Business Business Ethics

Or business ethics is a set of moral requirements based on honesty, openness, loyalty to a given word, the ability to function effectively in the market in accordance with applicable law, established rules and traditions.

Ethics

(from the Greek. ethos - custom, temper) - the doctrine of morality, morality.

The term "ethics" was first used by Aristotle to refer to practical philosophy, which should answer the question of what we must do in order to perform correct, moral deeds.

Aristotle. 384-322 BC e.

In the original meaning, "ethics", "morality", "morality" is one term. However, over time, these words begin to take on different meanings.

Ethics is a field of scientific knowledge, the subject of which is morality, morality as a form of social consciousness.

Morality is a system of values ​​that exists within society and performs the function of regulating human behavior.

Morality is the sphere of the spiritual life of a person and society, which includes various customs, norms of human society.

business ethics -

1. A field of knowledge, a scientific discipline that studies morality, morality, their occurrence, factors and changes in the field of business.

2. A set of moral rules in a particular area of ​​behavior of a businessman or enterprise.

Business ethics is a scientific discipline that studies the application of ethical principles in business situations.

The most developed issues in business ethics are:

The relationship between corporate and universal ethics,

The problem of social responsibility of business,

Issues of applying general ethical principles to specific decision-making situations,

Ways to improve the ethical level of the organization,

The Influence of Religious and Cultural Values ​​on Economic Behavior

And some others.

Business ethics as a field of knowledge

Formed in the 70s. 20th century in the USA. Interest was caused by a huge number of social conflicts and political scandals. As a result, the public started talking about the responsibility of corporations to society. All this required the development of norms and rules for doing business, regulation of relationships with business partners.

It is believed that the first attempts to implement ethical principles began in the early 80s. By this time, business ethics had become the most important subject of study for specialists. Although skepticism about the very possibility of the existence of ethics in business has been widespread for quite some time.

Today, the business environment has an understanding that compliance with business ethics strengthens the reputation of a business entity and expands the possibilities of its activities.

It is generally accepted that moral behavior is beneficial in business relationships. Consumers prefer to purchase goods from a seller who has earned their trust. Employees perform better and are more creative when they are treated

Moral behavior is based on several universal virtues. They are spoken of in the scriptures of all the great religions. Among these virtues are justice, mutual respect, honesty, integrity, being true to one's word, impartiality, a desire to serve people, and moderation.

The term "ethics" comes from the ancient Greek
the words "ethos" ("ethos").
Ethics is a philosophical doctrine, the object of study
which is morality. Ethics can be
two kinds of problems:
1. questions about how a person should act;
2. theoretical questions about the origin and essence
morals.
The practical significance of ethics is manifested in the first
turn in the sphere of human communication, an important
part of which is the communication of people in
process of joint activity.

1. The concept of etiquette

Etiquette is a word of French origin,
meaning behavior. To him
rules of courtesy and courtesy,
accepted in society.
Modern etiquette inherits customs
almost all peoples from antiquity to
our days.
Etiquette as opposed to morality
are conditional, they are
unwritten agreement about what's in the behavior
people is generally accepted and what is not.
Etiquette is a very large and important part
universal culture, morality
morality developed over many
centuries of life by all peoples in accordance with
their ideas of goodness, justice,
humanity - in the field of moral culture and
about beauty, order, improvement, household
expediency - in the field of culture
material.

2. The origin of professional ethics
The emergence of the first
professional ethical codes
belongs to the period of craft
division of labor under conditions
formation of medieval workshops in the XIXII centuries.
The emergence of professional ethics in
time before the creation
scientific ethical doctrines, theories about
her.
important role in the development and
mastering the norms of professional
ethics plays public opinion.
The norms of professional morality are not
immediately become universally recognized,
it is connected with the struggle of opinions.

3. Professionalism as a moral personality trait
Professional ethics is a set of moral standards that
determine the attitude of a person to his professional duty.
The content of professional ethics are codes of conduct,
prescribing a certain type of moral relationship between
people and ways to justify these codes.

Professional ethics studies:
1. relations of labor collectives and
each specialist individually;
2.moral qualities, personality
professionals who provide
best performance
professional debt;
3.relationship inside
professional teams, and
specific moral standards
characteristic of this profession;
4.Professional features
education.
Professionalism and attitude
labor are important
moral
personality shape.

4. Tasks and principles of professional ethics
The tasks of professional ethics include the identification of moral
norms and assessments, judgments and concepts that characterize people in
roles of representatives of a certain profession.

Professional ethics are based on certain norms, requirements and principles:

1. Fairness in providing employees with the necessary for their official
activities with resources (cash, raw materials, material)
2. Mandatory correction of an ethical violation, no matter when and
by whom it was allowed.
3. The tolerant attitude of workers to moral principles, traditions that have
place in other regions, countries, organizations.
4.Individual and collective beginning in the development and decision-making in
business relationship.
5. You should not be afraid to have your own opinion when solving any official
questions, but it is necessary to express yourself within reasonable limits.
6. No violence, pressure on subordinates, especially in the presence of someone.
7. The principle of constancy of impact is expressed in the fact that ethical standards
are introduced into the organization not by a one-time order, but by a permanent one,
systematic, both on the part of management and employees.
8. When exposed, it is necessary to take into account the force of counteraction.
9. Constantly strive for conflict-free.

5. Functions of professional ethics

The functions of professional ethics are determined by a set of
factors, the main of which are the essence, content and
profession focus:
Evaluative - makes it possible to evaluate behavior, actions,
intentions, goals, objectives, means, etc. of a specialist in terms of
compliance with moral standards.
Regulatory - stems from the need to regulate behavior
specialist in accordance with the nature of the profession.
Organizational - serves to improve the organization of activities
employees and partners.
Manager - is a means of managing actions
employees and partners in the course of solving professional problems.

Motivational - forms socially and professionally approved motives
activities.
Coordinating - ensures the cooperation of all participants in the process

Regulatory - directs and determines the choice of goals, methods and means in
professional activity.
Reproductive - allows you to reproduce similar actions in similar
situations.
Educational - educates not only specialists, professionals, but also clients,
and social environment of clients.
Communicative - helps to organize the communication of employees with each other and with
clients.
Optimizing - helps to increase the efficiency of professional
activities, raising the status of the profession in society.

Stabilizing - contributes to the stabilization of professional relations at all
levels of their manifestations.
Rationalizing - makes it easier for a specialist to choose goals, methods and means, to accept
solutions.
Preventive - warns the professional against actions that harm the client,
organizations, society.
Predictive - allows you to predict the actions and behavior of individual
employees and their teams.
Conflict resolution - contributes to the resolution, elimination and smoothing
contradictions arising in the process of professional activity.
Informational - introduces specialists to the value system of their profession and
professional morality.
Social - contributes to the creation of conditions favorable for the functioning
specialists in this field in society.
Socializing - serves the cause of introducing the carriers of this profession to
the prevailing system of values ​​and morals in society.

Currently increasing
the importance of professional ethics in
regulation of various types
labor activity. It's connected
with a constant desire
improve
professional standards
in relation to changing
public relations.
Professional ethics of society
cannot represent absolute
truth in human behavior. Each
generation must solve them again
and again independently.

Intelligence is above all a tolerant attitude towards the world and
to people.
Intelligence should be not only in knowledge, but also in
ability to understand others.

What is ethics? Ethics is a philosophical science, the object of study of which is morality and morality. Initially, the meaning of the word "ethos" was a joint dwelling and rules generated by a joint hostel, overcoming individualism and aggressiveness. Now the study of conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life, etc. is added to this meaning.

According to Aristotle, the goal of ethics is not knowledge in general, but the evaluation of actions and their content. Aristotle was the first to put forward ethics as an independent science independent of philosophy. Ethics finds out the place of morality in the system of social relations, analyzes its nature and internal structure, studies the origin and historical development of morality, theoretically substantiates one or another of its systems.

Ethical norms are the rules of conduct that regulate the external side of the behavior of people in society. For example, the rules for using cutlery, the rules for polite treatment of a woman, the rules for greeting.

Ethical norms show what the “label” of a polite, well-mannered person should be. On the other hand, they do not penetrate into its essence, so an outwardly educated person may turn out to be deeply dishonorable.

Everyone knows the "Golden Rule of Morality": "Treat people the way you want to be treated." The negative formulation of this rule is also known: “do not do to others what you do not want to yourself.” The golden rule of morality has been known since ancient times in the religious and philosophical teachings of the East and West.

The main problem of ethics is the problem of the criteria of Good and Evil. Good and Evil are opposite in their content: the category of good embodies people's ideas about the most positive in the sphere of morality, about what corresponds to the moral ideal; and in the concept of evil - ideas that oppose the moral ideal, hinder the achievement of happiness and humanity in relations between people.

Good and Evil have no clear criteria. In addition, each person perceives these concepts differently. For some, one will be good, for another - evil. Let us cite as an example one well-known literary character, the hero of the novel Crimes and Punishments, namely Rodion Raskolnikov.

The hero of Dostoevsky's novel Raskolnikov is kind and philanthropic: he passionately loves his sister and mother; pities the Marmeladovs and helps them, gives the last money for the funeral of Marmeladov; does not remain indifferent to the fate of the drunk girl on the boulevard. Raskolnikov's dream of a horse slaughtered to death emphasizes the hero's humanism, his protest against evil and violence. At the same time, he shows extreme selfishness, individualism, cruelty and ruthlessness. Raskolnikov creates an anti-human theory of “two categories of people”, which determines in advance who will live and who will die. So is he good or evil? It is unlikely that anyone will say one or the other with certainty.

Prepared by Chulkova Nadezhda

Ethics is a science that examines the actions and relationships between people in terms of ideas of good and evil.

The founder of this science was the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (4th century BC), who introduced the term itself into the titles of his works.

In ancient Greece, all sciences were called philosophy. The word "philosophy" consists of the Greek words "philo" - love and "sophia" - wisdom. It turns out that philosophy is the love of wisdom.

Aristotle believed that ethics is part of philosophy.

He became the founder of many branches of knowledge: physics, biology, psychology, political science; he created his own school, was the mentor of Alexander the Great.

Opponents feared his speech, always clever and logical, always witty. The scientific legacy of Aristotle is enormous. It forms a complete encyclopedia of the scientific knowledge of its time.

His most famous works are: "Physics", "Poetics", "On the Soul", "Ethics", "Politics", "History of Animals".

Famous expressions of Aristotle:

• He became the founder of many branches of knowledge: physics, biology, psychology, political science; he created his own school, was the mentor of Alexander the Great. Opponents feared his speech, always clever and logical, always witty. The scientific legacy of Aristotle is enormous. It forms a complete encyclopedia of the scientific knowledge of its time. His most famous works are: "Physics", "Poetics", "On the Soul", "Ethics", "Politics", "History of Animals". Famous expressions of Aristotle:

• What is the sense of life? Serve others and do good. The mind is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to apply knowledge in practice.
• What is the sense of life? Serve others and do good.
• The mind is not only in knowledge, but also in the ability to apply knowledge in practice.

• (According to the article "Aristotle" from the Encyclopedic Dictionary of A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron.)

• Ethics is the study of morality.
• The word "morality" originated in ancient Rome and means "habits", "customs", "rules of conduct".
• All together, this can be called the word "mores", from which the word "morality" originated in Russian.
• Therefore, the words "morality" and "morality" are synonymous.

• Ethics is not just about how people behave and why they act the way they do. It helps to understand what morality is and how it is achieved.
• Every person has positive and negative traits. Most people are honest, hardworking, caring, able to love and make friends. However, there are those who lie, steal, are rude, offend the weak.

Why do some do good deeds, while others do evil to themselves and others?

What do you need to do to become kind yourself and to have as many good people as possible?

How to reward a person who has done good?

How not to do evil? How to make people's lives better?

Ethics helps answer all these questions.

Distinguish between religious and secular ethics.

The word "secular" means "worldly", "civil". Secular ethics assumes that a person himself can determine what is good and what is evil; that it depends on the person himself whether he becomes good OR bad; that a person himself must be responsible for his actions before other people.

We can say that ethics helps a person to independently perform virtuous deeds and build relationships with people, which means to become better.

• What is ethics?
• What does secular ethics mean and what does it imply?
• Who was the founder of the science of "Ethics"?
• What does the word "morality" mean?
• What helps to understand secular ethics?

• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:
• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:
• 1. The founder of the science of ethics was:

• a) Aristotle
• b) Aristophanes,
• c) Raphael
• d) Herodotus.

2. The concept of "morality" means:

• a) rules of conduct
• b) all answers are correct
• c) human habits
• d) customs.

3. Ethics studies:

• a) morality
• b) morality,
• c) nature
• d) laws.

4. Ethics helps a person:

• a) do things on their own
• b) get better
• c) build relationships
• d) all answers are correct.

5. ___________________ is the science of actions and relationships between people in terms of ideas about good and evil.

6. Morality and ____________________ mean habits, customs, rules of behavior of people in terms of ideas about good and evil.

7. Select from the proposed list those questions that are answered by secular ethics.

a) How to make people's lives better?

b) How does a person develop?

c) How was the society created?

D) What are good things to do?

8. Choose from the proposed list those rules of conduct that are determined by secular ethics.

A) Rules of conduct in public transport.

B) Rules of conduct in the army.

C) school rules.

D) Rules of conduct in the museum.

Make up and write sentences with the words:

culture,

moral,

ethical .

Choose synonyms for the words:

Motherland

Patriot

Fatherland

Russia

Flag

What will you tell your family members about our Motherland after today's lesson?

How do you explain the words patriot, fatherland, motherland .

Which famous person would you like to tell your family and friends about? Why?

Writing in a notebook of terms and concepts.

A patriot is a person who loves his country.

Fatherland, Motherland - the country in which one was born.

Russia is the name of our state.

Flag – symbol of state power .

What is Ethics? Ethics (Greek θικόν, from other Greek θος ethos, "custom, habit") is a philosophical study of morality and ethics. Initially, the meaning of the word ethos was a joint dwelling and rules generated by a joint hostel, norms that unite society, overcoming individualism and aggressiveness. As society develops, the study of conscience, compassion, friendship, the meaning of life, self-sacrifice, etc. is added to this meaning. also to designate a system of moral and moral norms of a certain social group.

The problem of the criteria of good and evil of good of evil Good in the worldly sense, this term refers to everything that receives a positive assessment from people, or is associated with happiness, joy. Evil in the worldly sense refers to everything that receives a negative assessment from people, or is condemned by them from any side (that is, contrary to the rules of morality). The problem of the meaning of life and the purpose of a person, the meaning of human life personality.philosophical spiritual human The problem of justice Justice is the concept of due, which contains the requirement of conformity of action and retribution: in particular, the conformity of rights and obligations, labor and remuneration, merits and their recognition, crime and punishment, the correspondence of the role of various social strata, groups and individuals in the life of society and their social position in it The problem of due Debt is an internally accepted (voluntary) obligation. Voluntary obligation Debt can be called the obligation of a subject or group of subjects to another subject or subjects (for example, people or God). Most often, a moral obligation (moral duty, moral duty) is considered as a duty, a voluntary moral obligation of an individual to other people.

Classification of ethical values ​​The main human values ​​that are more or less included in all other ethical values ​​(the value of life, consciousness, activity, suffering, strength, free will, foresight, purposefulness); Virtues (justice, wisdom, courage, self-control, love of neighbor, truthfulness and sincerity, fidelity and devotion, kindness and compassion, trust and faith, modesty and humility, the value of treating others); wisdom More private ethical values ​​(love for the most distant , the ability to give others one's spiritual property, the value of a person, love, aimed at the ideal value of someone else's personality).

History of Ethics The term was first used by Aristotle as a designation for a special field of study of "practical" philosophy, because it tries to answer the question: what should we do? Aristotle called happiness the activity of the soul in the fullness of virtue, that is, self-realization, as the main goal of ethics. Self-realization of a person is reasonable actions that avoid extremes and keep the golden mean. Therefore, the main virtue is moderation and prudence. Aristotle of philosophy on the question of the happiness of the soul of the virtue of self-realization of the golden mean The so-called "golden rule of ethics" "do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself" existed in one form or another independently in different cultures. It is present in Confucius, found in the Mishna. The golden rule of ethics of Confucius Mishna In the process of developing ethical theories, philosophers encountered significant difficulties in unifying terminology, since different theories declared different concepts to be basic, often vague, subjective or contradictory (good and evil, the meaning of life etc.). good evil meaning of life Moreover, due to the fact that ethics considers individual morality related to protected subconscious mechanisms, deep analysis is hampered by the operation of psychological protection that blocks the critical analysis of subconscious attitudes. systems consist in the fact that in religions containing a personified god, god is an object of morality, and norms imperatively declared by religion as divine become basic, the ethics of public relations as a system of moral obligations in relation to society is supplemented (or replaced) by god a system of moral obligations in relation to God, up to the point that it may come into conflict (sometimes social or even mass) with public morality. own example, and therefore often abound in generalizations of personal principles and restrictions on ethics in general. One of the main shortcomings of the modern position of ethics as a science is the almost complete absence of methodologically correct objective studies of the ethical worldview. methodologically

Modernity leads, on the one hand, to the relativization of ethics (nihilism), and on the other hand, to the expansion of the ethical field: the concept of good extends to relationships with nature (biocentric ethics, see also Roerich's Living Ethics) and scientific experiments (bioethics). nihilismbiocentric ethics Living Ethics Roerich bioethics In the wake of feminism, ethics received a gender interpretation: instead of abstract humanity or humanity (criticism of which reached its apogee in the postmodern concept of “human death”), virtues are grouped according to the opposition of courage and femininity. Leo Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi. In his book “Culture and Ethics”, A. Schweitzer analyzed the history of ethics and its state in the 20th century, and also outlined the ways of its development. Leo Tolstoy Mahatma Gandhi The interreligious ethics of the Bahai was developed. Bahai Teilhard de Chardin Teilhard de Chardin in his work “The Phenomenon of Man » combines traditional ethics with the theory of evolution. Noteworthy is the Buddhist materialistic concept of Tsiolkovsky with the formula for the balance of good and evil in the universe, which goes back to Zoroastrian views. Buddhist materialistic Tsiolkovsky

Morality (Latin moralis relating to morals) is one of the main ways of normative regulation of human actions in a society of Latin morals Analysis (another Greek νάλυσις decomposition, dismemberment) is an operation of mental or real dismemberment of the whole (thing, property, process or relationship between objects) into component parts, performed in the process of cognition or subject-practical activity of a person. other Greek. Methodology (from Greek μεθοδολογία the doctrine of methods; from other Greek μέθοδος from μέθ- + οδος, lit. relations, a system of basic principles, methods, techniques, ways and means of their implementation in the organization and construction of the scientific and practical activities of people. thought, the reason for the methods Nihilism (from Latin nihil nothing) is a worldview position, expressed in the denial of the meaningfulness of human existence, the significance of generally accepted moral and cultural values; non-recognition of any authorities.lat.

In ethics, the following areas are distinguished: Metaethics Metaethics is the study of the origin and meaning of ethical categories and concepts, the solution of the problem of the existence of a universal, universal and historically unchanged ethical system. Normative ethics Normative ethics is the search for a principle (or principles) that regulate human behavior, guide his actions, and establish criteria for evaluating moral goodness. Is there a rule that can act as such a principle in all cases? Applied Ethics Applied ethics studies particular problems and the application of moral ideas and principles formulated in normative ethics in specific situations of moral choice. Applied ethics closely interacts with socio-political sciences. These areas include the following special sections of ethics: Agathology Business ethics Bioethics Hetero-intelligent ethics Computer ethics Medical ethics Professional ethics Social ethics Eudemonism Ecological ethics Economic ethics Ethics of the act Ethics of values

Agathologeia (Greek), literally “the doctrine of the good,” is that part of practical philosophy or ethics that deals with the “highest good.” philosophy Bioethics (from other Greek βιός life and θική ethics, the science of morality) the doctrine of the moral side of human activity in medicine and biology. and "ethics"), a system of normative ethics based not on its own moral principles, but on principles taken from another sphere of public life. patients and colleagues. Ethics of healthcare professionals Patients Professional ethics A term used to refer to: systems of professional ethics (e.g. "professional ethics of a lawyer") directions of ethical research regarding the basis of professional activity. Nowadays, the meaning of the term is usually determined from the context, either specified specifically. Eudemonism (Greek ευδαιμονία prosperity, bliss, happiness) is an ethical trend that recognizes the desire to achieve happiness as a criterion of morality and the basis of human behavior. and ecology. Thus, it links ideas about natural systems and the rules of interaction with them into a single normative-value complex. Synthesis of the ethics of ecology

If one day we understand that the same values ​​that alone can guide our desires and actions, realized for us thousands of times in life in personalities and situations, opposing us in circumstances and events, that they surround us hourly, support us and fill our presence light and radiance, going far beyond our limited cognitive abilities, you will immediately find yourself before the second fundamental ethical question: What is valuable in life, and in the world in general? What needs to be learned, understood, recognized in order to be a person in the full sense of the word? With regard to what do we still lack sense, a perceiving organ, so that we are first forced to form, refine, educate it in ourselves? For how can I know what I should do, while I know nothing about value and non-value within those situations, in the appeal of which to me, nevertheless, the only requirement for my decisions, desires and actions consists! So the second question gets a higher status than the first one. In its subject matter, it turns out to be antecedent, conditioning. And like its practical-actual meaning, its broader metaphysical meaning acquires a higher status.

This question is no less important and serious than the question of the duty of action. Yes, it is infinitely wider, richer, more extensive in content. In a sense, it even includes the question of the ought of actions. For how can I know what I should do, while I know nothing about value and non-value within those situations, in the appeal of which to me, nevertheless, the only requirement for my decisions, desires and actions consists! If I suddenly do not act at random, I am not in the power of all sorts of delusions, then in no case should I destroy with rough movements something valuable, which, perhaps, is unique, like everything real? So the second question gets a higher status than the first one. In its subject matter, it turns out to be antecedent, conditioning. And like its practical-actual meaning, its broader metaphysical meaning acquires a higher status. If, nevertheless, the meaning of human existence is not reduced to his proud mission of co-sculptor and creator of the world. Why is the process of creation needed if it stops in the work? Where is the meaning of creation itself, if it is not in the created, if this created is not meaningful from the point of view of something reasonable? Isn't it the metaphysical meaning of a person in the very world in which he also creates and creates, so that this world would be meaningful for him? Still, in him alone the world has its consciousness, its being-for-itself. What man is to the world, no other creature can be to him. Cosmic smallness, frailty and helplessness of man do not prevent his metaphysical greatness and superiority over the existence of lower formations. A person is a subject among objects, cognizing, knowing, experiencing, participating, a mirror of being and the world, and in this understanding, in fact, the meaning of the world. This perspective is not arbitrary, not a speculative imaginary image. It is the usual manifestation of a phenomenon that, perhaps, can be interpreted, but cannot be discarded - the phenomenon of the cosmic position of man. We do not know if there is another mirror of the world than what exists in this human consciousness of ours.

Ethics and Aesthetics Ethics and Aesthetics on the Portal "Philosophy in Russia" Portal "Philosophy in Russia" Ethics and Aesthetics in the Digital Library for Philosophy Electronic Library for Philosophy Sector of Ethics Sector of Ethics of IFRAN IFRAN Ethics: Educational Resource Center