Fire safety in temples and churches: basic rules. The project of the security and fire alarm system of an Orthodox church Fire alarm in churches and temples
26.11.2014
Temples and churches, like other places of mass gathering of people, belong to the category of objects of increased fire hazard. In addition, many candles are used in these religious buildings, which are sources of open fire. , installed by qualified specialists of the company "Garant Ultra", will minimize the threat of fire and promptly notify people in the building about an emergency situation.
Depending on the configuration of the equipment, the fire alarm can perform different functions:
- Triggering alarms (peripheral annunciators)
- Fire alert
- Activation of automatic fire extinguishing installations
The main components of the system include a control panel, sensors that monitor flame and smoke, and peripheral devices. To solve large-scale tasks, central control equipment with installed software can be used.
Possible difficulties
The installation of security and fire systems in temples and churches is associated with certain difficulties. First, don't 
it will be possible to use open flame detectors, since candles are burned in places of worship. Secondly, sensors and sensors can spoil the interior decoration of the church (first of all, this applies to ancient temple complexes).
To solve the problem will help radio-channel smoke detectors capable of monitoring a certain concentration of smoke in the room. Such detectors are recommended for equipping objects of historical value - museums, palaces, temple buildings. The principle of operation of the sensor is based on optical control of air density. The device is assembled in a plastic case, inside which there is a board with radioelements and an optoelectronic system.
So that the installation of a fire alarm does not spoil the decoration of the church, you can entrust this difficult and responsible task to the specialists of the "Garant Ultra" company. Our employees carry out installation work in strict accordance with fire safety requirements.
Alternative solution
Gas detectors can be used instead of radio channel smoke detectors. Sensors of this type can respond to hydrocarbon compounds or carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide). In order to increase the efficiency of the system, gas sensors can be installed in combination with flow sensors that analyze the air medium spreading through the exhaust ventilation ducts.
Installation of security and fire equipment includes a whole range of works - from laying cables and choosing a suitable location for sensors to commissioning. In addition to the main function, modern detectors are capable of monitoring the stability of the radio signal. This guarantees the stable operation of the security and fire system and the timely detection of fire.
Fire alarm project in a church (temple)
The section of the construction project was developed on the basis of the assignment for the development of design and estimate documentation for the installation of the SS and warning about the fire of the facility: "Reconstruction of a non-residential (former building of pioneers) into a specialized building for religious (cult) purposes - the temple of St. Seraphim of Sarov.
The project provides for:
1. Equipment of the premises of the APS building.
2. Transmission of a fire signal to the monitoring station of the Ministry of Emergencies.
3. Equipment of the premises of the object of CO of people about a fire in accordance with the requirements of SNB 2.02.02-01.
COMPOSITION OF THE BRAND SECTION OF PS KHRAMA CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
Automatic fire alarm and fire warning system
1. Terms of reference for the design of automatic fire alarm and fire warning.
2. Terms of reference for the purchase of equipment and materials for automatic substation and OP systems
3. Explanatory note of the PS section.
3.1 General Provisions.
3.2 Description and characteristics of the object.
3.3 Basic technical solutions.
3.4 Power supply and equipment grounding.
3.5 Organization and production of construction and installation works.
3.6 Safety requirements and fire-prevention measures during construction and installation works.
3.7 Operation of the SS and fire warning system.
4. Working drawings of the brand -PS
5. Specification of equipment brand - PS.
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Description and characteristics of the object.
The premises of the facility are located in a 1-storey building. Height of ceilings up to 3.5 m. Class of the building for functional fire hazard - Ф3.5. A post with round-the-clock personnel duty is organized in the duty station premises.
The facility is subject to APS equipment in accordance with clause 9.3 of Table 1 and the terms of reference for the design of APS and CO. According to clause 1 of Table 13 SNB 2.02.02-01, the building is equipped with a fire warning system of the CO-2 type with light indicators of the direction of evacuation (the area of the fire compartment is more than 800 sq. M.). The output of signals about the operation of the ATP system and fire warning to the dispatching console of the Ministry of Emergency Situations is provided with the help of the UOO SPI "Molniya".
When installing fire detectors, maintain the distances in accordance with TKP 5-2.02-190-2010 and the technical characteristics of fire detectors.
Manual call points are placed in accordance with the requirements of TKP 5-2.02-190-2010 on the wall at a height of 1.4 m. from the floor level, with the installation near them of the indicator signs "Button for turning on the fire alarm system" (Table 3, sign No. 1), the lowering of the wiring to the IPR is carried out in the PVC box.
When programming the SPS control panel, include the RPI in a separate group.
Fire notification of an object is carried out in accordance with SNB 2.02.02-01 by the CO-2 system, with the help of sound annunciators and light transparencies, and the "TANGO-PU" control device. The fire warning network is carried out with a SHVVP 2x0.75 cord, in PVC boxes. The CO-2 fire warning system provides for the installation of sound alarms and light banners in the premises of the facility in such a way as to ensure audibility in all places where people stay. Sound annunciators and banners are installed at a height of at least 2.3 m from the floor and 0.15 m from the ceiling.
Installation, testing, commissioning and commissioning of the SS and fire warning system should be performed in accordance with the PUE, TKP 45-2.02-190-2010 and technical descriptions for the devices used.
The power supply line to the ATP equipment and fire warning is laid from the ASU. Loops are not allowed to pass through door frames. Laying and passages through the walls should be performed in accordance with the PUE.
A. Sobolev
Deputy General Director of TechInSPAS LLC (Vladimir)
From the point of view of the regulatory authorities, any Orthodox church is a building with a massive presence of people, where sources of open fire and possible smoke are used. Such a formulation certainly corresponds to reality: a church without burning candles and lamps would look strange, it is difficult to imagine smokeless incense.
In the Fire Safety Rules in force in Russia until recently, a special section was devoted to the general approach to these issues, which concerned exclusively religious buildings. But in April 2012, by a decree of the government of the Russian Federation, a new document was adopted instead of this document - the Fire Regime Rules.
“There are no special chapters concerning religious buildings, as well as any other specific buildings,” says Andrei Aleksandrovich Makeev, deputy head of the regulatory and technical department of the department for supervisory activities of the EMERCOM of Russia. - The main document in matters of fire safety for Orthodox parishes on the territory of Russia (as well as for any other individuals and legal entities engaged in economic activity) remains the Federal Law, signed by the President of Russia on July 22, 2008 and covering at the moment all state firefighting standards in our country. True, it (like any other laws) has no retroactive effect and only applies to newly erected buildings and structures. For previously built churches there are (in the part that does not contradict the Technical Regulations, but there are no such contradictions regarding Orthodox churches), and until a special order from the government, which will subsequently cancel them, there are special fire-prevention requirements dedicated to religious buildings (agreed with the Moscow Patriarchate). "
Federal Law "On Fire Safety" dated December 21, 1994, No. 69-FZ, determined the legal basis for ensuring fire safety. The requirements established by this law are mandatory for the Russian Orthodox Church and its canonical divisions (dioceses, monasteries, parishes, households) that have the legal capacity of a legal entity.
At the same time, the Church in the process of its activities in addressing security issues is guided by the norms of special legislation on non-profit, including religious organizations, namely the Federal Law "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations", the Federal Law "On non-profit organizations." However, it is important to note that these laws do not contain regulations on control and supervision in the field of fire safety. Thus, Article 25 of the Federal Law "On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations", Article 32 of the Federal Law "On Non-Commercial Organizations" define the specifics of the Ro-registration (its territorial bodies) of control over the compliance of the activities of religious organizations with the goals stipulated by their charters and legislation. Russian Federation.
Now, in the development of the Technical Regulations, Codes of Fire Safety Rules are being developed. There are currently thirteen of them, and with the exception of two of them (not related to religious organizations), the developers have moved away from the industry principle of layout. Each Code of Practice will be dedicated to one of the fire safety systems (for example, escape routes and transport entrances, general water supply, alarms, fire water supply, etc.). In addition, there will be a separate Code of rules for voluntary application, concerning specifically religious buildings.
Scattered Codes of Rules, and now the new Rules for the fire regime regulate the following: in the building of the temple itself there must be fire detectors, fire warning systems (SOUE), fire extinguishers and much more.
As you know, any religious building must have fire automation systems - clause 12 of Table A.1 SP 5.13130.2009. "Set of rules. Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design ". This Code of Practice applies to the design of automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems for buildings and structures for various purposes, including those erected in areas with special climatic and natural conditions.
Many church buildings and structures appeared in those ancient times, when the principles, methods and fire-fighting technologies themselves were very different from the current ones. In this regard, the scientific and technical council of the Department of Supervision of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation has developed the following recommendation. Objects older than half a century (as well as those built according to such ancient standards that are now impossible to establish) should be operated not according to modern standards, but in accordance with the Declaration of Fire Safety. This document is drawn up by the owner of the building on a declarative basis. “Further, the paper is submitted to the department of the State Fire Supervision of our ministry, where it is simply registered,” assures A.A. Makeev, - and further the object can be used in accordance with the provisions that are declared there. Of course, in such a way that it does not threaten the life and health of people (we, of course, will not miss such positions in the Declaration) ”.
Specific requirements for ensuring fire safety at religious sites are set out mainly in the fire safety standards NPB 108-96 “Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements ".
I would like to express my point of view on the substance of this document, which directly relates to the activities of religious organizations in the field of fire prevention. It was put into effect by order of the Main Directorate of the State Fire Service (SFS) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia dated June 18, 1996, No. 32. NPBs affecting the interests of religious organizations are not registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1997 No. 1009 "On Approval of the Rules for the Preparation of Normative Legal Acts of Federal Executive Bodies and Their State Registration", normative legal acts of federal ministries, in particular orders, are subject to state registration with the Ministry of Justice of Russia. Thus, the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which is not registered in the prescribed manner, has no legal force and is not obligatory for application.
One more important detail is noteworthy. These NPBs have been agreed with the Ministry of Construction of Russia (letter No. 13/132 of 03/29/95) and the Ministry of Culture of Russia (letter No. 495-41-14 of 05/06/96). However, at the same time, the provision of paragraph 7 of Art. 8 of the Federal Law "On Freedom of Conscience and on Religious Associations", according to which state authorities, when considering issues affecting the activities of religious organizations in society, take into account the territorial scope of activities of a religious organization and provide the relevant religious organizations with the opportunity to participate in the consideration of these issues.
In order to implement the provisions of paragraph 7 of Art. 8 of this law, the following advisory bodies have been created at the federal level, including representatives of interested religious organizations: the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation; Commission on Religious Associations under the Government of the Russian Federation. Structures for interaction with religious associations operate in the offices of the Plenipotentiary Representatives of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal districts of the Russian Federation.
Despite these circumstances, the NPB was not coordinated not only with religious organizations, but also with the aforementioned advisory bodies created under the President of the Russian Federation and under the Government of the Russian Federation.
An analysis of the legal aspects of ensuring fire safety inevitably put another important question on the agenda: why special NPBs have been developed for religious organizations without any participation on their part, which set out a large amount of various requirements that are subject to mandatory execution, and for other objects of various purposes there are no such airbags.
At the end of March 2012, as a result of a fire in a nightclub located in the Lenkom theater, 10 people died. According to media reports, citing the club's staff, fire shows were held every night using pure alcohol.
A similar fire took place in a bar in the city of Orsk, Orenburg region, where 10 people also died. Unfortunately, there are quite a lot of similar fires in the country.
At the same time, the following circumstance causes bewilderment: an imperative requirement has been established for religious organizations, according to which the storage of lamp oil in an amount of no more than 5 liters is allowed in the temple. At the same time, pure alcohol is used in the nightclub, and this is not standardized or suppressed by anyone, especially since pure alcohol in its physical and chemical properties is much more dangerous than lamp oil.
In this regard, the question arises: why are there no special NPBs for gaming and entertainment establishments, starting with bars, clubs, gambling halls, casinos, variety shows, etc., where a significant number of people are under the influence of alcohol or drugs?
Paradoxically, but in PPB 0103 there is no mention of casinos and other similar organizations at all, but a whole section is devoted to religious organizations.
What is the reason for such "love and care" of firefighters for the regulation of fire safety rules and norms in buildings provided to religious organizations?
Priests, religious workers, and parishioners cannot be compared to football or other fans. As a rule, these are law-abiding people. At the same time, for them, but, which is fundamentally important, without their participation, without taking into account the traditions and internal regulations of religious organizations, a lot of various prohibitive measures related to ensuring fire safety have been invented. Fire officials on behalf of the state demand their implementation, although elementary logic dictates that you cannot write the rules yourself and control them yourself.
In this regard, it is permissible to ask: “Where are the NPBs developed by the State Border Guard Service for other objects with a mass presence of people, for the same“ beer festivals ”, where the behavior of fans and beer-drugged youth cannot be compared with the behavior of parishioners in a church.
Such a large number of questions raised above is not intended to offend anyone or put in an uncomfortable position. This is a natural reaction to, to put it mildly, a not entirely legitimate attempt to put pressure on religious organizations by the State Fire Supervision Authority.
Temples stood for centuries, they were protected by people, not systems. The main cause of fire is careless handling of fire. The Russian Orthodox Church is interested in ensuring that the religious facilities provided to its canonical structures are fireproof, that there are no fires in churches, monasteries and other facilities, so that the Fire Safety Rules are strictly observed everywhere.
In conclusion of the analysis of NPB 108-96, I would like to emphasize once again that the legal status of this normative document is far from perfect. It is hard to believe that the lawyers and officials of the EMERCOM of Russia did not know about the legal insolvency of these NPBs. Nevertheless, on June 18, 2003, the Russian Emergencies Ministry issued Order No. 316 “On Approval of Fire Safety Standards”.
This order approved a list of 128 fire safety standards, which included NPB 106-96.
According to the conclusion of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation (letter dated 18.06.2004 No. 07/5845-YUD), the order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia dated 18.06.2003 No. 316 does not need state registration. There is a little legal subtlety here. Indeed, the list of fire safety standards itself does not need state registration, but this does not mean at all that NPBs, which are included in the specified list, do not need it. Without state registration with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, NPB 106-96 are nothing more than a recommendation.
Unfortunately, real life shows that sometimes fires occur at religious sites.
“The most common violations in remedial orders are cluttered or blocked escape routes, inoperative fire alarms, and candlestick problems. According to fire safety standards, candlesticks must be attached to the floor in order to prevent them from overturning, spilling oil and getting fire on people, says A.A. Makeev. - Yes, we often encounter bewilderment and even misunderstanding about this. But the fact is that the term "attached" is quite liberal and wide, it does not mean the obligatory welding of the candlestick, its concreting or even fastening with screws. Many parishes have mastered the tenon-groove method of mechanical connection. With the help of its geometry, the base of the candlestick easily mates with the floor structure, it is just as easy to remove, and the candlestick itself can be carried and installed in any other place of the temple room, where a similar recess is made. Next, in the conditional rating of violations, I would place low-quality electrical wiring and stove heating. In cities, ovens, of course, are not so relevant, but in the provinces they are still common. Suffice it to say that the strongest fire in an Orthodox church in our country happened in 2012 precisely because of the stove: on Christmas Eve in the Chuvash village of Mirenki, a wooden church of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” built in 1896 was completely burned down ”.
In the country as a whole, over the past six years, five people died in fires in all religious buildings and structures, and seven more were injured - the figures are modest by Russian standards. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation does not keep separate statistics on fires in Orthodox churches: there is only general data for religious organizations and institutions. But it is unlikely that the levels of fire-fighting culture among believers of traditional religions in Russia are seriously different. Most likely, incidents with fires in Orthodox churches, and in Catholic churches, and in mosques, and in synagogues are of the same nature and occur with approximately equal probability. If so, then the dynamics of fires in Orthodox churches should not cause serious concern. This assumption is confirmed when analyzing the data for Moscow. In 2007, seven fires were registered here in Orthodox churches, in 2008 - six, in 2009 and 2010 - five each, in 2011 - two. There were no fatalities in all these cases, and against the background of about a dozen daily fires throughout the city, these figures look negligible.
In 2012, only one temple was burning in the capital - St. Sergius of Radonezh in Bibirev, it happened in February. “But that incident is not related to the operation of the church for its main purpose,” explains Alexei Kott, deputy head of the State Fire Supervision Department of the Russian Emergencies Ministry's Main Directorate for Moscow. - There was a restoration and reconstruction, the building was surrounded by scaffolding, they, through the fault of the builders, started working. In general, this is one of the most common scenarios for a fire in Orthodox churches. "
“Basically, the inspectors of the State Fire Inspection tell us routine claims: expired fire extinguishers, fire shields are not staffed, fire hydrants are not cleared in winter,” admits Valery Ulikov, the headman of the wooden church of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George in Koptev (Moscow, Bolshaya Akademicheskaya St.). - We brought all the electrical wiring in accordance with modern requirements (frankly, the regulatory authorities forced us to do this), there are no more comments on this part. From the moment of construction, the fire protection impregnation was renewed three times (that is, approximately once every five years). Each such procedure costs 40 thousand rubles, but the frame is completely protected from accidental ignition from the inside. "
Fire protection of wooden buildings is a special topic. Suffice it to say that now in our country, precisely because of the high risk of fires, it is forbidden to erect completely wooden structures higher than three floors. This situation, however, did not prevent in the early 2000s from growing on the territory of the Crafts Center "Russian Compound" in the Izmailovsky Kremlin (Moscow, Eastern Administrative District) the tallest wooden Orthodox church in Russia at the moment - the 46-meter high St. Nicholas tent-roofed church. The fact is that the dry architectural term "floor" does not correlate well with traditional temple architecture.
“We have no questions about the church of St. Nicholas the Pleasure,” admits Alexey Kott. - But questions constantly arise to the administration of the “Russian Compound”. In fairness, it is objectively difficult for her to fit into all the norms: the overcrowding of wooden buildings in a relatively small area is always a risk of fire with serious consequences. Not to mention the fact of arson that took place here seven years ago. .. "
“In addition, the new wooden church can leave sediment for several years, - reminds the head of the club of masters“ Sen ”Alexander Biletsky. - Therefore, the wires must be laid with large tolerances so that they do not stretch and burst (and the smallest spark that gets on the insulation made of tow or flax is enough for a serious powder fire, and no impregnation will save). And, of course, all electrical wiring must have a serious power factor, and the meters and switches must be from only the world's best manufacturers. "
By the way, the impregnation of wood and insulation with a special fire-retardant compound - anti-fire - on wooden objects is not prescribed by state bodies, this is a voluntary matter. But in Orthodox churches such a measure, as a rule, is not neglected. Perhaps because wooden churches (at least in big cities) are still the exception rather than the rule, and their parishes treat their temple buildings with particular scrupulousness.
Of course, in such a matter as protecting churches from fire, relying only on professionals is too risky and presumptuous. After all, volunteer assistance to firefighters has a rich tradition in Russia (even before the revolution, many mechanized fire brigades were created precisely on the basis of volunteer squads). But the last two decades in the Church there have been many other economic problems, so that the creation of voluntary fire brigades only came to hand in men's monasteries (the brethren of Svyato-Vvedensky Optina Hermitage won the fame of the most organized collective in this sense). Now, much is changing in parishes, since the law "On voluntary fire protection", which came into force last year, provides for the creation of voluntary squads at religious organizations.
Thus, Metropolitan Kirill of Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye took the initiative to organize such units at churches. The regional administration has shown understanding and has already allocated funds for the purchase of knapsack fire extinguishers, because in the parish the vigilantes do not need to be able to operate a fire engine. And in general, as in any voluntary squad, in the fire fighting, the main direction of activity is prevention. And, of course, one should not forget about the main "prevention" in the life of any Orthodox person - prayer. Moreover, there are many known prayer addresses regarding protection from the destructive elements of fire.
LITERATURE:
1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390 "On fire-prevention regime" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 19, art. 2415.
2. Federal Law of July 22, 2008. No. 123-FZ "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 28, 2008 No. 30 (Part I), Art. 3579.
3. NPB108-96. Norms of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements (approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, put into effect by Order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of 06/18/1996 No. 32) // Collection of guidelines of the State Fire Service. Part 4. M .: GUGPS Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1997.
4. Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 69-FZ "On Fire Safety" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of December 26, 1994 No. 35, Art. 3649.
5. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, art. 4465.
6. Federal Law of January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ "On Non-Commercial Organizations" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1996 No. 3, Art. 145.
7. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, art. 4465.
8. Federal Law of January 12, 1996 No. 7-FZ "On Non-Commercial Organizations" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of January 15, 1996 No. 3, Art. 145.
9. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 25, 2012 No. 390 "On fire-prevention regime" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation dated May 7, 2012 No. 19, art. 2415.
10. Order of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation dated March 25, 2009 No. 175 “On approval of the Code of Rules“ Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design "" // Fire safety. 2010. No. 3.
11. NPB 108-96. Norms of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements (approved by the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, put into effect by Order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of 06/18/1996 No. 32) // Collection of guidelines of the State Fire Service. Part 4. M .: GUGPS Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 1997.
12. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 13, 1997 No. 1009 "On approval of the Rules for the preparation of normative legal acts of federal executive bodies and their state registration" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of August 18, 1997 No. 33, art. 3895.
13. Federal Law of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ "On freedom of conscience and on religious associations" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of September 29, 1997 No. 39, art. 4465.
14. Order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 02.08.1995 No. 357-rp "Approval of the Regulations on the Council for Interaction with Religious Associations under the President of the Russian Federation and its composition" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation dated August 7, 1995 No. 32, art. 3294.
15. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 15.07.2006 No. 438 "On Approval of the Regulations on the Commission on Religious Associations under the Government of the Russian Federation" // Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation of July 24, 2006 No. 30, Art. 3400.
Joint venture
(draft, first edition)
MINISTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FOR CIVIL DEFENSE, EMERGENCIES AND DISASTER RESPONSE
SET OF RULES
CULTURAL BUILDINGS.
This draft standard is not applicable until approved.
Foreword
The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation have been established, and the rules for the application of sets of rules - by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the procedure for the development and approval of sets of rules" dated November 19, 2008 N 858
About the set of rules
1 DEVELOPED by the Federal State Institution "All-Russian Order" Badge of Honor "Research Institute of Fire Defense" (FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia)
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 274 "Fire Safety"
3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by the Order of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters from N
4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information on changes to this set of rules is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this set of rules, the corresponding notification will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". The relevant information, notice and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the developer (FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia) on the Internet
© Standartinform, 2010
This set of rules cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication on the territory of the Russian Federation without the permission of the EMERCOM of Russia and FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia
SET OF RULES
CULTURAL BUILDINGS.
FIRE SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Church buildings. Fire safety requirements
Date of introduction -
1 area of use
1.1 This set of rules was developed in accordance with article 4 and article 5 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements", is a regulatory document on fire safety in the field of standardization of voluntary use, applies to construction , operation and reconstruction of religious buildings and complexes of religious buildings of various religious denominations, including those built into buildings of other functional purposes, and establishes the main provisions and requirements for space-planning and structural solutions, as well as for the engineering equipment of religious buildings.
1.2 The rules do not apply to the design of religious buildings temporarily located in collapsible and other similar buildings.
2 Normative references
In this set of rules, references to the following normative documents are used:
GOST 12.1.004-91 * Fire safety. General requirements.
GOST 30244-94 Building materials. Flammability test methods.
SP 1.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Evacuation routes and exits
SP 2.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Ensuring fire resistance of objects of protection
SP 3.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Fire warning and evacuation control system. Fire safety requirements
SP 4.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Restrictions on the spread of fire at protected objects. Requirements for space-planning and structural solutions.
SP 5.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Automatic fire alarm and extinguishing installations. Norms and rules of design
SP 6.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Electrical equipment. Fire safety requirements
SP 7.13130.2009. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire protection requirements
SP 8.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Sources of outdoor fire-fighting water supply. Fire safety requirements.
SP 10.13130.2009. Fire protection systems. Internal fire-fighting water supply. Fire safety requirements.
SP 12.13130.2009. Determination of categories of premises, buildings and outdoor installations for explosion and fire hazard
SP 31-103-99 Buildings, structures and complexes of Orthodox churches
SNiP 23-05-95 Natural and artificial lighting
SNiP 35-01-2001 Accessibility of buildings and structures for people with limited mobility
Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the relevant monthly information signs published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (changed), then when using this standard, the replacing (modified) standard should be followed. If the reference standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent not affecting this reference.
3 Terms and definitions
In this Code of Practice, the following terms are used with appropriate definitions:
3.1 religious building (temple): A building, a structure intended for a prayer meeting of believers and conducting religious rituals.
3.2 complex of a religious building: A set of buildings, structures and structures located on the territory of a religious building, or built into it, functionally associated with a religious building.
3.3 cathedral church: A religious building intended for the simultaneous stay of more than 2 thousand people.
3.4 parish church: A religious building intended for the simultaneous stay of no more than 2 thousand people.
3.5 house church: A room (several rooms) for liturgical purposes, built-in (built-on) into a building for another functional purpose, designed for the simultaneous stay of no more than 50 people. Terms and definitions specific to various religious denominations are given in Appendix A.
4 General
4.1 This Code of Practice has been developed in accordance with Federal Law No. 184-FZ of December 27, 2002 "On Technical Regulation".
4.2 This Code of Practice addresses the issues of fire protection of religious buildings, taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of buildings and the conduct of religious ceremonies for the main religious confessions of Russia: Orthodoxy, Islam, Judaism. The design of a fire protection system for other religious buildings should also be carried out taking into account the requirements of this joint venture.
4.3 When designing religious buildings, the requirements of other regulatory documents in the field of fire safety in the part related to religious buildings should be taken into account.
4.4 When designing religious buildings and structures, devices and measures should be provided for convenient access by disabled people and their use of premises in accordance with SNiP 2.08.02-89 * and SNiP 35-01-2001.
4.5 When using this Code of Rules for religious buildings and structures that are historical monuments, the requirements of the legislation on the protection and use of historical and cultural monuments should be taken into account.
4.6 Structural, space-planning and engineering-technical solutions should be provided in buildings, providing in the event of a fire:
the possibility of evacuating people, regardless of their age and physical condition, outside to the territory adjacent to the building (hereinafter - outside) before the onset of a threat to their life and health due to the impact of dangerous fire factors; the possibility of saving people; the possibility of access for the personnel of fire departments and the supply of fire extinguishing means to the fire site, as well as taking measures to save people and material values;
non-spreading of fire to nearby buildings, including when a burning building collapses;
limitation of direct and indirect material damage, including the contents of the building and the building itself, with an economically justified ratio of the amount of damage and the cost of fire prevention measures, fire protection and its technical equipment.
4.7 During the construction process, it is necessary to ensure:
priority implementation of fire-prevention measures provided for by the project, developed in accordance with applicable standards and approved in the prescribed manner;
observance of fire safety rules stipulated by regulatory documents on fire safety, and fire protection of construction and auxiliary facilities, fire-safe construction and installation work;
availability and maintenance of fire fighting equipment;
the possibility of safe evacuation and rescue of people, as well as the protection of material assets in the event of a fire in a facility under construction and on a construction site.
4.8 During operation, you should: ensure the maintenance of the building and the operability of the means of its fire protection in accordance with the requirements of the design and technical documentation for them;
ensure compliance with fire safety rules approved in the prescribed manner;
not to allow changes in design, space-planning and engineering solutions without a project developed in accordance with the current standards and approved in the prescribed manner;
when carrying out repair work, do not allow the use of structures and materials that do not meet the requirements of current standards.
If a building permit is obtained on the condition that the number of people in the building or in any part of it or the fire load is limited, notice of these restrictions must be posted inside the building in visible places, and the building administration must develop special organizational measures to prevent fire and evacuation. people in case of fire.
5 Fire safety requirements for the placement of buildings and structures. Outdoor water supply
5.1 The floors of the high-rise part of the religious building with the stylobate must be provided with access for firefighters from auto-mechanical ladders and lifts.
5.2 Access for firefighters from motor ladders and car lifts should be provided to any rooms with windows and to the roofs of buildings (with the exception of superstructured structures - domes, towers, minarets, etc.) along fire passages, taking into account the technical capabilities of imported rescue equipment.
5.3 The height of the gate opening for the entry of fire trucks into the territory of the temple (temple complex) must be at least 4.5 m, and the width must be at least 3.5 m.
5.4 Entrances of fire trucks should be arranged to fire hydrants and all entrances to the building, as well as to the places of installation of external branch pipes of the internal fire-fighting water supply system for connecting fire pumps of vehicles.
5.5 The distance from religious buildings to neighboring buildings and structures, depending on their degree of fire resistance, should be taken in accordance with Table 11 of the Appendix to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements".
Note - Fire clearance () for religious buildings of the V degree of fire resistance is recommended to be adjusted taking into account the height of wooden buildings according to the formula
where is the required fire distance, m;
- the height of the construction of the temple, m;
- the height of the adjacent building, m;
- fire distance between buildings according to Table 11 of the Appendix to the Technical Regulations on Fire Safety, m;
- the operation of choosing the largest value.
5.6 An external fire-fighting water supply system must be designed in accordance with the requirements of SP 8.13130.
5.7 Water consumption for external fire extinguishing of a religious building, regardless of the degree of fire resistance of the structure, should be taken at least as indicated in Table 1.
Table 1
Building volume, thousand m | Water consumption, l / s |
over 25 |
5.8 In the absence of a sufficient amount of water in the external fire-fighting water supply system, it is allowed to provide for these purposes a fire reservoir or a reservoir that provides fire extinguishing at a standard flow rate for 3 hours.
6 Requirements for space-planning and structural solutions
6.1 General requirements
6.1.1 The maximum number of floors of religious buildings and the permissible capacity of the prayer hall should be taken depending on their degree of fire resistance according to Table 2.
Table 2.
Fire resistance | Maximum number of floors | Hall capacity, |
not standardized | not standardized |
|
6.1.2 The fire resistance limit of supporting structures of balconies, loggias, galleries in prayer halls of buildings of I-III degrees of fire resistance must be at least R45.
6.1.3 It is not allowed to embed and attach to religious buildings of IV-V degrees of fire resistance premises for other purposes, with the exception of premises and structures necessary to perform the function of announcing the beginning of prayer (bell towers, belfries, minarets).
6.1.4 Religious buildings may have no more than 1 basement or basement floor.
6.1.5 Premises of the main purpose of the building may be located in the basement or basement floor. The placement of premises for other functional purposes is allowed in accordance with Appendix B.
6.1.6 Basement and basement floors should be provided with separate emergency exits.
When providing premises located in the basement and basement floors with emergency exits (in accordance with the requirements of fire safety regulations), the functional communication of these premises with the premises of the 1st floor (including the prayer hall) can be allowed through the technological staircase, having at the entrance at the level of the basement a vestibule-sluice with air pressurization in case of a fire, or with an air pressurization device in the event of a fire in the stairwell. The specified staircase is not taken into account when calculating the parameters of the escape routes.
6.1.7 The minimum height of the rooms of prayer halls from floor to ceiling must be at least 3 m. In auxiliary rooms and on the balcony for accommodating the choir, the height of the rooms can be reduced to 2.5 m.
In house churches, the height of all parts of the church can be the same and correspond to the height of the floor of the building into which the house church is built.
6.1.8 When designing, the volume of temple buildings is recommended to be taken for one place of capacity,:
parish churches from 4 to 6
cathedral churches from 6 to 8
Depending on the space-planning solutions, it is possible to increase or decrease the indicated values up to 20%.
6.1.9 The design of multi-height spaces and balconies to accommodate parishioners is allowed only for prayer halls with a maximum number of levels of no more than two. Choir balconies and technological balconies are not taken into account when calculating the number of levels.
6.1.10 The design of a fire protection system for auxiliary buildings (church clergy houses, hotels, residential buildings, cell buildings, Sunday schools and gymnasiums, industrial and other buildings), as well as temples that include these premises, should be carried out in accordance with with SP 31-103, taking into account the fire requirements for buildings of the corresponding functional fire hazard.
6.1.11 A religious building attached to or built into a building for another functional purpose should be allocated to a separate fire compartment and provided with separate escape routes in accordance with the requirements of this joint venture.
6.1.12 Premises of house churches and similar premises, built into buildings for various purposes, can be located in the basement, basement or in the above-ground part no higher than 2 floors and must be provided with independent emergency exits.
6.1.13 Premises and buildings for auxiliary purposes can be located on the site of a religious building complex, in the stylobate part, be attached or built into a religious building.
6.1.14 Auxiliary premises and groups of premises for various functional purposes (Sunday schools, refectories, bell towers, baptisms, hotels, etc.) attached or built into the building of the temple should be separated by structures with a standardized fire resistance limit and have separate evacuation exits outside. The fire resistance limit of these structures should be taken: for buildings of I, II degrees of fire resistance - not less than REI 150, for buildings of III degree of fire resistance - not less than REI 45. Allocation of premises or groups of premises with the simultaneous presence of no more than 15 people with fire barriers is not required.
6.1.15 If it is necessary to communicate these rooms and groups of rooms with each other or with a prayer hall, fire doors with a fire resistance limit corresponding to the type of barrier must be provided in the openings of fire barriers.
6.1.16 Premises for educational purposes (Sunday schools, gymnasiums, classrooms, libraries, etc.), as a rule, must be located in separate buildings.
6.1.17 The premises for educational purposes built into the building of the temple should be located on the above-ground floors, have natural lighting and stand out in a separate block with at least two emergency exits from each floor. Accommodation of premises for the stay of children in the basement is not allowed.
6.1.18 Premises for educational purposes (Sunday schools, gymnasiums) with more than 100 students and premises for overnight stay of people (hotels) with more than 20 people, as well as residential buildings should be designed in separate buildings, or attached to a religious building and separated from it by a type 1 fire wall.
6.1.19 Utility structures, including warehouses, workshops, garages for vehicles, sites for a garbage collector and an oven device for burning memorial notes should be located separately from buildings of other functional purposes and separated into a separate (utility) zone.
6.1.20 It is not allowed to place storerooms, workshops and various industries associated with the storage of flammable and combustible liquids, combustible gases in buildings with prayer halls, as well as adjacent and under the premises of the Sunday school. These premises should be located primarily in the economic zone.
6.2 Space-planning and structural solutions of Orthodox churches
6.2.1 When determining the number of storeys of a temple, all above-ground floors and a basement are included in the number of floors, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the average planning mark of the earth.
6.3 Space-planning and structural solutions of Muslim temples
6.3.1 When determining the number of storeys of the temple, all the above-ground floors and the basement are included in the number of floors if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the average planning mark of the earth. The number of tiers of attached or built-on minarets is not included in the number of storeys of the temple.
6.4 Space-planning and structural solutions of Jewish temples
6.4.1 When determining the number of storeys of a temple, all the above-ground floors and the basement are included in the number of floors, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the average planning level of the earth.
7 Ensuring safe evacuation and rescuing people in case of fire
7.1 General requirements
7.1.1 Temples built into buildings of other functional purposes should be provided with separate emergency exits.
7.1.2 Premises and groups of premises for other functional purposes, built into a religious building, must be provided with emergency exits in accordance with the requirements of fire safety regulations.
7.1.3 External fire escapes should be provided in accordance with the requirements of SP 1.13130.
7.1.4 The decoration of the walls and floors of the prayer hall (with the exception of halls located in structures of IV, V degrees of fire resistance) should be made of materials of a flammability group of at least G1. The fire hazard of the materials used is determined in accordance with GOST 30244.
7.1.5 Finishing of the escape routes of the premises of religious buildings located in the basement and basement floors should be provided only from non-combustible materials.
7.1.6 Permanently laid carpets, carpet paths and other floor coverings in the prayer hall must be securely fixed and made of materials that meet the requirements of regulatory documents.
7.1.7 The greatest distance from any point of the prayer hall to the nearest evacuation exit should be taken according to Table 3.
Table 3
Building (floor) volume, thousand m | Fire resistance | Distance to emergency exits, m |
from 5 to 10 | ||
over 10 |
7.1.8 When combining evacuation passages into a common passage, its width should not be less than the total width of the combined passages.
7.1.9 The width of the evacuation exit from the prayer hall to the outside or to the corridor leading to the outside should be determined by the number of people evacuated through the exit according to Table 4, but not less than 1.2 m for a hall with a capacity of more than 50 people in a building of any degree of fire resistance.
Table 4.
Fire resistance | Hall volume, thousand m3 | The number of people per 1 m of the width of the evacuation exit, people |
from 5 to 10 | ||
over 10 | ||
from 5 to 10 | ||
7.1.10. The width of the door in the light of the main evacuation exits from the temple must be at least 1.2 m.
7.1.11 The width of the entrance vestibule into the building should exceed the width of the doorway by at least 0.15 m on each side, and the depth of the vestibule should exceed the width of the door leaf by at least 0.2 m.
7.1.12 Installation of thresholds with a height of more than 2 cm in the doors connecting the liturgical premises is not allowed.
7.1.13 External staircases should have a minimum width of 2.2 m, and platforms with a height of more than 0.45 m from the ground level, located at the entrances to churches, should have fences with a height of at least 0.9 m.
7.1.14 At facilities with a simultaneous stay of more than 100 people, evacuation lighting should be provided in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 23-05-95.
Evacuation lighting should be provided in the premises of the temple; in auxiliary rooms; stairwells.
7.1.15 From any point on the escape routes, an indicator of the direction of the evacuation of people in the event of a fire must be visible.
7.2 Ensuring safe evacuation and rescuing people in case of fire in Orthodox churches
7.2.1 From the altar room with an area of more than 100, as a rule, it is necessary to provide for an exit directly outside with a width of at least 0.7 m.
7.2.2 From the balcony, designed to accommodate the choir with a simultaneous stay of no more than 10 people, it is allowed to provide 1 emergency exit.
7.2.3 Exits from the balcony intended for the placement of the choir can be provided by open stairs made of non-combustible materials directly to the premises of the prayer hall. In buildings of IV-V degrees of fire resistance, these stairs can be flammable. The width of the flights of these stairs should be at least 0.9 m. If there are no more than 10 people simultaneously staying on the balcony, an open staircase is allowed to be made with a spiral or with winding steps. At the same time, the width of the tread in the middle should be at least 0.18 m.
7.2.4 When organizing an observation deck on the bell tower, if there is 1 exit, its capacity is allowed to provide for no more than 30 people. The staircase intended for evacuation from the observation deck of the bell tower must have an exit directly outside and comply with the requirements of fire safety regulations.
7.2.5 It is allowed to provide one evacuation exit from the bell tower levels. In this case, it is necessary to provide:
a device for leaving the bell tower directly outside;
exits from the premises at the bell tower levels to the common staircase (staircase of the bell tower) must be provided through type 2 fire doors;
the number of people simultaneously in the premises of the bell tower should not exceed 20 people;
the premises of the bell tower, including the built-in premises of churches, must be separated from the premises of adjacent buildings by type 1 fire partitions.
7.2.6 The doors of emergency exits during the work of the temple should open freely without a key in the direction of evacuation.
7.2.7 When calculating escape routes, the number of worshipers in the temple should be determined based on the dependence of 0.25 per person. When calculating the parameters of the escape routes, the exit outside the altar room is not taken into account.
7.2.8 The width of the staircase of the bell tower must be at least 0.8 m.
7.3 Ensuring safe evacuation and rescuing people in case of fire in Muslim temples
7.3.1 When calculating escape routes, the number of worshipers in the temple should be determined based on the dependence of 0.5 per person.
7.3.2 The number and total width of evacuation exits from the prayer hall should be doubled in relation to the calculated ones.
7.4 Ensuring safe evacuation and rescuing people in case of fire in Jewish temples
7.4.1 Armchairs, chairs, benches or links of them in the prayer hall and on balconies with a capacity of more than 12 seats should be provided with devices for fastening to the floor.
7.4.2 When calculating escape routes, the number of worshipers in the temple should be determined based on the number of seats.
7.4.3 The evacuation routes from prayer halls in structures of I and II degrees of fire resistance must ensure evacuation in the required time, () given in Table 5.
Table 5.
Hall volume, thousand m | Required evacuation time, min |
from 5 to 10 | |
from 10 to 20 | |
from 20 to 25 | |
from 25 to 40 | |
from 40 to 60 | |
from the building as a whole |
7.4.4 The required time for the evacuation of people from the altar room should be taken no more than 1.5 minutes.
7.4.5 The estimated time of evacuation of people in case of fire from churches and other structures located on the territory of the temple should be determined by calculation in accordance with the methodology of GOST 12.1.004 or.
7.4.6 Space-planning solutions of buildings, engineering fire protection systems must ensure the condition for safe evacuation of people in case of fire: the estimated evacuation time must be less than the required evacuation time.
7.4.7 The time for blocking escape routes is set by calculation in accordance with GOST 12.1.004 or. Time is defined as, where is the safety factor.
In the absence of the possibility of determining by calculation, it is allowed to take the value according to Table 5.
8 Engineering fire safety systems
8.1 General requirements
8.1.1 Religious buildings are subject to mandatory equipment with engineering fire safety systems.
8.1.2 In the absence of the technical capability of equipping religious buildings with engineering fire safety systems in accordance with fire safety requirements (impossibility of installing fire detectors in a double-height or under-dome space, impossibility to provide measures to remove smoke from a double-height or under-dome space, high heights, etc.) , it is necessary to provide additional measures for fire protection, in agreement with the state fire supervision authorities.
8.2 Requirements for fire water supply
8.2.1 Internal fire-fighting water supply in a religious building should be provided with a building volume of 7.5 thousand m3 or more.
Internal fire-fighting water supply must be performed in accordance with the requirements of SP 10.13130.
8.2.2 For a religious building, the minimum water consumption for internal fire extinguishing should be taken according to Table 6.
Table 6
Religious buildings with a volume, | Number of jets | Minimum water consumption for internal |
Over 25 |
8.2.3. In rural areas, in the absence of running water, a fire reservoir or reservoir must be provided to extinguish the fire for 2 hours.
External fire-fighting water supply must be performed in accordance with the requirements of SP 8.13130.
8.2.4. For internal extinguishing of domes of Orthodox churches, Muslim mosques, minarets and towers made of combustible materials, it is necessary to install dry pipes with deluge sprinklers equipped with fire connection heads for supplying water from fire fighting vehicles.
8.3 Heating, ventilation and smoke protection
8.3.1. Fire safety measures for heating, ventilation and smoke protection systems shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of the Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements and SP 7.13130.
8.3.2. During the design, construction, reconstruction of religious buildings, it is not allowed to provide for stove heating.
8.4 Automatic fire alarm systems, fire warning and evacuation control and automatic fire extinguishing systems
8.4.1. An automatic fire alarm must be performed in all rooms with the obligatory output of a signal to a room with a round-the-clock presence of people or to the nearest fire department. When choosing smoke detectors, one should take into account the specifics of the use of premises (use of incense, candles, etc.).
8.4.2. To protect the prayer hall, the altar room and other ceremonial rooms, instead of the automatic fire alarm system, automatic water fire extinguishing systems can be used.
8.4.3. Automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems must be performed in accordance with the requirements of SP 5.13130.
8.4.4. Religious buildings should be equipped with fire warning systems. Fire warning systems and evacuation control systems must be implemented in accordance with the requirements of SP 3.13130.
9 Fire safety of electrical equipment. Lightning protection
9.1 Measures for fire protection of electrical equipment should be provided in accordance with the PUE.
9.2 In religious buildings, measures should be taken to ensure lightning protection in accordance with the requirements of СО 153-34.21.122.
10 Organizational and technical measures. Operation requirements
10.1 General requirements
10.1.1 Organizational and technical measures during the operation of religious buildings should be provided in accordance with the requirements of PPB 01.
10.1.2 The premises of religious buildings must be equipped with primary fire extinguishing means in accordance with the requirements of PPB 01, taking into account the requirements of Table 7.
Table 7
Halls and premises | Area, m | Fire extinguishers of different types, pieces |
Prayer halls | ||
Altar rooms |
* At least two per floor.
** At least two per room.
10.1.3 In libraries and funds, carbon dioxide, powder, water finely dispersed fire extinguishers should be used.
10.1.4 At facilities with a simultaneous stay of more than 200 people, a fire station should be organized from the employees of the facility. A fire post should be on duty around the clock. It is allowed to combine the premises of the fire post with the security premises, and assign the duties of the fire post staff to the security personnel, provided that appropriate training is carried out.
10.1.5 It is necessary to provide a direct telephone connection between the fire station (duty officer) and the fire brigade.
10.1.6 In the premises of security, administration and permanent duty of personnel, telephone communication should be provided.
10.1.7 During the operation of heating equipment, the requirements of PPB 01 must be met. Stove heating in buildings, structures and complexes of Orthodox churches should be checked twice a year (before the beginning and during the heating season) for readiness for operation with the registration of an act.
10.1.8 Furnaces must be fired in the presence of a responsible person and finished before the start of the event with a mass presence of people in the building of the temple.
10.1.9 Storage of flammable liquids indoors is not allowed, with the exception of flammable liquids intended for rituals.
10.1.10 It is forbidden to carry out any hot work in the construction of the temple when performing rituals in the presence of parishioners.
10.1.11 An operational firefighting plan must be developed at the facility, agreed in the prescribed manner.
10.1.12 Instructions should be developed and implemented that determine the procedure for interaction of the facility's employees with the fire service bodies.
10.1.13 At least once every six months, it is necessary to conduct operational-tactical exercises to implement operational fire extinguishing plans and work out plans for evacuating people in case of fire from a building.
10.1.14 Before the opening of the facility, the evacuation routes of people, evacuation and emergency exits must be checked.
10.1.15 At the facility with the simultaneous stay of more than 200 people, additional special fire safety rules should be developed, taking into account the specifics of the facility's fire hazard, determining, among other things, the actions of personnel when a fire occurs and is detected.
10.1.16 The automatic message about a fire to the control panel "01" of the inhabited locality must be duplicated by telephone by the security service of the facility.
10.1.17 Employees involved in ensuring fire safety at the facility should be trained in the basics of fire safety in special courses.
10.1.18 When conducting festive services with a mass presence of people, provide for additional organizational fire-prevention measures (for example: the appointment of overseers of a certain area of the church from among the staff or permanent parishioners with appropriate instructions).
10.1.19 Lattices on the windows of prayer halls, Sunday schools and other premises with a simultaneous stay of more than 10 people must be freely opened from the inside with a key.
In this case, the height of the window sills of the opening windows should be no more than 1.5 m from the floor level of the premises.
10.1.20 It is not allowed to use driveways and places of installation of fire trucks for parking vehicles.
10.2 Organizational and technical measures and requirements for the operation of Orthodox churches
10.2.1 Candlesticks, lamps and other devices with an open flame should be installed on non-combustible bases. It is recommended to provide for fixing the candlesticks to the floor. At the same time, when moving (cleaning) the candlestick, parts of the fasteners installed directly on the floor should be able to be quickly dismantled or hidden in order to exclude the presence of parts protruding from the floor.
10.2.2 Storage of flammable liquids (for lamps, lamps) should be carried out in metal cabinets. The room is allowed to store no more than 5 liters of flammable liquids (GF).
10.2.3 GZh filling in lamps and lamps should be carried out from a closed unbreakable container on a baking sheet made of non-combustible material.
GZh filling in lamps and lamps must be carried out only in the absence of an open flame and switched on electric heating devices at a distance of at least 1 m from them.
10.2.4 The stock of combustible liquids in the prayer hall for refueling lamps and lamps should be stored in a metal container and should not exceed the daily requirement.
10.2.5 It is not allowed to provide hangers for parishioners' clothes and storage of clothes in the immediate vicinity (less than 2.5 m) from candlesticks and sources of open fire, from stoves and hoods from stoves.
10.2.6 During the most attended divine services (for example, on Great Feasts), the number of candlesticks placed in the temple should be reduced as much as possible.
10.2.7 The combustible load temporarily placed in the prayer hall (spruce, fresh grass, etc.) must not be in the immediate vicinity of an open fire (at least 2.5 m).
10.2.8 It is allowed to place grass on the area of the prayer hall on the feast of the Holy Trinity for no more than one day with further replacement.
10.2.9 When conducting divine services and rituals associated with the need for each parishioner to have burning candles, measures should be taken to limit the number of people in the church. The maximum capacity of the temple should be taken at the rate of 0.5 m per person.
APPENDIX A (reference). Terms and Definitions
APPENDIX A
(reference)
Orthodox churches
Altar(lat. - high altar) - separated by the iconostasis and located on a dais, the main part of the temple, intended for clergy, in which the throne is located; the place of the sacrament of the Eucharist; symbolizes the heavenly sphere, Paradise.
Pulpit(Greek - ascend) - part of the salt in front of the Royal Doors protruding into the center of the temple, intended for reading the Gospel, sermons and communion during the Liturgy.
Bishop's pulpit- a quadrangular elevation in the center of the church, on which the bishop's chair is placed during the divine service.
Apse- the east-oriented part of the altar is semicircular or multifaceted, covered with a semi-dome or closed semi-vault (konchoy). In a three-part altar, it can be intended for the altar itself, for the sacristy and for the altar.
Drum- the crowning part of the temple, bearing a dome or a multifaceted closed vault and having a cylindrical or multifaceted shape. In most cases, it has window openings. A deaf drum without window openings is called a neck.
Divine service- is performed by combining prayers, chants, readings and rituals performed by clergymen according to the order established by the Church. It is a means of Christian expression of religious faith and mysterious communication with God.
Chapter- the outer part of the drum dome, usually in the form of a helmet or onion.
Mountain place- the eastern part of the altar apse, where the seat of the bishop is located in the cathedrals on the dais.
Gulbische- open or covered bypass surrounding the building of the temple.
Deacon doors- two single-leaf doors located in the side parts of the iconostasis (in narrow iconostases, the deacon's door is made on one northern side).
Altar- a room located in the northern part of the altar, where the first part of the Liturgy is performed on the altar table - Proskomidia;
- a quadrangular table located to the left of the High place in the altar.
Zhuravets- an element of the head frame, attached to the central pillar carrying the Cross, in the form of a wooden template with an outline of the head rotation surface.
Zakomara- the semicircular or keeled end of the upper part of one of the walls of the temple, usually corresponding to the shape of the inner vault.
Belfry- an open structure or wall with openings for hanging bells, detached, attached to the temple or built on over the temple or its western part.
Iconostasis- a barrier (partition) separating the altar from the rest of the temple space, filled with 1-5 rows of icons attached to horizontal rods - tyabla, with the Crucifixion at the top.
Canon(Greek - norm, rule) - a set of firmly established rules that predetermine the norms of composition and color, the system of proportions or the iconography of this type of image. In temple architecture, the role of a canon is played by the "canonical tradition" - exemplary structures accepted by the Church as reflecting the theological content of the temple by means of architecture.
Cathedral- the city church, which houses the bishop's chair.
Ciborium- a canopy over the altar throne in the form of a dome, resting on pillars and ending with a Cross. She settles down in cathedrals and large temples.
Choir- the side part of the salt, intended for the church clergy (singing choir and reciters).
Kokoshniki- decorative false zakomaras of a semicircular or keeled shape with rich profiling or profiled arches with a filled field, sometimes with a pointed top, serving as a decorative end to walls, vaults, window openings, framing the bases of drums, tents, domes, with an external design of arches in the form of a hill of kokoshniks.
Bell tower- detached or attached to the temple, a structure in the form of a high multi-tiered tower, intended for hanging bells, ending with a dome.
Concha(Greek - shell) - the overlap of the apse in the form of a semi-dome or closed semi-vault.
Ship(nave) - an elongated part of the temple, separated in the longitudinal direction by colonnades, arcades or pillars. A distinction is made between the middle and side aisles.
Cross-domed temple- has four pillars in the center, on which the supporting arches rest, supporting the vault with a dome in the light drum, to which the sails serve as a transition. In the plan, the cross-domed temple forms a spatial cross. The ends of the cross, rectangular in plan, are adjoined to the central square, covered with cylindrical vaults, between which there are corner rooms covered with vaults. The cross-domed church has a three-nave or five-nave version.
Baptismal- a building or room equipped with a baptismal font, intended for the sacrament of Baptism to be performed there.
Crypt- a burial chamber under the temple or over which a chapel is being erected.
Dome- a hemispherical covering of a building (or its part) of a round, square or polygonal shape. Domes are also called multi-part closed vaults. The name "dome" also refers to the outer coverings of the temples.
Liturgy- the most important public service of the Orthodox Church, during which the Sacrament of Communion is celebrated. It can be performed in the temple on one throne only once a day. Outside the church, liturgy is allowed on special occasions on thrones and portable antimensions in adapted structures and in an open place.
Bulb- see "CHAPTER".
Nave- see "SHIP".
Chandelier, choros (Greek - multi-candle) - a central chandelier with many lamps (more than 12), suspended in the center of the temple.
Porch- a platform or porch in front of the entrance to the temple, sometimes covered or covered with walls, as well as a gallery arranged on two or three sides of the temple (except for the eastern one).
Sail- construction in the form of a concave spherical triangle, which is transitional from a rectangular base to a circular dome cover or drum.
Pozakomarnoe coverage- the roof, laid directly on the vaults ("mosquitoes").
Polycadilo- a chandelier with up to 12 lamps, suspended in the side naves of the church.
Ponomarka- utility room at the altar.
Throne- a quadrangular table, which is located in the middle of the altar. In cathedrals and large churches, a canopy (civorium) is installed above the throne.
Side-altar- an additional room with an altar, arranged inside the main temple or in the side annexes.
Porch- a room attached, as a rule, to the western wall of the temple, serving as an entrance vestibule. It can be developed with the addition of a refectory that serves to accommodate worshipers. Symbolizes, in particular, the sinful earth.
Spinning- a part of the temple wall, enclosed between two pilasters or shoulder blades.
Sacristy(deaconer) - a room in the southern part of the altar or under the altar, intended for storing the vestments of clergymen, liturgical supplies and church utensils.
Vault- stone, brick or concrete pavement structure with curved outlines.
Canopy- canopy on pillars above the throne or font.
Skete- a branch of the monastery, intended for the ascetic life of monks, which includes a temple or chapel and monastic cells.
Gossip- openings in the hipped roof covering of the bell towers, framed like window openings with platbands.
The cathedral- the main temple in a city or monastery, designed for the divine services of the bishop.
Solea- a part of the church in front of the iconostasis, located at the level of the altar floor, intended for exits of clergymen during divine services. In the middle of the Solea there is a semicircular ledge - the pulpit, and on the sides - the kliros.
The middle part of the temple- the main room intended for worshipers, symbolizing a renewed, sinless world, the lower part of which means the earthly, and the upper part - the heavenly region of being.
Pillar- massive support, rectangular, round or cruciform in plan, supporting the vaults.
Refectory- a room attached to the western part of the temple, serving to accommodate worshipers;
- a building in a monastery or a room in a church clergy house in which a meal takes place.
Tribune- the square base of the drum of the head of the temple.
Choirs- mezzanines located inside the temples, as a rule, above the western doors and intended mainly for the church choir.
Temple (church)- a building intended for a prayer meeting of believers, celebrating the Liturgy and having a throne, symbolizing as a whole the Kingdom of Heaven, the transformed Universe, Paradise returned to justified humanity.
Royal gates- a two-leaf specially decorated door in the central part of the iconostasis, located opposite the altar, through which the Holy Gifts for communion are brought out during the Liturgy.
Chapel- a building dedicated to public and private prayer. Unlike the church, the chapel is not designed for the celebration of the Liturgy and therefore does not have an altar.
Chetverik- the lower part of the temple, which has a square shape in plan.
Tent- a covering in the form of a high tetrahedral or octahedral pyramid.
Apple- the base for the cross, which is installed on the head of the temple.
Muslim temples
(Arabic - masjid- a place of worship, tat. ) is a Muslim liturgical architectural structure.
It is a detached building with a gambiz dome, sometimes the mosque has an inner courtyard. Outbuildings to the mosque are attached minaret towers in number from one to nine. The prayer hall is devoid of images, but lines from the Koran in Arabic may be inscribed on the walls. The wall facing Mecca is marked by an empty niche, a mihrab. To the right of the mihrab there is a pulpit-minbar, from which the preacher imam reads his sermons to believers during Friday prayers. As a rule, there are madrasah schools at the mosques.
Ivan is a vaulted room in the form of a deep niche or hall without a front wall.
Anaza("arrow") - a wall, a carved marble board or a wooden niche near the entrance to the mosque, a kind of mihrab in the courtyard;
Hypostyle (hipostylos, Greek. - "supported by columns") - a vast covered room, the ceiling of which rests on numerous, often placed columns.
Dikka- special platforms, standing on which the muezzins repeat the movements of the imam and thereby direct the movements of the believers;
Imam(Arabic - leader) - in Islam, the clergyman who manages the mosque, performs services. Imam - can also mean "an example to follow". During the general obligatory prayer, an imam is chosen who leads it. Any Muslim who has reached the age of 8 can become an imam in prayer.
Kaaba(Arabic) - a Muslim shrine in the form of a cubic building in the courtyard of the Forbidden Mosque (Mecca). The Kaaba contains a black stone. Around the Kaaba, during the hajj, the tawaf rite is performed. The Kaaba serves as a qibla - a landmark to which Muslims all over the world turn their faces in time.
Small caps(from late lat. capitellum- "head") - the crowning part of a column of a pillar or pilaster.
Qibla(Arabic) - direction towards the Kaaba. In Muslim religious practice, believers must face in this direction during prayer. In the mosque, a special sign is made to determine the qibla - mihrab.
Console- (French - console) a supporting element of the protruding parts of the building (cornice, balcony, etc.).
Buttress(from French contre-force - "against force") - a vertical wall, most often constructed at right angles to the supporting structure.
Concha (konche- Greek., "sink") - a semi-dome, serving to overlap semi-cylindrical parts, for example, niches. In this case, the top is the part of the mihrab.
Kursi- music stand for the Koran.
Maksura- this is a square in plan, fenced off from the main space by a carved wooden or metal partition in the immediate vicinity of the mihrab and minbar;
(Arabic, literally "the place where they study") is a Muslim educational institution that serves as a secondary school and a Muslim theological seminary. Education in the madrasah is separate and free. Madrasah graduates have the right to enter the university.
(Arab. Macka, also Makka al-Mukkarrama) is a city with a population of 1.4 million (2003) in western Saudi Arabia, about 100 km from the Red Sea. It is a center of pilgrimage for Muslims (see Hajj). Non-Muslims are not allowed to enter Mecca.
(Arab., manara, "lighthouse") - in the architecture of Islam, a tower (round, square or multifaceted in cross-section), from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. The minaret is placed next to the mosque or is included in its composition. Early minarets often had a spiral staircase or ramp on the outside (spiral minarets), in later ones - inside the tower.
Minbar(Arabic) - a pulpit or tribune in a mosque, from which the imam reads his sermons. Located to the right of the mihrab. It has the shape of a staircase.
(arab.) - in Islam: a minister of a mosque, calling Muslims from the minaret to prayer.
- a niche in the wall of the mosque, often decorated with two columns and an arch indicating the qibla, that is, the direction where the Kaaba is in Mecca. Muslims turn to him during prayer. It is often located in the middle of a wall.
Nave (nef, French) - the longitudinal part of the building, dissected by a colonnade or arcade into aisles or naves.
Sail- an element of the dome structure, providing a transition from a square in terms of the dome space to the circumference of the dome or its drum. It has the shape of a spherical triangle, the apex of which is facing down. One of the fundamental constructions of Byzantine architecture.
Pylon (pylon, Greek) - large pillars supporting the vaults or located on the sides of the portal of the building.
Pishtak(Pers.) - a large portal in the form of an iwan, where the entrance to a mosque, madrasah or mausoleum is located.
Tympanum (tympanon, Greek) - in architecture - a triangular or semicircular field of the pediment (bounded on the sides by the slopes of the roof) or the surface of the wall above the arch of the entrance or window.
Tarnsept(late lat. - transeptum) - a transverse nave crossing the longitudinal volume of the building.
Tromp (trompe- French) - a vaulted structure in the form of a part of a cone, half or a quarter of a spherical dome.
Stalactites(from the Greek. stalactos- "drip-by-drop") - decorative prismatic forms located in overhanging rows on the vaults of niches, tromps, cornices, etc. Stalactites facilitate the transition from a square plan to a spherical one. It is mainly used in the architecture of the Bl. and Wed. East.
House- a room outside the mosque or fountains in the courtyard intended for ritual ablution before entering the mosque.
Jewish temples
Bar mitzvah- reaching the age of majority.
Judaism- a religion that originated in the 1st millennium BC. in Palestine, common among Jews.
Mikvah- a water tank for ablution.
Minyan- a quorum of 10 men (over 13 years old) for public worship and other religious ceremonies.
Mishnah- the most ancient part of the Talmud.
Music stand- a music stand built into a musical instrument.
Pentateuch- the first five books of the Bible (teachings of the Torah): Genesis, Exodus, Levite, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
Scroll- a manuscript in the form of a tape of papyrus, parchment or paper, rolled into a tube (one of the oldest types of books).
Synagogue- a community of believers and a prayer house (in Judaism).
Talmud- collection of religious - ethical and legal proposals of Judaism.
Torah- the traditional Hebrew name for the pentateuch (or parchment scroll with the text of the pentateuch).
Hanukkah- a holiday of consecration, renewal.
Appendix B (mandatory). The list of premises, the placement of which is allowed in the basement and basement floors of religious buildings and structures
Appendix B
(required)
Basement floors
1.
Boiler, pumping water supply and sewerage; ventilation and air conditioning chambers; control units and other premises for the installation and management of engineering and technological equipment of buildings; engine room of elevators.
2.
A lobby with an exit device to the outside through the first floor; dressing rooms, toilets, washrooms, showers; smoking; dressing rooms; women's personal hygiene booths.
3.
Storerooms and warehouses (except for rooms for storing flammable and combustible liquids).
4.
Catering establishments (refectory).
5.
Labor and safety cabinets; linen; premises for temporary storage of corpses; unloading; unpacking; storage and washing rooms for bain-marie carts, plaster; sterilization vessels and oilcloths; rooms for disinfection of beds and sterilization of equipment; premises for storage, regeneration and heating of therapeutic mud; premises for washing and drying sheets, canvases and tarps; compressor rooms.
6.
Ironing and cleaning rooms; rooms for drying clothes and shoes; laundry.
7.
Laboratories and auditoriums for the study of special subjects with special equipment.
8.
Workshops, except for categories of explosion and fire hazard A and B.
9.
Complex reception points of consumer services; premises for visitors, showrooms, filming rooms, halls of a photo studio with laboratories: premises for rental points, halls for family celebrations.
10.
Radio centers, cinema and photo laboratories; premises for closed-circuit television systems.
11.
Shooting ranges for bullet shooting; gyms and premises for training and fitness classes (without stands for spectators); storage rooms for skis; billiard rooms; table tennis rooms
12.
Book depositories; archives ..
13.
Cinemas or their halls with up to 300 seats: exhibition halls; rooms for adult circles, foyer.
14.
Rooms for board games, rehearsal rooms (with the number of one-time visitors in each section no more than 100 people). In this case, it is necessary to provide for the decoration of walls and ceilings from non-combustible materials.
15.
The hold of the stage, stage and arena, the orchestra pit, the rooms of the orchestra director and orchestra members.
Ground floor
1.
All premises, the placement of which is allowed in the basements.
2.
Service and office premises.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation |
UDC 614.841.3: 006.354 OKS 13.220.01
Key words: religious buildings, Orthodox churches, Muslim churches, Jewish churches, fire safety, safe evacuation.
Developer Organization Leader:
Head of FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor N.P. Kopylov
Topic Leader:
Chief Researcher
FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.I. Prisadkov
Executor:
Senior Researcher
FGU VNIIPO EMERCOM of Russia A.S. Baranovsky
SP 31-103-99
4.8 * The design of fire protection of buildings, structures and complexes of Orthodox churches, as well as the observance of the fire regime during their construction, reconstruction and repair should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 21-01, NPB 108, PPB 01 and other applicable rules and regulations.
JV project Religious buildings. Fire safety requirements
8.1 General requirements
8.1.1 Religious buildings are subject to mandatory equipment with engineering fire safety systems.
8.1.2 In the absence of the technical capability of equipping religious buildings with engineering fire safety systems in accordance with fire safety requirements (impossibility of installing fire detectors in a double-height or under-dome space, impossibility to provide measures to remove smoke from a double-height or under-dome space, high heights, etc.) , it is necessary to provide additional measures for fire protection, in agreement with the state fire supervision authorities.
8.2.4. For internal extinguishing of domes of Orthodox churches, Muslim mosques, minarets and towers made of combustible materials, it is necessary to install dry pipes with deluge sprinklers equipped with fire connection heads for supplying water from fire fighting vehicles.
8.4 Automatic fire alarm systems, fire warning and evacuation control and automatic fire extinguishing systems
8.4.1. An automatic fire alarm must be performed in all rooms with the obligatory output of a signal to a room with a round-the-clock presence of people or to the nearest fire department. When choosing smoke detectors, one should take into account the specifics of the use of premises (use of incense, candles, etc.).
8.4.2. To protect the prayer hall, the altar room and other ceremonial rooms, instead of the automatic fire alarm system, automatic water fire extinguishing systems can be used.
8.4.3. Automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems must be performed in accordance with the requirements of SP 5.13130.
8.4.4. Religious buildings should be equipped with fire warning systems. Fire warning systems and evacuation control systems must be implemented in accordance with the requirements of SP 3.13130.
NPB108
7. Fire automatics
7.1. An automatic fire alarm must be performed in all rooms with the obligatory output of a signal to a room with a round-the-clock presence of people or to the nearest fire department. When choosing smoke detectors, consider the use of incense and candles.
7.2. To protect the prayer hall, the altar room and other ceremonial rooms, instead of the automatic fire alarm system, automatic water fire extinguishing systems can be used.
7.3. Automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems must be performed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.09-84.