In addition to roll materials, waterproofing is conveniently performed using bulk bitumen compositions or liquid rubber. In both cases, the waterproofing layer is applied using sprayers or rollers and is often more like painting foundation blocks, unlike roll waterproofing, the thickness of such a protective layer is small, its mechanical structure is more permeable to water vapor and gases. In addition, unreinforced layers swell very easily and are damaged by temperature changes and ground movements. In this case, they are subjected to external waterproofing with special resin or bitumen mastics with roll materials.

The most popular materials for forming the frame of the foundation box are ready-made concrete blocks or casted at the place of installation of tape boxes. The cheapest option is to use rubble stone masonry in a special solution. To obtain high mechanical strength of concrete mixtures, such a system must be moistened for at least three weeks.

After the completion of the formation of the concrete frame and the removal of the formwork, the surface of the blocks is prepared for the application of waterproofing materials.

Performing waterproofing work by laying roll material on the surface of the foundation

With construction skills and having received some information from the video on waterproofing the foundation with roll materials, it is quite possible to complete the work with minimal costs and at a good quality level. The key to success is the use of high-quality roll products in waterproofing.

To prepare for the sticker, it is necessary to carefully level the surface of the foundation walls, remove irregularities and cracks. The best option would be to apply a special plaster based on a bitumen-emulsion base on the foundation, which can kill two birds with one stone.

Firstly, the concrete surface is leveled and compacted, due to which the web of rolled waterproofing material will lie on the foundation wall evenly and evenly.

Secondly, the roll material adheres to the foundation very efficiently, firmly and without bubbles. A similar procedure is carried out when preparing the walls of the apartment before gluing the wallpaper.

Advice ! Avoid using homemade gum, motor oil and kerosene mastics for pre-priming. A similar recipe was quite popular in Soviet times for roofing work on laying roofing material or paper-resin mixtures on concrete roof slabs. Due to the high porosity of cement surfaces, the kerosene mixture easily penetrates deep into the concrete and destroys it.

We glue materials to the foundation

Do-it-yourself waterproofing of the foundation with roll materials is quite simple. After leveling and priming, the foundation surfaces should be thoroughly dried. The smallest air bubbles and moisture will prevent the normal adhesion of the bitumen mastic of the roofing sheet.

As a waterproofing material, we use a high-quality rolled multi-layer roofing material with styrene-butadiene main part and a reinforcing polyester fabric. The inner part of the panel has a melting film, the outer waterproofing layer is covered with a polypropylene coating.

It is necessary to glue a web of rolled material on the vertical walls of the foundation from the bottom up. When marking in the lower part of the wall, we make a small stock of material of 30 cm for gluing it to the base of the waterproofing foundation. Next, the wall of the foundation is heated with a burner or with the help of hot liquid mastic to the size of the roll width with a 5 centimeter margin. Having fastened the lower edge of the roll to the mastic, heat the place of the sticker with a burner and slowly roll the canvas up along the foundation.

The canvas is glued from bottom to top in order to get the most tight contact and prevent mastic from dripping from the surface of the heated section of the foundation.

Part of the mastic glue should be squeezed out from the side of the overlap of the panel with the adjacent sheet. Sometimes they use a scheme for sticking roll material, when the panels are glued end-to-end, an additional tape 150-200 mm wide is fused over the seam. In any case, there should be no folds or bubbles in the glued roll material that could lead to a break in the insulation.

For waterproofing the foundation, many different options for roll materials are produced, the most affordable and simplest is TECHNOELASTMOST products. Most modern mastics are made on a modified bitumen base, with increased adhesion to cement and brick.

There are various options for self-adhesive roll materials for waterproofing the foundation without the use of adhesive mastics or burners. In this case, the waterproofing is rolled out and attached to the surface of the foundation wall using polyester resin applied by the manufacturer to the inner layer of roofing material.

High-quality waterproofing will reliably protect the foundation and other parts of the structure from moisture penetration. To create a reliable protective layer at no extra cost, it is necessary to carefully study the materials and technologies for their use. This information will be useful when choosing suitable products in retail outlets, as well as during the implementation of a construction project.

On many land plots, the level of groundwater is quite high. During the period of active snow melting, after a heavy downpour, the drainage system may not be able to cope with the loads. It should be remembered that high humidity and positive temperatures are good conditions for the formation and development of microorganisms.

Frozen water expands and destroys building structures. High-quality waterproofing of the foundation is capable of limiting or completely eliminating these negative effects.

It is also useful for protection from atmospheric precipitation. Appropriate protection is applied to the structure of the roof and floors between floors. Its presence will prevent the development of emergencies, which will reduce costs when performing repair operations.

If we sum up all the advantages, we can make the correct conclusion about the economic feasibility of such projects. The investments made will pay off repeatedly over time. They will extend the life of the building, exclude the harmful effects of the external environment. But in any case, cost optimization comes in handy.

Waterproofing requirements

In order to more accurately select materials and other components of the project, it is necessary to determine the selection criteria:

• High strength is useful for creating a reliable layer without obvious and hidden defects. This is especially necessary if significant loads are expected during operation. In this case, not only static, but also dynamic mechanical effects are permissible. They arise, for example, when soil heaving in winter.
• Installation will be easier if the material has good flexibility. This will simplify the creation of complex shapes, high-quality insulation of joints, corners. It is desirable that the ductility is maintained over a wide temperature range.
• Waterproofing is installed inside multi-layer building structures. It is covered with earth. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure sufficient durability, because repair and replacement will be associated with significant costs.

Traditional and modern materials

Previously, only cardboard was used as the base of the roll. Its positive characteristics include low cost. But this material has low strength. It is subject to decay processes and is destroyed in natural conditions.

To give a more accurate assessment of new materials, it should be noted In the initial state, this raw material does not have sufficient resistance to high temperatures. This drawback was eliminated by adding oxidants. But another problem arose - a decrease in elasticity. Bitumen based materials have become more difficult to lay. And after 4-6 years, cracks appear on the surfaces.

Fiberglass was used to eliminate negative parameters. It is stronger than canvas made from the same raw materials and is able to retain its original functionality for many years. It is impregnated with bitumen, to which special ingredients are added. Their presence increases plasticity and prevents cracking. A polymer film is installed on the outer surface from one or both sides. When heated, it melts. This is useful for fixing the material to vertical surfaces while creating the waterproofing layer. On the outside, a powder of granite or other crushed material is fixed. This layer increases resistance to mechanical stress.

Polymers with bitumen and mineral additives are plastic and durable. In some types of these materials, a layer of foil is installed. It provides additional protection against radon (radioactive radiation). Polystyrene rolls with a three-dimensional structure have thermal insulation properties. Polypropylene components increase resistance to heat, direct exposure to ultraviolet rays.

They also produce waterproofing membranes made of rubber, modified polymers. They are distinguished by improved consumer characteristics. But their cost is higher in comparison with the listed analogs.

When choosing a material, you must carefully study its characteristics and manufacturer's recommendations. Resistance to direct sunlight, for example, is not needed for a waterproofing layer of a foundation covered with soil. However, increased durability comes in handy.

Foundation protection technology

The base of the building must be protected from all sides.

Below you can apply the following algorithm of actions:

• On the drained bottom of the pit, a drainage layer is created from clay, sand, and a mixture of these materials. After compaction with a rammer, its thickness should be 25 to 35 cm.
• A 5-6 cm concrete screed is poured from above with reinforcing reinforcement inside. After that, it is necessary to withstand two weeks for a full solidification.
• A layer of bitumen-based mastic is applied to the prepared flat surface.
• Without a break, they are laid with an overlap with a tolerance of 10-12 cm.
• They are again covered with mastic and the next layer of roofing material is installed.
• After two days, the volatile binders have evaporated and general construction work can be continued.

Above are the approximate parameters of the thickness of the foundation. The exact data is used after the engineering calculation of the loads of a particular architectural structure.

Vertical roll waterproofing for the foundation is preceded by the preparation of:

• The outer surface is cleared for free access. If necessary, dig a trench with the required dimensions.
• Remove dirt from the base mechanically. After performing the operations, there should be no oils or other materials that could impair adhesion.
• Eliminate detected cracks. Renew, replace or completely remove the plaster layer.
• It is better to remove the protrusions. Metal reinforcement can be cut with a circular saw. Such defects can damage the waterproofing layer, so the surface must be carefully leveled.
• Dimples cannot be left. They will collect moisture. They reduce the strength of the protective layer, which can be damaged after backfilling.
• Special seams in building structures are filled with sealant, which are created to compensate for deformations.
• The foundation is treated with a primer.

Then you can start working with roll materials. In any case, it is necessary to think over the installation in advance so that as a result, as few joints as possible are formed. It should be borne in mind that at the corners the overlap will have to be increased from the standard 10-15 cm to 25-35 cm. The waterproofing height is set 40-50 cm above the maximum groundwater level.

The following steps depend on the type of material selected:

• In the presence of an adhesive, the roll is pressed tightly with the corresponding side to the surface of the foundation. To ensure high quality working procedures, it is recommended to use a roller of the correct width. When installing several products, a staggered order of distribution of joints is used.
• In another category of materials, there is a layer of bitumen or polymer composition. It softens by increasing the temperature using a gas burner. The prepared roll is simultaneously pressed against the wall and heated. It is more convenient to perform such operations together with an assistant.
• To apply the latter category of materials, they must be pre-applied with glue. Their installation is carried out taking into account the information given and the limitations of the manufacturers. For example, the permissible ambient temperature and the setting time of one layer must be taken into account.

In some situations, when climatic conditions and other features provoke soil swelling, additional mechanical protection will be needed. It is carried out using the construction of a structure made of concrete, brick. Backfilling of the trench in front of the foundation is done with sand (coarse fractions are preferred). This will ensure the free passage of water into the storm sewer system and reduce the stress on the waterproofing.

Disadvantages and advantages of other techniques

Until now, they use the application of liquid mixtures based on bitumen to the outer surfaces of the base. Without special additives, this technology is only suitable for limited protection. It will prevent moisture penetration by capillary means. But the strength will not be enough for long-term resistance to groundwater. Damage can be caused by soil movement when it freezes in winter. Even backfilling a trench with earth can break the tightness of a thin layer.

• Fixing geotextile canvases.
• Insulation plates resistant to bitumen and mechanical stress.
• Construction of a special wall.

The total total costs when using this technique may exceed those that imply the use of roll waterproofing.

The spraying technique has certain advantages. With its help, surfaces that are complex in shape are processed, on which the use of roofing material or other roll materials is not advisable. But in this option, additional measures to strengthen the layer will also be needed. It should be noted that the application of the compositions is carried out using specialized equipment.

Waterproofing and protective measures

It was said above that when soil heaving, it is recommended to install special protective structures. Experienced experts recommend combining them with thermal insulation. This will prevent freezing of the foundation and will reduce the cost of heating the building.

To solve such a problem, factory production with a density of 35 kg per 1 cubic meter is suitable. and higher. If you choose products with key cutouts at the ends, it will be easier to mount them. A layer of this material will provide additional protection against moisture penetration.

The blind area is also useful:

• Crushed stone is poured along the contour of the foundation, rammed.
• Above, formwork and a frame made of reinforcement are installed, if the structure is large enough.
• The concrete is poured so that the finished coating forms a slight slope away from the building.
• After hardening, a layer of rolled waterproofing is installed on it.
• Next, a cement mixture is poured, a finishing surface is created using ceramic tiles or other materials.

High-quality roll-up waterproofing of the foundation is capable of performing its functions in full for 35 years and even more. It will not fail prematurely if the storm sewer works effectively enough.

This example illustrates the importance of an integrated approach to project implementation:

• It is necessary to supplement the choice of materials by studying the rules for their use.
• When determining with technology, one should take into account the possibility of its reproduction on its own.
• It is necessary to carefully consider the compatibility of waterproofing with heating, drainage, and other engineering systems of the building.

Video

If this article, even a difficult task will be solved correctly, quickly, without unnecessary money and labor costs.

Water wears away the stone ... Groundwater is one of the most dangerous "pests" of the foundation. Freezing, the water soaked in the concrete base expands and leads to cracks. The base of the building loses its properties, which affects the durability of the entire building. Therefore, protection from water and moisture is a must.

One of the "effective" protection - roll waterproofing for the foundation. It is often used in combination with other types of materials, creating a complex barrier that prevents water from penetrating into the foundation.

Insulation protection types

There are two of them - vertical and horizontal.

Vertical waterproofing

It is used in the presence of a basement or a high plinth. Roll insulation is used from the outside, and it protects both the above-ground and underground parts. That is, to the entire height of the foundation, even before backfilling.

Horizontal waterproofing

If the humidity is insignificant, the groundwater is located deep or there is no basement, horizontal protection can be limited. Which, of course, does not make it unnecessary for other types of waterproofing (bituminous or, for example, penetrating - about it below).

Horizontal insulation is carried out around the perimeter of the foundation for wall panels, brickwork or timber. Its main task is to create a barrier between moisture and walls.

If the basement is located underground, both types of protection are required. Horizontal insulation is made at floor level and along the basement surface, and vertical insulation is made along the walls.

Types of roll waterproofing

Requirements for materials

There are several types, but they all must meet the following requirements:

• elasticity;
• tensile strength;
• waterproofness;
• elongation at break;
• resistance to the influence of chemistry;
• durability.

Insulation types

• Wrapping roll waterproofing for the foundation. This type includes materials that require stickers: roofing material, glass insulation, glassine ... They are mounted using special glue or mastic - usually several layers.
• Weldable. This category includes materials with a polymer or bitumen layer. The name speaks for itself - before applying the insulation, this layer is heated with a burner.
• Membrane. This type not only protects the structure from external waters, but is also characterized by vapor permeability.

Preparation of the foundation for waterproofing

The surface of the foundation must be solid and level. Roll materials are not stacked on sharp edges, so the latter must be rounded or dismantled. Cracks and voids are minted with a Penecrite mixture, which is part of the Penetron waterproofing complex. Cracks and joints are pre-embroidered (cross-section of at least 25x25 mm) and treated with Penetron penetrating compound.

After drying, the foundation is fully treated with Penetron. The essence of penetrating insulation is the formation of a monolith of concrete with a mixture. The latter penetrates deep into the structure and, crystallizing, blocks the capillaries. The composition is able to penetrate to a depth of 40 cm, gradually deepening to 90 cm. The mixture is applied in two layers at intervals of several hours.

If there are pressure leaks, they are sealed with Peneplag or Waterplag quick-setting compounds. After that, isolation is performed with Penetron.

It is not necessary to wait for the finished foundation. Penetron Admix is ​​a mixture that is recommended to be added to liquid concrete in a ratio of 1: 100 to cement. Admix significantly enhances the waterproofing of the foundation, increases its strength and frost-resistant characteristics.

If the base is distinguished by the presence of frankly defective - porous and loose - areas, they are dismantled to the reinforcement. The latter is cleaned and treated with an anti-corrosion compound, and the concrete is restored with a repair mixture of Skrepa M500.

As a waterproofing of expansion joints, you can use the PeneBand system, which includes a strong elastic tape and a sealant (one- or two-component).

Before applying roll materials, the foundation is additionally covered with bitumen mastic. Sometimes, in dry areas, this is enough, but more often penetrating and bituminous insulation is used in combination with "rolls".

The next stage is roll waterproofing for the foundation.

Installation of glued insulation

• a clean and solid base is primed with a special primer;
• a layer of varnish or mastic is applied to the foundation, ensuring the adhesion of the insulation to the foundation;
• several layers of roofing material or other pasting roll material are glued with an overlap of about 15 cm; if both horizontal and vertical pasting is performed, the corner overlap should be at least 30 cm;
• if necessary, apply a final layer of waterproofing varnish or mastic.

Installation of deposited insulation

The structure of such insulation is multilayer: a polymer or fiberglass base is located between pairs of layers of bitumen mastic. The outer layer is distinguished by the applied protection of mineral chips. The inner one is characterized by a coating with a special film that prevents the strips from sticking.

Of the tools you will need:

• gas burner - with its help the material is heated and the joints are welded;
• a heavy roller, with which the weld-on insulation is ironed, getting rid of air bubbles.

The installation process is reduced to heating the active layer and sticking it to the base. The build-up waterproofing roll for the foundation is glued both from top to bottom and from bottom to top - along the wall. The pasted material must be ironed immediately with a roller.

After pasting, the joints are welded with a gas torch to a complete monolith. If the installation is carried out from the bottom up along the foundation, special attention should be paid to the joints, since the slightest flaw will result in water leakage.

The minimum number of layers is two. The maximum is limited by common sense. Each subsequent layer is mounted after the previous one has completely dried and with a shift of at least 250 mm.

Installation of membrane insulation

Roll waterproofing for membrane-type foundations is relatively young. The materials for vertical and horizontal protection are different in this case. For the vertical, a spiked membrane is used, which evenly distributes the pressure on the foundation. The thorns are located outside and perform two functions: protective and drainage (allows storm water to drain into the drainage system). For the horizontal, a smooth film is used that prevents the capillary penetration of groundwater.

Vertical isolation device

• Rondels are attached to the prepared base - metal elements with a PVC coating. They allow the membranes to be mounted using a building hair dryer.
• Cut out the material, not forgetting about the seam allowance - at least 10 cm.
• The membranes are spot-welded to the rondels. The temperature is selected experimentally, achieving high-quality welding. The joints are welded with a double seam.

Horizontal isolation device

Smooth membrane roll waterproofing for the foundation requires more thorough preparation - the material is less durable. If the membrane is designed for waterproofing the foundation sole, it is rolled out onto the prepared backfill. To do this, cut off the soil layer, level it, cover it with sand and tamp the latter.

• Geotextiles are laid, the density of which is at least 400 g / m 2. The strips are laid with an overlap of 15 cm, the seams are boiled with hot air.
• A membrane film with a 10 cm allowance is laid on top. Welding is performed in a double seam format: a welding strip of at least 15 mm, an air pocket plus another welding strip.
• After welding, the quality of the seam is checked - piercing the membrane, air is injected into the weld seam. The latter should hold for at least 20 minutes. Less time is a reason to search for a defect and eliminate it. A patch is made at the puncture site.
• Membrane roll waterproofing for the foundation is covered from above with an additional layer of geotextile - its density is already 500 g / m 2.
• A film with a thickness of at least 200 microns is laid on top. Its function is to provide a sliding layer and prevent concrete from entering the pores of the geotextile. The joints are glued together with mounting double-sided tape.

Specialists will help determine which option to choose and how to correctly perform isolation, based on specific conditions. The foundation is too important to be waterproofed without proper qualifications. By contacting BAZIS-Pro, you will receive answers to all your profile questions. We will help you to carry out waterproofing of the foundation with a guaranteed result.

When building a country house or summer cottage, it is often necessary to locate a building on a site where groundwater rises above the floor level in the basement. The reinforced concrete base of the dwelling protects from the destructive effects of moisture with a reliable covering. Today the construction market offers a new modern technology using roll waterproofing for the foundation.

The foundation of any structure is exposed to the detrimental effects of groundwater and surface water flowing down during melting snow and rain. The device of the drainage system and the blind area protects the building from destruction only partially. Fencing the entire height of the structure, the protection must be resistant to the effects of chemically active substances contained in large volumes in flood waters and resist mechanical damage from seasonal ground movements.

The advantages include:

• a wide range of products at a relatively low cost;
• simple installation that does not require special skills and the use of complex construction equipment;
• long service life (TechnoNICOL indicates 50 years);
• high level of reliability;
• the ability to paste over structures of complex shapes, due to flexibility and plasticity;
• execution of works in a short period of time.

The disadvantages of this method are:

• attracting assistants - one person cannot cope with the installation;
• the use of open fire when working with the materials to be welded requires special care;
• mechanical strength is not very high;
• additional processing is required at the joints.

Correctly executed high-quality insulation of the foundation guarantees the absence of mold and dampness in the basement, technical and basement floors, prolongs the life of not only the base, but also the walls of the building.

Types of roll waterproofing

The protective coating is glued in 2-3 or more layers. Materials of increased mechanical strength and elongation (Rubitex, Stekloizol, Stekloplast, etc.), as well as bitumen-polymer modified films (Profikrom, Stekloelast, Rubiteks) are actively used today with traditional roofing material, glassine and tar paper.

There are 2 methods:

• Horizontal. By separating the external load-bearing walls and the foundation, it prevents the drip rise of groundwater. Protection is created by laying in several layers on the surface of the base of roofing material and bitumen mastic.
• Vertical. It is carried out from the bottom up (more difficult, since the rolls are very heavy) or horizontally.

To form a monolithic barrier, it is important to hermetically connect all layers, butting the strips with an overlap of 10-15 cm.

According to the method of pasting, the coatings are divided into two groups:

• Weldable. The waterproofing material is heated from the back side by a gas torch or blowtorch and pressed tightly against the surface to be glued.
• Self-adhesive. They have a bitumen-polymer adhesive layer. The main supplier to the Russian construction market is TechnoNIKOL.

This type of protection against the penetration of groundwater and flood waters is designed specifically to simplify installation work in private housing construction. Self-adhesive rolls are bonded to the surface without the use of any solvents or open flames, which increases the safety of finishing and reduces its duration by 3 times.

Factors affecting the quality of foundation waterproofing

• Equipment around the perimeter of a blind area or sidewalk 60-100 cm wide. The most economical and simple way is to lay a 15-cm layer of densely packed clay. Most often, the blind area is poured from concrete with a slope of 2-4 °.
• Before pasting with roll materials, vertical planes are plastered with cement mortar with the addition of waterproofing components, for example, pozzolan, alum, ceresite and similar agents.
• Installation of additional horizontal insulation at a height of 20 cm from the level of the blind area in buildings without a basement.
• Organization of a drainage system that removes surface water or passes it into the depth of the soil.
• The foundations of houses with basements are laid in two horizontal layers every 0.5-1 m.
• To prevent mechanical damage to the waterproofing during filling the pit and seasonal heaving soil displacements, the foundation is strengthened with extruded polystyrene foam or plywood sheets.

Roll coatings are well combined with bitumen or rubber-ruberoid protectors.

Preparation for installation of insulation

The surface to be glued is cleaned with soft brushes from dust, debris and oil stains. Protruding large irregularities (more than 10 mm) are knocked down with a chisel and hammer. Sharp pieces of reinforcement are cut off with a grinder. Fragments of weak plaster are removed with metal scrapers or brushes. The plane is leveled with cement mortar and primed. One day before laying, rolls of waterproofing material are unrolled or rewound to the other side to level the canvas. Before pasting, it is recommended to coat the base with heated bitumen mastic or a primer from a trusted manufacturer (for example, TechnoNICOL). The work is carried out both during the construction phase of the building and during its overhaul.

Horizontal insulation:

• A plane leveled with a thin layer of concrete is coated with bituminous mastic or primer using a roller, brush or spatula.
• Waterproofing lubricated with mastic is laid in several layers.
• The top of the protective masonry is closed with a cement screed, which protects against mechanical damage.

Features of mounting on a vertical surface:

• The deposited material is glued from bottom to top. The web heated from the back side is applied to the plane, the roll is unwound and leveled with a roller.
• The glued area is warmed up again and coated with mastic, the seams are especially carefully processed. Self-adhesive bitumen tape TechnoNICOL is used to securely join the joints and give strength at the corners.

Self-adhesive waterproofing is mounted from top to bottom. The panels remain flexible at temperatures down to -10 ° C, but manufacturers recommend working with them when the thermometer reads at least +10 ° C. The protective film is gradually removed from the piece cut along the height of the foundation. As the roll is unwound, the surface is smoothed by hand. The upper part is fixed with an edge profiled metal strip.

For greater strength and reliability, it is applied in 2-3 layers. All panels (horizontal and vertical) are overlapped by at least 10 cm.

Material cost

Waterproofing of the TechnoNICOL brand meets international standards in quality, is characterized by excellent performance properties and a low price. The adhesive layer of the impermeable film adheres securely to concrete and metal surfaces.

Everyone knows that the foundation, its stability and stability determine the service life of the structure, its permissible parameters and the safety of residents and their property. But even the most durable materials and structures can quickly lose their qualities if they are not protected from groundwater and precipitation. It is the responsibility of every developer to solve this problem competently.

Peculiarities

Foundation waterproofing is fundamentally different from similar works on walls or roofs - there it is necessary to prevent the action of only liquid water and the penetration (or retention) of water vapor. The foundation can collapse even if it is covered with a layer of ice, but not saturated with liquid. In addition, the water found in the ground can never be considered clean.

It is inevitably clogged:

• petroleum products;
• exhaust gases from cars;
• emissions from industrial plants and boiler houses;
• agricultural fertilizers;
• pesticides and many other substances.

If the protection of the base is not able to withstand such powerful destructive agents, then its value is sharply reduced.

In addition, you should beware of air dissolved in water (more precisely, oxygen). There is rarely a substance that can compare with it in terms of chemical activity. And finally, we must not forget about the mechanical effect from the flowing water - the upper layer of underground liquids comes with rain and snow, gets into the soil during spills.

Foundation protection should always consider:

• how powerful and stable the upper horizon is;
• how effective is the prevention of its appearance (storm sewage and drainage);
• what are the capillary properties of the soil, the type of its rock and fraction;
• how deep the freezing point is.

Supplementing the waterproofing layer with drainage laid around the house is necessary if the upper soil horizon is very strong and sustainably maintained throughout the year.

The next factor is groundwater. The depth of their location is determined by the ratio of water-resistant layers

The amount of groundwater is in direct proportion to seasonal changes. Wells help to control all these moments, but you need to take into account the distance to them and the fact that in a particular place the situation may be different.

Waterproofing is represented by such types of work as:

• strengthening the hydrophobic properties of structural materials;
• the formation of water-impermeable coatings on the walls of the foundations;
• isolation from the liquid of horizontal seams, which prevents water from going up through the capillaries;
• covering the main structures and the waterproofing layer from mechanical destructive effects.

Even if the foundation is made of a monolithic slab, it is recommended to insulate it and the plinth in order to reduce the harmful effects of cold.

An additional element of prevention can be considered the formation of ventilation structures. From the compacted cushion of sand and gravel, on which the foundations of houses usually rest, they are separated by cut-off horizontal waterproofing. This structure is always overlapped with insulation prepared in the basement floor. The outer vertical wall is supplied with a coating, covered with a special membrane and geotextile.

To protect the upper edge of the basement, it is covered with roll-up waterproofing, after which it is possible to erect walls and ceilings. Drainage is provided by pipes laid around the perimeter, which are surrounded by gravel. Clay locks around the entire house help to increase protection from penetration of precipitation. In areas with a particularly harsh climate, where the soil freezes deeply, and for the construction of a residential or warehouse basement, the foundation will also have to be insulated.

Regulatory Requirements

The standardized approach to waterproofing the foundation and basement of the joint venture and SNiP is quite clearly defined. According to these documents, it is impossible not to carry out waterproofing if the action of ground and waste water, any other liquids on the base of the house is of medium or high intensity.

But even when there is no such threat at the time of the survey, this does not mean that these works can be neglected.

It is strictly obligatory to carry out waterproofing of foundations if:

• the soil is prone to swelling, is additive or swells;
• there is a shift in the chemical balance towards acids or alkalis;
• a significant amount of organic compounds is present in the earth.

Engineers and builders can, from the same SNiP, glean data on how exactly to use various materials, what their characteristics should be, where what should be stored, how production should be organized, and much more. Waterproofing of concrete is allowed only when its moisture content is not more than 4%. The minimum number of layers of paint waterproofing is two, and twice as many are recommended. Each layer should be strictly from 3 to 6 mm.

The contacting strips are always made overlapping - this is mandatory for both the pile and slab foundation.

The types of materials used for waterproofing, means of protection against capillary inflow of groundwater are standardized in SNiP. The newest editions regulate the use of polymeric protective equipment. It is impossible to work at subzero temperatures and in hot weather.

The application of waterproofing according to Russian standards is not allowed when exposed to significant levels of ultraviolet radiation, as well as in strong winds.

The chemical composition of injection waterproofing and the procedure for its use are regulated.

Views

Horizontal

The horizontal waterproofing device is designed to block the capillary pulling of water from the soil. Even a well-insulated foundation can be wetted through the foundation. The problem is exacerbated when the isolation is broken even slightly. Porous materials draw in water just as well as sugar lumps, it even flows into the lower floors of the house itself.

There are three main techniques for covering foundations horizontally:

• roll (only after preparation of the base);
• impregnating;
• injections.

The first option is practiced only before the construction of the walls, while the other two can be applied later, when repairs are carried out. A prerequisite is the formation of leveling screeds, which are made from cement-sand mortars. Necessarily these solutions are supplemented with components that increase the hydrophobic properties of concrete. If rolls based on bitumen or polymers are used, then only materials of increased strength are chosen.

Failure to comply with at least one of these requirements can create serious problems in the future.

Horizontal waterproofing is divided, albeit conditionally, into three levels: the first is created under the foundation, the other is mounted on a plinth, and the third is related to the protection of floors.

Despite the difference, the technological principles are the same.

If it is indicated in special literature or in accompanying materials that some solution can be used in normal humidity conditions, then this indicates the permissible wall humidity up to 75%. The dry group includes only those rooms for which this level is 15% lower.

Vertical

For all the importance of horizontal waterproofing, the main role still belongs to the protection of vertical planes. Primary vertical processing is carried out during the construction itself, when the quality of concrete is improved with special additives. If the primary protection is not performed, performed, but of poor quality, or has been violated, then re-processing is carried out. Vertical isolation methods are generally the same as for horizontal work.

It is important to know that the level of protection of the foundation and even its individual parts from water is not always the same.

For example, the first class of protection allows the formation of damp spots on the inside and even minor leaks. For obvious reasons, this level is only suitable for objects where there is no electrical outlet at all. In residential construction, such foundations are not used - there is applied protection not lower than the second level, without moisture spots. It is considered sufficient for technical rooms.

Materials (edit)

Rolled waterproofing using modern materials based on bitumen and polymers allows you to simultaneously guarantee:

• excellent reliability;
• affordable price for the consumer;
• the ability to do all the work yourself.

A bitumen-based coating coating is not very susceptible to cracking and will be able to withstand various types of groundwater. Temperature effects are also not too scary for him. In addition, its combination with a polymer-bitumen-based coating helps to increase the reliability of insulation.

Despite the variety of brands, the overwhelming majority of professional installers prefer TechnoNicol rolls.

• CCI1 obtained by adding bitumen with special additives to the base made of glass cloth by fusion. Outside, such a product is covered with a polymer film. Despite the decent characteristics when buying, the total service life is about 7 years, which seriously limits the demand for such protection.

• Also falls into the budget category "Linokrom EPP" which serves up to 10 years. Polyester fibers were chosen as the basis for it; installation is also carried out by fusion. The developers promise excellent adhesion to concrete and metal.

• "Bikroelast CCI" can be made both on the basis of polyester and fiberglass, the minimum usage time is from 15 years. Such a coating is mounted by fusion. It is important to know that before fusion, the foundation surface will have to be thoroughly prepared. The main difference between roll materials is the thickness of the layer formed. For foundations that are shallow (up to three meters), even 2 mm of insulation is enough, if only everything is sealed reliably and protection against destruction of the layer during soil movements is provided.

It is worth taking into account that the use of materials of an economical class turns into the need to make insulation in two layers.

In this case, the seams of the sheets are shifted relative to each other in order to hinder the formation of through violations of protection. Deeply laid foundations (3-5 m) must be covered with waterproofing at least 4-8 mm - the exact parameters are determined by the characteristics of the soils. And if the sole goes deeper than 5 m, you will have to make protection thicker than 0.8 cm.But it is extremely unlikely that this will be required in private housing construction.

Lubricating waterproofing can be practiced both in close conjunction with a roll coating, and separately from it. The thickness of the layer applied in this way can be either 1 mm or 3-5 cm - it depends on how great the danger is. Technological methods for coating the foundations from the inside and outside have been developed. Internal insulation is designed to block the concentration of capillary water. If it is made with high quality, then even the spring flood or prolonged rains will not affect the microclimate in the basement.

There are two main types of coating: bituminous and cement.

What unites them is that the coating covers the entire surface at once. A serious advantage is the absence of the need to attract highly qualified specialists, as well as the absence of paying a lot of money for the material itself.

Most often, coatings based on bitumen are used, the choice of a specific version is determined by:

• temperature when performing work;
• required area;
• the urgency of applying waterproofing;
• financial capabilities of homeowners;
• processing from the inside or outside;

Hot bitumen treatment was used earlier than any other option.

Technologists and chemists have worked on it thoroughly, however. As a result, this coating has become much more perfect than its counterparts in the past: increased elasticity, easier penetration into the thickness of the concrete slab. But there are undeniable shortcomings that are associated with the fundamental features of the technological process. For example, heating devices on a construction site cannot be dispensed with.

Safety precautions should be strictly followed to prevent fire or burns.

However, hot bitumen can be used even in the cold season. Its best options are mixtures that include an organic solvent. They can be applied with a brush and a spatula without using any professional techniques.

If polymers are part of the bitumen mastic, then it turns out to be more elastic, adheres better to the substrate and has an extended temperature range. The only drawback is the multiply increased cost of polymer mastic. Mixtures containing any solvent should not be used indoors in the basement. There, water-based coatings are preferred - they are completely safe for health. But with this method of processing, you need to choose the time when the air warms up to 5 degrees Celsius and above.

Liquid rubber is widely used for waterproofing foundations.

This method began to be applied relatively recently and is preferable in continuous and hard-to-reach areas. It is very difficult to apply roll protection to them, and such problems do not arise with a rubber coating.

It should be clarified right away that chemically this mixture is not "real" rubber, but a combination of bitumen with polymers. It is not difficult to apply the composition to various surfaces, it does not matter whether they are located horizontally, vertically or at an angle.

Liquid rubber can be:

• sprayed;
• bulk;
• painting.

The first option is rarely used: mainly in large-scale construction and with significant volumes of work. Use a pouring or coloring version of the coating on their own. In any case, a uniform layer is formed on the surface without a single seam. Manual application results in a thicker coating and higher emulsion costs. Therefore, sometimes it is justified to invite professionals with special equipment.

Mechanized processing is also preferable because it allows you to achieve higher quality. No roller will help to introduce material into the substrate as effectively as feeding under pressure: adhesion is improved, the work progress is quicker. The cost of such a composition strongly depends on the chosen company, and the difference can be tens of times. More often than not, this is just a payment for the big name of the company.

Even the need to attract trained professionals and pay them for high-quality processing does not detract from the attractiveness of liquid rubber. As usual, before processing the operated building, all of its underground portion is freed from the soil and carefully examined. Convenient for work and not too laborious for builders will be a trench 70-100 cm wide, reaching the lowest point of the base of the house.

It is important to know that whichever method of liquid rubber treatment is practiced, it is best to avoid doing the job in rainy or snowy weather.

The material loss factor is determined by the application method:

• for manual application - 1.1;
• with vacuum spraying - 1.25;
• when spraying in an air stream - 1.4;
• when processing more complex shapes - 1.6.

Manual work is carried out in several layers (up to the standard thickness), the machines apply waterproofing almost always in one step. Liquid rubber is applied in the direction from the sole of the foundation to the basement of the building. Checking the quality of the work is done by notching the upper part of the rubber layer and trying to lift the material. When it comes off little by little, then the result should be considered satisfactory, but if the separation occurs immediately along a large strip, then you need to remove the coating and start all over again.

The waterproofing of the strip foundation has its own characteristics. For this purpose, all of the above methods can be used: roll, coating and spray. Among the materials of the first group, they are more highly valued by specialists:

• film polyethylene;
• roofing material;
• geotextile.

Horizontal waterproofing of tape bases is carried out, cutting off the effect of moisture on the structure as much as possible. A water-impermeable cushion of gravel and sand with a total thickness of 250 mm is placed underneath. Then a concrete screed is formed with a thickness of about 100 mm, and they take a break from work for 12 days. While the screed dries and hardens, you can calculate the required amount of bitumen mastic.

Several layers of roofing material are applied to the dry base and the formwork is prepared for the second screed line. The final stage of work is usually floor insulation and decorative coating.

Vertical protection from water is provided by applying plaster to the strip foundation, surrounding it with special rolls, spraying mixtures. In the opinion of professionals, in this case, it is recommended to combine the coating and the materials to be glued. Work begins with coating the surface with bitumen, then gluing technoelast onto the base. It is necessary to take into account that the surge of roll coatings must be at least 150 mm. Sealing of seams is ensured by melting them with a gas burner flame, in which adjacent sheets stick together.

Glued waterproofing is preferable in cases where complex equipment cannot be used. Before starting work, it is recommended to check the readiness of the surface:

• removing protruding parts of the reinforcement;
• removing concrete sagging;
• closing the recesses;
• cleaning and keeping the outer edge dry.

The materials are glued to vertical surfaces from top to bottom (the opposite method is not recommended for technical reasons). Experts advise cutting the rolls into sections of the required length in advance. The outer joints of the strips are covered with putty and lubricated with hydrophobic mastics by 1-1.3 mm. The stripe run is required from 15 cm or more. When gluing bitumen briquettes, it is better to melt them in a mixture with transmission or waste oils (20% of the mass of the briquette itself) - then the mixture will become more viscous.

Self-adhesive materials are the easiest to apply.

Found in most hardware stores, rolls of a mixture of bitumen and polymers are glued after heating with a gas burner.

It is important to know that only the part of the roll that is being worked on at a particular moment should be heated.

Pasting with roofing material is the most traditional option, but it is not necessary to give preference to it, because there are more reliable and effective methods for waterproofing foundations.

Where groundwater is high, conventional foundation protection measures have only limited effect. Shut-off waterproofing helps to solve this problem 100%. Its action is provided by penetrating reagents that appear during chemical reactions of the applied compounds with concrete or brick. Cracks and tiny pores overlap in the structure. The flow of water into the higher sections of the walls is automatically blocked.

Cutoff waterproofing begins to be created with preliminary drilling of boreholes that go into the material by 2/3. Insulating means are selected according to the type of foundation. For example, siloxane organosilicon reagents are intended for processing:

• natural stone;
• bricks;
• concrete blocks.

As a result of such treatment, stable water-impermeable films are formed, enveloping any capillary or microcrack on the outside. When the foundation contains lime, it is required to use penetrating insulating agents obtained from alkali silicate solutions. The result will be the same - the formation of a microscopic barrier during the reaction, which completely stops the water. If damage to the plaster is found, then before using the shut-off waterproofing, it must be removed at a distance of at least 80 cm from the wetting point.

Gypsum plaster mixes are subject to total removal.

Drilling holes is carried out in two rows, they are staggered. The hole diameter ranges from 2.5 to 3.2 cm, and the gap between them is allowed from 250 to 300 mm. For foundation walls not exceeding 60 cm in thickness, the hole is set up by a maximum of 2/3, always leaving 100 mm to the opposite edge. If the walls are thicker, then they are drilled from both sides, making a breakdown.

In either case, drilling holes is supposed to be at an angle of 35 degrees or more to the horizon line. Each hole is led so that it crosses the horizontal seam of the masonry. In thick foundations, it is necessary to ensure the intersection with a pair of seams at once. When drilling stops, each borehole is flushed with water so that no dirt remains in it. Subsequent work is carried out only after final drying.

In hollow foundations, boreholes are filled with special mixtures, and when they solidify, re-drilling is carried out with drills of a reduced diameter.

The remaining dust is blown through the newly obtained holes.

This technique allows you to minimize the consumption of penetrating impregnations. The injection injection of cut-off waterproofing can be performed with or without pressure. By feeding the mixture under pressure, they achieve a better result and enhance the protective properties. The free-flow version is permissible only for those cases where the moisture content in the wall is minimal. Filling is carried out into holes drilled at an angle downwards - for this it is good to use a watering can with a funnel.

It is important to know that the liquid will penetrate the wall in at least 24 hours. The pressurized introduction of waterproofing implies the creation of overpressure using a pump.

After the penetrating material has been absorbed into the wall, it is supposed to close up the holes with typical building mixtures. If there is no experience of such work, it is better to turn to professionals. This is exactly the situation when trying to save money turns into serious problems. A properly prepared water cut-off will allow the foundation walls to stand for several decades without any problems. It is also better to leave the choice of a suitable material to knowledgeable people.

Waterproofing of foundations is often carried out using various types of film. The advantages of using them are obvious:

• 100% liquid impermeability is guaranteed;
• the occurrence of fungal and putrefactive lesions is excluded;
• processing is simplified;
• the coating is light and flexible;
• foundation waterproofing is cheaper than usual.

But there are also disadvantages: the cheapest film has low UV resistance. Regardless of the price, the coating is easily torn, cut or scratched with ordinary tools. When it is laid, you will have to take care of protection from rodents. If the film thickness starts from 200 microns, and the film itself is made of strong stabilized polyethylene, the resistance of the coating will be even greater than that of bituminous solutions.

Polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride that have not gone through the stabilization process are less durable.

But it's easy to get around this limitation - you just need to apply a thicker material. The best coating is considered to be a film from 0.06 to 0.12 cm. Cheaper than other coatings, but also more vulnerable, ordinary polyethylene turns out to be. In modern versions, it is even supplemented with special additives that compensate for this weakness.

Reinforced type of rolled polyethylene has a core made of polypropylene or non-woven materials. Some modifications are additionally perforated, but only products without perforation are suitable for the base of the house. The optimum density of reinforced polyethylene is from 0.1 to 0.25 kg per square meter. m. Membranes with a diffusion effect also have many layers, pass steam and at the same time retain liquid water qualitatively. Professionals consider superdiffusion membranes to be their best variety.

PVC film is used more often than other options, because 1 mm of it is enough for a reliable cover from accidental mechanical stress. Under the film structures, the base is supposed to be moistened and covered with a standard mortar. The films are laid with a run of 350 mm or so, mounting tape or specialized glue is used to glue the borders. Another layer of solution is applied on top. The use of polyethylene is allowed even if the basement is not organized, and the slab is made the basis for the first floor of the house.

For many decades, all these materials were unknown or were not used specifically for waterproofing the foundation.

Therefore, there were no special alternatives to protecting it from moisture with roofing material. But even in a situation where the choice is very large, you should not ignore this material - it is still one of the best solutions. The classic type of roofing material is made by impregnating the cardboard with bitumen.

Newer versions use a different design basis:

• polyester fiberglass (far bypassing any grade of reinforced paper in strength);
• cellulose fibers;
• various grades of nonwovens.

It is important to know that the use of European roofing material for the foundation is impractical - this coating is intended for finishing roofing elements.

Rubemast (based on a cardboard sheet) will do much better... It is not recommended to nail the roofing material with nails or press it with slats - experts use special mastics to attach the roll material. All chips, cracked areas and any other deformations must first be removed.

First, bitumen heated to fluidity is applied to the surface and a sheet is immediately applied. The run of the roofing material rows on each other should be from 70 to 120 mm. At the edges, the material is bent, and vertical insulation is placed on top. Most often, two lines of roofing material are mounted: one above the other.

Using this approach, the reliability of protection increases dramatically. All work is carried out only in dry warm weather. But if you break this rule, the effort will be in vain.

Only occasionally do home craftsmen use insulation with roofing material and rubber in a bundle. Ignoring this method is in vain, because it gives amazing results. The bottom line is that the stone and roofing material are tied with liquefied rubber. The result is a coating that is both monolithic and highly elastic.

The advantages are obvious:

• much less rubber is spent than when using it in its pure form;
• roofing material does not need to be heated or glue prepared;
• work is accelerated and becomes more fire-safe;
• waterproofing is formed that can last as long as the foundation of the protected house.

In those days, when roofing material was not yet produced, ordinary clay was the main way to protect buildings from moisture. Today it is used much less often, but all the same, clayey rocks remain an indispensable aid in the formation of the gate of water intakes. The first step is to soak the clay for 24 hours using a small amount of water. When time has passed, the mass is kneaded so that it acquires the consistency of thick sour cream. The practical characteristics of the mixture can be improved by the introduction of fiber shavings.

Then the foundation is poured around the entire perimeter with the prepared composition and kept open until the mixture is completely dry. Experience has shown that clay locks dry out in about a month, but by the middle of the second week, if there is an urgent need, work can be resumed. On dry, sultry days, the poured mass is covered with polyethylene and sprinkled with water every day. Failure to do so can lead to cracking.

Clay seals completing waterproofing. They are especially important when using roofing material or brittle and mechanically unstable materials.

Roofing material that has been stored for a long time cannot be used - it can stick together inside and become covered with cracks when untwisted.

You will either have to buy new material, or put up with low quality waterproofing. Bitumen should be heated not only at the joints, but also in all areas where it adjoins the surface. Recommended operating temperatures are not lower than 12 and not higher than 25 degrees. It will not be possible to qualitatively perform work on waterproofing the foundation with roofing felt without helpers.

How to choose?

Having familiarized yourself with the various options for protecting the foundation of a house from water, you need to decide which of these methods is best in a particular case. Before choosing a waterproofing scheme, you cannot rely on the experience of neighboring areas (even closely located ones), on technical documentation or on information obtained long ago.

Responsible owners prefer to carry out surveying of their land. The advantage of such manipulation is also that it will provide valuable information for other stages of construction and development of the site. When building a house in a swampy or swampy place, you will have to spend a lot of effort and money on waterproofing and drainage work.

In this case, shallow foundations are covered from the outside with protective walls. Each side of the base is subject to processing with mastic, covered from the outside with any roll material. Bored support structures in particularly difficult areas must be impregnated or externally coated with reinforced mastics. The strip foundations are covered with several layers of protection at once - after the coating with bitumen, a roll coating is laid.

It must be placed so as to exclude the appearance of cracks or poorly covered places.

When problems are great, penetrating waterproofing is recommended. Houses that do not have basements are covered with horizontal protection from below. If you have a basement, you will also need to equip vertical insulation, complementing it with a drainage system. The simplest method of hydraulic protection available to non-specialists is the use of bitumen. If the work was not completed on time, you will have to resort to one of three methods:

• cut the walls by laying bitumen or roofing material into the holes formed;
• raise the foundation and lay the same layers as usual;
• crystal injection.

"Injecting" into foundation structures is a relatively simple and quick way. But the costs are very high. The bottom line is to make holes at the intersection of the base and load-bearing walls. A combination of water, silicate active substances and cement is poured into these holes. The mineral mass becomes an excellent liquid barrier.

Thermal injections are made by introducing heated air into the same holes; walls should warm up to 30 and even 40 degrees.

In addition to choosing a suitable option, it is important to take into account the consumption per 1 m2 of a specific type of waterproofing. When calculating, take into account:

• type of protective equipment;
• the thickness of the layer being formed;
• type of base;
• conditions in which the foundation will be used.

Impregnating bitumen waterproofing is recommended for porous substrates and basements. If you apply the material on a flat surface with a layer of 0.1 to 0.3 cm, then you need to spend 0.8 kg per 1 sq. m. If cracks are found, the recommended consumption increases by another 300 g. When using a calmatron in two layers, you will need to use 1600-3200 g of material. When the decision is made to paste over the foundation with roll materials, the calculation is carried out taking into account the number of layers, the width of the blocks and the necessary run of the strips against each other.

Liquid coloring mixtures (bitumen and some others) should be used 800-2200 g each to cover 1 m2 of the base. The coating option is less economical - the consumption is from 2 to 3 kg. If the choice is made in favor of pure bitumen, then the type of surface to be treated and the processing conditions must be taken into account. The average indicator reaches 2 kg per 1 sq. m. It is recommended not to forget about how much material will remain after final drying.

Preparatory work

The figures for the consumption of waterproofing materials in terms of entire walls turn out to be very impressive - you will have to spend a lot of money. So that the money invested and the effort spent is not wasted, it is worth carefully and thoughtfully preparing for work.

Prevention of water penetration through the base of the foundation is provided by the lower waterproofing. It is usually done as follows:

• pulling out a pit, leveling and ramming a mixture of crushed stone with sand;
• put geotextiles on them;
• put a membrane film;
• put a new line of geotextiles;
• lay out polyethylene.

The bottom of the pit equipped in this way is sprinkled with 0.2 m of fatty clay. The clay layer is leveled and tamped. Then concrete 50-80 mm is poured into the screed. When everything hardens, waterproofing is carried out with bituminous mastic. Roofing material is laid out over the pillow, covered with another mastic shell.

This, in turn, becomes the support for the next roll. Now you need to fill in the screed 50 mm. After 120-180 minutes, according to the technology, it is supposed to sprinkle the screed with a fine fraction of sifted dry cement and level it. As soon as the concrete mass gains full strength, you can start pouring the main part of the foundation. Of course, such preparation does not mean that other water protection measures can be ignored.

The foundation itself is prepared for waterproofing, cutting off all the reinforcement that goes beyond the contour of the structure.

There should not be any protrusions, otherwise the layer of protection can then be destroyed by the action of solid soil particles.

A metal brush will help remove dust and various kinds of dirt. Rusty and greasy stains, paint and varnish deposits are removed with solvents, because the slightest foreign film can impair the adhesion between the structure and the waterproofing.

When the foundation is open and cleaned, the preparations are not complete. Experienced craftsmen at this moment inspect the structure literally by a centimeter. Any sink, crevice or damage must be sealed with cement mortar. Building sealants will help close the seams. A bituminous primer is always applied outside and inside.

How to do it yourself?

By correctly performing waterproofing, you can greatly simplify the use of various materials and structures for warming the foundation. Horizontal waterproofing is usually created under a wooden house in 12-17 days. It is useful to take into account that the upper parts of the foundations are also subject to waterproofing - the service life of the lower crowns of the house depends on this.

The trench used for drainage is placed below the line of the foundation to be poured by 200-250 mm, it is directed with a slope into a well that concentrates water. The bottom of the trench is laid with geotextile, the edges of the canvases are wrapped around the walls (0.6-0.7 m of overlap is enough).

In the prepared trench, you need to pour 50 mm of gravel, placing a drain pipe on it, the slope of which should be 5 degrees for every 1000 mm of the path. It should be noted that you can achieve the required slope if you add gravel in certain places. The stone backfill above the pipe is 200-250 mm, then the protruding ends of the geotextile are folded over it and pressed with soil. By carefully following the instructions, you can pass all the liquid to the pipe and guaranteed to exclude its clogging. The size of the outlet pits or wells is calculated for each section on an individual basis.

• When working with hot bitumen and types of materials based on it, they must not be allowed to cool, otherwise the waterproofing will lose some of its valuable properties. If you cannot use the burner to warm up the joints, you can use a mastic with an adhesive effect. But this method is considered less reliable than the thermal one. When using plaster for protection from water, you can use a filler mesh held by dowels. This lining reduces the risk that the finishing layer will suddenly come off.

• Liquid rubber is divided into two groups. Elastomix is ​​always applied in one run and waited for 2 hours to dry. An open container should be used immediately or disposed of. "Elastopaz", although somewhat more accessible, should be laid in two layers.
• Newly appeared mats with clay filling should be laid out with the overlap of one layer on top of another 100-150 mm. Earthen concrete panels can replace a matte structure, but the joints will have to be additionally processed.

It is important to know that all methods of protection with clay materials - both classical and modern - can be used only for non-residential buildings.

• For monolithic slab bases, which were not equipped with horizontal protection at the construction stage, bitumen-based rolls are excellent. Treatment with liquid rubber can be considered an alternative. Waterproofing of pile-screw and pillar foundations most often does not make sense if you do not take care of anti-corrosion covering of metal parts. But the final decision on this matter should be made only after consultation with specialists.

• Finishing with bitumen allows you not to think about puttingty small cracks. The material will seep into them and clog the water inlets. For monolithic reinforced concrete foundations, a considerable part of experts recommend using the suture material "Penekrit" in combination with the penetrating "Penetron". It is worth approaching the waterproofing of those areas where the gym, sauna or bath, as well as other places of leisure will be located, as carefully as possible. Even if the instructions for the material allow you to work at temperatures below +5 degrees, it is better to act without haste and in more comfortable conditions.

• When choosing waterproofing options, you do not need to be limited to previous experience, advice from friends or information about the foundations of neighboring houses. Often, new solutions are much better and more practical. It is recommended to carry out not only geological surveys, but also chemical analysis of soils at different levels in order to assess the potential aggressiveness of the fluid passed through them.

Waterproofing plaster is not the best choice for prefabricated underground structures. Even their seemingly insignificant movement will provoke the formation of cracks and peeling of the protective coating.

To clean the surfaces of the foundation, you can use:

• impact machines with pneumatic and electric drives;
• hand brushes;
• sandblasting technique.

Acceleration of drying is achieved by electric heaters and infrared emitters. When installing blocks of reinforced concrete, there should be a place for stamping in each seam. If this condition is not initially met, then all such places will have to be disclosed and minted. Cutting the seams with a perforator or a jackhammer should be carried out immediately to the full depth. When cracks are found that are open from the outside by 0.3 cm or more, each such defect must be cut at least the same distance inward.

Smaller flaws are usually washed with high pressure water.

This procedure is also carried out with mechanically opened cracks. Painted waterproofing must be used strictly on the side where the water acts. It is preferable for a monolithic base.

It is important to remember that only penetration treatment can compensate for external pressure.

If water passes through walls or floors, any other waterproofing will flake off and degrade.

The initial bitumen layer is applied only on a dry surface. Among roll coatings, the best results are obtained by the latest developments: ecoflex and isoplast. You cannot dig up the entire foundation in order to equip or repair the protection from water - an exposed base can provoke uneven settlement of the structure and the appearance of cracks. The high cost of penetrating insulating compounds is quite justified, because their effectiveness is higher than when pasting or coating.

In some cases, waterproofing is carried out with water-impermeable concrete. It is obtained from conventional formulations by introducing various components: liquids, powders or pastes. When choosing a specific option, it is advisable to take into account the temperature characteristics of the area, as well as the level of seismic and landslide hazards. In any case, the waterproofing must be raised above the highest level of ground fluids by at least 500 mm.

The height of the capillary rise of liquid water for different rocks is taken as follows:

• sands with coarse grains 0.03-0.15 m;
• sand with fine grains of sand from 0.35 to 1.10 m;
• sandy loam - from 1.1 to 2 m;
• light loam - up to 250 cm;
• loess and clay soil - from 400 cm;
• clay - up to 1200 cm.

If a certain structure is designed with a crack tolerance of 0.2 mm, then paint waterproofing, both bituminous and plastic, as well as cement plaster will not work. Attention should also be paid to stray currents, the details of protection against which are set out in the regulatory documentation. When it is known for sure that the wall will withstand intense shear, tensile or, conversely, compressive effects, waterproofing from a mixture of cement and sand is preferable. It is also recommended for places with an increased level of seismic hazard. For the preparation of any structures, the lining for the insulating layer is formed from concrete of category B12.5.

This lining is preceded by a 6 cm thick cushion of rubble, thoroughly spilled with bitumen. Painting waterproofing under hydrostatic head conditions can be applied only in the absence of expansion joints. At the same time, there are two more restrictions: access for systematic inspection and the maximum head value of 500 cm.

According to technological standards, it is forbidden to use for waterproofing:

• tar varnishes;
• liquefied bitumen;
• bituminous varnishes.

The minimum adhesion to concrete for the paint-coated waterproofing option is 100 kPa. The thickness of the plaster coating can vary from 0.6 to 5 cm. It should not be used if the surface is subject to deforming stress or vibration. If building or concrete mortars with the addition of "HYDRO-3" are selected for protection against water, they will help prevent capillary suction, liquid moisture and hydrostatic head up to 200 cm. For waterproof concrete, reinforcing mesh made of steel wire is almost always used, the cell size of which is not less than 50 and not more than 200 mm.

Ordinary masonry or assembly mesh is suitable. But it should be removed from the supporting part of the foundation by at least 0.5 cm. Plaster-cement protection from water is performed in a ratio of 1: 1 or 1: 2 (the second figure shows the proportion of sand). The shotcrete method is recommended mainly for cast-in-place concrete. Plastering in more than three layers is not allowed.

If the hydrostatic head does not exceed 1000 cm, then their total thickness is limited to 2 cm, and with a larger value - 3 cm.

Waterproofing the foundation with cold asphalt is prohibited by regulations if the water contains petroleum products or has strong acidity.