Semashko N. A. (1874-1949; autobiography) - b. September 8 (21), 1874. S. spent his entire childhood in the village, among the peasants of the village. Livenskaya, Yeletsk district, Oryol province.

This rural setting left an indelible mark on his entire future life and, from early childhood, confronted him with all the needs, joys and sorrows of the peasant population.

When subsequently, in the 90s, there was a dispute between Marxists and Narodniks about the role of the peasant in our revolution, for S., according to his stories, the solution to the issue was greatly facilitated by his acquaintance with peasant life, and if he immediately and unconditionally sided with Marxist trend, then this was largely facilitated not by purely head-based reasoning, but by a good knowledge of real peasant life, acquired from childhood. At the age of ten, S. was assigned to the Yelets classical gymnasium.

The teaching was for the most part so stupid, formal and uninteresting that each student was already looking for real spiritual food for himself. Gymnasium life taught S. to be completely independent in material terms.

In the 2nd grade of the gymnasium, he lost his father, who supported the family with his lessons, and from the 3rd grade of the gymnasium and throughout his subsequent life, S. lived on his own earnings, supporting his family even then. In 1892, in the last class of the gymnasium, S., together with other comrades (including S. M. Maslov, former minister of agriculture of the Kerensky government), organized a circle for extracting literature and for joint reading.

Such innocent, but at that time terrible books as “What is to be done?” were written out. Chernyshevsky, “What is Progress” by Mikhailovsky, “History of Modern Literature” by Skabichevsky, etc. A small library was compiled, the members of the circle gathered for joint reading, but suddenly the meeting of the circle was closed by the director who suddenly appeared with a search outfit.

The initial intention of the director and others to exclude all members of the circle with a “wolf passport,” that is, without the right to enter the university, was not carried out in relation to S. only because he was one of the first students.

Having thus graduated from high school in 1893, S. entered the 1st year of the Moscow Faculty of Medicine. univers., plunges headlong into the then metropolitan social and revolutionary life of students and, finally, enters the elected illegal body of students, the so-called “council of fraternities.” This council was at that time the ideological center of Moscow life, where various political trends were concentrated and intertwined.

S. immediately joins the young Marxist movement, contacts the Marxist circles that were then working among the workers of the city of Moscow, and becomes acquainted with the Marxist literature available at that time, which consisted of works published abroad (mainly by Plekhanov), illegal pamphlets of Marx, Gaed, etc. etc. There was no any systematic processing of the material presented by Russian reality. That is why the appearance of a rather anonymous illegal pamphlet (by V.I. Lenin) under the title: “What are the friends of the people and how they fight against the Social-Democrats” was a revelation for S. and his circle. The next reinforcement for the Marxists was Beltov’s (Plekhanov’s) pamphlet: “On the Question of the Development of a Monistic View of History.” In 1895, in connection with mass arrests in Moscow, S. was arrested and imprisoned in a Moscow prison.

This conclusion was unusually difficult.

After 3 months in prison, S. was exiled for three years under public police supervision to Yelets. Here he began systematic self-education, studying philosophy, history, and political economy.

Here for the first time he studied Marx’s “Capital”, Hegel’s “Logic” and other major scientific works in the original.

Here I learned the first gospel of Marxism almost by heart: “On the question of the development of a monistic view of history” by Beltov-Plekhanov.

In Yelets, S. founded Marxist circles, and also, under the legal cover of Sunday schools, organized Social Democratic propaganda among the railway workers of this city.

Upon completion of the deportation, he entered the Kazan University to complete his medical education, because he was prohibited from entering the capital’s centers.

In 1899 and 1900, he organized Social Democratic circles in Kazan and directly carried out propaganda work with the most developed workers of Kazan.

Here he meets A.I. Rykov.

The Kazan work was very successful, but in 1900 the organization failed due to the denunciation of an agent provocateur.

A.I. Rykov and other participants go to prison, but S. himself, by some miracle, remains free.

In 1901, mass movements began throughout Russia.

The Kazan Social Democratic organization took upon itself the preparation of a speech by workers and students in Kazan.

Among the leaders of the demonstration was S. Mounted police drove into the demonstrators, cut them into pieces, and the central group of leaders was surrounded and, under heavy police, taken to the station.

S., regarding whom there was secret testimony from the secret police, was detained in custody for several months and then expelled from Kazan without the right to enter university and industrial centers.

Deprived of the right to appear on the streets of Kazan, S. settled outside the city and ran into the city at night to prepare for exams, and then, suitably made up, appeared at the university and took the exams.

So he graduated from the medical faculty semi-legally and received the title of “doctor with honors.” And then the story with the governors began.

Wherever S. entered the service, after a fateful 2 months the answer came that the governor would not approve him.

Working as a local doctor, S. tirelessly continued to campaign among the peasant population.

Finally, in 1904, S. went to Nizhny Novgorod, where he was lucky: he did not receive the governor’s protest here.

In Nizhny Novgorod he becomes one of the leaders of the social democratic movement.

S. also leads circles among young students: many of the then students, members of the circle, now occupy prominent Soviet positions.

S. was also responsible for public speeches - polemics at meetings with the Cadets, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries.

In 1905, he was arrested again on charges of drawing up a proclamation to recruits, and only with a categorical protest did S. manage to gain freedom.

During the famous October days of 1905, S. became the head of the movement and was the permanent chairman of all revolutionary meetings in the city.

The Black Hundred openly plot to destroy his apartment and kill him. S. takes part in preparing a rebuff to the tsarist troops, who were sent to Sormovo, but just on the night before the uprising he was arrested in his apartment.

From this moment, a long imprisonment began for 9 months in a Nizhny Novgorod prison, from where he was saved only by developed tuberculosis: S. was released pending trial on a large bail. Anticipating the inevitable hard labor and a long settlement, which, given the state of health at that time, doomed him to death, S. emigrates abroad, first to Geneva, and then moves to Paris. In Geneva, having become the head of the local Bolshevik organization, S. meets his maternal uncle, G.V. Plekhanov.

However, as S. noted more than once in his memoirs, the relationship between uncle and nephew was directly proportional to the relationship between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

When in 1907 S. was arrested in Geneva on charges of participation in the Tiflis expropriation of a bank (in which he actually took no part), and when S. was in immediate danger of being handed over to the tsarist government, through whose intrigues everything was built this case, S.’s wife turned to G.V. Plekhanov with a request with her authority among the Swiss to come to the aid of the arrested man. “Whoever gets along with him will gain from him,” G.V. answered coldly, thereby hinting that he did not intend to help the Bolshevik.

And only the energetic intercession of V.I. Lenin saved S. from extradition.

Following the departure of V.I. Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders from Geneva to Paris, S. also went there. There he holds the position of secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and participates in all foreign meetings.

He established not only a public, but also a personal acquaintance with V.I. Lenin.

In these difficult years for the revolutionary party, when reaction, fatigue, and “God-seeking” brought disintegration into the party ranks of Social Democracy, when the Mensheviks raised speech about the “legalization” of the party, about the liquidation of the “underground,” and even some of the Bolsheviks discovered vacillations and deviations, S. remained a faithful ally of Lenin and, under his leadership, worked to prepare the revolution in Russia.

S. takes part in the organization of a Bolshevik school for workers near Paris, and is the secretary of a group promoting work in the Social Democratic Duma faction.

While still in Geneva, S. participated in the international Stuttgart Congress in 1907.

At the end of 1911, S. took part in the Prague (in the city of Prague) conference, which laid the foundation for the solid organization of the Bolsheviks and the revolutionary wing of the Mensheviks in Russia.

In 1913, as a result of the Bolshevik center moving from Paris, S. moved to the Balkans.

However, only S.’s capture, first by the Germans, then by the Austrians, then by the Bulgarians, kept him in the Balkans.

Having suffered for a long time and experienced all the hardships in captivity, S. takes advantage of the February coup in order, with the consent of the Bulgarian government of Radoslavov, to return to Russia.

With great difficulty, in July 1917, he received this permission, but the Kerensky government did not allow the old Bolshevik to enter Russia.

S. was detained in Stockholm, and only the guarantee of some prominent Mensheviks and Novozhiznists (conciliators), which one of the Mensheviks formulated as follows: “I know S. as an ardent Bolshevik, but an honest revolutionary,” opened S.’s access to Russia in September 1917 Here he moves to Moscow and is elected chairman of the district government in Zamoskvorechye.

In this position, he begins preparations for the October Revolution, takes an active part in this, and, together with other comrades, restores the Moscow city economy.

S. becomes one of the leaders of the so-called “Council of District Dumas”, to which all municipal power of the capital passed after the coup.

At the same time, S. is appointed head of Moscow. Department of Health and is gradually establishing this sector of the city economy.

In 1918, the idea was put forward to unite the entire health care business in one competent body.

S. accepts V.I. Lenin’s offer to take over the organization of this new business and develops a corresponding bill.

At the beginning, this bill met with the harshest criticism.

Becoming the first people's Commissioner. health care, S. is devoted to the construction of Soviet medicine, leads the Supreme Council of Physical Culture, the interdepartmental meeting on the fight against prostitution, leads the organization and restoration of resorts, and in addition, occupies the department of social science. Hygiene Moscow University (see Appendix to No. 2 of the journal "Izvestia. People's Commissariat of Health.", M., 1924; "N.A.S., half a century of life - 30 years of revolutionary struggle"). [In 1930-1936, Chairman of the Children's Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In the 20-30s, editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia.

In teaching and research work.

Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945).] (Granat) Semashko, Nikolai Aleksandrovich - party and statesman, one of the organizers of the Soviet Union. health care, valid member Academy of Medicine Sciences of the USSR (since 1944). and the Academy of Pedagogics. Sciences of the RSFSR (since 1945). Member CPSU(b) since 1893. Born. in the village Livensky, Yeletsk district, Orlov. lips in the family of a teacher.

In 1891 he entered medical school. fact Mosk. un-ta. In 1893 he joined a Marxist circle; in 1895 he was arrested for participation in the revolutionary movement and expelled from Moscow.

After serving his term of exile, he entered Kazan. University, having graduated from it (1901), he worked as a doctor in Orlov. and Samar. lips In 1904 he moved to Nizhny Novgorod, where he worked as a sanitary doctor and took an active part in leading a Marxist workers' circle.

During the revolutionary events of 1905 he organized a medical center. helping the workers who took part in the uprising, for which he was arrested again.

In 1906, after a 9-month prison sentence, he emigrated to Switzerland (Geneva), where he first met V.I. Lenin.

In 1907 the Swiss was arrested. authorities, who tried to extradite him to the tsarist government.

After his release from prison he moved to Paris. was secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party.

In 1912 he participated in the work of Prague. party conference.

In 1913 he lived in Serbia and Bulgaria; at the beginning of the First World War he was interned.

Returning to Moscow in September 1917, he took an active part in party work together with Bolshevik doctors M. F. Vladimirsky, I. V. Rusakov, Z. P. Solovyov, V. A. Obukh and others. He was elected chairman of the Bolshevik faction Pyatnitskaya council of Moscow, took part in the preparation of the October armed uprising and organized a medical service during the days of the October battles. assistance to the participants of the uprising.

Since May 1918, S. was the first head of the medical and sanitary department of Moscow. Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, and from July 1918 the first People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. In the first years of the development of healthcare in the USSR, S. launched a huge amount of work to combat epidemics, created such areas as owls. healthcare, such as the protection of motherhood and infancy, the protection of children's health, the fight against social diseases, etc.; paid a lot of attention to organizing the resort business. Under his direct leadership, a network of scientific institutes was created. In 1930, S. went to work at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (chairman of the Children's Commission, member of the Presidium).

Since 1921 he headed the Department of Social Hygiene in Medicine. fact of Moscow University (now the 1st Moscow Medical Institute), and then the Department of Health Organization of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-ta. At the same time, in 1945-49 there was a director. Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical. Sciences of the RSFSR and in 1947-49 - Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine Acad. honey. Sciences of the USSR (now named after him). With S.'s participation, the House of Scientists (1922) and the Central Medical Center were organized. library (1918) in Moscow.

In 1928-36 there was Ch. ed. "Big Medical Encyclopedia". S. owns numerous works in the field of social hygiene and health care organization.

In his work “Essays on the theory of health care organization” (1947), he first summarized the basic principles. Soviet principles healthcare.

Works: Selected works, M., 1954 (there is a bibliography of S.’s works and literature about him). Lit.: Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, ed. A. N. Shabanova, M., 1952; Barsukov M.I., Slonimskaya I.A., The main features of the life and creative path of N.A. Semashko, "Bulletin of Academic Medical Sciences of the USSR", 1949, No. 4; Vinogradov N. A., Maystrakh K. V., N. A. Semashko and his literary legacy (on the anniversary of his death), “Soviet Health Care”, 1950, No. 4; Petrov B. D., Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko.

Life and activity, "Hygiene and Sanitation", 1949, No. 10; Russian D. M., The role and significance of N. A. Semashko in the fight against infectious diseases in the first years of Soviet power, "Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology", 1954, No. 11. Semashko, Nikolai Alexandrovich Rod. 1874, d. 1949. Doctor. He was People's Commissar of Health (1918), and since 1930 he has been engaged in teaching and scientific work.

Full member of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1945).

Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich is a famous Soviet doctor. He also became famous as a major party and government figure, who became one of the founders of the healthcare system in the USSR. Today, many healthcare institutions in Russia and neighboring countries are named after him.

Doctor's biography

Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich was born in 1874. He was born in the village of Livenskaya, which was part of what is now the Lipetsk region. His father was a teacher, his name was Alexander Sergeevich. The mother of the hero of our article, before her marriage, Maria Plekhanov, was the sister of the famous philosopher and propagandist of Marxism Georgy Plekhanov.

In 1891, Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko graduated from the men's gymnasium in Yeletsk. Among his classmates there were many future famous personalities. For example, writer Mikhail Prishvin. True, Semashko did not have a literary gift, so he went to the medical faculty of the capital’s university to receive higher education. Two years later, largely under the influence of his mother’s brother, he joined a Marxist circle. This soon attracted the attention of law enforcement officials. In 1895, Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich was arrested on charges of participation in the revolutionary movement. As punishment, he was sentenced to exile to his homeland in the village of Livenskoye. There he was constantly under police surveillance.

Medical education

Despite problems with the law, Semashko managed to obtain a medical education. Only he graduated not from Moscow, but from Kazan University. He began his working career in the Oryol province, then worked as a doctor near Samara. In 1904 he joined the Nizhny Novgorod committee of the local Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1905, when the revolution began, he initiated a strike at the Sormovo plant. For this activity he was arrested again.

Having freed himself, he decided to leave Russia. In 1906 he moved to Switzerland. In Geneva he met Vladimir Lenin, becoming one of his followers. In 1907, Semashko was nominated to the Stuttgart Congress of the International as a representative of the Bolshevik Party in Geneva.

Participation in the Bolshevik organization

In 1908, Semashko moved to Paris, where he worked as a secretary in the foreign bureau of the RSDLP. Repeatedly represented the Central Committee of the party at various conferences and meetings. In particular, he initiated issues related to workers' insurance. In 1913 he participated in the Social Democratic movement in Bulgaria and Serbia. Went to the First World War. He returned to Moscow in 1917 and became a delegate from the Bolshevik Party in the Pyatnitskaya Council. He took a direct part in organizing the armed uprising in October 17, and resolved issues of providing medical care to the victims.

Health care system

After the triumph of the Bolsheviks, he received support from the ruling party in the implementation of his projects. Among his main achievements was the creation of the Soviet health care system. As many experts noted, he managed to establish an exemplary system, which was the envy of many countries. Nikolai Alexandrovich became the first Soviet People's Commissar for Medicine, effectively heading the USSR Ministry of Health. Officially, his position was called People's Commissar of Health.

Semashko was entrusted with the most important and sensitive issues. It was the hero of our article who oversaw the autopsy of the leader of the Russian revolution, Lenin, after his death. He fought against epidemics that raged in a country engulfed in devastation. He laid the foundations of the Soviet system of maternal and child health care and the health of minors, and organized a whole network of research medical institutes.

Professorial activity

Scientific activity occupies an important place in the biography of Semashko Nikolai Alexandrovich. In 1921, he headed the department of social hygiene at Moscow University, working there until 1949. In 1927, he raised the problem of organizing an all-Union Institute of Nutrition. Three years later this work was completed. Today, its successor is the Research Institute of Nutrition, which operates under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. His main task was to systematically conduct research in the field of nutrition throughout the USSR.

In the 30s, Semashko held important positions in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. He was the chairman of the Children's Commission, which fought against street children, and was also responsible for prevention in children's health institutions. In 1936, the prosthetic plant was named after the hero of our article for great achievements in the production of prosthetic semi-finished products.

After the start of the war against Nazi Germany, he was evacuated to Ufa along with the medical institute, where he headed the department of health care organization. But already in 1942 he returned to Moscow to work with medical universities during the war, since the shortage of doctors was very acute.

When the Nazis were defeated, he took up detailed and thorough works on the sanitary consequences of the war, and restored the health care system in the regions. After the war, he still remained in charge of the Soviet healthcare system. He worked as the head of the Institute of School Hygiene and headed the All-Union Hygiene Society.

Personal life

Semashko was married twice. His daughter from his first marriage, named Elena, worked as a senior employee of the Soviet Ministry of Health in the 60s and 70s. Granddaughter Elena also followed in his footsteps, becoming a pediatrician and running a clinic for children's diseases. For the second time, the hero of our article married opera singer Maria Goldina. Today, many healthcare institutions are named in memory of Semashko. In Moscow, the road clinical hospital named after. Semashko bears his name. It is operated by Russian Railways.

Also hospitals named after. Semashko is located in Kursk, Ulan-Ude, Baku, Samara, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and Orsha. Medical clinical centers and sanatoriums are also named after him. The diagnostic center on Semashko is of great importance. It is located in the Belarusian capital - Minsk. The Consultation and Diagnostic Center on Semashko provides medical assistance in all areas. Conducts laboratory tests, has modern laboratories, with the help of which it is possible to make diagnoses with enviable accuracy.

Semashko Nikolai Aleksandrovich - Soviet doctor, founder of healthcare in the USSR. Semashko was born on September 20, 1874 in the village of Livenskoye, Oryol province (Lipetsk region) in the family of a teacher. Nikolai Alexandrovich spent his entire childhood in the village. At the age of 10, he entered the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium, which he graduated from in 1891.

After high school Semashko entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine. From that moment on, he began to engage in revolutionary activities. Because of this, Semashko was arrested in 1895. After his imprisonment, Nikolai Alexandrovich was exiled to his homeland in the village of Livenskoye. In 1898, after the end of his exile, he tried to reinstate himself at Moscow University, but was refused. Therefore Semashko continued to receive medical education at Kazan University, which he graduated in 1901.

Until 1904, Nikolai Alexandrovich worked as a doctor in the Oryol and Samara provinces. But then, due to revolutionary activities, he was forced to leave for Nizhny Novgorod. There he got a job as a zemstvo doctor. But in 1905, after organizing a strike at the Sormovo plant, Semashko was arrested again.

In 1906 he went to Switzerland, where he met Lenin. Throughout his stay in Geneva, Semashko was engaged in revolutionary activities, and in 1908, together with the Bolshevik foreign center, he moved to Paris. Until 1910, Nikolai Alexandrovich worked as secretary of the foreign bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1917, Semashko returned to Moscow, where he became chairman of the Pyatnitskaya district government. During the October uprisings, he provided medical assistance to strike participants. After the revolution in May 1918, Nikolai Alexandrovich was appointed head of the health department of the Moscow Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. And already in July 1918, Semashko took the post of first People's Commissar of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic. He held this position until 1930.

After Lenin's death in 1924, it was Semashko who supervised the autopsy of the body. From 1921 to 1949 Nikolai Alexandrovich worked at Moscow University. At first he simply taught, and then headed the department of social hygiene.

In 1927, the 6th All-Union Congress of Health Departments took place. At it, Semashko spoke about the need to create a central institute of nutrition. Which will allow us to combine all scientific work in the field of nutrition. And on July 26, 1930, the State Central Institute of Public Catering of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic was created. The institute's mission was to direct nutrition research activities throughout the country. Subsequently, on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the People’s Commissariat of Health, M. Gorky wrote to Semashko:

“...I warmly, from the bottom of my heart, congratulate you on your wonderful work for ten years. Believe me, the difficulty of this work is known to me, as well as its enormous, undeniable success...”

From 1930 to 1936, Semashko worked at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and was chairman of the Children's Commission. In this position, he fought against child homelessness, led treatment and prophylactic work in children's sanatoriums and health camps.

In 1941, after the outbreak of war, Semashko, together with the department of health care organization of the 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute, was evacuated to Ufa. But already in 1942 he returned from evacuation and began collecting material about the activities of medical universities during the war years. After the war, Nikolai Alexandrovich took part in the restoration of healthcare in the liberated territories and wrote a lot about the sanitary consequences of the war. He devoted his entire life to improving healthcare in the country. The contribution to medicine of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko is colossal. V.V. Kovanov wrote:

“He had the opportunity to directly lay the foundations of Soviet healthcare, develop preventive areas in medicine, involving not only healthcare authorities, but also other departments in this most important matter.”

From 1927 to 1936, Semashko was the editor-in-chief of the Great Medical Encyclopedia. Since 1940, Nikolai Alexandrovich was the chairman of the All-Union Hygienic Society. In 1945, he was appointed director of the Institute of School Hygiene of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. In May 1949, Nikolai Alexandrovich Semashko died at the age of 75.

Semashko taught young people not only medicine, but also how to live in a new society, how best to help the party educate new citizens. Former students wrote about him:

“We listened with the greatest interest to his lectures on the tasks of medicine in organizing the work and life of Soviet people... The exams that he conducted were more reminiscent of a conversation between a wise person and young people who were eager for knowledge and absorbed every word. During the exams, one could argue, if you had your own opinion."

Works by N.A. Semashko

• Semashko N. A. Proletarian disease (tuberculosis) / N. Semashko; Sanitary education Donobzdravtd. - Rostov n/a: Don. region dept. State ed., 1920. - 16 p.
• Semashko N. A. What are resorts and how to be treated at them / N. A. Semashko; Ch. resort. ex. - M.; L: State. ed., 1924. - 32 p.
• Semashko N. A. To combat drunkenness / N. A. Semashko. - M.; L: State. ed., 1926. - 24 p.
• Semashko N. A. Against the alimony epidemic or rely on alimony, do not make a mistake yourself / N. Semashko. - Moscow: Protection of motherhood and infancy, 1927 (6th type-lit. Transprint of the NKPS). - 20 s.
• Semashko N. A. Introduction to social hygiene. - M.: publishing house "Worker of Education", 1927 (type. State Publishing House "Red Proletarian"). - 52 s.
• Semashko N. A. The decade of the October Revolution and the health of peasants / N. A. Semashko. - Moscow: publishing house of the People's Commissariat of Health of the R.S.F.S.R., 1927 (book. Factory of the Central Publishing House of Peoples of the S.S.S.R.). - 40 s.
• Semashko N. A. Beware of the flu / N. Semashko. - M.; L.: State. publishing house, 1927 (Moscow: 1st Exemplary type.). - 24 s.
• Semashko N. A. On the path to a healthy village, 1929.
• Semashko N. A. What do workers need: religion or science? / N. Semashko; Center. Council of the Union of Militant Atheists of the USSR. - M.: Publishing house “Bezbozhnik”, 1930 (type “Beep”). - 16 s.
• Semashko N. A. Science and religion about health / N. Semashko. - M.: State Publishing House of the RSFSR Moscow Worker, 1930 (type-lit. named after Comrade Vorovsky). - 56 s.
• Semashko N. A. Soviets, strengthen the country’s defense / N. Semashko. - M.: Part. publishing house, 1932 (type publishing house "Krest. gas."). - Region, 16 p.
• Semashko N. A. Cultural construction in the USSR / N. Semashko; In absentia owl courses construction at the Department personnel of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. - M.: Power of the Soviets, 1934 (type-literary named after Vorovsky). - Region, 32 p.
• Semashko N. A. The right to rest / N. A. Semashko. - M.: Sotsekgiz, 1936 (“Exemplary” type). - 32 s.
• Semashko N. A. Right to social security / N. A. Semashko. - M.: Legal. publishing house, 1937 (18 types of the Polygraph Book trust). - 38 s.
• Semashko N. A. Essays on the theory of organization of Soviet healthcare: the fundamental principles of Soviet healthcare. - M.: AMS of the RSFSR, 1947.
• Semashko N. A. Personal hygiene. - [Sverdlovsk]: Sverdl. region state publishing house, 1950 (5th type. Glavpoligraphizdata). - 20 s.
• Semashko N. A. Selected works. - M.: Medgiz, 1954. - 339 p.
• Semashko N. A. Lived and experienced. - Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1960. - 120 p.

SEMASHKO Nikolai Alexandrovich, owl. desk and state activist, doctor, one of the organizers of the healthcare system in the USSR, academician. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and APN of the RSFSR (1945). From the nobles. Nephew of G. V. Plekhanov. Studied to become a medical student. Faculty of Moscow University (1893–96, expelled for participating in anti-government demonstrations), graduated from medical school. Faculty of Kazan University (1901). An epidemiologist in the Samara, Orenburg, Saratov, and Oryol provinces (1901–05; he was regularly fired for political unreliability and was arrested). Member Nizhny Novgorod Committee of the RSDLP (1904–05), Bolshevik, one of the organizers of the strike at the Sormovsky plant in 1905. Since 1906 in exile in Switzerland and France. Delegate to the 7th Congress International 2nd(1907, Stuttgart). Member Central Committee of the RSDLP and its Foreign Bureau (1910–11). With the beginning Balkan Wars 1912–13 went to Serbia at the invitation of the International. Red Cross Foundation, Ch. doctor at the hospital in Paracin. Interned in the 1st World War during the occupation of Serbia by the Bulgarians. troops (1915), received permission from the Bulgarian Ministry of Health to engage in medical work. practice. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Prev. Pyatnitskaya district government of Moscow (since September 1917). Head Medical and sanitary department Moscow. Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (1918). First People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR (11.7.1918–25.1.1930); On his initiative, departments were formed within the People's Commissariat - sanitary-epidemiological and health education. At the same time, in 1922–49, head. Department of Social Hygiene of the 1st Moscow State University (since 1930 1st Moscow Medical Institute). Prev. Supreme Council for Physical Affairs culture and sports (1923–26). Prev. Children's Commission under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1930–36). Ch. editor of the Great Medical Encyclopedia (1st ed., 1928–36). Participated in the creation of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), member. its presidium, director of the Institute of School Hygiene (since 1945), Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine (since 1947; now the National Research Institute of Public Health named after N. A. Semashko) of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.

He viewed the disease as a consequence of unfavorable social conditions and an unhealthy lifestyle. He declared that the ultimate goal of the state’s sanitary policy was to combat the “housing needs of the poorest population.” Author of drafts of the most important decrees of the Council of People's Commissars in the field of health care (“On measures against typhus” dated January 28, 1919, “On compulsory smallpox vaccination” dated April 10, 1919, “On the use of Crimea for the treatment of workers” dated December 21, 1920, etc.). Initiator of the creation of a network of children's and women's consultations, tuberculosis and venereal disease. dispensaries, dispensaries for the fight against prof. diseases. Organizer of the unified state healthcare system, based on the principles (developed by progressive doctors of the late 19th century) of universal access to medical care. services, priority attention to childhood and motherhood, unity of prevention and treatment, elimination of the social basis of diseases. Awarded the Order of Lenin (1944).

Many were named in honor of S. therapeutic and prophylactic institutions, streets in cities across the country.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko (09/20/1874 - 05/18/1949) - an outstanding health care organizer, creator of the health care system of the Soviet Union and theorist of the People's Commissar of Health Care of the Russian Socialist Republic.

Family and childhood of Nikolai Alexandrovich.

Semashko Nikolai Aleksandrovich was born in the Oryol province, in the village of Livenskoye on September 20, 1874 in the family of a teacher. His mother was the sister of the rather famous Marxist Plekhanov.

Nikolai Alexandrovich's childhood passed in the village among ordinary peasants. Being enrolled in the Yeletsk boys' gymnasium as a 10-year-old boy, he quite actively began to engage in self-education. He was almost expelled in his last year of study due to the organization of a circle for reading the forbidden works of N.A. Dobrolyubov, V.G. Belinsky and N.G. Chernyshevsky.

Studying at the institute and starting a scientific career.

After graduating from high school, young Semashko entered Moscow University in 1891, choosing the medical faculty for himself. During his student years, Nikolai Alexandrovich was quite active among revolutionary-minded youth.

In 1893 N.A. Semashko was elected as a representative from the Yelets fraternity to the university fraternity council. This council was engaged in distributing illegal literature from banned authors among students. In addition, Nikolai Alexandrovich did not stop studying with the most famous professors and doctors of that time, understanding the importance of the fact that he would have to engage in science in the future.

However, N.A.’s activities on the council did not go unpunished. Semashko and in 1895 he was arrested for preparing a revolutionary movement. While in prison he continued to be active. After his release from prison, he was sent to his homeland for 3 years under public political supervision.

In 1898, at the end of his period of exile, Nikolai Alexandrovich tried to reinstate himself at the university, from which he had been expelled during his arrest, but he was denied reinstatement. He was allowed to continue his studies only at Kazan University, from which he graduated in 1901, while a student at the Faculty of Medicine.

Revolutionary and propaganda activities of Nikolai Alexandrovich.

In 1904 N.A. Semashko was forced to move to Nizhny Novgorod to avoid arrest for conducting revolutionary propaganda. There he got a job as a zemstvo doctor, while continuing to conduct propaganda work at most enterprises in Nizhny Novgorod. In the winter of 1905, he became the leader of a strike of workers in Sormovo and Nizhny Novgorod. He led the work of the detachments that provided medical assistance to the rebels, for which he was again arrested. In 1906 N.A. Semashko reached Switzerland. In 1908, fate transferred Nikolai Alexandrovich to Paris, where he worked for 2 years as secretary of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.

In 1917 N.A. Semashko returned to Moscow, where he was elected chairman of the Pyatnitskaya district government. He took part in the preparation and organization of the Moscow October Uprising, providing medical assistance to the participants.

After the end of this revolution N.A. Semashko was appointed head of the medical and sanitary department to the Moscow City Council, and in July 1918 he took the post of the first People's Commissar of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic. Semashko held this leadership position for 11 years, until 1930.

Works of Nikolai Alexandrovich in the field of health care.

According to historical data, it was under the strict leadership of Nikolai Alexandrovich that the theoretical foundations of the entire public health care system were developed, systems for protecting the health of adolescents and children, infancy and motherhood were created and implemented into practical activities, and issues of the development of resorts and sanatoriums in the country were resolved. In addition, thanks to Semashko’s active work in this area, anti-epidemiological work was carried out among the population.

In 1921, Semashko became a professor and then began to head the department of social hygiene at Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine until 1949.

At the 6th All-Union Congress of Health Departments in 1927, N.A. Semashko raised the issue of centralizing all scientific work in the field of nutrition. For this purpose, on July 26, 1930, a central institute was organized, which was named the State Central Institute of Public Nutrition of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Russian Socialist Republic.

From 1930, for 6 years, N.A. Semashko held the position of member of the Presidium and concurrently Chairman of the Children's Commission. While in this position, he fought against child homelessness, and also supervised treatment and preventive work in children's country sanatoriums and children's health camps.

From 1945 to 1949, Semashko was appointed director of the Institute of School Hygiene. He participated in the study of the rest and work regime of schoolchildren, as well as sanitary standards in children's institutions. Thanks to his active scientific position, the House of Scientists was organized in Moscow. In 1947, at the same time, he received the position of director at the Institute of Health Organization and History of Medicine.

Editorial activities.

Due to the shortage of teachers and educational medical literature, work began on the creation of the Great Medical Encyclopedia. Its first volume was released in 1928 at the end of February, and the 35th (last) in 1936. ON THE. Semashko became the chief editor of this encyclopedia. He also became the main initiator of the creation of the Central Medical Library. ON THE. Semashko continued to work until the end of his life, despite his serious illness. Semashko’s work was appreciated by the country’s leadership, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor, medals and many certificates.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko died in May 1949 at the age of 75.