Anatoly Lukyanov: “It was a desperate attempt to save the Union.” Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov: biography - after the State Emergency Committee you met with Gorbachev
Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (1987-1988), candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1988-1990). The last Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1990 - September 1991), first an associate of the first and last President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, then his opponent. From August 1991 to December 1992, he was in custody in the State Emergency Committee case, accused of conspiracy to seize power and abuse of power, but was later amnestied along with other defendants in this case. Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from 1993 to 2003 from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Member of the Presidium of the Central Committee (CEC) of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (1994-2000). Poet.
Doctor of Law (1979), professor at Moscow State University. Lomonosov (2004). Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation (2012).
Born into a military family. My father died at the front. He began his career in 1943 as a worker at a defense plant.
He graduated from school in 1948 with a gold medal. As Oleg Kashin writes about Lukyanov in the magazine “Russian Life”: “He came to Moscow from Smolensk as a promising poet, whose assets included publications in newspapers in his homeland and a friendly review from Alexander Tvardovsky.”
Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University (1953), postgraduate student there in 1953-1956.
In 1956-1961 - senior consultant of the legal commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In 1957, he was sent as a legal adviser to Hungary, then to Poland. 1961-1976 - senior assistant, deputy head of the department of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on issues of the work of the Soviets. In 1976-1977 he took part in the preparation of the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1977.
In 1977-1983 - head of the secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1981-1986 - member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU. In 1983-1985 - first deputy head, in 1985-1987 - head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1987-1988 - head of the department of administrative bodies of the CPSU Central Committee.
He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1979 on the topic “Public Law”. In 1983, he was awarded the military rank of reserve lieutenant colonel.
Since 1984 - deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, chairman of the commission of legislative proposals.
In 1986-1991 - member of the CPSU Central Committee. Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee (January 28, 1987 - September 30, 1988). Candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (September 30, 1988 - July 14, 1990).
Since 1985 - deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in 1989-1992 - people's deputy of the USSR from the CPSU, became a member of the USSR Supreme Council.
From October 1988 to May 1989 - First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1989, at the suggestion of Mikhail Gorbachev, he was elected First Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
On March 15, 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected President of the USSR by the Congress of People's Deputies. Lukyanov replaced him as chairman of the Supreme Council.
Anatoly Lukyanov died on January 9, 2019 after a serious illness. He will be buried on January 11 at the Troekurovskoye cemetery in Moscow. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation expressed condolences to Lukyanov’s family and friends.
Arrest in the case of the State Emergency Committee
Anatoly Lukyanov wrote in his memoirs that he did not consider the introduction of a state of emergency absolutely justified. He directly spoke about this to the participants of the meeting held in the office of USSR Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov late in the evening of August 18, 1991. He himself was not a member of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP). On August 20, a group of Russian leaders (Rutskoy, Khasbulatov, Silaev) met in the Kremlin with Anatoly Lukyanov. During the meeting, the Russian side put forward demands that boiled down to “the cessation of the activities of the State Emergency Committee, the return of Gorbachev to Moscow, but no special threats were made. Lukyanov had the impression that these demands were not of an ultimatum nature.” The lack of ultimatum in the demands of the Kremlin visitors spoke of their desire not to aggravate the situation and thereby keep the GKAC members from attempting forceful actions, and also not to rush things, that is, to prolong the uncertainty of the situation, which would be beneficial to the White House. Former member of the Emergency Committee Oleg Baklanov noted: “Lukyanov took a very soft position, while a lot depended on the Supreme Council.” Baklanov also noted the fact that Lukyanov was arrested later than all the other participants in the State Emergency Committee. According to Lukyanov himself, he was arrested because “Gorbachev and Yeltsin were afraid that if he held the V Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR, the deputies could nullify all the results of the August victory of democracy.”
On August 29, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR agreed to bring its chairman to criminal liability and his arrest.
From August 29, 1991 to December 14, 1992, Lukyanov was in the Matrosskaya Tishina detention center, after which he was released on his own recognizance. On September 4, 1991, he was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On January 2, 1992, Lukyanov’s parliamentary powers were terminated due to the collapse of the USSR.
First, Lukyanov was charged with treason. In November, the charge was changed to “conspiracy to seize power and abuse of power.” He refused to testify in the State Emergency Committee case because he did not consider himself guilty and could not contact people who, ignoring the presumption of innocence, declared him a “criminal” during the first investigative actions. Lukyanov’s arrest was opposed by his colleague, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov, who in 2 years will also be behind bars. In August 1992, the prosecutor's office again, now for the third time, decided to change its approach, returning to the charge of “treason” and adding to it various types of malfeasance.
On May 1, 1993, together with former members of the State Emergency Committee Gennady Yanaev and Vladimir Kryuchkov, he participated in a demonstration that ended in a clash with the police.
On February 23, 1994, by resolution of the State Duma, an amnesty was declared for all members and supporters of the State Emergency Committee, and the criminal case was dropped.
State Duma Deputy
In December 1993, he was elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation in a single-mandate constituency from the Smolensk region, and was re-elected in 1995 and 1999. In the State Duma of the first convocation, he was a member of the Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform. In the State Duma of the second convocation he was chairman of the Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform. In the State Duma of the third convocation, from January 2000 to April 2002, he was chairman, and after April 2002, until the end of the convocation, he was a member of the State Construction Committee.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
From April 21, 1994 to December 3, 2000 - member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.In 2000, he was elected Chairman of the Advisory Council under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, and since 2008 - Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Council under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
Teaching work
Since 2004 - Professor at the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law of the Law Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.Full member of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Academy of Advocacy and the International Academy of Informatization.
Proceedings
Published a book of memoirs “August 91st. Was there a conspiracy? (2010; publishers: Eksmo, Algorithm).
Poet, under the pseudonym Anatoly Osenev - book “Consonance” (M., 1990). He also wrote under the pseudonym Dneprov. In total, he published 11 books of poetry: “Consonance” (1990), “Poems of Their Prison” (1992), “Songs of Protest” (1993), “Poems about Will and Bondage” (1993), “Above the Sailor’s Silence - Blue” (1993 ), “Faces of the World” (wreaths of sonnets), (1993), “Prisoners of the Muse” (1994), “Bitter Fate of Poets” (1995), “Autumn Triptych” (1995), “Wreaths of Sonnets” (1996), “Rays” "(1998).
In addition, he was responsible for the publication in Politizdat of the traditional collection of materials from the March 1985 Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, at which M. S. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary.
Member of the Russian Writers' Union.
Personal life
Wife - Lyudmila Dmitrievna Lukyanova (born 1931), Doctor of Biological Sciences, professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Daughter - Elena Lukyanova (born 1958), Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law at the Higher School of Economics.
According to his own testimony, he was friends with Lev Gumilyov: “We met in the late sixties, I helped him fight off the inheritance of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova in court in order to transfer her archive to the Pushkin House. On this basis we became friends and communicated until my arrest... He died when I was in prison.”
Since his student years he has been interested in mountaineering.
Hobby
A. I. Lukyanov is also known as a collector of “voices” (phonograms) of poets and others. In 2006, he released a 10-CD edition “100 poets of the 20th century. Poems performed by the author." It is based on sound recordings of poets’ voices from their personal collection. The announcer’s short monologues are read by Lukyanov himself.
Awards
Order of the October Revolution (05/06/1980)Order of the Red Banner of Labor (08/26/1971)
Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation
Medal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation "90 years of the Great October Socialist Revolution"
other medals
foreign awards
Honorary citizen of the hero city of Smolensk (2000)
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| Fragment of a conversation with Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov, recorded by the Oral History Foundation. | |
| Recorded 06/08/2012 | |
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Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov(born May 7, 1930, Smolensk, RSFSR, USSR) - Soviet party and statesman, Russian politician. The last Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (March 1990 - September 1991), first an associate of the first and last President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev, then his opponent. From August 1991 to December 1992, he was in custody in the State Emergency Committee case, accused of conspiracy to seize power and abuse of power, but was later amnestied along with other defendants in this case. Deputy of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from 1993 to 2003 from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. Poet.
Doctor of Law (1979), professor at Moscow State University. Lomonosov (since 2004). Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation (2012).
Biography
Born into a military family. My father died at the front. He began his career in 1943 as a worker at a defense plant.
In 1977-1983, head of the secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1981-1986 - member of the Central Audit Commission of the CPSU. In 1983-1985, first deputy head, and in 1985-1987, head of the General Department of the CPSU Central Committee. In 1987-1988, head of the department of administrative bodies of the CPSU Central Committee.
He defended his doctoral dissertation in 1979 on the topic “Public Law”. In 1983, he was awarded the military rank of reserve lieutenant colonel.
Since 1984 - deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, chairman of the commission of legislative proposals.
Participation in the activities of the State Emergency Committee
Anatoly Lukyanov writes in his memoirs that he did not consider the introduction of a state of emergency absolutely justified. He spoke directly about this to the participants of the meeting held in the office of USSR Prime Minister Valentin Pavlov late in the evening of August 18. He himself was not a member of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP). On August 20, a group of Russian leaders (Rutskoy, Khasbulatov, Silaev) met in the Kremlin with Anatoly Lukyanov. During the meeting, the Russian side put forward demands that boiled down to “the cessation of the activities of the State Emergency Committee, the return of Gorbachev to Moscow, but no special threats were made. Lukyanov had the impression that these demands were not of an ultimatum nature.” The lack of ultimatum in the demands of the Kremlin visitors spoke of their desire not to aggravate the situation and thereby keep the GKAC members from attempting forceful actions, and also not to rush things, that is, to prolong the uncertainty of the situation, which would be beneficial to the White House. Former member of the Emergency Committee Oleg Baklanov noted: “Lukyanov took a very soft position, while a lot depended on the Supreme Council.” Lukyanov himself admitted: “I was not a member of the State Emergency Committee from the very beginning - I had different views.” Baklanov also noted the fact that Lukyanov was arrested later than all the other participants in the State Emergency Committee. In Lukyanov’s own opinion, he was arrested because “Gorbachev and Yeltsin were afraid that if he held the V Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR, the deputies could nullify all the results of the August victory of democracy.”
On August 29, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR agreed to bring its chairman to criminal liability and to arrest him.
From August 29, 1991 to December 14, 1992, Lukyanov was in the Matrosskaya Tishina detention center, after which he was released on his own recognizance. On September 4, 1991, he was relieved of his duties as Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. On January 2, 1992, Lukyanov's parliamentary powers were terminated due to the collapse of the USSR.
First, Lukyanov was charged with treason. In November, the charge was changed to “conspiracy to seize power and abuse of power.” He refused to testify in the State Emergency Committee case because he did not consider himself guilty and could not contact people who, ignoring the presumption of innocence, declared him a “criminal” during the first investigative actions. Lukyanov’s arrest was opposed by his colleague, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov, who in 2 years will also be behind bars. In August 1992, the prosecutor's office again, now for the third time, decided to change its approach, returning to the charge of “treason” and adding to it various types of malfeasance.
On May 1, 1993, together with former members of the State Emergency Committee Gennady Yanaev and Vladimir Kryuchkov, he participated in a demonstration that ended in a clash with the police.
State Duma Deputy
In December 1993, he was elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the first convocation in a single-mandate constituency from the Smolensk region, and was re-elected in 1995 and 1999. In the State Duma of the first convocation, he was a member of the Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform. In the State Duma of the second convocation he was chairman of the Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform. In the State Duma of the third convocation, from January 2000 to April 2002, he was chairman, and after April 2002, until the end of the convocation, he was a member of the State Construction Committee.
Communist Party of the Russian Federation
From 1994 to 2000 - Member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. In 2000, he was elected Chairman of the Advisory Council under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, since 2008 - Honorary Chairman of the Advisory Council under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
Teaching work
Since 2004, Professor at the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law, Faculty of Law, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.
Full member of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Academy of Advocacy and the International Academy of Informatization at the UN.
Proceedings
Author of more than 350 scientific publications and textbooks (mainly on legal theory and constitutional law), participated in the preparation of the 1977 USSR Constitution and a number of laws.
Published a book of memoirs (2010; publishing houses: Eksmo, Algorithm).
In addition, he was responsible for the publication in Politizdat of the traditional collection of materials from the March (1985) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, at which M. S. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary).
Member of the Russian Writers' Union.
Personal life
Wife - Lukyanova Lyudmila Dmitrievna (born 1931), professor, Doctor of Biological Sciences, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.
- Daughter - Lukyanova, Elena Anatolyevna, professor of the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law of the Higher School of Economics, Doctor of Law.
According to my own testimony, I was friends with L.N. Gumilyov: “We met in the late sixties, I helped him fight off the inheritance of Anna Andreevna Akhmatova in court in order to transfer her archive to the Pushkin House. On this basis we became friends and communicated until my arrest... He died when I was in prison.”
Since his student years he has been interested in mountaineering.
Hobby
A. Lukyanov is also known as a collector of “voices” (phonograms) of poets and others. In 2006, he released a 10-CD edition “100 poets of the 20th century. Poems performed by the author". It is based on sound recordings of poets’ voices from their personal collection. The announcer’s short monologues are read by Lukyanov himself.
Awards
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Excerpt characterizing Lukyanov, Anatoly Ivanovich
“Unfortunately, no,” Stella answered sadly. “They can’t go there, they stay here.”“Then we’ll stay too...” a gentle voice sounded. - We will stay with them.
We turned around in surprise - it was Michelle. “That’s all decided,” I thought contentedly. And again, someone voluntarily sacrificed something, and again simple human kindness won... I looked at Stella - the little girl was smiling. Everything was fine again.
- Well, will you walk with me a little more? – Stella asked hopefully.
I should have gone home a long time ago, but I knew that I would never leave her now and nodded my head affirmatively...
To be honest, I wasn’t in too much of a mood to go for a walk, since after everything that had happened, my condition was, let’s say, very, very “satisfactory... But I couldn’t leave Stella alone either, so it would be good for both of them, though If only we were “in the middle”, we decided not to go far, but just to relax our almost boiling brains a little, and give our pain-wracked hearts a rest, enjoying the peace and quiet of the mental floor...
We slowly floated in a gentle silvery haze, completely relaxing our frayed nervous system, and plunging into the stunning, incomparable peace here... When suddenly Stella shouted enthusiastically:
- Wow! Just look, what kind of beauty is there!..
I looked around and immediately understood what she was talking about...
It really was extraordinarily beautiful!.. As if someone, while playing, had created a real sky-blue “crystal” kingdom!.. We looked in surprise at the incredibly huge, openwork ice flowers, dusted with light blue snowflakes; and the intertwining of sparkling ice trees, flashing with blue highlights at the slightest movement of the “crystal” foliage and reaching the height of our three-story house... And among all this incredible beauty, surrounded by flashes of real “northern lights”, a breathtakingly majestic ice palace proudly rose, the whole shining with the shimmer of unprecedented silvery blue shades...
What was it?! Who liked this cool color so much?..
So far, for some reason, no one has shown up anywhere, and no one has expressed a great desire to meet us... It was a little strange, since usually the owners of all these wonderful worlds were very hospitable and friendly, with the exception of only those who had just appeared on “ floor” (that is, they had just died) and were not yet ready to communicate with others, or simply preferred to experience something purely personal and difficult alone.
“Who do you think lives in this strange world?” Stella asked in a whisper for some reason.
- Do you want to see? – unexpectedly for myself, I suggested.
I didn’t understand where all my fatigue had gone, and why I suddenly completely forgot the promise I made to myself a moment ago not to interfere in any, even the most incredible, incidents until tomorrow, or at least until I had at least a little rest. But, of course, this again triggered my insatiable curiosity, which I had not yet learned to pacify, even when there was a real need for it...
Therefore, trying, as far as my exhausted heart allowed, to “switch off” and not think about our failed, sad and difficult day, I immediately eagerly plunged into the “new and unknown”, anticipating some unusual and exciting adventure...
We smoothly “slowed down” right at the very entrance to the stunning “ice” world, when suddenly a man appeared from behind a sparkling blue tree... She was a very unusual girl - tall and slender, and very beautiful, she would have seemed quite young , almost if it weren’t for the eyes... They shone with calm, bright sadness, and were deep, like a well with the purest spring water... And in these wondrous eyes lurked such wisdom that Stella and I had not yet been able to comprehend for a long time ... Not at all surprised by our appearance, the stranger smiled warmly and quietly asked:
- What do you want, kids?
“We were just passing by and wanted to look at your beauty.” Sorry if I disturbed you...” I muttered, slightly embarrassed.
- Well, what are you talking about! Come inside, it will probably be more interesting there... - waving her hand into the depths, the stranger smiled again.
We instantly slipped past her inside the “palace”, unable to contain the curiosity rushing out, and already anticipating something very, very “interesting” in advance.
It was so stunning inside that Stella and I literally froze in a stupor, our mouths open like hungry one-day-old chicks, unable to utter a word...
There was no so-called “floor” in the palace... Everything there floated in the sparkling silver air, creating the impression of sparkling infinity. Some fantastic “seats”, similar to groups of sparkling dense clouds accumulated in groups, swaying smoothly, hung in the air, sometimes becoming denser, sometimes almost disappearing, as if attracting attention and inviting you to sit on them... Silvery “ice” flowers, shining and shimmering, they decorated everything around, striking with the variety of shapes and patterns of the finest, almost jewelry petals. And somewhere very high in the “ceiling”, blinding with sky-blue light, huge ice “icicles” of incredible beauty hung, turning this fabulous “cave” into a fantastic “ice world”, which seemed to have no end...
“Come on, my guests, grandfather will be incredibly glad to see you!” – Smoothly gliding past us, the girl said warmly.
And then I finally understood why she seemed unusual to us - as the stranger moved, a sparkling “tail” of some special blue material was constantly trailing behind her, which shone and curled like tornadoes around her fragile figure, crumbling behind her. with silvery pollen...
Before we had time to be surprised by this, we immediately saw a very tall, gray-haired old man, proudly sitting on a strange, very beautiful chair, as if thereby emphasizing his importance to those who did not understand. He watched our approach completely calmly, not at all surprised and not yet expressing any emotions other than a warm, friendly smile.
The white, silver-shimmering, flowing clothes of the old man merged with the same, completely white, long hair, making him look like a good spirit. And only the eyes, as mysterious as those of our beautiful stranger, shocked us with boundless patience, wisdom and depth, making us shudder from the infinity visible in them...
- Hello, guests! – the old man greeted affectionately. – What brought you to us?
- Hello to you, grandpa! – Stella greeted joyfully.
And then, for the first time in the entire time of our already quite long acquaintance, I was surprised to hear that she had finally addressed someone as “you”...
Stella had a very funny way of addressing everyone as “you”, as if emphasizing that all the people she met, whether an adult or a completely toddler, were her good old friends, and that for each of them she had her heart wide open. the soul is open... Which, of course, instantly and completely endeared even the most withdrawn and loneliest people to it, and only very callous souls did not find a way to it.
– Why is it so “cold” here? – immediately, out of habit, questions started pouring in. – I mean, why do you have such an “icy” color everywhere?
The girl looked at Stella in surprise.
“I never thought about it...” she said thoughtfully. – Probably because we had enough warmth for the rest of our lives? We were burned on Earth, you see...
- How did they burn it?! – Stella stared at her, dumbfounded. - Really burned?.. - Well, yes. It’s just that I was a Witch there - I knew a lot... Like my whole family. Grandfather is a Sage, and mother, she was the strongest Sage at that time. This means that I saw what others could not see. She saw the future the same way we see the present. And the past too... And in general, she could and knew a lot - no one knew so much. But ordinary people apparently hated this - they didn’t like too many “knowledgeable” people... Although, when they needed help, it was us they turned to. And we helped... And then those whom we helped betrayed us...
The witch girl looked somewhere into the distance with darkened eyes, for a moment not seeing or hearing anything around, having gone into some distant world known to her alone. Then, shuddering, she shrugged her fragile shoulders, as if remembering something very terrible, and quietly continued:
“So many centuries have passed, and I still feel like the flames are devouring me... That’s probably why it’s “cold” here, as you say, dear,” the girl finished, turning to Stella.
“But you can’t possibly be a Witch!” Stella said confidently. – Witches can be old and scary and very bad. This is what it says in our fairy tales, what my grandmother read to me. And you are good! And so beautiful!..
“Well, fairy tales are different from fairy tales...” the witch girl smiled sadly. – After all, it’s people who create them... And the fact that they show us old and scary is probably more convenient for someone... It’s easier to explain the inexplicable, and it’s easier to cause hostility... You, too, will have more sympathy if they burn the young and beautiful rather than the old and scary, right?
“Well, I’m also very sorry for the old women... just not the evil ones, of course,” Stella said, lowering her eyes. “It’s a pity for any person when there’s such a terrible end,” and, shrugging her shoulders, as if imitating a girl-witch, she continued: “Did they really, really burn you?!” Quite, completely alive?.. How painful it must have been for you?!. What is your name?
Words habitually poured out from the little girl like a machine-gun burst and, not having time to stop her, I was afraid that the owners would eventually be offended, and from welcome guests we would turn into a burden that they would try to get rid of as quickly as possible.
But for some reason no one was offended. Both of them, the old man and his beautiful granddaughter, answered any questions with friendly smiles, and it seemed that for some reason our presence really gave them sincere pleasure...
- My name is Anna, honey. And “really, really” I was completely burned once... But that was a very, very long time ago. Almost five hundred Earth years have already passed...
I looked in complete shock at this amazing girl, unable to take my eyes off her, and tried to imagine what a nightmare this amazingly beautiful and gentle soul had to endure!..
They were burned for their Gift!!! Just because they could see and do more than others! But how could people do this?! And, although I had long ago realized that no animal was able to do what a man sometimes did, it was still so wild that for a moment I completely lost the desire to be called this same “man.” ..
This was the first time in my life when I actually heard about real Sorcerers and Witches, in whose existence I had always believed... And so, having finally seen a real Witch in reality, I, naturally, terribly wanted to “immediately and everything- everything” ask her!!! My restless curiosity was “fidgeting” inside, literally squealing with impatience and begging me to ask now and definitely “about everything”!..
And then, apparently, without noticing it myself, I was so deeply immersed in an alien world that had so unexpectedly opened up to me that I did not have time to react correctly in time to the suddenly mentally revealed picture... and a fire, terribly real in its eerie sensations, broke out around my body !..
The roaring fire “licked” my defenseless flesh with burning tongues of flame, exploding inside, and almost depriving me of my mind... Wild, unimaginably cruel pain overwhelmed me headlong, penetrating into every cell!.. Soaring “to the ceiling”, it hit me in a flurry unfamiliar suffering, which could not be appeased or stopped. Blinding, the fire twisted my essence, howling with inhuman horror, into a painful lump, not allowing me to breathe!.. I tried to scream, but my voice could not be heard... The world was collapsing, breaking into sharp fragments and it seemed that it could not be put back together ... The body blazed like a terrible festive torch... incinerating my wounded soul, which burned along with it. Suddenly, screaming terribly... I, to my greatest surprise, again found myself in my “earthly” room, still chattering my teeth from the unbearable pain that had so unexpectedly struck from somewhere. Still stunned, I stood, looking around in confusion, unable to understand who and why could do something like that to me...
But, despite the wild fright, I gradually managed to somehow pull myself together and calm down a little. After thinking a little, I finally realized that this, most likely, was just an all too real vision, which in its sensations completely repeated the nightmare that had once happened to the witch girl...
Despite the fear and still too vivid sensations, I immediately tried to return to the fairy-tale “ice palace” to my abandoned, and probably already very nervous, girlfriend. But for some reason nothing worked... I was squeezed like lemon, and there was no strength left to even think, let alone such a “journey”. Angry at myself for my “softness,” I again tried to pull myself together, when suddenly someone else’s force literally pulled me into the already familiar “ice” hall, where my faithful friend Stella was rushing about, bouncing excitedly.
- Well, what are you doing?! I was so scared!.. What happened to you? It’s good that she helped, otherwise you’d still be flying “somewhere” right now! – choking with “righteous indignation”, the little girl immediately blurted out.
I myself still didn’t really understand how this could happen to me, but then, to my great surprise, the voice of the unusual mistress of the ice palace sounded affectionately:
- My dear, you are Darina!.. How did you end up here? And you are alive!!! Are you still in pain? – I nodded in surprise. - Well, what are you doing, you can’t watch something like that!..
The girl Anna tenderly took my head, still “boiling” from searing pain, into her cool palms, and soon I felt how the terrible pain began to slowly recede, and after a minute it completely disappeared.
“What was that?..” I asked, stunned.
“You just looked at what happened to me.” But you still don’t know how to defend yourself, so you felt everything. You are very curious, this is your strength, but your trouble is also, dear... What is your name?
“Svetlana...” I said hoarsely, gradually coming to my senses. - And here she is – Stella. Why do you call me Darinya? This is the second time I've been called that, and I would really like to know what it means. If possible, of course.
– Don’t you know?! – the witch girl asked in surprise. – I shook my head negatively. – Darinya is “the one who gives light and protects the world.” And at times, even saving him...
“Well, I wish I could at least save myself for now!” I laughed sincerely. - And what can I give if I myself don’t know anything at all? And so far I’m making only mistakes... I still don’t know how to do anything!.. – and, after thinking, she added sadly. - And no one teaches! Maybe grandma sometimes, and then Stella... And I would so like to study!..
“The teacher comes when the student is READY to learn, dear,” the elder said quietly, smiling. – And you haven’t even figured it out within yourself yet. Even in things that have been open to you for a long time.
In order not to show how much his words upset me, I tried to immediately change the topic and asked the witch girl a sensitive question that was persistently spinning in my brain.
- Forgive me for my indiscretion, Anna, but how could you forget such terrible pain? And is it even possible to forget this?..
– I haven’t forgotten, my dear. I simply understood and accepted it... Otherwise it would have been impossible to continue to exist,” the girl answered sadly shaking her head.
- How can you understand this?! And what do you understand about pain?.. – I didn’t give up. – Was this supposed to teach you something special?.. Sorry, but I never believed in such a “teaching”! In my opinion, only helpless “teachers” can use pain!
I was seething with indignation, unable to stop my racing thoughts!.. And no matter how hard I tried, I could not calm down.
Sincerely feeling sorry for the witch girl, at the same time I wildly wanted to know everything about her, which meant asking her a lot of questions about what could cause her pain. It was reminiscent of a crocodile, which, devouring its unfortunate victim, shed burning tears over it... But no matter how ashamed I was, I could not help myself... This was the first time in my short life when I almost I didn’t pay attention to the fact that I could hurt a person with my questions... I was very ashamed of this, but I also understood that for some reason it was very important for me to talk to her about all this, and I continued to ask, “closing on “all eyes”... But, to my great happiness and surprise, the witch girl, without being offended at all, calmly continued to answer my naive childish questions, without expressing the slightest displeasure.
Born on May 7, 1930 in the city of Smolensk in the family of a military man. He began his career in 1943 as a worker at a defense plant. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, then graduate school. He taught theory of state and law. Since 1956 - senior consultant of the Legal Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From 1961 to 1976 - senior assistant, deputy head of the department for the work of the Councils of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1976 - 77 he worked in the apparatus of the CPSU Central Committee and took part in the preparation of the draft Union Constitution. In 1977 he returned to work in parliament, where he was the head of the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1987, he was elected Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, in charge of legal and administrative issues, and in September 1988 - a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
Since 1985 - deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals. Since 1987 - deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In October 1988, he was elected first deputy chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and in March 1989, first deputy chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In March 1990, he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and served in the position until August 1991.
In December 1993, he was elected to the State Duma for the Smolensk territorial electoral district. In December 1995, voters in the Smolensk region again elected Lukyanov A.I. to the Russian parliament. As Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform, he participated in the development and adoption of more than 300 bills, including laws on amendments to the Constitution, on elections, on referendums, on the government, on local self-government, etc. In accordance with the orders of voters introduced for consideration by the Duma questions on the abolition of the Belovezhskaya Agreements, on the inadmissibility of the purchase and sale of land, on perpetuating the memory of the Victory of the Soviet people over fascism, on improving the provision of war and labor veterans, etc.
Lukyanov A.I. - Member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He is a Doctor of Law, a full member of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts and the International Academy of Informatization, a member of the Union of Writers of Russia, has more than 200 scientific works and a number of poetry collections. Awarded orders and medals of the USSR and foreign countries.
In December 1999, he was re-elected as a deputy of the State Duma of the third convocation in the Smolensk electoral district.
Anatoly Ivanovich considers the first motto of life: “Everything will pass, but the truth will remain.”
By decision of the Smolensk City Council dated April 28, 2000 No. 530 for the great role and personal participation in restoring historical justice - awarding the city of Smolensk the title “Hero City of Smolensk”, providing assistance and support in resolving issues of economic, socio-economic and cultural development of the city, active public activity in protecting interests in fulfilling the orders of voters Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov, a Smolensk resident, deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the Smolensk electoral district No. 169, was awarded the title “Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Smolensk.”
Anatoly Lukyanov is a domestic (Soviet) politician. Ex-chairman One of those accused in the State Emergency Committee case. Spent about a year in custody on charges of coup.
Biography of the politician
Anatoly Lukyanov was born in Smolensk in 1930. His father died at the front. At the age of 13, he himself went to work as a worker at a defense plant at the height of the Great Patriotic War.
This did not stop Lukyanov from studying well; in 1948 he graduated from school with a gold medal. He went from Smolensk to the capital as an aspiring poet. He had already been published in local newspapers and had favorable reviews from his fellow countryman, the author of Vasily Terkin, Alexander Tvardovsky.
In 1953, Anatoly Lukyanov received a degree in law at Moscow State University and remained in graduate school.
Works in the legal department of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Then he is sent as a legal adviser, first to Hungary, and then to Poland. In 1976 he took part in the development of a new
After the adoption of this important state document, he joined the secretariat of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1979 he became a Doctor of Law. His dissertation was on research in public law. In 1984, he became a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from the Smolensk region.
Participation in the work of the Emergency Committee
In his memoirs, Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov claims that he himself did not consider it necessary to introduce a state of emergency. He stated this on March 18 to one of the leaders of the Soviet Union, Valentin Pavlov, who held the position of Prime Minister at that time.
Two days later, Rutskoy, Khasbulatov and Silaev met with Lukyanov in the Kremlin. They demanded to stop the work of the State Emergency Committee and to return Mikhail Gorbachev to Moscow. At the same time, no ultimatum demands were expressed. Therefore, Anatoly Lukyanov decided that they did not want to aggravate the situation.
His comrades in the State Emergency Committee note: Lukyanov initially took an overly soft position, when a lot depended on the Supreme Council.
The role of the Emergency Committee
The State Committee for the State of Emergency, which eventually included Anatoly Lukyanov, was organized with the goal of saving the Soviet Union from collapse.
It lasted four days. Members of the State Emergency Committee were categorically against Gorbachev's reforms, as well as the creation of the CIS, which initially only part of the republics of the former USSR planned to join.
The leadership of the RSFSR, led by President Yeltsin, refused to obey the decrees of the State Emergency Committee, declaring that their actions were contrary to the constitution. The activities of the State Emergency Committee led to the August coup.
Already at the end of the summer the committee was dissolved. Everyone who participated in its work or assisted the leaders of the State Emergency Committee was arrested.
Arrest of members of the State Emergency Committee
The first to be arrested were the politicians headed by Yanaev, Baklanov, Kryuchkov, Pavlov, Pugo, Starodubtsev, Tizyakov and Yazov. Anatoly Lukyanov was one of the last to be taken into custody.
The politician himself believed that his arrest was caused by the fact that Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin feared that at the Congress of People's Deputies he would be elected as a leader, because of which the successes of democracy could come to naught.
On August 29, a decree was issued to arrest Lukyanov and bring him to criminal responsibility for attempting a coup. He spent more than a year in the capital's pre-trial detention center.
Charges and release
Anatoly Lukyanov, whose biography was closely connected with the USSR, was initially accused of treason. Then the wording was changed to an attempt to seize power and abuse of power.
Lukyanov refused to testify in the State Emergency Committee case. The ending of this story turned out to be happy for all participants. At the end of 1992, all those arrested were released under arrest. In February 1994, the State Duma declared an amnesty for everyone involved in the State Emergency Committee.
After release
Once free, in 1993 Lukyanov won the elections to the State Duma, receiving a mandate from the Smolensk region. He was then twice re-elected to the federal parliament.
Lukyanov is the author of more than 350 scientific papers. Most of them are devoted to constitutional law and legal theory. In 2010, he published a book about his own vision of the events of those days, entitled “August 91. Was there a conspiracy?”
However, he did not abandon his youthful passion for poetry. He published collections of poetry under the pseudonyms Anatoly Osenev and Dneprov.
His wife Lyudmila Lukyanova is a biologist, Doctor of Science. Works at the Department of Constitutional Law of the Higher School of Economics.
Since his youth he has been interested in mountaineering; according to his own statements, he was friends with whom he met in the late 60s. Lukyanov helped him as a lawyer in the process of inheritance of Anna Akhmatova. Gumilev wanted to transfer her archive to the Pushkin House.
Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov played a big role in the development of his native Smolensk region. His biography and the awards he received testify to this. Lukyanov has the title of Smolensk. Awarded the Red Banner of Labor and the medal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.
He has the status of Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation.
Lukyanov’s rare hobby is well known. He collects phonograms with recordings of the voices of poets and other famous personalities. In 2006, he even released a separate publication, “100 poets of the 20th century. Poems performed by the author,” providing the recordings with his own comments.
Now Lukyanov is 86 years old and lives in Moscow.
Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov
Official certificate of a member of the Central Committee
Lukyanov Anatoly Ivanovich (b. 05/07/1930),
party member since 1955, member of the Central Committee since 1986 (member of the Central Committee since 1981), candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee from 09/30/88, secretary of the Central Committee 01/28/87-09/30/88.
Born in Smolensk. Russian.
In 1953 he graduated from Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova, Doctor of Law (since 1979).
He began his career in 1943 as a factory worker.
In 1956-1961 in the apparatus of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Since 1961 in the apparatus of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1976-1977 Consultant of the Department of Organizational and Party Work of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1977-1983 Head of the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Since 1983, first deputy. Head., since 1985 Head. General Department of the CPSU Central Committee.
In 1987-1988 Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee and head. Department of administrative bodies of the CPSU Central Committee.
Since 1988, first deputy. Pred. Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Since 1989, first deputy, since 1990, chairman. Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 11th convocation.
People's Deputy of the USSR since 1989
Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov was born on May 7, 1930 in the city of Smolensk into the family of a military man. He began his career in 1943 as a worker at a defense plant. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, then graduate school. Since 1956 - senior consultant of the Legal Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From 1961 to 1976 - senior assistant, deputy head of the department for the work of the Councils of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
In 1976-1977 worked in the apparatus of the CPSU Central Committee, where he took part in the preparation of the draft Constitution. In 1977, he returned to work in parliament, where he was the head of the Secretariat of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In January 1983, at the suggestion of Yu.V. Andropov was transferred to work at the CPSU Central Committee, where he was first deputy head and then head of the General Department. Since 1984, deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, chairman of the Commission for Legislative Proposals of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. Since 1985 - deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In January 1987, he was elected Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, in charge of legal and administrative issues, and in September 1988, a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee.
In March 1990, at the Third Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR A.I. Lukyanov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and served in this position until the events of August 1991.
August 29, 1991 A.I. Lukyanov was arrested in the so-called “GKChP case” and until December 1992 was in the Matrosskaya Tishina investigative prison, pleading not guilty and refusing to testify. In May 1994, the “GKChP case” was discontinued due to the State Duma resolution “On declaring a political and economic amnesty.”
In December 1993, A.I. Lukyanov was elected to the State Duma in the Smolensk territorial electoral district. In December 1995 and December 1999, he was again elected as a deputy of the State Duma for this electoral district.
Since January 1996, A.I. Lukyanov is the chairman of the State Duma Committee on Legislation and Judicial Reform, and from January 2000 to April 2002 the chairman of the State Duma Committee on State Building.
Since June 1997, A.I. Lukyanov is also a deputy of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia. He is a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, heads the Central Advisory Council of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, full member of the Petrovsky Academy of Sciences and Arts, the International Academy of Information at the United Nations, and a member of the Writers' Union of Russia.
This biographical information is reprinted from the website http://constitution.garant.ru/about/sovet/lukjanov/
Read further:
To the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Comrade. Lukyanov A.I. October 5, 1990
Members of the governing bodies of the CPSU Central Committee(biographical index).
Perestroika(chronological table).
Destruction of the USSR: Characters and Performers.