In houses with stove heating, it is necessary to pay attention to the fulfillment of fire safety requirements both during the installation of stoves and during their operation.

Fires most often occur due to overheating of stoves, when cracks appear in the brickwork as a result of the use of flammable and flammable liquids for kindling, falling out of the furnace or ash pan of burning coals.

The reason for the appearance of cracks and overheating of the walls of chimneys may be the burning of soot accumulating in the chimneys. Building codes require any stove to meet fire safety requirements.

The rules for operating the ovens are very simple. It should be emphasized that most often fires occur when stoves are left unattended while they are being fired.

In severe frosts, stoves are often heated for a long time, as a result of which individual parts of the stove are overheated. If these parts come into contact with the wooden structures of the building, then the fire will not be a refuge. Therefore, it is recommended to heat the stove two to three times a day, no more than 1.5 hours, rather than once for a long time.

Do not use flammable and combustible liquids when lighting the stove. Such cases are rare, but they usually lead to burns and deaths.

Hay and other combustible materials must not be stored in attics.

Do not dispose of untouched coals and ash near buildings.

Before the start of the heating season, you need to check the health of the stove and chimney, repair them, clean the soot, seal the cracks with clay-sand mortar, whitewash the chimney in the attic and above the roof (this is necessary for visual control and detection of cracks during operation).

It is necessary to remind about the categorical prohibition of leaving young children with heating stoves without adult supervision.

The firebox is laid out of refractory bricks.

Homeowners should clean up indoor stove chimneys at least once every two months. Furniture and other combustible objects must not be placed closer than 0.7 m from the firing stove, and from the furnace openings - not less than 1.25 m.

It is the responsibility of the homeowner to repair the stove, and the laying of the stove must be done by a qualified technician.

To fold the stove is a science.

Recently, the scale of construction of private houses has increased, and the number of heating stoves, arranged where there are no local heating systems and gas pipelines, has also increased. It's no secret that in practice, in newly built and reconstructed residential buildings with stove heating, there are many disadvantages that threaten with fire.

Pipes must be vertical without ledges, made only of clay bricks with walls at least 120 mm thick or heat-resistant concrete at least 60 mm thick. The minimum section of the chimney duct is 140x140 mm. The use of asbestos-cement pipes is prohibited. Chimneys should be removed above the roof of higher buildings attached to a house with stove heating. Cutting is a thickening of the wall of a furnace or a smoke channel (pipe) at the point of contact with a building structure made of combustible or non-combustible material.

The chimney provides normal draft if its height is at least 5 m, counting from the level of the grate.

In the places where the pipe passes through the ceilings, a fire-prevention horizontal cut is made, which is a thickening of the pipe walls. Another thickening of the pipe walls is done above the roof. This device is called an otter. The otter protects the attic from rain and snow from entering through the cracks between the chimney and the roof. The slits are closed with a sheet steel collar, one edge of which is tucked into an otter. The pipe ends with a cornice head with two projections. The laying of the pipe within the attic is carried out on clay mortar, above the roof - on cement or lime. When determining the height of the chimney above the roof, it is necessary to be guided by the following:

a) if the chimney is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge
roofs horizontally, it is taken out 0.5 m above the ridge;

b) if the pipe is within 1.5-3 m from the ridge, it is taken out to
ridge level, but not lower than 0.5 m from the roof surface;

Sometimes umbrellas and metal caps are arranged over the head of the chimney. But these devices in winter create favorable conditions for condensation of water vapor and icing. It is best to cover the head with a layer of cement mortar, with a slope to the outside.

The dimensions of the cuts of stoves and smoke channels, taking into account the thickness of the stove wall, should be taken - 500 mm to wooden structures. It is impossible to support or rigidly connect the cutting of the furnace to the building structure. Fume extraction into ventilation ducts is not allowed. The distance between the top of the stove ceiling, made of three rows of bricks, and the wooden ceiling protected with plaster, should be at least 250 mm for stoves with intermittent fireboxes and 700 mm for long-burning stoves, and with an unprotected ceiling, respectively - 350 and 1000 mm. For ovens with an overlap of two rows of bricks, the indicated distances increase by 1.5 times. The distance from the outer surfaces of the chimneys to the rafters, battens and other parts of the roof must be at least 130 mm clear.

For connection of stoves to chimneys, nozzles with a length of no more than 0.4 m are provided, subject to a number of additional conditions. The use of various horizontal chimneys ("hogs") is prohibited.

The stove must be installed indoors in compliance with the standard deviation, that is, the distance from the outer surface of the stove or chimney to a wooden wall or partition, which depends on the design of the stove and the security of the walls (partitions), should be from 200 to 500 mm.

With gas heating, the chimney arrangement must fully comply with the above requirements, as for conventional heating stoves.

1. Fire hazard of stove heating

The fire hazard of stove heating consists in the presence of high temperatures on the surface of the elements of the stove (walls, nozzles, pipes), which can be a source of ignition of combustible materials and combustible structures of buildings. The temperature on the surface of the elements of non-heat-consuming furnaces depends on the type of fuel burned, the mode of combustion of the furnaces and can reach more than 600 ° C.

The temperature in the firebox of heat-intensive stoves can be more than 1000 ° С, and in the chimney in the area of ​​the interfloor overlap - 500 ° С. The degree of heating of the side surfaces and overlap of the furnace, as well as the smoke channels, depends on the thickness of the walls, the type and amount of fuel burned and the duration of combustion.

Furnace elements heated to high temperatures can be a source of ignition for materials in the room and building combustion structures (walls, partitions, ceilings, roofs) if they are adjacent to the surfaces of furnaces or smoke channels.

A fire can also occur as a result of the impact of flames, flue gases and sparks on combustible materials and structures through cracks and leaks in the masonry of stoves and smoke channels, furnace openings. Possible reasons for the formation of cracks are the wrong choice of material for the masonry of furnaces and channels, uneven settlement of the building and furnaces after the end of construction, poor-quality masonry.

The causes of fires from stove heating can be the absence or insufficient size of the cuts, indentation and distances between the heated surfaces of the elements of the stove and combustible (hardly combustible) building structures, the operation of faulty stoves, smoke channels and cuts, violation of the rules for the safe operation of stoves, overheating stoves, etc. ...

2. Fire safety requirements for the operation of furnace heating

In order to avoid a fire at objects with stove heating, citizens need to inspect stoves before the start of the heating season, including:

• whitewashing chimneys and walls;
• cleaning the chimneys of stoves from soot;
• ensure the presence of a pre-furnace plate made of non-combustible material with a size of at least 0.5 x 0.7 meters;
• ensure the availability of the required fire-fighting cuts (indentation) from combustible structures;
• follow the instructions (instructions) of manufacturers for metal and other factory-made furnaces.

When operating the ovens, it is prohibited:

• leave heating stoves unattended;
• entrusting the supervision of the ovens to children;
• leave children unattended in the room where the stove is heated;
• place fuel, other combustible substances and materials on the pre-combustion sheet;
• use gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel and other flammable and combustible liquids to ignite stoves;
• overheat ovens;
• place racks, showcases, counters, cabinets and other combustible materials at a distance of less than 0.7 meters from stoves, and less than 1.25 meters from furnace openings;
• dispose of ash and slag from furnaces near buildings.

Tags:
A building with a mass stay of people is a building in which 50 or more people are at the same time. The height of premises in buildings with large numbers of people fluctuates. from 3 to 9 m and more. Corridors in buildings with a mass presence of people are the main horizontal communications that provide communication between rooms within a floor, as well as paths from rooms to stairs.

The minimum width of corridors for mass traffic is taken 1,5 m (clean) and minor (with a length of 10 m) 1.25 m, B real fire conditions, the main factors causing loss of consciousness or death of people are; direct contact with flame, high

temperature, lack of oxygen, the presence of carbon monoxide and other toxic substances in the smoke, mechanical stress. The most dangerous are the lack of oxygen and the presence of toxic substances, because about 50-60% of deaths in fires occur from poisoning and asphyxiation.

Experience shows that in closed rooms a decrease in oxygen concentration in some cases is possible after 1-2 minutes from the start of the fire. A particular danger to human life in fires is the impact on their body of flue gases containing toxic products of combustion and decomposition of various substances and materials. Thus, the concentration of carbon monoxide in smoke in the amount of 0.05% is dangerous to human life.

In some cases, flue gases: gases contain sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocyanic acid and other toxic substances, short-term exposure to which is fatal.

The potential danger to human life from the combustion product of synthetic polymeric materials is extremely high.

Hazardous concentrations can explode even when thermally oxidized and small amounts of synthetic polymer materials are destroyed,

Taking into account the fact that synthetic polymer materials make up more than 50% of all materials in modern premises, it is easy to see what kind of danger they pose to people in a fire.

Dangerous for the day of life of people is also the effect on them of high temperature:

combustion products not only in the burning room, but also in the rooms adjacent to the burning one. The excess of the temperature of the heated gases over the temperature of the human body in such conditions leads to thermal shock. Already when the temperature of the human skin rises to 42-46 ° C, pain (burning) appears - the temperature of the environment 60-70 ° C is an dangerous to human life, especially with significant humidity and inhalation of hot gases, and at temperatures above 100 ° C, loss of consciousness occurs and death occurs after a few minutes.

No less dangerous than high temperature is the effect of thermal radiation on the open surfaces of the human body - Tax thermal radiation

intensity of 1.1-1.4 kW / m2 causes in man the same sensations as the temperature 42-46 ° С,

The critical irradiation intensity is considered to be an intensity equal to 4,2 kW / m 2. For comparison, (Table 1) shows data on the time during which a person is able to tolerate heat exposure to an unprotected brushes hands at different intensities of irradiation.

Heat flux density, kWg / m 2	Permissible time of stay of people, mni	Required protection of people	The degree of heat exposure to human skin
1	2	3	4
3,0	not limited	without protection	Painful sensations
4,2	not limited	In combat clothes and helmets	Unbearable pain after 20s
7>0	5	too	Unbearable pain that occurs instantly
8,5	5	In combat clothes soaked in water and helmets with protective glass	Burns after 30 s
10,5	5	The same, but protected by water spray or water curtains	Instant burns
14,0	5	In a heat-reflective suit protected by water jets or curtains	too
35,0	1	The same, but with means of individual protection	death

table 1
People are even more in danger when they are directly exposed to fire, for example, when the paths of salvation are cut off by fire. In some cases, the rate of spread of a fire can be so high that it is very difficult to save a person caught in a fire or it is impossible without special protection (irrigation with water, protective clothing). Burning clothes on a person also leads to serious consequences. If the flame is not removed from clothing in a timely manner, then a person can get burns, which usually cause death. Finally, a great danger in a fire is panic, which is a sudden, unaccountable, uncontrollable fear that takes possession of a mass of people.

It arises from an unexpected danger. People are immediately afraid in the face of the formidable verse. Consciousness and will are suppressed by the impression of a fire, by the impossibility of immediately finding a way out of an admitted situation.

To save people, first of all, the shortest and safest paths are chosen.

The methods of rescuing people are determined depending on the situation at the fire and the condition of people who need help. The main ways to save people are; independent exit of people; withdrawal of people accompanied by firefighters; taking out people; descent of those rescued from a height,

In most cases, having noticed a danger, people leave the premises even before the arrival of fire brigades.

When the escape routes are smoky or unknown to those being rescued and, in addition, the condition and age of those being rescued raise doubts about the possibility of an independent exit from the danger zone (people are in a state of strong nervous excitement or are they children, sick, elderly), then they organize the withdrawal of the rescued.

The removal of people from the danger zone is carried out when people cannot move independently (lost consciousness, young children, disabled people, etc.) -

The descent of the rescued from a height is carried out in cases where the rescue paths are cut off by fire and other methods cannot be applied. For this, as mentioned above, stationary, mobile and portable ladders, articulated lifts, rescue ropes and other devices are used. In some cases, the rescue method can be used in combination. For example, an independent exit to a certain place and then an exit accompanied by firefighters; taking people to the roof or balcony and lowering them from a height with using retractable ladders "rescue ropes, helicopters, etc.

To stop burning, the following methods are used:

· Isolation of the combustion center from atmospheric oxygen (for most combustible substances, when the oxygen concentration is less than 14%, the combustion process stops);

· Cooling the combustion zone to a temperature below the autoignition temperature;

· Cooling of the burning material below the ignition temperature;

· Dilution of burning materials with non-flammable substances;

· Braking (inhibition) of the burning rate;

· Mechanical knocking down of the flame in the combustion center;

· Isolation of combustible substances from the combustion zone, etc.

Water is the cheapest and most widely used fire extinguishing agent. Water has a high heat capacity and a significant increase in volume during vaporization (1 liter of water forms 1700 liters of steam).

Water is used to extinguish the combustion of solid combustible substances, create water curtains and cool objects (machines, structures, etc.) located near the combustion center.

Water must not be used to extinguish equipment that is energized by electric current. A low effect is observed when extinguishing oil products with water.

The spray water jet is more effective in extinguishing fires, especially when extinguishing flammable liquids. When surfactants (wetting agents) are added to the water, the water consumption is reduced by up to 2.5 times.

Foam extinguishing is more effective, since the foam cover shields the combustible substance from the heat of the combustion zone. Foam, both chemical and air-mechanical, is used to extinguish solid substances and flammable liquids (FL).

Chemical foam is formed by a reaction between an alkali and an acid in the presence of a foaming agent.

Air-mechanical foam is a colloidal substance consisting of gas bubbles surrounded by liquid films. It is obtained by mixing water and a foaming agent with air. Air-mechanical foam is characterized by expansion, i.e. the ratio of the volume of the foam to the volume of its liquid phase. For extinguishing flammable liquids (GZH) and HFL, it is possible to use air-mechanical foam of medium expansion (from 40 to 120).

Powder extinguishing is very effective, since they have a high extinguishing capacity. They are used when fire extinguishing is not amenable to water and foams (metals, etc.). It is permissible to extinguish a fire with powder formulations at sub-zero temperatures.

The main role in extinguishing a fire with powders is played by their ability to inhibit the flame.

Inert diluents are used as fire extinguishing compositions for volumetric extinguishing - water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, flue gases, etc. Extinguishing when diluting the medium with inert diluents is associated with heat losses due to heating of these diluents, which leads to a decrease in the rate of the combustion process.

Water vapor is used to extinguish fires in small rooms. Carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fires in the warehouses of flammable liquids, etc.

The choice of extinguishing agent depends on the class of fire, for example:

· Class A - it is possible to use all types of fire extinguishing agents;

· Class B - water and all types of foam, powders are used;

· Class C - gas compositions are used in the form of inert diluents, powders, water;

· Class D - powders are used;

Class E - powders, carbon dioxide, etc. are used.

Fire extinguishing media are divided into primary and stationary.

Primary extinguishing media are used to eliminate small fires. In this case, they use: fire trunks, fire extinguishers, dry sand, dense bedspreads, etc.

Stationary fire extinguishing installations are always ready for action. The fire extinguishing process can be started remotely or automatically. For automatic water fire extinguishing, sprinkler and deluge installations are used.

The most widespread are sprinkler installations, which are automatic installations for fire extinguishing with sprayed water. They are a network of water pipes in which water is constantly under pressure and irrigation heads (sprinklers) are installed. Their number is chosen from the condition of irrigation with one sprinkler from 9 to 12 m2 of the area of ​​the room. The openings of the sprinkler heads are sealed with a low-melting compound designed for temperatures of 72, 93, 141 or 182 ° C. In the event of a fire, these holes themselves are soldered and irrigate the protected area with water. The disadvantage of such a system is the relatively high inertia - the heads are opened in about 2-3 minutes after the temperature rises.

The use of group action deluge installations is possible. Instead of sprinkler heads, they have drenchers - open irrigation heads without locks. Normally, the water outlet is closed by a group valve. The valve can be opened manually or automatically together with an alarm. One paddle or rosette drencher is capable of irrigating up to 12 m2 of floor. A deluge sprayer with screw slots makes it possible to obtain atomized water with a finer dispersion and, at a height of more than 5 meters, irrigates floor areas up to 210 m2.

Fire extinguishers are widely used as primary fire extinguishing agents. According to the composition of the extinguishing agent, fire extinguishers are water, foam, powder, freon, carbon dioxide, air-foam and combined.

By capacity, fire extinguishers are divided into:

Subcompact (up to 5 liters);

· Industrial manual (up to 10 liters) and mobile (more than 10 liters).

Fire extinguisher marking usually carries information about the properties of the extinguishing mixture and the volume of the extinguisher. For example, OHP-10 means: chemical foam fire extinguisher with a capacity of about 10 liters.

Fire notification and signaling means

Fire alarms and communications are designed to quickly alert you to a fire, which greatly enhances the success of extinguishing a fire. Depending on the purpose of a building or a room, the following systems and means of fire automation can be arranged:

· fire alarm;

· Security and fire alarm.

Normative documents are:

NPB 104-95. Design of systems for warning people about fire in buildings and structures;

NPB 110-99. The list of buildings, structures, premises and equipment to be protected by automatic fire extinguishing and detection installations.

The fire alarm can be electric or automatic. When using an electric fire alarm, fire notification is carried out within a few seconds. In this case, the alarm system consists of a receiving station and detectors connected to it. The fire signal is given by pressing the button of the detector, which are installed in prominent places of industrial premises.

In automatic fire alarm, detectors are divided depending on the method of detecting the initial stage of a fire: heat, smoke, light and combined.

Heat detectors are triggered when the ambient temperature rises. Their sensitive elements are various metal plates or spirals with ends welded with low-melting solder. In the event of an increase in temperature, the plates are bent and connect the electrical contacts, which activate sound and light alarms. The detectors operate at preset temperatures of 60, 80 and 100 ° C, the response time is approximately 50 s, the monitored area is 15-30 m2.

In smoke detectors, the sensing element can be photocells or ionization chambers. In the latter case, due to the action of combustion products, the ionization current changes, which activates the alarm system through an electronic relay.

Light emitters react to radiation from an open flame, i.e. to infrared and ultraviolet rays.

Combined emitters serve as heat and smoke detectors. They are made on the basis of a smoke detector with the inclusion of elements of the electrical circuit used for the operation of the heat emitter. The controlled area is approximately 100 m2.

Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect moving objects in closed rooms (oscillating flame, walking person, etc.).

Fire alarm systems are installed in technological installations of increased fire hazard, industrial buildings, warehouses.

Fire communication is subdivided into notification of fire extinguishing services, dispatch communication and fire communication. Unique objects of the economy have their own firefighting forces and, in any case, have a direct connection with the communication centers of other firefighting forces.

Fire safety at the enterprise

In accordance with the legislation, the heads of enterprises have certain rights and obligations in the field of fire safety. Employers have the right to:

· Create, reorganize and liquidate in accordance with the established procedure the fire departments, which they maintain at their own expense;

· Submit proposals to state authorities on ensuring fire safety;

· To carry out work to establish the causes of fires that have occurred at the enterprise;

· Establish measures of social and economic incentives to ensure fire safety.

Legislation makes the employer responsible for the fire safety of an enterprise. Accordingly, the employer is obliged to appoint officials responsible for the fire safety of individual units (facilities).

The employer is obliged:

· Appoint a person responsible for fire safety of the organization;

· Organize fire protection of the facility;

· To organize training of workers and employees in fire safety rules;

· Develop long-term plans to improve fire safety at the enterprise;

· Develop instructions on the procedure for working with fire hazardous substances and materials, as well as instructions on compliance with the fire regime, etc.

Responsible persons who are responsible for fire safety by the employer are obliged to:

· Bring to the workers the rules of fire safety;

· Take part in the development of fire safety instructions;

· Monitor the good condition of heating, ventilation, electrical equipment, etc.;

· Monitor the technical condition of fire extinguishing equipment;

· Organize the actions of personnel in the event of a fire (calling the fire brigade, using primary fire extinguishing equipment, evacuating workers).

Responsibility of officials for violation of fire safety legislation is possible in the form of: disciplinary punishment, administrative punishment and criminal liability.

The basics of fire safety in the office, in the car, in the forest

Fire safety legislation defines the responsibilities of any citizen of Russia:

· Comply with fire safety requirements;

· Have primary fire extinguishing equipment in personal premises and buildings;

· Upon detection of a fire, immediately notify the fire brigade about them;

· Take all feasible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire before the arrival of the fire brigade;

· Comply with the instructions of fire officials.

About 10 thousand people die from fires in Russia every year. They often die not from flames, but from smoke and poisonous combustion products. Approximately 80% of the victims of the fires were intoxicated.

Currently industrial television is widely used in workplaces; many offices and lounges are equipped with television receivers and video systems. The following is a suggested procedure if the TV sets on fire:

1. Disconnect the TV receiver from the mains and cover with a thick cloth;

2. Since the CRT can explode, stand on the side of the screen and fill it with water from the side of the ventilation grilles;

3. In the event of an explosion of the CRT, given that the emitted smoke is very dangerous, the following is recommended:

• hold your breath at the moment of the explosion;

· Immediately remove persons in the room;

· Protect the respiratory tract with a wet cloth and continue extinguishing.

· Install the TV set no closer than 70-100 cm from the curtains;

· Exclude proximity to heating systems;

· Do not put flammable objects and vases with water on the TV;

· There must be free access of air to the ventilation grilles.

The procedure for action in the event of a fire in the workplace (office, workroom) is studied during the passage of a special briefing on fire safety (or these issues are included in the program of introductory briefing on labor protection). Fire safety issues may also be included in the OSH instructions in the Emergency Response Section.

1. Call by phone 01 (or by phone specified in the “instructions”). Wherein:

· Clearly state the address, your last name and contact phone number;

· If necessary, specify the floor, entrance and the possibility of access to the house for special vehicles;

· If necessary, meet the fire truck;

2. Warn management and other workers about the fire and start evacuation in accordance with the approved scheme;

3. In case of a small fire, using primary extinguishing means, start extinguishing the fire on your own. In this case, it is necessary:

· Turn off electrical appliances;

· Close the windows, as the inflow of air will intensify the fire;

· Take into account that it is necessary to be very careful when opening the door to a room where there is a fire, as the flame of the fire can blaze towards;

· Stay closer to the floor and protect the respiratory tract from smoke with a wet cloth;

4. While on the top floor, try to assess the situation - it may be better to stay in the workroom, since loss of consciousness from the products of combustion when going downstairs is possible. In this case, it is necessary to fill all the cracks with wet rags;

5. When evacuating downhill, do not use the elevator, since in case of smoke, the elevator shaft works like an exhaust pipe and you can get poisoned by combustion products, and it is also possible to turn off the power supply;

6. If the working area is located no higher than the 4th floor, and evacuation downward is impossible, try going downstairs yourself.

When ensuring fire safety in a car, you should consider the possible signs of a fire in the car:

1. The smell of burnt rubber, gasoline, a stream of smoke from under the hood;

2. Light or sound signals of oncoming cars.

It must be borne in mind that a person in a burning car can be no more than 1-2 minutes, since burning synthetic materials emit strong poisonous combustion products.

At the first sign of a fire in a car, you must:

1. Stop and remove the ignition key;

2. Put the car on the handbrake and, taking a fire extinguisher and first aid kit, leave the car.

When extinguishing a burning car:

1. Carefully open the hood of the car, as the release of a flame is possible due to the flow of oxygen;

2. When using a fire extinguisher, direct the flame towards the fire;

3. If necessary, throw sand, snow into the fire, cover with a thick cloth;

4. Stop passing vehicles, since several fire extinguishers are more effective (the time factor is important);

5. Remember about personal safety - hands and clothes can be in gasoline or oil.

· When charging the battery, hydrogen is released, and its mixture with air is explosive;

· Store in the garage no more than 20 liters of gasoline and no more than 5 kg of oil;

· It is forbidden to use open fire and electric welding in the garage;

· In the garage, do not wash parts in gasoline, kerosene, etc.;

· When refueling the car, turn off the engine; it is better for passengers to leave the passenger compartment.

Fire safety in forests must be observed both by employees of organizations carrying out work in the forest zone, and by all citizens while in the forest.

Before starting work in the forest, organizations must register with the relevant territorial authorities. All employees must be instructed on fire safety in the forest and methods of extinguishing a forest fire. An organization operating in the forest must have primary fire extinguishing equipment and a first-aid kit.

Fuels and lubricants should be stored in a closed form in a specially prepared place, remote from workers' dwellings. The storage area for flammable materials is cleared of vegetation and dug in with a strip at least 1.4 meters wide.

Logging works are carried out after obtaining the appropriate permit. Wherein:

· The place of forest felling is cleared from felling residues;

· Incineration of felling residues is carried out in a clearing at least 25 meters from the edge of the forest.

General fire safety requirements:

· When moving, crossing it is forbidden to throw out cigarette butts, burning matches, etc .;

· During the transitions, a smoke break is arranged for everyone at once on the spot;

· Unnecessary materials impregnated with flammable substances must be buried;

· Control the possibility of sparks from running engines of tractors, etc.

When building a fire, the following safety requirements are observed:

a) a flat area is selected, at least 15 meters away from the trees;

b) the chosen place for the fire is cleared of debris, grass and dug in with a strip not less than 0.5 meters wide;

c) it is prohibited to make a fire:

• in a strong wind;

· In a dry forest;

· On peat bogs;

• on dry grass;

· In the reeds;

· In young coniferous forests;

In planting cereals, corn, etc.

d) when extinguishing the fire is filled with water or covered with earth.

Remember that in relation to violators of fire safety rules, both administrative liability (fine) and criminal liability can be applied. By a court decision, compensation for damage from a fire can be in the form of compensation:

· For the costs of extinguishing a fire;

· For losses from the loss of timber;

· From the costs of cleaning the territory after the fire;

· From the costs of work on land reclamation and growing young forest.

Reading 4 min. Views 366 Posted on Mar 1, 2018

Fire

Stoves are still one of the main sources of heat in both private houses and apartment buildings. Unfortunately, stoves in our homes do not always meet fire safety requirements, which cause numerous fires. About the fires that happened for this reason in 2017 and at the beginning of 2018 in the Yuryevets municipal district, the inspector of the department of supervisory activities of the city of O. Kineshma, Kineshma and Yuryevets districts A.V. Mishagin.

Cause of fire - ovens
In 2017, out of 30 registered fires, 15 occurred due to a malfunction or violation of the rules for operating the furnace heating. So, since the beginning of the year, there have been two fires for this reason. One fire happened in the building of the bathhouse on the territory of the household on the street. Karpushinskaya, Yuryevets. Here, due to violations of the rules for the construction of the chimney of the heating boiler, the ceiling overlap caught fire.
The second fire occurred in a residential building on the street. Korolenko, Yuryevets, where, due to a violation of fire safety rules during the operation of the heating boiler, firewood caught fire, which at the time of the fire was dried close to the heating boiler, and later on the ceiling.
The owners are to blame
The following violations of the operation of furnaces most often lead to trouble: storage of combustible materials (paper, old fabric items) near the walls of stoves; leaving the heating stoves unattended.
Furniture, curtains and other flammable objects must not be placed closer than 0.5 m from the heating stove. It is forbidden to store wood chips, sawdust, shavings under the stove, also it is forbidden to dry firewood on the stove, to hang clothes over it to dry.
Dangers of "Buleryanov"
As for the "Buleryan" type boilers, the danger during operation is that resin deposits accumulate inside the chimney. When the pipes are overheated, they may begin to burn out.
In the absence or improper cutting of the furnace at the intersection of the chimney and the wooden floor in the pipe, inflammable structures may ignite.
Correct cutting required
It is the wrong cutting of the pipe that is the most important and common cause of fires. Usually they do it as it is more convenient and simpler, the brick is released by 100-150 mm.
According to building codes and regulations, the fire cut is 380 mm when the wood is protected with a non-combustible material (at least 10 mm thick asbestos) or 500 mm in the absence of protection.
Iron
and ceramic pipes are dangerous
The second common reason is the use of a metal or asbestos-cement (ceramic) pipe as a stove chimney. In this case, as in the first, if the metal pipe crosses the overlap, the wood quickly heats up (sometimes the metal pipe gets red-hot) - and ignites.
With prolonged use of an asbestos-cement pipe, especially if it is located in a steam room or on the street, due to the temperature difference, asbestos delamination occurs over time. As a result, the pipe may burst or explode.
To avoid fires from these pipes, it is required to overlay it with brickwork, which should rise above the roof. And when using a metal chimney at the level of an overlap in a diameter of one meter, there should not be any combustible material around the pipe, and it is also impossible to wrap the pipe with insulating material, which, when heated, begins to smolder.
The height of the chimney is set depending on its distance from the roof ridge. So, when the pipe is located at a distance of up to 1.5 m from the ridge, the pipe is raised above the roof by 0.5 m.
Fire behavior
If a fire is detected, immediately inform about it by phone “01”, “101”, “112” (giving the exact address of the place of fire, your last name), and before the arrival of firefighters, if possible, take measures to evacuate people and extinguish the fire.
It should be remembered that during a fire in the room, you must not break the windows, open the doors wide and arrange a draft, as this contributes to the flow of fresh air and the intensive development of the fire.
The guilty awaits
punishment
Violation of norms in the event of improper installation of heating stoves and chimneys, violation of the installation of electrical equipment is qualified as a violation of fire safety requirements, for which the legislation provides for administrative liability: for citizens - from 2 to 3 thousand rubles, for officials - from 6 to 15 thousand rubles ...
Observing elementary fire safety rules, you protect your property, yourself and your loved ones from a big trouble. It should always be remembered that it is easier to prevent a fire than to extinguish it.
Prepared
Mikhail Krainov, photo from the OND archive