The Russian language belongs to the Slavic languages. All modern Slavic languages ​​are divided into three groups based on geography.

1. East Slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

2. West Slavic languages: Polish, Czech and Slovak, as well as the Upper Sorbian and Lower Sorbian languages.

3. South Slavic languages. These include the languages ​​of the Slavs living on the Balkan Peninsula: Bulgarian and the languages ​​of the peoples of Yugoslavia - Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian.

Slavic languages ​​are close to each other. The Russian language is especially close to the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

But, listening carefully to the speech of representatives of other Slavic peoples - Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, we also understand it, learn many familiar words, and sometimes comprehend the meaning of whole sentences.

For example, here is how the beginning of the well-known "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" by Alexander Pushkin (translated by Mladen Isaev) sounds in Bulgarian:

Order for Ribar and Ribkat Nyakoga lived the land of Moreto, the land of the Signoto Sea, the old man and the woman; they lived in a sklupena dugout for three years. The old man was catching the ribs of the ribs, baba si siuta and the previous one. Khvrlil that vednzh in moreto nesting si, but raked tiny. Secondly, he drove the si mrezhata - she got to the watershed. He drove a third of the si mrezhata away and scared the ribka out of the water, but not kato other, but gold.

It is enough to compare the Russian text of Pushkin with the text of the translation to see in this passage a lot of Bulgarian words that coincide with the Russians entirely or differ very slightly in sound: Old man, old man, baba, ribka, sea, blue (blue), Dugout, goals (whole ), I caught (caught), Water, weeds, nyakoga (once - in the sense of once), Prela (spinning), Prezda (yarn), Tina (tina), Three, secondary (second), Third, others (others) ; unions I, a, but etc. Other words differ from Russian only by a suffix or prefix: Prikazka (fairy tale), Zhiveli (lived), Ribar (fisherman), Godina (year), Zagrebal (zagreb), Popadnala (hit) , Zlatna (golden, golden). We understand the word Trideset (thirty), because the Thirtieth Instead of the Thirtieth is often found in Russian folk tales, epics. The pretext Edge is also understandable: the edge of moreto. It means "near the sea, at the edge of the sea." The word Mrezha, which means "seine", we do not use now, but it can be found in another work of Pushkin - in the poem "Otrok":

The fisherman spread the seine on the bank of the icy sea; The boy helped his father. Boy, leave the fisherman! Some others await you, other worries ...

There are much fewer words (about a dozen in this passage) that are completely absent in Russian and which are incomprehensible without knowledge of the Bulgarian language or without a dictionary. These are the words: Shlupena (squat, low), Khvrlil (threw), Toy (he), Ty (she), Vednzh (once), Pt (time), Razgul (unfolded, opened), Izvadil (took out), whom (how ). It is striking when reading this passage and such a feature alien to the Russian language as the article. The article is in many languages, and it is usually placed before the word.

For example, Table In German der Tisch, in French - la table, in English - the table. In contrast to these languages, in the Bulgarian language the article is always attached to the end of the word: ribkago, morego, blue, elder, svoyga, mrezhata, vodata, other.

There are many words that are used in the same meaning in all Slavic languages. The table on page 39 shows how some of these words sound in the main Slavic languages ​​(approximate pronunciation is given in brackets in Russian letters).

Linguists have established that all Slavic tribes in the first centuries of our era spoke the Proto-Slavic, or common Slavic, language with small local dialect differences. The tribes understood each other well, but they lived separately, settled farther and farther from each other, and the ties between them weakened.

From about the 7th - 9th centuries. a single common Slavic language ceased to exist. It disintegrated into separate independent Slavic languages.

At the same time, a single East Slavic (Old Russian) language arose.

It was spoken by the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians (they all belonged to the same ancient Russian nationality).

In the XIV - XV centuries. the Old Russian language split into three independent East Slavic languages ​​- Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. This was facilitated by the long-term separation of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians after the collapse of the Kiev state.

The territories in which the Ukrainians and Belarusians lived were not part of the Russian state, the culture and language of these peoples developed independently. And yet, the East Slavic languages ​​are the closest to each other, since they emerged as independent ones later than other Slavic languages.

Many words in various Slavic languages ​​coincide; they represent the most ancient, primordial part of the Slavic vocabulary. They survived from the common Slavic language, or, as linguists say, go back to the common Slavic era. These words are still vital and the most frequently used words. For example, of the nouns in Russian, the common Slavic nouns include words denoting family relationships (mother, father, son, daughter, brother, sister, grandfather, etc.), the names of body parts (head, tooth, nose, hand, leg, side Etc.), names of parts of the day (day, night, evening), Time of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), Natural phenomena (rain, thunderstorm, snow, wind), Geographical designations (coast, swamp, field, river , sea, lake), Names. trees, plants (oak, birch, linden, pine, spruce, carrots, pumpkin, grass), Pets (cow, coga, horse, cat, sheep, dog, pig), Wild animals (wolf, hare, snake, bear, deer), Names of tools (rake, pitchfork, needle, knife, thread, awl, etc.).

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Theme " Russian language in the family of Slavic languages».

1.Checking d / z.

II .Lecture. Our native language belongs to the Slavic group of languages ​​of the Indo-European family. This group begins our journey across the language map of the world.

Slavic languages ​​can be considered the youngest linguistic group among Indo-European languages. Their common ancestor, which linguists call the Proto-Slavic language, began to lose its unity very late, only in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. NS. Before that, the ancestors of the Slavs were one people, they used very close dialects and lived somewhere in Central or Eastern Europe.

Specialists - linguists and historians - are still arguing about where the ancestral home of the Slavs was located, i.e. the territory in which they lived as a single people and from where they parted, forming separate peoples and languages. Some scholars place it between the Vistula and the middle course of the Dnieper, others - between the Vistula in the east and the Oder in the west. Now many experts believe that the ancestral home of the Slavs was in Pannonia, on the Middle Danube, from where they moved to the north and east. As one of the proofs that the Slavs were in Central Europe, they cite, for example, the lexical similarity between the Slavic languages ​​and the languages ​​of Western Europe. Compare the Latin and Russian words gostis - "guest", struere - "to build", fornus - "bugle", paludes - "flood". The problem of the ancestral home of the Slavs is very complex, and its solution depends on the efforts of scientists of various specialties - historians, archaeologists, linguists, ethnographers, folklorists, anthropologists. Linguistics has a special role in this search.

In the modern world, there are from 10 to 13 living Slavic languages, depending on what status is attributed to several of them: an independent language or dialect. Thus, the official Bulgarian studies do not recognize the Macedonian language as an independent language, considering it as a dialect of Bulgarian.

Among the Slavic languages, there are also dead ones, which no one speaks anymore. This was the first literary language of the Slavs. Russians call it Old Slavonic, and Bulgarians call it Old Bulgarian. It is based on the South Slavic dialects of old Macedonia. It was into this language that in the 9th century the sacred texts were translated by the Greek monks - brothers Cyril and Methodius, who created the Slavic alphabet. Their mission to create a literary language for all Slavs became possible due to the fact that at that time the Slavic speech was still relatively uniform. The Old Slavonic language did not exist in the form of a living folk speech, it always remained the language of the Church, culture and writing.

However, this is not the only dead Slavic language. In the West Slavic zone, in the north of modern Germany, numerous and powerful Slavic tribes once lived. Subsequently, they were almost completely absorbed by the Germanic ethnos. Their immediate relatives are probably the current Lusatians and Kashubians. The disappeared tribes did not know the written language. Only one of the dialects - Polabian (the name is formed by the name of the Elbe River, in Slavic Laba) - has come down to us in small dictionaries and records of texts made in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. It is a valuable, albeit rather meager, source of knowledge about the Slavic languages ​​of the past.

Among the Slavic languages, Russian is closest to Belarusian and Ukrainian. The three of them form the East Slavic subgroup. Russian is one of the largest languages ​​in the world: it ranks fifth in terms of the number of speakers, behind only Chinese, English, Hindustani and Spanish. Ukrainian in this hierarchy is included in the first "twenty", also belongs to very large languages.

In addition to the East Slavic subgroup, West Slavic and South Slavic are traditionally distinguished. However, if the East Slavic languages ​​go back to their common ancestor - the Old Russian (East Slavic) language, then this cannot be said about the other two groups. Although the languages ​​of each of these subgroups have a number of features, some linguists tend to regard the subgroups themselves as genetic, but primarily as geographical unity. When the West Slavic and South Slavic subgroups were formed, along with the processes of divergence of languages, the processes of their convergence played an important role.

III .Knowledge update. 1.Punctuation repetition: add punctuation marks.

Carts filled with black grapes ran along the dusty road leading to the gardens, creaking and squealing.

My brother, who still did not know anything, had just arrived from vacation, caught up with me and, without overtaking, rode beside me, listening to the silence of the street.

2. Generalization of the rule: on what three conditions the spelling of pre-, pri- may depend.

№9. Insert the missing letters.

Pr..wy, pr..to crowd, pr..to be present, pr..attractive, pr..to pretend, pr..notice, pr ... school, pr..scream, pr..flattering, pr..repire , pr..follow, pr..form, pr..remove, pr..will, pr..press, pr..hill, pr..strange stories, pr..screw the handle, ud..vitelnoe pr .. rotation,

№10. Rewrite the sentences, inserting the missing letters, placing punctuation marks. Determine the value of the prefixes pre-, pri-.

1. The thought that, perhaps, I see her for the last time pr ... gave her in my eyes something touching. 2. (I don’t) know the sun (whether) she was warm or she took juice from this grass, it was only evident that she was very good. 3. She occasionally .. flapped her wings and pr .. pressed to the flower. 4. Horses alert their ears, r..buff their nostrils, as if pr..niffing for the fresh air, which smells..not from pr..bl..shaking clouds. 5. The whole neighborhood .. little (little by little) changes .. and so .. takes on a gloomy look. 6.There, in the w ... re pr..waves will rush on the sandy shore ... sandy and empty. 7. She locks the door with a key (?) Puts her (?) To a large writing desk and so on ... moves the cash drawer. 8. It is being checked, (not) forgotten (whether) that, (not) is required for something (something) an answer or a request. 9. On the way .. the way .. we drove without any other .. inclusions. (N ..) where (not) they came across trees, all the same (the same) be..finite, free, pr..red red steppe. 10. Pr .. guided to the shameful article ... the forehead of the ancient Slavic conscience. 11. I don't just need an apology, but an apology. 12.Oh, how spicy is the breath of the gu ... zdiki, I once (that) dreamed about there.

D / Z. Lecture, task number 11. According to the "School Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language", establish the lexical meaning of these words. Make up phrases or sentences with them. Write a miniature essay according to the words of Part II.

I. Stay - arrive, successor - successor, limit - side-altar, betray - give, implement - pretend, transitory - coming, indispensable - use, perverse - gatekeeper, diminish - diminish, multiply - multiply, criminal - proceed, despise - despise.

II. Preamble, precedent, claim, prime minister, challenger, prestige, preposition, prelude, president, presidium, prevail, perverse, privilege, prima donna, primate, primitive, principled, priority.

Repeat the rule b and b, and - b after the prefixes.

To stay is to arrive

Receiver m.r, unit h.

A device for receiving, collecting something in it.

A device used in radio engineering to receive a signal.

An institution where someone is temporarily placed for further investigation.

Successor m.r, unit h

The one who received succession from someone, any rights, social status, social duties.

Continuing someone's activity, any traditions.

The one who took the place, the post of his predecessor.

limit -

Side-altar m.r, unit h

Outdated. Annex, annexe, a smaller part of the premises.

An annex of an Orthodox church from the southern or northern façade.

to betray - to give,

Transform

To transform into something, to give something a different look, a different content.

Realize in practice, realize.

pretend

Transient - One that passes quickly; temporary, short-lived.

coming, indispensable - to apply, perverse - gatekeeper, underestimate - diminish, multiply - multiply, criminal - proceed, despise - despise.

II. Preamble f, singular (from the French preambule - going in front)

The introductory part of the constitution, international treaty or other important act, which contains an indication of the situation that gave rise to the issuance of the corresponding act.

Precedent

Claim z.r. units h (late Latin preaetensio)

Claiming the right to own something, to receive something.

Demand, complaint, expression of dissatisfaction.

The desire to ascribe unusual qualities to oneself and to achieve recognition of them by other people.

Applicant m.r., singular only. (lat. praetendens)

One who claims to be something.

Prestige m.r., only singular (French prestige)

Preposition

Prelude (lat.praeludere to play before, in advance)

An instrumental piece of a free warehouse, which is an introduction to other pieces.

Transferred. Introduction, introduction, foreshadowing of something.

president, presidium

To prevail new (German pravalieren)

Dominate, have claims, preponderance.

Perverse

Privilege of Zh.r. (lat. privilegium)

An exclusive right, an advantage granted to someone.

Primadonna (Italian primadonna - the first lady)

A singer performing the first parts in an opera or operetta.

primate, primitive, principled

Priority m.r., only singular (German prioritat)

Superiority in any discovery, invention.

The predominance, the primacy of something.

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN A CIRCLE

SLAVIC

LANGUAGES

Russian language lesson
in 9k class school number 3
Teacher - Martynova M.B.

GOALS:

• to show students the kinship of the Slavic languages ​​and the place of the Russian language among them;
• to arouse students' interest in the history of the development of Slavic writing, literature, culture;
• continue to develop skills in monologue and discussion speech.

LESSON PLAN

• The common Slavic language is the progenitor of the Slavic languages.
• "The Lay of Igor's Host" as one of the oldest texts of Slavic written language. Workshop.
• Brother languages. Workshop.
• Discussion on the problem of the existence of the common Slavic language.

DURING THE CLASSES

1. ORGANIZING TIME.

Slide - 1

Greetings. Report.

The topic of our lesson is "Russian language in the circle of Slavic languages."

It is devoted to the problems of the development of Slavic languages.

Slide - 2

In the lesson, we will try to determine the relationship of the Slavic languages ​​and the place of the Russian language among them, we will also touch on the history of the development of Slavic writing, literature, culture, and continue to work on the development of monologue and discussion speech.

Slide 3

Lesson work plan.

Work in notebooks. Write down the number, class work, lesson topic.

Slide 4

We will begin our work in the lesson with the defense of the project on the topic "Common Slavic language - the progenitor of Slavic languages." Semenchuk R.

2. PROTECTION OF THE PROJECT "THE GENERAL SLAVIC LANGUAGE - THE GENERATOR OF THE SLAVIC LANGUAGES"

Slide 5

Language is the main means of communication between people. With the help of language, people communicate with each other, convey their thoughts, feelings, desires.

As a means of communication, language is associated with the life of society, with the people - the bearer of the given language. Language is closely related to thinking, consciousness. The knowledge about the surrounding reality, which people acquire in the process of labor, is consolidated in the language - in words, phrases and sentences. With the help of language, people pass on their knowledge and experience from generation to generation.

Long ago people thought about the riddle of the language, the secret of its origin. How many fascinating linguistic legends, amazing legends, bold scientific assumptions are known in the history of mankind! Who knows, maybe in the future we will be able to get closer to solving the mystery of the human language. In the meantime, the riddle remains a mystery, and modern scientists are unanimous only in one thing: if language suddenly disappeared, people would cease to be people. Language makes a person a person.

We are constantly talking with someone, communicating something and listening to others, reading, writing, singing, thinking, dreaming ... and in all these cases we use our native language. Human society could not exist without language.

The languages ​​of the peoples of the world are very diverse in structure and in the history of their development. Some of the languages ​​show similarities in vocabulary, phonetic structure and grammar, while others, on the contrary, are far from each other.

Slide 6

The classification of languages ​​according to the degree of their relationship is called genealogical (from the Greek "genealogy"). Genealogically, languages ​​are divided into families, and within families - into groups. In families and groups, languages ​​are united by the commonality of their ancient source.

The Russian language is part of the Indo-European family. This family is the most numerous (it includes about a hundred languages). Among the groups of Indo-European languages, the Slavic group stands out, it is one of the largest in this family. The number of speakers of modern Slavic languages ​​is about three hundred million people.

2) All Slavic languages ​​go back to the ancient proto-language, which is conventionally called the common Slavic language. The separation of the Slavs from the common Indo-European unity took place in the deepest antiquity, approximately by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. In ancient times, this language was spoken by the people who inhabited the vast territory of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The common Slavic language existed until the middle of the 1st millennium AD.

Map - 1 Slide 7

Slide 8

So, over time, the Slavic tribes settled over a vast territory and, as a result, their ties with each other began to be lost. The language of each of the isolated groups of tribes continued to develop in isolation from the others, acquiring new phonetic, lexical and grammatical features.

Gradually, the common Slavic languages ​​were divided into three groups: East Slavic, West Slavic and South Slavic.

Map - 2 Slide 9

Slide 10

The East Slavic group of languages ​​lasted until about the 14th - 15th centuries. and in connection with the resettlement of tribes, over time, it broke up into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian - closely related languages.

In the 14-15th century. the East Slavic group is divided into three independent languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian.

Slide 11 Cyrillic+ Slide 12

Almost all common Slavic languages ​​have a written language. Among the eastern and southern Slavs, with the exception of the Croats, writing is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, or Cyrillic, - an alphabet that was created by the founders of Slavic writing, Cyril and Methodius, and the Western Slavs use the Latin alphabet.

Slide 13

The affinity of the Slavic languages ​​is undeniable. It manifests itself, for example, in the lexical composition. So, some names of close relatives sound the same or similar in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Polish and Czech languages, for example, father, mother, son, sister, etc.

Russian	Ukrainian	Belorussian	Bulgarian	Polish	Czech
father	father	aytsec	father	oiciec	otec
mother	mother	matsi	undershirt	matka	matka
a son	syn	a son	syn

AVAILABLE IN GENERAL WORDS, AND ALSO IN SOME PHONETIC AND GRAMMATIC SIMILARITY. SO, FOR EXAMPLE, THESE LANGUAGES ARE COMMON WORDSHEAD, HAND, EARTH, ISAND MANY OTHERS.

BUT, ATTENDED WITH SIMILARITIES, THIS VOCABULARY HAS PHONETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.

FOR EXAMPLE, RUSSIAN WORD DRINK IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE CORRESPONDS PETI , IN BELARUS - PITS, BULGARIAN - PIA, SLOVENIAN - piti, etc.

Slide 14

The earliest literary language in which the most ancient Slavic monuments were written is Common Slavic. These are such monuments as the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", the most ancient code of laws "Russian Truth", "The Lay of Igor's Host."

Slide 15

And here is how the first handwritten books were created.

In a monastic cell ...

From the pen of the chronicler Nestor ... who wrote the "Tale of Bygone Years"

Slide 16 - 18

And this is how the pages of the first handwritten books looked, from which the history of Russian writing began.

3. WORD OF THE TEACHER.

As we have seen, there are many features that bring together and separate related languages. In the lesson, we will observe these features. For example, one of the distinguishing features of the Russian language from the Ukrainian and Belarusian in the field of morphology is the absence of a special vocative form in the Russian language.

Another group of students worked on this topic, they conducted a study and now they will present their findings to us.

Slide 19

MESSAGE "Loss of vocabulary in Russian while retaining it in Ukrainian and Belarusian"

In the Old Russian language, the nouns changed in seven case forms. The form is called. the case was used in the Russian language when using addresses. It sounded like this, sister, daughter, son, horse, etc.

Over time, the Russian language lost the vocative case, although it is still preserved in Ukrainian. and belor. lang.

Although you can pay attention to the fact that often in colloquial speech, the expressions God! and god! These are the remnants of a lost form.

Also, some poets and writers used the vocative case in the language of works of art, for example, Pushkin "What do you want, old man?" or Gogol "Turn around, son!"

Slide 20

4. "The Lay of Igor's Host" as one of the oldest texts of Slavic written language. Workshop.

Teacher's word.

As already noted, "The Lay of Igor's Campaign" is one of the oldest texts of Slavic written language, written in a language understandable to all Slavs. Before starting to work with this book, I would like to read the words of the outstanding scientist Likhachev, which, in my opinion, very accurately convey the meaning of this work.

“This monument is eternally fresh. Each epoch finds something new and different in it. This is the purpose of genuine works of art: they speak new things to new ones, and they are always modern. "

D.S. Likhachev.

Slide 21

Let's work with the source and complete the following task: open the Old Russian text "Words ...", find the words used in vocative form in the text, write them down in a notebook (3-4 examples).

Slide 22

Let's check:

"Isn't it too easy for us to do it, brethren ... "Isn't it time for us, brothers, to start a word about Igor's campaign

"About Boyana , the nightingale of the old time! " oh boyan, old nightingale,

"About the Russian land!"

Warm-up (physical pause)

Slide 23

5. WORK WITH THE ETHYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY.

TEACHER'S WORD.

And now we turn to the second part of the lesson, where we will follow the features that are common to all Slavic languages. Etymological dictionaries will help us with this.

Etymological dictionaries exist mainly to explain the origin and history of individual words and morphemes.

Preparing for the lesson, a group of children carried out research work and discovered that some words in modern Russian (completely, at first glance, dissimilar) are historically related.

Obertyshev S.

MESSAGE.

The words "doctor" and "lie" are historically related words. It was possible to establish this when comparing related Slavic languages. The main of the ancient meanings of the Bulgarian word "doctor" is the meaning of "medicine man", "sorcerer". The Serbo-Croatian "doctor" also means "sorcerer, sorcerer, fortuneteller, healer", as the doctor knew how to spell disease. In the Old Church Slavonic language, the word "lie" had the meaning of "speak." Compare: "to speak", "to speak." It was only later that it began to mean “to tell a lie, to lie”, and its original meaning “to speak” was preserved in the word “doctor”

Slide 24

Question what do etymological dictionaries help to recognize?

Slide 25

PRACTICE.

Using the etymological dictionary, show the relationship of all three groups of Slavic languages ​​by the example of the common Slavic word "belly". Write down the dictionary entry in a notebook.

Slide 26

EXAMINATION.

Belly - "part of the body in humans, animals" A common Slavic word of Indo-European character. The original meaning of the word belly was - "life, acquired, property"

Slide 27

VIEWING A SCENE FROM THE MOVIE "IVAN VASILIEVICH CHANGE THE PROFESSION" (based on the play by M. Bulgakov, director L. Gaidai)

Slide 28

Question. What is this dialogue about?

Exercise: read the dialogue, find in this passage the vocabulary of ancient Russia, 19th century and modern. Write down a few words from different eras.

What technique gives this scene an ironic character?

The hero of this play combined in his speech the vocabulary of different eras

JOHN (shouts to director Yakin). Well, pimple, belly or death? Ask the noblewoman!

YAKIN (wheezes). Belly ...

ZINA. Belly! Belly! Spare him, Great Sovereign!

JOHN. Belly? Well, be it your way ...

YAKIN. Zinaida, tell me something in Slavic.

ZINA. Packs.

YAKIN. Packs. Packs. Your Excellency, have mercy! By the way, you misunderstood me.

JOHN. How can I understand you if you don't say anything?

YAKIN. I don't speak languages, your honor.

JOHN. I pity you a fur coat from the royal shoulder.

ZINA (to Yakin). Thank you! Thank you!

YAKIN. Thank you very much.

YAKIN (a little later ). Because we are very late for the plane.

Blank slide.

TEACHER'S WORD.

So, today in the lesson you and I watched the place of the Russian language in the circle of Slavic languages. The modern Russian language has a certain relationship to all other Slavic languages. Using the example of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", we found elements that distinguish the Russian language from related languages. Working with the etymological dictionary, we saw, on the contrary, common signs. So was there really a language common to all Slavs? What are the arguments for and against?

Discussion on the problem of the existence of a common Slavic language

Guys, what do you think, is it possible to believe that the common Slavic language existed, justify your opinion.

Arguments

Against

• No texts have survived in this language.
• There is no dictionary of the common Slavic language, and it cannot be compiled.
• The Slavic languages ​​are too different, incomprehensible without translation to representatives of another group of Slavs.

Per

• Similarity in languages ​​at different levels: phonetic, lexical, grammatical.
• Etymology finds many similarities in those words that seem to be unrelated in modern Slavic languages.
• The existence of the Old Slavonic language, understandable to all Slavic peoples in the 9th-10th centuries.
• Most of the alphabets of the Slavic languages ​​are close in the number and sound meaning of letters, despite the difference in outline
• Ancient chroniclers wrote about a single language, and Lomonosov mentions it.

Slide 29

TEACHER'S WORD

At the end of the lesson, I would again like to refer to the words of D.S. Likhachev.

“Knowledge of the history of your people, knowledge of the monuments of its culture opens up a whole world for a person - a world that is not only majestic in itself, but which allows you to see and appreciate modernity in a new way. Knowledge of the past is understanding of the present. Modernity is the result of the past, and the past is the still undeveloped future "

D.S. Likhachev.

So, we are approaching the end of our work, let's summarize.

ESTIMATES.

Results of the work.

Slide 30

HOMEWORK:

1. write out from the etymological dictionary at least 10 words, the origin of which goes back to the Indo-European family of languages;
2. make an etymological analysis of one word (optional), which has common Slavic roots.

Languages ​​that historically go back to one language - ancestor - proto-language are related. All Slavic languages ​​(Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Bulgarian, Polish, etc.) date back to the ancient proto-language, which is conventionally called the Proto-Slavic language.

Over time, the Slavic tribes settled over a vast territory and, as a result, their ties with each other began to be lost. The language of each of the isolated groups of tribes continued to develop in isolation from the others, acquiring new phonetic, lexical and grammatical features.

The oldest written records of centuries are common to all East Slavic languages. In the Old Russian language such monuments as the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", the most ancient code of laws "Russian Truth", "The Word about Igor's Campaign"

There are three periods in the history of the Russian language: 1) centuries; 2) centuries; 3) centuries.

Common Slavic words include: 1). Name of persons by kinship (mother, daughter, son, brother, etc.); 2). Name of occupation and tools (reaper, healer, shepherd, weave, whip); 3). The name of the dwelling, clothing, household utensils (house, yard, window, candle); 4). Name of food and products (porridge, kvass, pie, honey, jelly); 5). The name of plants, objects and natural phenomena (plow, plow, sickle, birch, linden, pine, earth, field. Mountain, sky, winter, morning, sun).

East Slavic (Old Russian) words originated in the 11-14 centuries. This includes words common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, which were once a unity - the Old Russian language. There are many such words (uncle, man, carpenter, squirrel, architect, pantry, basket, rocker, bag, tablecloth, samovar, boat, flower, lace).

Actually Russian words appeared c14c. (after dividing the East Slavic language into Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian). These include all words, with the exception of borrowings (grandmother, grandfather, woman, man, boy, child, calf, cuckoo, swallow, chamomile, dandelion, fairy tale, blizzard, etc.).

How to distinguish old Slavicisms from native Russian words? First, Old Church Slavonicisms denote abstract concepts (generosity, virtue, goodness, attention, etc.); scientific concepts (universe, dictum, pronoun, rule, etc.); church-religious concepts (Sunday, sacrifice, vice, temple, priest, etc.).

Secondly, from the phonetic side, they are characterized by incomplete combinations: -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in place of the Russians -oro-, -olo, -re-, -ele- (grad, common, head, breg); combinations: -ra-, -la- at the beginning of the word in place of the Russian ro-, lo- (work, boat); a combination of railway, corresponding to the Russian w: walking (walking), clothes (clothes), alien (alien). The consonant u in the place of the Russian is power (to be able), burning (hot), lighting (candle). Initial a, e instead of I, o: az (i), lamb (lamb), one (one), ezero (lake).

In the Russian language there are many word-formative elements of Old Slavonic origin: Prefixes: pre-, out-, bottom-, pre-, pre-, over- (to repay, despise, overthrow, prefer, excessive); Suffixes of nouns: -eni-, -enstv-, -estv-, -zn, -izn-, -ni (e), -tel, -ch (s), -yn (y) (unity, domination, life, guardian , helmsman, pride). Suffixes of adjectives and participles: -aish-, -eish-, -shch-, -yush-, -im-, -om-, -usch-, -enn- (kind, persecuted, driven, coming, blessed). The first part of complex words: blessing, godly, evil, sinful, great, etc. (thank, God-fearing, backbiting, fall into sin, magnanimous, etc.).

The Old Church Slavonic language had a beneficial effect on the development of the Russian language: it enriched it with words that have abstract meaning, replenished scientific terminology, increased the number of prefixes and suffixes, and enriched the syntax of the Russian language and its stylistic means.

Training exercises. For these Old Slavicisms, select the appropriate Russian words. Ashes - Head - Temper - Helen - Ignorant - Alien - Country - Short - Gates - Gunpowder Head Burrows Deer Ignorant Alien Side Short gates Do all the corresponding Russian words coincide with the Old Church Slavonic ones?

Writing is reasoning. Russian language in the family of Slavic languages. (Thoughts on the history of the Russian language). When writing, use phrases: the Proto-Slavic language, the spread of writing, East Slavic (Old Russian), common Slavic words, the most ancient monuments of writing, the dialect of Moscow at the heart of the national literary language, Russian words proper, the use of Old Slavicisms. To give your speech special expressiveness, use Old Church Slavonicisms. Literature. 1. Russian language. 8th grade. Ed. MM. Razumovskaya. Publishing house "Drofa" 2008 2. A.I. Vlasenkov. Russian language. Grammar. Text. Styles of speech. Moscow "Education" 2006 3. M.T. Baranov and other Russian language. Reference materials. Moscow "Education" 2002

The answer left the guest

Our native language belongs to the Slavic group of languages ​​of the Indo-European family. This group begins our journey across the language map of the world.
Slavic languages ​​can be considered the youngest linguistic group among Indo-European languages. Their common ancestor, which linguists call the Proto-Slavic language, began to lose its unity very late, only in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. NS. Before that, the ancestors of the Slavs were one people, they used very close dialects and lived somewhere in Central or Eastern Europe.
In the modern world, there are from 10 to 13 living Slavic languages, depending on what status is attributed to several of them: an independent language or dialect. Thus, the official Bulgarian studies do not recognize the Macedonian language as an independent language, considering it as a dialect of Bulgarian.
Among the Slavic languages, there are also dead ones, which no one speaks anymore. This was the first literary language of the Slavs. Russians call it Old Slavonic, and Bulgarians call it Old Bulgarian. It is based on the South Slavic dialects of old Macedonia. It was into this language that in the 9th century the sacred texts were translated by the Greek monks - brothers Cyril and Methodius, who created the Slavic alphabet. Their mission to create a literary language for all Slavs became possible due to the fact that at that time the Slavic speech was still relatively uniform. The Old Slavonic language did not exist in the form of a living folk speech, it always remained the language of the Church, culture and writing.
However, this is not the only dead Slavic language. In the West Slavic zone, in the north of modern Germany, numerous and powerful Slavic tribes once lived. Subsequently, they were almost completely absorbed by the Germanic ethnos. Their immediate relatives are probably the current Lusatians and Kashubians. The disappeared tribes did not know the written language. Only one of the dialects has come down to us in small dictionaries and records of texts made in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. It is a valuable, albeit rather meager, source of knowledge about the Slavic languages ​​of the past.
Among the Slavic languages, Russian is closest to Belarusian and Ukrainian. The three of them form the East Slavic subgroup. Russian is one of the largest languages ​​in the world: it ranks fifth in terms of the number of speakers, behind only Chinese, English, Hindustani and Spanish. Ukrainian in this hierarchy is included in the first "twenty", also belongs to very large languages.
In addition to the East Slavic subgroup, West Slavic and South Slavic are traditionally distinguished. However, if the East Slavic languages ​​go back to their common ancestor - the Old Russian (East Slavic) language, then this cannot be said about the other two groups. Although the languages ​​of each of these subgroups have a number of features, some linguists tend to regard the subgroups themselves as genetic, but primarily as geographical unity. When the West Slavic and South Slavic subgroups were formed, along with the processes of divergence of languages, the processes of their convergence played an important role.