Latin American countries after the end of the second world war. Latin America after World War II Presentation Latin America between the two wars
Geographical Location Geographical Location The United Mexican States is one of the largest states in Latin America. Its territory is 1958.2 thousand square kilometers. In terms of territory among the countries of the Western Hemisphere, Mexico ranks fifth. It borders the United States of America in the north, and Guatemala and Belize in the south. Mexico is a mountainous country, more than 50% of its territory is located above 1000 meters above sea level. The only plain is the Yucatan Peninsula; narrow lowlands also stretch along the ocean coasts. Water resources are distributed extremely unevenly, which, together with other factors, creates difficulties for agriculture. Many parts of Mexico are farmed. Many parts of Mexico are in need of irrigation. need irrigation. The country is rich in minerals: oil, gas, mercury, silver, zinc, lead, oil, gas, mercury, silver, zinc, lead, uranium and others. The explored reserves of oil are about 9.8 billion tons, natural gas is billions of cubic meters. Mexico, the world's largest producer of silver, ranks seventh in the world in the production of zinc, sulfur and salt, in the world in the production of zinc, sulfur and salt, and the fourth in lead and mercury. fourth - lead and mercury.
In terms of population, Mexico is the third country in the Western Hemisphere. In 1983. the population of the country totaled over 70 million people. The official language is Spanish, but in many remote areas, Indian languages are widespread. The capital of the country, Mexico City, is home to 12.7 million people. Together with nearby cities, Mexico City forms one of the largest urban conglomerations in the world, home to 20% of the country's population. It is the largest industrial center of Latin America; it and other cities in the Mexico Valley cover about 60% of the country's industrial potential. In terms of population, Mexico is the third country in the Western Hemisphere. In 1983. the population of the country totaled over 70 million people. The official language is Spanish, but in many remote areas, Indian languages are widespread. The capital of the country, Mexico City, is home to 12.7 million people. Together with nearby cities, Mexico City forms one of the largest urban conglomerations in the world, home to 20% of the country's population. It is the largest industrial center of Latin America; it and other cities in the Mexico Valley cover about 60% of the country's industrial potential.
Mexico is a federal republic of 31 states and a federal district. Supreme power is exercised by the president, who is the head of government. Mexico is a federal republic of 31 states and a federal district. Supreme power is exercised by the president, who is the head of government. Legislative power is vested in the National Congress, which consists of a Chamber of Deputies, elected for a term of three years, and a Senate, which elects two Senators from each state for a term of six years. Legislative power is vested in the National Congress, which consists of a Chamber of Deputies, elected for a term of three years, and a Senate, which elects two Senators from each state for a term of six years.
HISTORICAL OUTLINE The Spanish conquerors, who discovered the New World, captured Mexico in years. Mexico became a Spanish colony. The most severe colonial regime was established. Mexico has become the largest supplier of gold and silver to the metropolis. The Spanish conquerors, who discovered the New World, captured Mexico in years. Mexico became a Spanish colony. The most severe colonial regime was established. Mexico has become the largest supplier of gold and silver to the metropolis. A powerful revolutionary upsurge in the country came at the beginning of the 19th century. But the proclamation of the republic and the adoption of the constitution in 1821. did not stop the internal political struggle between conservatives and liberals. This led to an imbalance in power. Over seven years (biennium), more than 20 presidents have been replaced. One coup d'état followed another. A powerful revolutionary upsurge in the country came at the beginning of the 19th century. But the proclamation of the republic and the adoption of the constitution in 1821. did not stop the internal political struggle between conservatives and liberals. This led to an imbalance in power. Over seven years (biennium), more than 20 presidents have been replaced. One coup d'état followed another.
The United States took advantage of the internal struggle and instability in the country. In the mid-30s, the United States began its expansion southward. And as a result, the US took over 2.2 million square kilometers of Mexico. It contains the current North American states of Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico. The United States took advantage of the internal struggle and instability in the country. In the mid-30s, the United States began its expansion southward. And as a result, the US took over 2.2 million square kilometers of Mexico. It contains the current North American states of Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico. By the beginning of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Mexico (), foreign capital controlled the main industries. American and British companies have taken leading positions in the mining, oil and other industries. Mexico's oil fields have been exploited in the most predatory manner. Mexico moved to one of the first places in oil production, which in 1911 amounted to a thousand barrels. By the beginning of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Mexico (), foreign capital controlled the main industries. American and British companies have taken leading positions in the mining, oil and other industries. Mexico's oil fields have been exploited in the most predatory manner. Mexico moved to one of the first places in oil production, which in 1911 amounted to a thousand barrels.
The world economic crisis (years ago) sharply exacerbated class and social contradictions, intensified anti-imperialist sentiments in the country. A characteristic feature of the transformations in the 30s was the creation of a public sector of the economy, which was supposed to contribute to social change and the independent development of the country. The nationalization of oil and other measures aimed at independent development and the restriction of foreign capital caused discontent both within the country and abroad. But under the influence of the events connected with the outbreak of the Second World War, the dominant influence in the state was acquired by forces oriented towards closer ties with foreign and, above all, with American capital. The world economic crisis (years ago) sharply exacerbated class and social contradictions, intensified anti-imperialist sentiments in the country. A characteristic feature of the transformations in the 30s was the creation of a public sector of the economy, which was supposed to contribute to social change and the independent development of the country. The nationalization of oil and other measures aimed at independent development and the restriction of foreign capital caused discontent both within the country and abroad. But under the influence of the events connected with the outbreak of the Second World War, the dominant influence in the state was acquired by forces oriented towards closer ties with foreign and, above all, with American capital. In 1976. José Lopez Portillo (gg.) assumed the presidency. The government program was defined as follows: the appropriate distribution of wealth through the exercise of the right to work. But the reforms carried out by the government were not completed to the end. In 1976. José Lopez Portillo (gg.) assumed the presidency. The government program was defined as follows: the appropriate distribution of wealth through the exercise of the right to work. But the reforms carried out by the government were not completed to the end.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMY AND FEATURES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT Mexico is the most developed country in Latin America. In terms of GNP and industrial production, it ranks second in the region, second only to Brazil in terms of these indicators. So the average annual GDP growth from 1965 to 1970. was equal to 6.9%; in years. - 6.3%. During the world economic crisis years. this indicator decreased, and then in years. rose to%. Mexico is the most developed country in Latin America. In terms of GNP and industrial production, it ranks second in the region, second only to Brazil in terms of these indicators. So the average annual GDP growth from 1965 to 1970. was equal to 6.9%; in years. - 6.3%. During the world economic crisis years. this indicator decreased, and then in years. rose to%. And although Mexico's GDP has grown in the last ten years by more than 1.5 times, it is still noticeably lagging behind the developed capitalist countries in per capita income, and ranks third among Latin American countries after Argentina and Venezuela. And although Mexico's GDP has grown in the last ten years by more than 1.5 times, it is still noticeably lagging behind the developed capitalist countries in per capita income, and ranks third among Latin American countries after Argentina and Venezuela. Entering a new phase of its industrial development, Mexico used financial and material support from developed countries, primarily the United States. At the same time, specialization and cooperation were carried out on the basis of the gradual integration of the economic structures of Mexico with the economies of the developed capitalist countries. These factors have left a deep imprint on the economic development of Mexico, giving it a controversial character. Entering a new phase of its industrial development, Mexico used financial and material support from developed countries, primarily the United States. At the same time, specialization and cooperation were carried out on the basis of the gradual integration of the economic structures of Mexico with the economies of the developed capitalist countries. These factors have left a deep imprint on the economic development of Mexico, giving it a controversial character. In the post-war years, the structure of the GNP has undergone significant changes. The share of agriculture in it is constantly falling. So, in 1950. it was 23.8%, in 1970, and in 1978. - already 9.0%. The share of manufacturing is gradually increasing. However, in terms of manufacturing, Mexico is still far behind the developed capitalist countries. In terms of general indicators of economic development, Mexico is approaching a country like Spain, second only in terms of production per capita. In the post-war years, the structure of the GNP has undergone significant changes. The share of agriculture in it is constantly falling. So, in 1950. it was 23.8%, in 1970, and in 1978. - already 9.0%. The share of manufacturing is gradually increasing. However, in terms of manufacturing, Mexico is still far behind the developed capitalist countries. In terms of general indicators of economic development, Mexico is approaching a country like Spain, second only in terms of production per capita.
Characterizing the industry as a whole, it should be noted that 80.7% of all manufacturing enterprises are small-scale industries owned by national or private capital and using national technology. They mainly provide employment for the population. In 1960. small and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing industry accounted for 71.5% of all manufactured products and 79.5% of all employed in the industry. Characterizing the industry as a whole, it should be noted that 80.7% of all manufacturing enterprises are small-scale industries owned by national or private capital and using national technology. They mainly provide employment for the population. In 1960. small and medium-sized enterprises in the manufacturing industry accounted for 71.5% of all manufactured products and 79.5% of all employed in the industry. The state pursues a policy of stimulating medium and small industry, for which a Guarantee Fund for stimulating medium and small industry has been created. A preferential tax policy is being implemented with respect to these enterprises. In the plans of the country's industrial development, much attention is paid to small and medium-sized industries. According to data for 1970. There were 1007 large enterprises with 477 thousand employees, medium ones with 365 thousand employees and small ones with 628 thousand employees. The state pursues a policy of stimulating medium and small industry, for which a Guarantee Fund for stimulating medium and small industry has been created. A preferential tax policy is being implemented with respect to these enterprises. In the plans of the country's industrial development, much attention is paid to small and medium-sized industries. According to data for 1970. There were 1007 large enterprises with 477 thousand employees, medium ones with 365 thousand employees and small ones with 628 thousand employees. Investments in the economy are provided mainly by increasing public investment. Government investments in the economy and social infrastructure grew at a fairly high rate during the years. Investments in the economy are provided mainly by increasing public investment. Government investments in the economy and social infrastructure grew at a fairly high rate during the years. An important factor in the economic development of Mexico was the growth of labor productivity. While the employment of the population from 1960 to 1977. increased by 2.1 times, the value of GDP for the same period increased by 4.7 times. An important factor in the economic development of Mexico was the growth of labor productivity. While the employment of the population from 1960 to 1977. increased by 2.1 times, the value of GDP for the same period increased by 4.7 times.
In 1972. assets of foreign affiliates accounted for 52% of assets of the 300 largest enterprises in the manufacturing industry. However, the adoption in 1973. the law on the stimulation of national and the regulation of foreign investment prevented the further capitalization of the Mexican economy. The government's policy in regulating the activities of foreign capital allows local companies to enter into competition not entirely with TNCs, but only with its branches in the country. Although foreign subsidiaries have given up a controlling stake, their influence is felt everywhere, since 90% of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises use foreign technology, build their production on the basis of foreign equipment, brands and patents. In 1972. assets of foreign affiliates accounted for 52% of assets of the 300 largest enterprises in the manufacturing industry. However, the adoption in 1973. the law on the stimulation of national and the regulation of foreign investment prevented the further capitalization of the Mexican economy. The government's policy in regulating the activities of foreign capital allows local companies to enter into competition not entirely with TNCs, but only with its branches in the country. Although foreign subsidiaries have given up a controlling stake, their influence is felt everywhere, since 90% of large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises use foreign technology, build their production on the basis of foreign equipment, brands and patents.
But in spite of import substitution and Mexicanization, foreign investment and imports of goods continue to grow rapidly. Despite all efforts, the government failed to halt the rise in inflation. In 1976. prices for consumer goods increased by more than 1.5 times as compared to 1973. All this, combined with the global economic crisis, forced the government to abandon the stability of the Mexican peso. But in spite of import substitution and Mexicanization, foreign investment and imports of goods continue to grow rapidly. Despite all efforts, the government failed to halt the rise in inflation. In 1976. prices for consumer goods increased by more than 1.5 times as compared to 1973. All this, combined with the global economic crisis, forced the government to abandon the stability of the Mexican peso. The years were difficult for the Mexican economy. The revival began in the second half of 1978, private sector investment increased, and inflation declined. In 1979. GDP growth was 8%, employment increased by 7.6%. But agriculture found itself in a difficult position, the production of which decreased by 3.5%. The years were difficult for the Mexican economy. The revival began in the second half of 1978, private sector investment increased, and inflation declined. In 1979. GDP growth was 8%, employment increased by 7.6%. But agriculture found itself in a difficult situation, its production declining by 3.5%.
Industry of Mexico in the years. developed at a high pace. Oil production, production in the petrochemical complex, cement industry and mechanical engineering grew rapidly. Industry of Mexico in the years. developed at a high pace. Oil production, production in the petrochemical complex, cement industry and mechanical engineering grew rapidly. Mexico was the first in the capitalist world to nationalize the oil industry, having expropriated it in 1938. property of 17 foreign companies. It was transferred into the hands of the state organization Petroles mechikanos (Pemeks). Pemex is the backbone of the public sector of the economy, and the oil and oil refining industry has become an important sector of the economy, the revenues from which go to the development of other industries, infrastructure and agriculture. Mexico was the first in the capitalist world to nationalize the oil industry, having expropriated it in 1938. property of 17 foreign companies. It was transferred into the hands of the state organization Petroles mechikanos (Pemeks). Pemex is the backbone of the public sector of the economy, and the oil and oil refining industry has become an important sector of the economy, the revenues from which go to the development of other industries, infrastructure and agriculture. At the moment, much attention is paid to the development of the private sector in the Mexican economy. According to the decree of August 15, 1983. on the development and activities of the maquiladoras sector, enterprises of this type can be established everywhere. The decree provides for the possibility of establishing such enterprises in the export free zone under 100% foreign ownership, which puts them in a special condition compared to most foreign firms operating in Mexico, whose ownership in the share capital is limited to 49%. If in 1966. In Mexico, there were 12 enterprises of this type, which employed about 3 thousand people, then by the end of 1987. - already 1100 employing more than 300 thousand people. At the moment, much attention is paid to the development of the private sector in the Mexican economy. According to the decree of August 15, 1983. on the development and activities of the maquiladoras sector, enterprises of this type can be established everywhere. The decree provides for the possibility of establishing such enterprises in the export free zone under 100% foreign ownership, which puts them in a special condition compared to most foreign firms operating in Mexico, whose ownership in the share capital is limited to 49%. If in 1966. In Mexico, there were 12 enterprises of this type, which employed about 3 thousand people, then by the end of 1987. - already 1100 employing more than 300 thousand people.
FOREIGN TRADE AND FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Foreign trade in Mexico has always been of great importance. It is one of the main sources of foreign exchange, which is used to purchase equipment necessary for the development of industry and raw materials. Foreign trade in Mexico has always been of great importance. It is one of the main sources of foreign exchange, which is used to purchase equipment necessary for the development of industry and raw materials. A characteristic feature of foreign trade turnover for a long time was the chronic excess of imports over exports. A characteristic feature of foreign trade turnover for a long time was the chronic excess of imports over exports. The structure of imports indicates that the country buys mainly machinery, raw materials for industry, in some years food and consumer goods. In addition to the United States, major importers of Mexican products are Spain, Japan, Germany, Brazil and others. The structure of imports indicates that the country buys mainly machinery, raw materials for industry, in some years food and consumer goods. In addition to the United States, major importers of Mexican products are Spain, Japan, Germany, Brazil and others. In 1980. exports increased to 15.3 billion dollars, of which 10 billion were oil. In 1980. exports increased to 15.3 billion dollars, of which 10 billion were oil.
CONCLUSION Now the Mexican model is in crisis, so now the Mexican model is in crisis, since the country's economic success has turned out to be extremely contradictory. In particular, economic growth in Mexico has been accompanied by increased penetration of foreign capital. The dominant positions (about 60%) belong to the foreign capital of the USA, although in recent years the inflow of capital investments from Western Europe and Japan has significantly increased. Along with this, Mexico is increasingly resorting to external loans and credits, although export revenues do not cover financial obligations. How the country's economic success proved to be extremely controversial. In particular, economic growth in Mexico has been accompanied by increased penetration of foreign capital. The dominant positions (about 60%) belong to the foreign capital of the USA, although in recent years the inflow of capital investments from Western Europe and Japan has significantly increased. Along with this, Mexico is increasingly resorting to external loans and credits, although export revenues do not cover financial obligations. With the flow of petrodollars into the country, the government hopes to make a rapid leap in economic development, as well as to cope with unemployment. Mexico's external debt is $ 80 billion. Payments on government debt alone absorb 70% of oil sales. This led to multiple devaluations of the peso. With the flow of petrodollars into the country, the government hopes to make a rapid leap in economic development, as well as to cope with unemployment. Mexico's external debt is $ 80 billion. Payments on government debt alone absorb 70% of oil sales. This led to multiple devaluations of the peso. At the end of 1982. a change of government took place in Mexico. At the end of 1982. a change of government took place in Mexico. The new president, Megel de la Madrid, announced that he sees his main task in the strictest austerity, the fight against inflation and unemployment. The new president, Megel de la Madrid, announced that he sees his main task in the strictest austerity, the fight against inflation and unemployment. As a result of the adopted measures of economy, as well as restrictions on imports for the first four months of 1983. Mexico had a trade surplus of over $ 4 billion. Also, the increase in income was facilitated by the influx of tourists to the country. As a result of the adopted measures of economy, as well as restrictions on imports for the first four months of 1983. Mexico had a trade surplus of over $ 4 billion. Also, the increase in income was facilitated by the influx of tourists to the country. In June 1983. the government has unveiled the country's national development plan for years. The main goal of this plan is to slow down inflation and provide employment. Moreover, financing will rely more on internal reserves, and not on external loans. In June 1983. the government has unveiled the country's national development plan for years. The main goal of this plan is to slow down inflation and provide employment. Moreover, financing will rely more on internal reserves, and not on external loans. Now in power is President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, who continues to implement the reforms of Miguel da la Madrid. Now in power is President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, who continues to implement the reforms of Miguel da la Madrid.
Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil Brazil is the largest state in South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean. It shares borders with French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay. Brazil is the largest state in South America. Washed by the Atlantic Ocean. It shares borders with French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Uruguay.
The area is 8.5 million km2. The area is 8.5 million km2. Population, 1 thousand people (2006, fifth place in the world). Population, 1 thousand people (2006, fifth place in the world). The official language is Portuguese. The official language is Portuguese. Date of Independence Proclaimed September 7, 1822 Recognized on August 29, 1825 Date of Independence Proclaimed September 7, 1822 Recognized on August 29, 1825 President Luis Inácio Lula da Silva President Luis Inácio Lula da Silva Official language Portuguese Official language Portuguese Currency Real (BRL ) Real Currency (BRL)
State structure State structure Presidential federal republic. Federation of 26 states and the Federal (metropolitan) district. The head of state and government is the president. The legislature is bicameral National Congress. Consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Presidential federal republic. Federation of 26 states and the Federal (metropolitan) district. The head of state and government is the president. The legislature is bicameral National Congress. Consists of the Federal Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.
The population of St. 95% of the population is Brazilian, a nation formed by the mixture of Portuguese and other European settlers with Aboriginal Indians and black slaves. In terms of ethnic composition, whites make up 54%, mulattos 38.5% and blacks 6%. The Indians inhabited mainly the interior regions of the Basin. 95% of the population is Brazilian, a nation formed by the mixing of Portuguese and other European settlers with Aboriginal Indians and Negro slaves. In terms of ethnic composition, whites make up 54%, mulattos 38.5% and blacks 6%. The Indians inhabit mainly the inner regions of the river basin. Amazon. The average population density is 21.4 people / km2. In the northeast, southeast and south of the country, St. 90% of the population, including approx. 50% of the population lives on the narrow strip of the Atlantic coast, which makes up 8% of the country's territory. Urban population 78% (1995). More than half of the country's population is young people under the age of 20. People over 50 make up only 10%. R. Amazon. The average population density is 21.4 people / km2. In the northeast, southeast and south of the country, St. 90% of the population, including approx. 50% of the population lives on the narrow strip of the Atlantic coast, which makes up 8% of the country's territory. Urban population 78% (1995). More than half of the country's population is young people under the age of 20. People over 50 make up only 10%.
Politics According to the form of government, Brazil is a constitutional republic, the head of the executive branch is the president, who is elected for a term of 4 years with the right of subsequent re-election. According to the form of government, Brazil is a constitutional republic, the head of the executive branch is the president, who is elected for 4 years with the right of subsequent re-election. The highest legislative body is the National Congress, which consists of two chambers: the Federal Senate (81 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (513 seats). The highest legislative body is the National Congress, which consists of two chambers: the Federal Senate (81 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies (513 seats). The highest judiciary is the Supreme Federal Court, which is responsible for the correct interpretation and application of the Brazilian Constitution. The highest judiciary is the Supreme Federal Court, which is responsible for the correct interpretation and application of the Brazilian Constitution.
Relief In the north of the country is the Amazonian Lowland (Amazon), a vast valley of one of the largest rivers in the world. In the north, it gradually turns into the hilly plains of the northern part of the Guiana Plateau (height m, individual peaks up to 1200 m), surrounded by steep rocks along the state border. Almost the entire remaining territory of the country is occupied by the Brazilian Highlands, which rises to the south and north east and drops abruptly to the narrow edge of the Atlantic coastal lowland. In the west, the accumulative lowland of the upper reaches of the Paraguay Pantanal River enters the territory of Brazil. In the north of the country is the Amazonian Lowland (Amazon), a vast valley of one of the largest rivers in the world. In the north, it gradually turns into the hilly plains of the northern part of the Guiana Plateau (height m, individual peaks up to 1200 m), surrounded by steep rocks along the state border. Almost the entire remaining territory of the country is occupied by the Brazilian Highlands, which rises to the south and north east and drops abruptly to the narrow edge of the Atlantic coastal lowland. In the west, the accumulative lowland of the upper reaches of the Paraguay Pantanal River enters the territory of Brazil.
Iguazu Falls Iguacu (Iguacu), a waterfall on the border of Argentina and Brazil, on the river. Iguazu, 26 km from the place where it flows into the river. Parana. It falls into the gorge from two sheer basalt steps in 275 jets and streams, separated by rocky islands. The total height is 72 m, the width is 2700 m. Iguacu, a waterfall on the border of Argentina and Brazil, on the river. Iguazu, 26 km from the place where it flows into the river. Parana. It falls into the gorge from two sheer basalt steps in 275 jets and streams, separated by rocky islands. Total height 72 m, width 2700 m.
Vegetation and soil Brazil is dominated by forests on red lateritic (ferralite) soils. In terms of hardwood reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. Dense humid equatorial evergreen forests of gilea, or selva, with valuable tree species (over 4,000 species) occupy the western part of the Amazon; podzolic laterite soils are widespread beneath them. Brazil is dominated by forests on red laterite (ferralite) soils. In terms of hardwood reserves, Brazil ranks first in the world. Dense humid equatorial evergreen forests of gilea, or selva, with valuable tree species (over 4,000 species) occupy the western part of the Amazon; podzolic laterite soils are widespread beneath them.
Fauna Brazil is believed to have a higher number of both terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates than any other country in the world. This high diversity of fauna can be explained by the significant size of the country, as well as the large variation in the types of its ecosystems. Brazil has the largest number of primate species of any country, about 77 species, the largest number of freshwater fish species (over 3,000 species). It ranks second in the number of amphibian species, the third in the number of bird species, and the fifth in the number of reptile species. Many of the species are under threat, especially those that live in ecosystems that are now largely destroyed, such as the Atlantic forest. Brazil is believed to have a higher number of both terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates than any other country in the world. This high diversity of fauna can be explained by the significant size of the country, as well as the large variation in the types of its ecosystems. Brazil has the largest number of primate species of any country, about 77 species, the largest number of freshwater fish species (over 3,000 species). It ranks second in the number of amphibian species, the third in the number of bird species, and the fifth in the number of reptile species. Many of the species are under threat, especially those that live in ecosystems that are now largely destroyed, such as the Atlantic forest.
Climate Brazil has a hot climate. The average monthly temperature ranges from 16 to 29 ° C; only in the high eastern massifs the average July temperature is from 12 to 14 ° C; frosts are possible. But the precipitation regime and the types of climate are different. In the west of the Amazon, the equatorial humid climate, in the east of the Amazon and the adjacent gentle slopes of the Guiana and Brazilian plateaus, is subequatorial with a dry period of up to 34 months. The center of the Brazilian Highlands and the Pantanal have a subequatorial humid climate; in the north-east of the plateau, the amount of precipitation decreases to 500 mm or less per year, and it rains extremely irregularly: this is an area of frequent and prolonged droughts. On the eastern border, the climate is tropical trade wind, hot and humid, with a short dry season. In the south of the plateau a constantly humid climate, tropical on the Parana plateau and subtropical in the elevated eastern regions to the south from 24 °. Brazil has a hot climate. The average monthly temperature ranges from 16 to 29 ° C; only in the high eastern massifs the average July temperature is from 12 to 14 ° C; frosts are possible. But the precipitation regime and the types of climate are different. In the west of the Amazon, the equatorial humid climate, in the east of the Amazon and the adjacent gentle slopes of the Guiana and Brazilian plateaus, is subequatorial with a dry period of up to 34 months. The center of the Brazilian Highlands and the Pantanal have a subequatorial humid climate; in the north-east of the plateau, the amount of precipitation decreases to 500 mm or less per year, and it rains extremely irregularly: this is an area of frequent and prolonged droughts. On the eastern border, the climate is tropical trade wind, hot and humid, with a short dry season. In the south of the plateau a constantly humid climate, tropical on the Parana plateau and subtropical in the elevated eastern regions to the south from 24 °.
Culture The culture of Brazil began to take shape and continues to shape today as a mixture of the diverse historical traditions of the peoples that make up the Brazilian nation. The culture of Brazil began to take shape and is still shaping up to this day as a mixture of the diverse historical traditions of the peoples that make up the Brazilian nation. The most popular music and type of dance is sambo. The most popular music and type of dance is sambo. Brazilian dancers have always carefully studied and used the dance discoveries and traditions of the largest schools in the world, while simultaneously combining them with the national identity of dance, which has created a truly inexhaustible source for creativity and self-expression. Among the most famous dance schools in Brazil are the ballet Stagium and the Grupo Corpo. Brazilian dancers have always carefully studied and used the dance discoveries and traditions of the largest schools in the world, while simultaneously combining them with the national identity of dance, which has created a truly inexhaustible source for creativity and self-expression. Among the most famous dance schools in Brazil are the ballet Stagium and the Grupo Corpo. Contemporary Brazilian cuisine is a gastronomic synthesis influenced by European, primarily Portuguese, Indian and African culinary traditions. Contemporary Brazilian cuisine is a gastronomic synthesis influenced by European, primarily Portuguese, Indian and African culinary traditions. The most popular sport in Brazil is soccer and many of its varieties (mini-soccer, beach soccer, etc.) 74% of the country's population is in one way or another passionate about this sport. The Brazilian national team has become the world champion 5 times more often than others. The most popular sport in Brazil is soccer and many of its varieties (mini-soccer, beach soccer, etc.) 74% of the country's population is in one way or another passionate about this sport. The Brazilian national team has become the world champion 5 times more often than others.
Historical background The name of the country comes from the Portuguese name for a valuable species of mahogany. The Indians who have inhabited the territory of Brazil since ancient times belonged to the primitive tribes. At the beginning of the 16th century. Brazil was conquered by the Portuguese conquistadors, who destroyed most of the indigenous population. Negro slaves were used for labor on the plantations. As a result of the liberation movement in 1822, Brazil was proclaimed an independent empire (since 1889 a federal republic). Slavery persisted until 1888. Since the end of the 19th century. English and North American capital penetrated into Brazil. End of the 19th century marked by the struggle of the peasantry for land. In the period after World War II, the positions of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany strengthened in the Brazilian economy. After the military coup in 1964, the military was in power until 1985. In 1993, a referendum was held in Brazil, as a result of which preference was given to the republican rule headed by the president, and right-wing forces came to power. The main social problem of the country is the stratification of society into the very poor and the very rich, with virtually no "middle class". Therefore, society did not support the reforms of the right-wing government, which followed the instructions of the International Monetary Fund, and in the presidential elections in 2002, the leftist candidate LI Lulu da Silva won. His government has managed to stabilize inflation and achieve significant social success. Nonetheless, da Silva struggled to defeat a right-wing opponent in the second round in 2006. The name of the country comes from the Portuguese name for a valuable species of mahogany. The Indians who have inhabited the territory of Brazil since ancient times belonged to the primitive tribes. At the beginning of the 16th century. Brazil was conquered by the Portuguese conquistadors, who destroyed most of the indigenous population. Negro slaves were used for labor on the plantations. As a result of the liberation movement in 1822, Brazil was proclaimed an independent empire (since 1889 a federal republic). Slavery persisted until 1888. Since the end of the 19th century. English and North American capital penetrated into Brazil. End of the 19th century marked by the struggle of the peasantry for land. In the period after World War II, the positions of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany strengthened in the Brazilian economy. After the military coup in 1964, the military was in power until 1985. In 1993, a referendum was held in Brazil, as a result of which preference was given to the republican rule headed by the president, and right-wing forces came to power. The main social problem of the country is the stratification of society into the very poor and the very rich, with virtually no "middle class". Therefore, society did not support the reforms of the right-wing government, which followed the instructions of the International Monetary Fund, and in the presidential elections in 2002, the leftist candidate LI Lulu da Silva won. His government has managed to stabilize inflation and achieve significant social success. Nonetheless, da Silva struggled to defeat a right-wing opponent in the second round in 2006.
Questions 1 - 5
Exercise 1
They gained national independence in the 19th century.
Post-World War II - Economic
rise due to military immigration
criminals and capital from Europe
National dependence on the United States
The basis of the economy is the development of export
agricultural commodity economy (Cuba - sugar, Chile - copper and saltpeter, Brazil - coffee, etc.)
Agriculture is dominated by large
land holdings
Latin American countries after World War II
Urbanization through social programs is notaffects the development of industry (?)
Low living standards for the most part
population
Religiosity. Hispanics - half
Catholics of the world
Instability of political life -
coups d'état, military regimes,
extremist groups, influence
drug mafia, partisan movement
Latin American countries in the 1950-60s
Agrarian revolutions:- land is redistributed taking into account interests
peasants
- foreign agricultural
company
growth of the revolutionary movement:
1955 - the overthrow of the military regime in Argentina
1958 - revolution in Cuba
1962 - revolution in Bolivia
Latin American countries in the 1970s and 1980s
growth of the revolutionary movement:1978 - civil war in Nicaragua
1979 - communist coup in Granada
1980 - Civil War in El Salvador
Reforms in Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, Panama,
Ecuador, Chile:
- Carrying out industrialization
- Nationalization of the extractive industry
- Tourism development
Latin American countries in the 1980s
in Latin American countries-
democratic regimes. 1980 - Peru, 1982 - Bolivia, 1983 - Argentina, 1985 - Brazil,
Guatemala, Honduras, Uruguay, 1989 - El Salvador and
Paraguay, 1990 - Chile, and by 1992 in all others,
except Cuba
participation in the international division of labor
solving the problem of public finance at the expense of
privatization of the public sector
the economy is socially oriented
external debt decreases
Brazil, Argentina, Mexico came close to the group
industrialized countries.
International organizations of developing countries
P. 255 task 2Find the indicated
international organizations and indicate:
- Date of creation
- Full name and abbreviation
- Purpose of creation
- 1. Latin America in the middle of the twentieth century. Agrarian reforms and industrialization. Revolution in Cuba. Cuba's transition to socialism. Ernesto Che Guevara. Civil wars. Reforms of the 50-70s. "Popular Unity" reforms in Chile. 1973 military coup in Chile. Dictatorial regimes. Transition to democracy.
- 2. In the middle of the twentieth century. Latin America lagged significantly behind the United States in its development. The population of the continent was agrarian, the land was owned by landowners. Many residents were ruined. Each country had 1-2 export resources: Cuba - sugar, Chile - copper and saltpeter, Brazil - coffee, etc., but the profit went to foreign companies. Real power belonged to their henchmen. Reed plantation in Cuba.
- 3. From this layer of oligarchs, state bodies were formed. The population supported the oligarchs, because was dependent on them. Military dictatorships were established in a number of countries with the support of the United States. It was possible to get rid of political and economic crises either through reforms or through a revolution. Demonstration in Argentina in support of the civilian president.
- 4. In the 50-60s. agrarian revolutions took place in a number of countries: land was redistributed between landlords and peasants. In 1954, the United Fruit was nationalized by the government in Guatemala. In response, the US invaded the country and overthrew the Arbenz government. This led to a rise in revolutionary sentiment on the continent. Mexico, having begun industrialization, received funds for it through the development of tourism from the United States. Banana plantation in Guatemala.
- 5. In Argentina in the 40-50s. ruled by General Juan Peron. He relied on the army and trade unions. Peron's popularity was promoted by his wife Evita. Peron carried out industrialization, hurting the interests of the United States. As a result, in 1955 he was overthrown. In the 1960s. The United States changed its policy on the continent - it began to help industrial development, fearing the influence of the Cuban revolution. Evita Peron
- 6. Cuba began the struggle for true independence from the United States back in the 30s. In 1952, as a result of a coup, F. Bautista came to power. On July 26, 1953, the Democrats headed by F. Castro came out against the dictatorship. They were arrested and expelled from the country. In December 1956, Castro and his comrades disembarked from the Granma yacht and began an armed struggle. Jose Marti is the national hero of Cuba.
- 7. Supporters of the partisans joined the July 16 movement. At the end of 1958, Castro sent rebel troops led by Che Guevara and Sienfuegos to Havana. Bautista's troops were unable to stop them and the ruling regime was completely demoralized. On January 1, 1959, a general strike broke out in the country, Bautista fled the country, and Castro's troops solemnly entered Havana. Fidel Castro
- 8. After coming to power, Castro began the agrarian revolution and the nationalization of foreign companies. This displeased the United States and Cuba turned to the USSR for help. The United States supported the opponents of the regime inside the country with the landing of Cuban counterrevolutionary troops on Playa Giron in April 1961, but the attempted counterrevolutionary coup failed. F. Castro's speech at a rally in Havana.
- 9. Soon Castro announced that his goal was to build socialism in Cuba. In the village, the land was transferred to state farms. New branches were created in industry with the help of the USSR. Cuba has created the best healthcare system on the continent and eliminated illiteracy. After the collapse of the USSR, Cuba found itself in a difficult economic situation and political isolation. At a tobacco factory.
- 10. Che Guevara was originally from Argentina. Despite asthma, he traveled extensively and conquered the disease. Carried away by the ideas of Lenin, Che met Castro and took an active part in the Cuban revolution. Che was a supporter of rapprochement with the USSR, but after the Cuban missile crisis, he came up with the idea of dragging imperialism into wars that were beyond its strength and went to Bolivia. Ernesto Che Guevara
- 11. Conditions in Bolivia were different from Cuban - in 1962-1964. here a revolution took place, reforms were carried out. Then a dictatorship was established in the country, but the dictator maintained good relations with the peasants. Che Guevara's ideas turned out to be incomprehensible to the Bolivians. In October 1967, Che Guevara was captured and shot. Guerrilla - guerrilla warfare
- 12. The dictator of Samos ruled in Nicaragua. Under the influence of the Cuban Revolution, the partisan struggle of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FLN) began here. In 1978, the police killed the liberal leader P. Chamoro and an uprising began in the country. In July, the rebels occupied Managua and the country was led by D. Ortega. The society split into its supporters and opponents - the contras. Sandinistas in Nicaragua
- 13. The Sandinistas were supported by Cuba, and the Contras by the United States. The Sandinista victory intensified the struggle in neighboring countries. In 1979, power in Granada passed into the hands of M. Bishop, who professed communist views. In 1980, civil war broke out in El Salvador. But the United States intervened in the events. In 1983, they invaded Granada and suppressed the revolution. F. Castro and D. Ortega
- 14. A number of politicians in Latin America believed that it was necessary to bring countries out of the crisis through reforms. In Peru, Panama, Ecuador and Bolivia, the military seized power and began reforms. They gave land to the peasants, confiscated foreign property, and began industrialization. This led to the flight of foreign capital and the rise in inflation. The reformists were removed from power. But Peru and Panama have strengthened their economic self-sufficiency. Homeless people in Bolivia
- 15. In 1970, S. Allende, leader of the Socialist Party and Popular Unity, won the presidential elections in Chile. Soon he began reforms - he indexed wages, accelerated the agrarian reform, and carried out a number of social programs. The opposition supported these actions of the government, so there were no disagreements with the parliament. Salvador Allende
- 16. In July 1971. parliament nationalized mines, mines and power plants. Western companies began to withdraw their capital from the country. Then Allende defaulted. This led to difficulties within the country. State monopolies turned out to be ineffective, inflation began, and disagreements began with parliament. Allende rejected his idea to transfer the factories to labor collectives. Copper mine near Lanin volcano
- 17. As a result of the reforms, the situation of the population has deteriorated. Strikes and rallies swept across the country. General Pinochet, who became Chief of the General Staff, distinguished himself in their dispersal. Allende decided to rely on the communists and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, but parliament and trade unions were opposed. Allende announced that the army was the only legitimate force and dismissed the workers' cordons. The storming of the presidential palace of La Moneda
- 18. In August 1973, Carlos Prats was dismissed, loyal to the Constitution and Pinochet became commander-in-chief. On September 11, 1973, he launched a putsch. Allende's supporters in the army were arrested. The junta came to power in the country. Troops stormed the presidential palace of La Moneda. During the assault, President Allende was killed. Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet
- 19. In the 70s. authoritarian dictatorships were established in the countries of South America. They defended the interests of American capital. Pinochet began his reign with massive repression. Concentration camps arose in the country, in which 30 thousand people died, incl. V. Khara is a famous singer. Many opposition figures have emigrated. Argentine dictator Jorge Videla
- 20. In 1975, Pinochet began reforms. Property was returned to foreigners, state property was privatized. The profits flowed abroad, the population found itself in poverty. Foreign monopolies, fearing the arbitrariness of the military, were in no hurry to invest their capital in Chile. In 1978. the national currency collapsed, the country's debt reached 20 billion, unemployment covered a third of the population. Two-faced Pinochet. Collage "Pari match"
- 21. In these conditions, Pinochet was forced to go for democratization. In 1988, as a result of a referendum on confidence in the president, he resigned, having received personal immunity. This led to the import of foreign capital into the country. Small and medium business revived, but the global financial crisis hit the Chilean economy hard. Chilean President R. Lagos takes over from E. Frey
- 22. In the 90s. Attempts were made to bring Pinochet to justice. In the countries of South America, the process of democratization began with the aim of bringing the economy out of the crisis. In 1983, the Argentine junta tried to consolidate its position with a “small victorious war”. But, having suffered defeat, the dictatorship fell. In 1985, elections in Brazil and Uruguay brought Democrats to power. Pinochet at the trial
Latin America in the second half of Latin America in the second half of XX - early XXI century. During the war, Latin America becomes a source of goods for the belligerent Europe, which boosted its economy. Production output in 1958 exceeded the pre-war level by 3 times. An important role in this was played by the national reformist parties in the 40-50s. They were often populist parties and movements such as Peronism in Argentina. February 1946 was elected president. 1. Nationalization of foreign property 2. Adopted plans for economic development 3. Adopted labor legislation 4. Improved the position of workers.
Juan Peron
1973-1974 Rally in Buenos Aires in support of Eve and Juan Peron. National reformism and modernization Import substitution industrialization is a policy of encouraging the production of those goods and products that were previously imported into the country. National reformist way of Mexico Features of a democratic regime:
- Strong presidential power
- The policy of concessions to the labor movement
- Agrarian reform Conclusion: The growth of economic ties led Mexico to participate in the integration system of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).