scientists during a solar eclipse in 1919. When the confirmation was officially announced, Einstein became famous throughout the world overnight. v In 1918, a few weeks after the signing of the armistice, Einstein traveled to Switzerland. During his visit, he dissolved his marriage to Mileva Maric.

v “In a divorce, the most sensitive issue was settling financial issues. . . Given all the “irregular and unforeseen” payments to Mileva and the children, Einstein, he said, was in danger of squandering all his savings and being unable to provide for the future of his children, write P. Carter and R. Highfield. Einstein's trump card was the Nobel Prize in Physics. If the wife does not create obstacles to the divorce, the money awarded to the Nobel laureate will go to her and will fully ensure both her future and the future of the children. If not, she would receive nothing more than the 6,000 Swiss francs per year amount that Einstein considered reasonable and possible to allocate to her. By offering Mileva the Nobel money, Einstein did not want, as many believe, to celebrate her contribution to the creation of the theory of relativity - he simply wanted to get a divorce in a way convenient for himself. The cash equivalent of the prize, paid in Swedish kronor, was equivalent to 180,000 Swiss francs, a stable currency in contrast to the falling German mark, which Einstein had used for previous payments. But there was one problem: Einstein had not yet received the Nobel Prize. . .

v Einstein believed in himself so much that already in 1918 he had no doubt that he would win the Nobel Prize. Mileva also did not experience such doubts - and her faith in Einstein remained unshakable. Since 1910, when the scientist was first nominated for the Nobel Prize, his name has only appeared twice on the list of candidates, however, when the terms of the divorce were discussed, neither Einstein nor Mileva could guarantee that he would actually become the owner of the Nobel money. But both believed it was only a matter of time. Until it came, Einstein pledged to regularly pay certain amounts to Mileva.”

v After divorcing his first wife, he continued to take care of her and his sons, the eldest of whom was already graduating from high school in Zurich. When Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in November 1922, he gave the entire amount received to his sons. And at the same time, he constantly took care of the two daughters of his second wife Elsa. Elsa was Albert's first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's side. v P. Carter and R. Highfield write: “The Nobel Committee was conservative and did not want to award a prize for the theory of relativity: it was still controversial and was not sufficiently confirmed by experimental data. Einstein did not become a Nobel laureate very soon, only in 1922. He received a prize that remained unawarded in 1921, and he did not receive it for the theory of relativity. Ironically, he received it for his discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect, that is, for a theory whose conclusions, later drawn by other scientists, irritated him for the rest of his life.”

v On June 2, 1919, Elsa and Albert Einstein got married. Even earlier, Elsa’s daughters officially adopted the surname Einstein. Albert Einstein moved into his new wife's apartment. In 1920, Einstein wrote to Besso that he was “in good shape and in excellent spirits.” v Despite the fact that Einstein was recognized as one of the world's leading physicists, he was persecuted in Germany because of his anti-militarist views and revolutionary physical theories. The scientist lived in Germany until 1933. There he gradually became a target for hatred. After Hitler came to power, Einstein left the country and moved to the United States, where he began working at the Institute for Fundamental Physical Research in Princeton.

v On August 2, 1939, Einstein sent a letter to US President Franklin Roosevelt warning about the possibility of Nazi Germany using atomic weapons. He wrote that research into the fission of uranium could lead to the creation of weapons of enormous destructive power. v Later the scientist regretted this letter. Einstein condemned the American “atomic diplomacy”, which consisted in the US monopoly in the field of atomic weapons. He criticized the United States government for that. that it was trying to blackmail other countries.

v Shortly before his death, Einstein became one of the initiators of an appeal by the world's leading scientists, addressed to the governments of all countries, warning about the dangers of using the hydrogen bomb. This appeal became the beginning of a movement that united the most prominent scientists in the struggle for peace, which was called the Pugwash movement. After Einstein's death, it was headed by the greatest English philosopher and physicist B. Russell. v On April 18, 1955, at 1:25 a.m., Einstein died. There were no speeches, the scientist’s ashes were set on fire in the Ewing Simteri Crematorium, and the ashes were scattered to the wind.

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Albert Einstein “I want to find out what fundamental law God followed when creating the Universe. Nothing else interests me."

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Paradoxical genius Albert Einstein's life was full of paradoxes. The brilliant physicist experienced serious difficulties at school. A world-famous scientist, the pride of German science, was forced to leave his country due to Nazi persecution.

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Childhood of a genius Einstein was born at 11:30 on March 14, 1879 in the city of Ulm in southern Germany. As a child, Einstein was not a particularly bright child. He seemed retarded and started speaking late. All this seems somewhat strange, especially for a future mathematician. As a rule, mathematical abilities appear at a very early age. Many of the world's leading mathematicians were already asking questions about large or infinitely large numbers before they were even three years old. Albert at 14

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The closed, taciturn boy at school often became the object of ridicule. Teachers considered him lazy, slow and incapable. “Nothing good will ever come of you, Einstein,” said the German teacher. The “careless” schoolboy loved to read popular science books and was engaged in self-education. One day, at the beginning of the school year, he came across a textbook of Euclidean geometry, which captivated him so much that Einstein studied the school course on his own in one sitting.

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Free Switzerland In the autumn of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to take the entrance exams to the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich and become a physics teacher. Having shown himself brilliantly in the mathematics exam, he at the same time failed the exams in botany and French, which did not allow him to enter the Zurich Polytechnic. However, the director of the school advised the young man to enter the graduating class of a school in Aarau (Switzerland) in order to receive a certificate and repeat admission. The first thing that surprised Albert about the new school was the spirit of freedom and democracy. At the same time, Albert gave himself more and more to his dreams. “If we could travel at the speed of light...”, the future scientist dreamed.

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Albert Einstein's transcript Disciplines 3 year 3rd semester 4 year 1st semester German B B French C C History B B Geometry A A Natural science C B Physics A A Chemistry B C Drawing C B Fine arts - B Singing - A Violin A A

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While studying at the Polytechnic, Albert met his future wife. The talented Serbian Mileva Maric was the only girl among the students. Common scientific interests quickly brought the young people together. “When I marry the woman I love, we will do science together. “I don’t want to waste time with ignorant and uneducated people,” Albert wrote to his beloved.

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Patent Office Einstein worked in the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily involved in the expert evaluation of applications for inventions. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of the work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics. On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Maric. They had three children.

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The year 1905 went down in the history of physics as the “Year of Miracles”. This year, the Annals of Physics, Germany's leading physics journal, published three outstanding papers by Einstein, which marked the beginning of a new scientific revolution: 1. “Towards the electrodynamics of moving bodies.” The theory of relativity begins with this article. 2. “On one heuristic point of view concerning the origin and transformation of light.” One of the works that laid the foundation for quantum theory. 3. “On the motion of particles suspended in a fluid at rest, required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat” - a work devoted to Brownian motion and which significantly advanced statistical physics. Year of Miracles

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Einstein was a professor at the Universities of Zurich, Prague, and Berlin, as well as the Princeton Institute for Basic Research. “If the theory of relativity is confirmed, the Germans will say that I am a German, and the French will say that I am a citizen of the world; but if my theory is refuted, the French will declare me a German, and the Germans a Jew.”

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Worldwide recognition Before Einstein, such concepts as deformed space and time did not exist in physics. All planets, Einstein believed, cause space curvature. Therefore, light rays, bending around this curvature, must be deflected. The only thing missing was practical confirmation. The difficulty was that the necessary observations were possible only during a total solar eclipse. A suitable opportunity presented itself in 1919. Photographs taken by astronomer Arthur Eddington provided proof of Einstein's theory. Thus, the scientist gained worldwide recognition.

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Travels Einstein's trips had not only scientific, but also socio-political goals. Becoming the first representative of German science to speak in Paris after the war, he accepted the invitation of the French side in the interests of mutual understanding between the two peoples. Period Place June 1920 Oslo August 1920 Copenhagen April-May 1921 USA June 1921 UK March 1922 Paris March-June 1925 India-Singapore-Hong Kong-Philippines November-December 1923 Japan January 1923 Philippines February 1923 Palestine February-March 1923 Spain March-June 1925 Argentina-Uruguay-Brazil

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Elsa Einstein was not an exemplary family man and treated his second wife Elsa through the prism of the Oedipus complex - as a desired mother and an unwanted partner. Along with fame came fans. Rich ladies regularly gave Einstein rides in cars and showered him with seven gifts, driving Elsa into hysterics. The scientist bequeathed to one of his “friends,” secretary Hélène Dukas, twice as much money as his own son Hans, and also left her all his personal belongings and books.

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The great physicist was an enthusiastic, slightly absent-minded and dreamy man; by today's standards - "mad scientists." He did not become an encyclopedist - the physicist's humanitarian interests were limited to philosophy alone, but in the technical field his mind could work in any direction: from formulas for card tricks to the design of refrigerators.

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Albert's Aphorisms In the late 1940s, Einstein wrote in his note on a one-world government: “I do not know with what weapons the Third World War will be fought, but in the Fourth we will fight with sticks and stones.” While working in Prague, Einstein responded to the anti-Semitism of local residents with caustic jokes. His favorite was this: “Two professors see that the street sign above the sidewalk is askew and is about to fall off. “Nothing,” says one of them. “Let’s hope it falls on some Czech’s head.” In response to one schoolgirl’s complaints about her problems with mathematics, the scientist replied: “Don’t be upset. Believe me, my difficulties are even greater than yours.” There is a well-known aphorism by Einstein, which he came up with in response to a journalist’s question about the difference between time and eternity: “If I had time to explain the difference between these concepts, an eternity would pass before you would understand it.”

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Charlie and Albert In 1931, during a visit to America, the Einsteins met actor Charlie Chaplin. The scientist was a big fan of the brilliant comedian. At the premiere of City Lights, Chaplin told Einstein: “They applaud me because everyone understands me. For you, because no one understands you.”

Introduction A true dream does not come true. “If you take away a person’s ability to dream, then one of the most powerful motivations that gives rise to culture, art, science) and the desire to fight for a wonderful future will disappear.” Paustovsky K. G. Albert Einstein is a philosopher, he proved quite a few hypotheses, explained laws, gave people goals, but with all this, his main dream did not come true. The purpose of my work is to talk about the great man, to explain the significance of Einstein’s research not only for science, but for humanity in general. The tasks are to prove the laws both theoretically and practically. Information was received from famous physicists of the planet, in the program about Albert Einstein, from books on astronomy and quantum physics.

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the southern German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family. Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school. When I started studying at the gymnasium, my grades in all subjects were unsatisfactory (except mathematics). He often got into arguments with teachers, was a rebel since childhood, but at the same time he read quite a bit of scientific literature and had the right to prove his point of view (the teachers had hatred, most likely out of envy, as is always the case with smart children). Children's thoughts

His interest in science was aroused by an ordinary compass, which his father showed him at the age of 5, Albert (about himself): “The fact that this arrow behaved so definitely did not in any way fit the type of phenomena that could find a place in my unconscious world of concepts. I still remember now - or it seems to me that I remember - that this incident made a deep impression on me. There must be something else, deeply hidden, behind things.” This is where his first research began.

Time of discovery In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic with a diploma in teaching mathematics and physics. He passed the exams successfully, but not brilliantly. Many professors highly appreciated the abilities of the student Einstein, but no one wanted to help him continue his scientific career. Einstein himself later recalled: “I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science.” In 1901, Einstein received Swiss citizenship, but until the spring of 1902 he could not find a permanent job, even as a school teacher. Due to lack of income, he literally starved, not eating for several days in a row. This became the cause of liver disease, from which the scientist suffered for the rest of his life. In 1901, the Annals of Physics (Germany's leading physics journal) published his first article, “Consequences of the theory of capillarity,” devoted to the analysis of the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids based on the theory of capillarity.capillarity

The year 1905 went down in the history of physics as the “Year of Miracles.” This year, the Annals of Physics published three outstanding papers by Einstein, which marked the beginning of a new scientific revolution: 1 “On the electrodynamics of moving bodies.” The theory of relativity begins with this article. 2 “On one heuristic point of view concerning the emergence and transformation of light. One of the works that laid the foundation of quantum theory. (photo effect, for which Albert was nominated for a Nobel Prize; he discovered it together with his first wife Mileve Maric) 3 “On the movement of particles suspended in a fluid at rest, required by the molecular kinetic theory of heat” work, dedicated to Brownian motion and significantly advanced statistical physics.

Photoelectric effect Photoeffect is the emission of electrons by a substance under the influence of light. In condensed substances (solid and liquid), there are external and internal photoelectric effects. external internal Laws of the photoelectric effect: Formulation of the 1st law of the photoelectric effect: the number of electrons emitted by light from the surface of a metal per unit time at a given frequency is directly proportional to the intensity of the light. According to the 2nd law of the photoelectric effect, the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted by light will increase linearly with the frequency of light and does not depend on its intensity. 3rd law of the photoelectric effect: for each substance there is a red limit of the photoelectric effect, that is, the minimum frequency of light ν 0 (or maximum wavelength λ 0), at which the photoelectric effect is still possible, and if ν

Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect: hν = A out + W e, where W e is the maximum kinetic energy that an electron can have when leaving the metal, A out is the so-called. work function (the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a substance), ν is the frequency of an incident photon with energy hν, h is Planck's constant. Completely refuted the opinion of scientists that ether exists!!!

SRT Special theory of relativity: relationship between energy and mass: E=m. A theory that describes motion, mechanical laws, and space-time relationships at speeds close to the speed of light. A generalization of STR for gravitational fields is called general relativity.

General relativity General theory of relativity is a geometric theory of gravitation, developing the special theory of relativity (STR), published by Albert Einstein in . The theory that revolutionized the idea of ​​gravity. She put forward 2 things: 1. That Newton's laws are not correct (but they can be used in everyday life) and 2. The relativistic theory of relativity. Relativistic

Where Newton was wrong, general relativity proves to us that bodies with large masses are not attracted by arcs to each other, and a body with a lower mass falls into a funnel created by the magnetic field of a more massive body. And also General Relativity proves that space is not 3-dimensional, but 4-dimensional, meaning that time is not flat and does not go in one direction, but changes, or more precisely, that speed is an unchangeable quantity, current time changes, because Time's metric and curvature change.

Newton believed in gravity, believing that it spreads at the highest speed, and Einstein believed in the irresistible speed of light (in my opinion, there is a speed higher than the speed of light). If we talk about speeds, we can give an example: if the sun disappears, then the first thing on earth will be darkness in 8 minutes, and then in 18 minutes a gravitational wave will take the earth out of its orbit.

Last years The last years of his life he lived in the city of Princeton USA, his last years he tried to fulfill his important dream, he dreamed of linking gravity and electromagnetic forces together, but all his efforts were in vain, to unite chaos (quantum world) and order (universe) Although it is absurd, scientists are still trying to continue Einstein’s work. They believe that this is possible, but as mathematicians say: “trying to combine these forces is the same as solving a mathematical anomaly in which there is no answer, but physics is mysterious and unstudied, mathematics may even bow to it, but in its own way time, but for now...” In his old age, Albert no longer remembered basic things, such as his address or telephone number. Died on April 18, 1955, some believe that he managed to bind these forces in the last moments of his life. There are many myths about his work, that there was knowledge dangerous for humanity and that he burned it, but there is no evidence of this yet.

The archives of the Nobel Committee preserve about 60 nominations by Einstein in connection with the formulation of the theory of relativity; his candidacy was consistently nominated every year from 1910 to 1922 (except for 1915 and 1915). However, the prize was awarded only in 1922 for the theory of the photoelectric effect, which seemed to members of the Nobel Committee to be a more indisputable contribution to science. As a result of this nomination, Einstein received the (previously deferred) prize for 1921 at the same time as Niels Bohr, who was awarded the 1922 prize. Einstein was awarded honorary doctorates from numerous universities, including: Geneva, Zurich, Rostock, Madrid, Brussels, Buenos Aires, London, Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester, Harvard, Princeton, New York (Albany) , Sorbonne.

Some aphorisms of Einstein: The eternally unknowable in the world is that in it that seems understandable to us. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited, while imagination embraces the whole world, stimulating progress, giving rise to evolution. Order is necessary for fools, but genius rules over chaos. There is only one path to greatness, and that path is through suffering. Before God, we are all equally smart, or rather equally stupid. Make it as simple as possible, but not simpler. Only two things are infinite: the Universe and human stupidity, but I'm not sure about the first. I never think about the future, it comes soon enough.

Conclusion Albert Einstein discovered laws that are unimaginable to the human mind. He made the greatest contribution to science than any existing scientist. All its laws are used by people in all spheres of life. If it weren't for him, physics would be completely different.

The relativistic theory of relativity Firstly proves that an explosion could not have occurred at one point in space, it had to occur simultaneously at all points (a refutation of the big bang theory). Secondly, it contributed to a more accurate understanding of black holes, i.e. proved that black holes are not portals to other worlds or, as some people think, that they are a mystical force, but this is simply a space in which the usual laws of physics do not work. This is proven by the observation of scientists that in the center of galaxies stars move at speeds of more than km/h, which means they are acted upon by a force that is the same in space - gravity near a black hole.

External photoeffect: External photoeffect (photoelectron emission) is the emission of electrons by a substance under the influence of electromagnetic radiation. Electrons emitted from a substance during an external photoelectric effect are called photoelectrons, and the electric current generated by them during ordered motion in an external electric field is called photocurrent.

Internal photoelectric effect The internal photoeffect is the redistribution of electrons among energy states in solid and liquid semiconductors and dielectrics, which occurs under the influence of radiation. It manifests itself in a change in the concentration of charge carriers in the medium and leads to the appearance of photoconductivity or the gate photoelectric effect. Photoconductivity is an increase in the electrical conductivity of a substance under the influence of radiation.

Capillarity Capillarity (from the Latin capillaris hairy), capillary effect is a physical phenomenon consisting in the ability of liquids to change the level in tubes, narrow channels of arbitrary shape, porous bodies. A rise in liquid occurs in cases where channels are wetted by liquids, for example, water in glass tubes, sand, soil, etc. A decrease in liquid occurs in tubes and channels that are not wetted by liquid, for example: mercury in a glass tube.

One day, getting on a Berlin tram, Einstein, out of habit, began to read. Then, without looking at the conductor, he took out from his pocket the money that had been calculated in advance for the ticket. “There’s not enough here,” said the conductor. “It can’t be,” answered the scientist, without looking up from the book. “And I’m telling you, it’s not enough.” Einstein shook his head again, saying, this can’t be. The conductor was indignant: - Then count, here - 15 pfennigs. So five more are missing. Einstein rummaged in his pocket and actually found the right coin. He felt embarrassed, but the conductor, smiling, said: “Nothing, grandfather, you just need to learn arithmetic.”

One day, while Einstein was visiting, it started to rain outside. The owners offered the leaving scientist a hat, but he refused: “Why do I need a hat? I knew it would rain, and that’s why I didn’t take my hat. It’s obvious that the hat will take much longer to dry than my hair.”

In my youth I discovered that my big toe would eventually make a hole in my sock. So I stopped wearing socks.

A lady once asked Einstein: “What is the difference between time and eternity?” Einstein replied: “If I had time to explain the difference between these concepts, it would be an eternity before you would understand it.”

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The birth of a genius.

Einstein's birthplace is the Bavarian city of Ulm. Albert was born a very strange child: a big head and a small body. At first he was considered a retarded child, but upon reaching the age of five, the young genius could boast of the speech of an adult and good analytical skills.

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FatherHerman Einstein

He was a very educated and well-read person. Together with his brother Yakov, he owned a small enterprise, but it brought in little money. It was the father who introduced his son to the microscope, compass and telescope. The future scientist was especially interested in the compass and the phenomenon of magnetism, which worried him until the end of his life.

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Mother Paulina Einstein

An intelligent and talented woman who loved her son more than life itself. From early childhood she taught Einstein to music and literature. But she did not approve of her son’s wives: “All your beloved ones only know how to read smart books, and the right wife should be able to cook well and repair shoes, and most importantly, raise children.”

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Studies

At the age of 11, the young genius began studying at a Munich gymnasium. However, despite all his abilities, he did not fit in at the gymnasium: being withdrawn, he constantly fell under the ridicule of his classmates, and the strict regime in the gymnasium and the punishment system, when the teacher came to class with a whip and beat the students with it, did not evoke anything in the scientist’s soul except despair. Being a humanist, Einstein could not come to terms with this, but continued to study, although his teachers constantly told him that nothing good would come of him.

Two years before graduation, the father finally went broke and the whole family moved to live in Italy, but young Einstein stayed to study, although a year later he also joined the family, unable to bear the school rules. He is confident that he himself is capable of preparing to study at the Zurich Higher Technical School. Then he dreamed of becoming an engineer.

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Young dreamer

Einstein during his student years

Having moved to Switzerland to study, sixteen-year-old Einstein was quite surprised by the atmosphere of freedom and equality that reigned in this country. However, at first he was not enrolled in the school, but received an invitation to enter there a year later. Einstein loved to visit cafes with friends, where he liked to indulge in dreams. At school he took physics seriously. The study of this science fascinated the young man; he was especially interested in cosmic processes.

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First wife

Mileva Maric. Serbian by origin. She was the only female student at the school where Einstein studied. He considered her his equal and did not see other women, thinking that they were stupid and could not be his mate. However, their relationship was very bad from the very beginning. The genius's parents were against his marriage. And at first, Einstein and Mileva lived on odd jobs; Mileva’s husband could not get a diploma right away, and Einstein could not defend his doctorate the first time.

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Evolution of a scientist

Mileva Maric and Einstein's children from his first marriage.

In 1902, Einstein received a position in the patent office. A year later, their first son, Hans, is born. The work involved studying new devices appearing in the world, but the scientist spent no more than ten minutes on this; the scientist devoted the remaining time to his personal research. Surprisingly, the scientist only needed a pen and paper to work, but despite such meager equipment, research progressed quite quickly.

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Year of Miracles 1905.

For the scientific community, this year began with the publication of three brilliant theories of Einstein: the theory of molecular physics, the theory of the photoelectric effect, and the theory of relativity. At first, people did not listen to the scientist’s theories because they refuted all of Newton’s previously existing laws. Einstein argued that the only constant is the speed of light. The first to recognize the correctness of the theories was the German physicist Max Planck, who made the name of Albert Einstein world famous.

Max Planck

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Worldwide recognition

For Einstein, the concept of time and space did not exist; he believed that each planet creates a curvature of space, so the sun's rays are reflected around the planets.

All that remained was to prove the correctness of the theory. Such an opportunity presented itself in 1919, when a photograph taken by astronomer Arthur Eddington became the main evidence. This made Einstein a universally recognized genius.

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Nobel Prize

It is believed that Einstein's theories can only be perceived intuitively. But at that time he became the most popular scientist of the era: his photographs were in magazines, everyone discussed his theories, from ordinary people to prominent scientists.

In February 1919, the scientist divorced Mileva Maric, due to the fact that his wife did not want to live in a foreign land. Her husband's fame put pressure on her and she leaves taking the children.

But the genius could not remain alone for long and soon he meets his new wife Elsa.

In 1921, the scientist received the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the laws of the photoelectric effect.

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Flight to America

After Hitler came to power in Germany, many prominent figures fell out of favor with the new regime, among them Einstein. Unable to withstand the pressure, he and his family go to live in America, where he agrees that fascism is evil and it is necessary to create an atomic bomb before the Nazis and takes an active part in the work on it. But after the surrender of Germany, he insists on stopping development, but he is not heard and soon bombs are dropped on Japan.

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Last years

Einstein spent his last odes in Princeton, where he suffered significantly from heart disease.

In the spring of 1955, feeling his death approaching, the scientist gathers friends and writes a will. The ashes of the genius were scattered to the wind.

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