Fire detectors. 2. Fire control panel. 3. Fireman control device.

Actuator drive. 5. Status indicator (sensor). 6. Executive device.

Typical block diagram of a control panel and a control device with a radial structure

Fire detectors. 2. Fire control panel. 3. Fireman control device

Typical block diagram of an addressable control panel and a control device with a ring structure

Fire detectors. 2. Fire control panel. 3. Fireman control device. 4. Loop isolator. 5. Actuator drive.

Normative documents defining technical requirements for means of security and fire automation, test methods and applications

SNiP 2.04.09-84... Fire automation of buildings and structures.

SNiP 3.05.06-85. Electrical devices.

SNiP 3.05.07-85. Automation system.

CH 364-67. Guidelines for the design of enterprises and facilities built on the basis of complex imported equipment and equipment manufactured under license.

VSN 60-93. Communication devices, signaling and dispatching of engineering equipment in residential and public buildings. Design standards.

PUE-76 Electrical installation rules. Section VII. Electrical equipment of special installations

GOST 12997-84 GSP products. General technical conditions.

GOST 15150-69 Machines, devices and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions. Categories, operating conditions, storage and transportation in terms of the impact of climatic factors of the external environment.

GOST 17516.1-90 Electrical products. General requirements in terms of resistance to mechanical external factors.

GOST 22522-91 Radioisotope fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

GOST 27990-88 Means of security, fire and security and fire alarm systems. General technical requirements.

GOST 26342-84 Means of security, fire and security and fire alarm systems. Types, main parameters and sizes.

GOSTP 51089-97 Fire control and receiving devices. General technical requirements. Test methods.

GOSTP 50658-94 Alarm systems. Part 2. Requirements for the security alarm system. Section 4. Ultrasonic Doppler detectors for enclosed spaces.

GOSTP 50659-94 Alarm systems. Part 2. Requirements for the security alarm system. Section 5. Radio wave Doppler detectors for enclosed spaces.

GOSTP 50775-95 Alarm systems. Part 1. General requirements. Section 1. General Provisions.

GOSTP 50777-95 Alarm systems. Part 2. Requirements for the security alarm system. Section 6. Passive optoelectronic security detectors for enclosed spaces

GOSTP 50898-96 Fire detectors. Fire tests.

GOSTP 50009-92 Electromagnetic compatibility of technical means of security, fire and security and fire alarms. Requirements, standards and test methods for immunity and industrial interference.

GOST 12.2.006-87 Safety of electronic network equipment and similar devices intended for household and similar general use.

GOST R 50898-96 Fire detectors. Fire tests.

GOST 12.2.003-91. SSBT. Manufacturing equipment. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.2.007.0-75... SSBT. Electrical products. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.2.020-76... SSBT. Explosion-proof electrical equipment. Classification. Marking.

GOST 27.003-90. Reliability in technology. Composition and general rules for specifying reliability requirements.

GOST 14254-80 (IEC 529-76). Electrical products. Shells. Degrees of protection. Notation. Test methods.

GOST 22782.0-81. Explosion-proof electrical equipment. General technical requirements and test methods.

GOST 23611-79. Electromagnetic compatibility of radio electronic means.

OST 16 0.614.012-73. Explosion-proof electrical equipment. Lead currents.

OST 25 1240-86. Devices and automation equipment. Reliability. Control test methods.

GOST 4.188-85. SPKP. Means of security, fire and security and fire alarm systems. Nomenclature of indicators.

NPB 65-97 Optical electronic fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 66-97 Autonomous fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 57-98 Devices and equipment for automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm systems. Noise immunity and noise emission. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 58-97 Addressable fire alarm systems General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 70-98 Hand-held fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 71-98 Gas fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 72-98 Fire flame detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 75-98 Fire control and reception devices. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 76-98 Fire detectors. General technical requirements. Test methods.

NPB 77-98 Technical means of warning and evacuation control for firemen. General technical requirements and test methods.

The choice of the structural diagram of the ship's fire alarm system is due to the requirement for the number of sensors used (at least 2000) and the need to increase the reliability of the system by means of double redundancy. We will use the Foton-A fire alarm system as a prototype. The prototype has an information network architecture, therefore, we will accept a similar architecture for the designed system with double redundancy.

Redundancy is a method of increasing the reliability of an object by introducing additional elements and functionality in excess of the minimum required for the normal performance of the object of the specified functions.

When introducing redundancy, the concepts of the main element and the reserve element are considered. The main element is an element of the basic physical structure of the object, which is necessary for the normal performance of the object of its tasks; a backup element is an element designed to ensure the operability of an object in the event of a failure of the main element.

The redundancy ratio is the ratio of the number of reserve elements to the number of redundant elements of the object.

Consider the backup methods:

• 1) structural redundancy - a method of increasing the reliability of an object, involving the use of redundant elements included in the physical structure of the object;
• 2) temporary reservation - a method of increasing the reliability of an object, providing for the use of excess time allocated for the performance of tasks;
• 3) information backup - a method of increasing the reliability of an object, providing for the use of redundant information in excess of the minimum necessary to complete tasks;
• 4) functional redundancy - a method of increasing the reliability of an object, providing for the use of the ability of elements to perform additional functions instead of the main ones or along with them;
• 5) load redundancy - a method of increasing the reliability of an object, providing for the use of the ability of its elements to perceive additional loads in excess of normal;
• 6) general reservation - a reservation in which the object as a whole is reserved;
• 1) separate reservation - a reservation in which individual elements of an object or their groups are reserved;
• 8) sliding redundancy - replacement redundancy, in which a group of basic elements is reserved by one or several redundant elements, each of which can replace any failed main element in a given group;
• 9) loaded reserve is a reserve element that is in the same mode as the main one;
• 10) lightweight reserve - a reserve element that is in a less loaded mode than the main one;
• 11) unloaded reserve - a reserve element that practically does not carry loads;
• 12) recoverable reserve - a reserve element, the operability of which, in the event of a failure, is subject to restoration during the operation of the facility;
• 13) non-recoverable reserve - a reserve element, the performance of which, in the event of a failure, cannot be restored under the considered conditions of operation of the facility.
• 14) duplication - redundancy, in which one main element is given one reserve;

We will choose the most acceptable method of redundancy of functional devices in the fire alarm system;

We will refuse from temporary and informational backup, since these methods require additional time expenditures and complication of the system software. An increase in time costs leads to an increase in the time of fire detection, which, in accordance with the requirements for ship fire alarm systems, is unacceptable. The increasing complexity of software increases the requirements for the performance of microprocessor systems, that is, for their complexity and, accordingly, cost.

Thus, it is necessary to use structured redundancy.

Let's exclude load redundancy, since there are no powerful components in the developed system.

Duplication and general redundancy increase the cost of the PCA, but can lead to the desired result. Therefore, in the future, we will consider the possibility of using such backup methods.

We will abandon sliding redundancy, since this method will lead to the complication of software and an increase in the cost of the system due to the use of complex microprocessor structures.

In our case, the most profitable method of redundancy is functional redundancy, since due to circuitry solutions, it is possible to ensure that the backup elements fulfill their tasks, and, if necessary, the tasks of the main element, with minimal costs for introducing additional devices into the ATP circuit.

Figure 1.5 shows the scheme of the SPS, built on the basis of the structural diagram of the SPS "Foton-A". This block diagram provides for separate double redundancy with duplication of sensor controllers. The sensors are connected to the loop.

Figure 1.5 - Elementary cell of peripheral fire alarm equipment

Figure 1.5 shows a block diagram of a dual redundant fire alarm system. As in the case of the prototype, the system is a multi-level distributed microprocessor system.

The central unit analyzes the fire situation on the ship, displays information on the state of the fire situation on the indicator display, generates alarms and control signals for fire extinguishing systems and fire door control systems.

The controllers poll the sensors, based on the data received, generate signals about the state of the fire situation and transmit them to the central unit, transmit control signals from the central unit to the sensors.

Peripheral equipment has a network architecture and consists of elementary cells, similar to devices, the structural diagram of which is shown in Figure 1.5.

In case of failure of controller # 1, the group of sensors D1.1-D1.n can be interrogated along the chain controller # 3 - sensors D1.1-D1.n. If simultaneously with controller # 1 controller # 3 fails, the polling of the same sensors can be carried out using controller # 2. Thus, a device built according to the structural diagram under consideration has increased reliability compared to a device built according to the structural diagram shown in Figure 1.4.

Let's take the block diagram shown in Figure 1.5 as a block diagram of the developed ship fire alarm system.

Security and burglar-fire alarm systems are a set of jointly operating technical means for detecting signs of unauthorized entry of a person (intruder) into the protected object and (or) fire on them, transmission, collection, processing and presentation of information in a given form to the user. In accordance with the international classification according to IEC 839-4-1-88, the security and fire alarm system refers to alarm systems designed to detect several types of danger. The corresponding Russian standard GOST R 50 775-95 defines such a system as combined].

The elements of the system are technical means of security and fire alarm systems. A generalized diagram characterizing the composition of the alarm system is shown in Fig. 1. For a specific system, the composition of technical means is determined by the method of organizing security, as well as by the needs of the user. Depending on the type of protection, it can be organized as autonomous or centralized ... Autonomous protection is characterized by the presence of one object of protection, which is one or a complex of premises located within one or several buildings, united by a common territory. In this case, the obligatory elements of the system are a detector, a siren and a source of their power supply. Centralized security is organized for a large number of objects spatially dispersed over a large area. In this case, the presence of a notification transmission subsystem is additionally required. In practice, communication between the detector, the annunciator and the notification transmission system at the facility is always carried out through the fire alarm control panel.

In order to increase the reliability of the information received, when organizing the protection of an object, they use multi-foreign signaling complexes. Each of the lines is a set of jointly acting technical means of detection (detectors), interconnected by an electric circuit (loop), which allows issuing an independent separate notification of the intruder's intrusion or attempted intrusion into the protected area (or several zones that make up the line). At the same time, detectors based on different principles of operation must be included in each signaling line. In the case of autonomous protection, a multi-line security alarm system can be organized using a multi-loop device with separate indication of the triggering of detectors included in the AL and making up the boundary or its dedicated part.

In the technical literature, there is also the term "controlled area" ... Usually this is a part of the protected object, controlled by one burglar alarm loop (for burglar alarm complexes), one fire alarm loop (for fire alarm systems), one burglar and fire alarm loop, or a set of burglar and fire alarm loops (for burglar and fire alarm systems) ... In a broader sense, this is a controlled object (or part of an object), for which its state can be unambiguously displayed using means of indication, notification, or transmitted to the monitoring station, and separate control is provided (arming, disarming manually or automatically , facility management, etc.).

Fig. 1. Generalized diagram of the alarm system

1 - detector; 2, 8 - light and (or) sound annunciator; 3 - control installation (security and fire alarm control panel); 4, 10 - power supply unit; 5 - device controlled by the control unit; 6 - programmable input device (encryption device); 7 - signal interface (notification transmission system); 9 - control installation (centralized monitoring console)

Generalized diagram of the alarm system

Features of the design of burglar alarm systems for private security facilities

The features of the design and operation of the fire alarm system are:
1. In the FSA system, the operational reliability, sensitivity and noise immunity of each of its functional parts should not be inferior to each other in order to ensure a generally high level of facility security. In this case, the purpose of creating an integrated signaling system is to increase reliability and (or) reduce the cost of its implementation.
2. When processing and displaying alarming and service-diagnostic information in the fire alarm system, the priority should be information that meets the requirements of ensuring the safety of people, as well as the fire safety of the facility.
3. During the operation of the fire alarm system, a response to alarm signals by the appropriate services (facility personnel) should be organized, taking into account the possible complex manifestation of threats.
The design of burglar alarm systems and complexes and engineering and technical measures to enhance the security of objects of various security on the territory of the Russian Federation are subject to the building codes "Systems and complexes of burglar alarms".
"Engineering and technical strength. Technical means of protection. Requirements and design standards for the protection of objects from criminal encroachments RD 78.36.003-2002. This document was introduced on 01.01.2001 instead of RD78.143-92 and RD78.147-93. These standards are not apply to facilities of federal executive bodies and organizations that have departmental or industry standards and requirements for their protection, agreed with the GUVO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as facilities equipped in accordance with orders, standards and requirements of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Design assignments are recommended to be performed in accordance with the guidance document "Automatic fire extinguishing systems, fire, security and security and fire alarms. The procedure for developing design assignments" RD 25.952-90.
The projected technical means of protection should be used in accordance with industry and departmental regulations and lists of objects to be equipped with fire protection means, approved by ministries and departments in accordance with the established procedure or by the project customer.
The use of technical means of protection for the equipment of objects should be complex and take into account the type and tactics of protection, the nature and significance of material values, as well as the possibility of their movement during working hours and changing the configuration of the loading of protected premises.
The composition of technical means for protecting objects should be determined depending on the belonging to groups and subgroups of objects RD 78.36.003-2002 ..
The effectiveness of the use of technical means for the protection of objects of various forms of ownership depends on many factors that must be taken into account when organizing protection. The main ones are:
- the cost of equipping the facility with technical means of security and their operation;
- the reliability of the equipment used (failure rate and
- the amount of possible damage from theft from the guarded object;
- structural and construction characteristics of buildings and premises of the facility;
- social factors (crime prevention).

The assessment of the reliability of the protection of objects should be carried out according to the methodology set forth in the "Recommendations for checking the reliability of the protection of state facilities during the commissioning of security alarm installations" approved by the Scientific Research Center "Okhrana" VNIIPO'MVD USSR justification of the option of equipping the facility with technical means of signaling.
The task of the feasibility study is to select a rational option, which is determined by the structure of the burglar alarm complex.
It is necessary to take into account the total costs of equipping an object with OPS and their operation during the year, as well as the amount of possible damage from theft from the object. Calculations carried out to determine the rational options for the equipment of objects showed that ensuring the required level of security of the object is achieved by the number of security lines, minimizing the total costs of equipment of the facility is achieved by varying the types of detectors and control panels at each security line.
Site-specific equipment options feasibility studies are detailed in the following technical guidance material;
"Methodology for calculating the probabilistic characteristics of detection of object complexes of the security alarm" VNIIPO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Moscow, 1990;
"Feasibility study of the choice of options for equipping national economic facilities by means of security and fire alarms" VNIIPO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, Moscow. 1990

Detectors in the security and fire alarm system

A detector in a security and fire alarm system is a device that generates a notification when a fire or intrusion occurs. Depending on the method of activation, it can be automatic or manual (non-automatic). The functions of an automatic detector include the detection of factors accompanying a fire, as well as attempts to enter or physical impact exceeding the standardized level, and the formation of an alarm message.
The detector is a structurally complete device that performs independent functions in the alarm system. The closest in meaning to the word "detector" is "detector" (from the Latin detector - opener, detector).
In the security and fire alarm system, both independent security and fire detectors can be used, as well as security and fire detectors that combine the functions of a security and fire detector (for example, an ultrasonic detector "Echo-A").
One of the main components of the detector is a sensitive element that acts as an information converter and reacts to external physical influences. If the sensitive element is selected and placed in a separate structurally complete part of the detector, it is called a sensor (sensor).
The classification of security and security and fire detectors in accordance with regulatory documents, as well as established practice, is based on the following main features:
- type of detection zone;
- operating principle;
- the nature of the protected object;
- way of functioning;
- power supply method.

Detection area view characterizes the shape and size of the area monitored by the detector in relation to the entire protected area. In accordance with this, point (1), linear (2), surface (3) and volumetric (4) detectors are distinguished. The characteristic size of the detection area (range) is an additional classification feature.
One of the main features for the classification of detectors is their operating principle ... It characterizes the physical nature of the applied method of receiving and converting information that underlies the operation of the detector. In other words, these are physical phenomena or effects used to build a detector or its main component - a sensitive element (Fig. 2).
By the nature of the protected object and the associated resistance to climatic environmental factors, the detectors are divided into technical means intended for use inside buildings or outside (in open areas and perimeters of objects). At the same time, depending on the range of operating temperatures inside buildings, they are referred to as detectors for heated or unheated indoor spaces.
By way of functioning distinguish between passive and active detectors. Active security and security fire detectors emit energy of an electromagnetic, acoustic or other field, and the surrounding space is monitored by changing the parameters of the received signal. Passive detectors do not emit anything during their operation, but only receive and analyze signals generated in the monitored area associated with a detected threat.
By way of power supply the detectors are divided into those powered from a separate power source (autonomous or external), as well as from a two-wire alarm loop of the control panel. Currently, the detectors used use both of these methods, while the external source can be either a separate network power supply unit (such as MBP-12 and the like), or built into the control panel.

Fig. 2. Principles of operation of security and security and fire detectors

Principles of operation of security and security and fire detectors

The established abbreviated designation of the detectors is assigned by the head organization for standardization in the field of security and security and fire alarms - Research Center "Okhrana" GUVO of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, located in the city of Balashikha, Moscow Region. The designation has the following structural formula:

where X1- abbreviated designation of purpose: IO - burglar detector, IOP - burglar-fire detector;
X2- characteristics of the type of detection zone (the corresponding number is indicated in brackets when defining the type of zone);
X3- the principle of operation (the two-digit number corresponds to that shown in Fig. 2);
X4- serial number of the development of a detector of this type (determined by the head organization);
X5- serial number of the design;
X6- letter designation of modernization (Russian letter in alphabetical order, starting with A).

For example: IO 329-3 - surface burglar sound detector.
In order to facilitate the perception of a specific type, detectors, as a rule, have a name indicated in the technical documentation, which is an abbreviation or, more often, a conditional name. For example: SMK-3, "Arfa", "Sokol-2".
Let's consider the generalized functional diagrams that differ for active and passive detectors (Fig. 3).

1.1 ... 1.N - sensitive elements;
2 - signal processing unit;
3 - display unit;
4 - block for generating notifications;
5 - power supply unit;
5 ′ - supply voltage control.

1 - receiving transducer;
2 - emitting converter;
3 - signal processing unit;
4 - generator
5 - display unit;
6 - block for generating notifications;
7 - power supply unit;
7 ′ - supply voltage control.

Rice. 3. Generalized functional diagrams of passive (a) and active (b) detectors

In the process of functioning, a passive detector (Fig. 3a) receives signals with the help of a sensitive element (sensor) 1 and converts them into electrical signals entering the processing unit 2. In this unit, the signals are amplified and analyzed according to the identified features. When the signal is identified as corresponding to the detected danger, a control signal is generated at the output of the processing unit, which is transmitted to the unit for generating notifications, which generates the "Alarm" notification to the communication line. The block for generating notifications also controls the operation of the built-in light indicators (indicator) 3, which display the state of the detector. Power supply 4 supplies power to the detector units. The dashed line denotes the option of supplying the detector from the alarm loop, while the control of the supply voltage (line 5 /) is usually absent.
For detectors with several detection zones, for example, the "Window" series, several sensitive elements (sensors) 1.1 - 1.N. can be connected to the signal processing unit. For an active detector (Fig.3b), it is necessary to additionally have a generator 4 and an emitting converter 2.
The parameters of the joint between the detectors are defined in the regulatory documents and are reflected in the technical documentation.

Alarm control devices

Reception and control devices refer to technical means of control and registration of information. They are designed for continuous collection of information from detectors included in the loop, analysis of the alarm situation at the facility, generation and transmission of notifications about the status of the facility to the centralized monitoring station, as well as control of local light and sound annunciators and indicators. In addition, the devices provide the handover and disarming of the object according to the adopted tactics, as well as, in some cases, the power supply of the detectors.
Thus, the devices are the main elements that form the alarm system (complex) at the facility. It should be noted that in centralized security systems and fire and security alarm systems, a terminal device of the notification transmission system can be used as a control panel.
In accordance with the current regulatory documents, as well as the draft of a new standard for control and monitoring devices for security and security and fire alarms, it is possible to determine the classification of the control panel according to the following characteristics:
- by the type of organization of the alarm signaling at the facility;
- by the method of detectors control;
- according to the formed structure of AL wire lines;
- by the type of communication channel with detectors;
- by information capacity;
- in terms of information content.

By the type of alarm organization at the facility, the devices can be subdivided into:
autonomous - designed to provide autonomous isolated signaling, in which notifications about the state of the monitored object are issued only to sound and light alarms installed at the protected object or in the immediate vicinity of it;
local - designed to provide autonomous (local) signaling at the facility, in which status notifications, as well as control of the monitored loop (zones) are carried out using their own means of displaying information and control (indicator panels, consoles), which are part of the control panel;
centralized - designed for centralized signaling and work together or as a part of the SPI, in which notifications from the control panel are transmitted to the monitoring station of the SPI through the use of various communication channels (telephone lines, radio channels, dedicated lines, etc.).
Based on the method of detectors control, the control panels are subdivided into:
unaddressed - devices in which the monitored detector is not identified (devices with only unaddressed AL or unaddressed communication channels);
address - devices in which the address (identification number) of the monitored detector is determined (devices with addressable alarm loops, addressable signaling lines or addressable communication channels);
combined - devices with unaddressed AL and address communication lines (channels).
According to the structure of the AL wired lines, control panels are distinguished with:
— radial structure;
— annular structure;
— tree-like structure;
— combined structure.

By the type of communication channel with detectors, the control panels can be divided into:
— wired using physical communication lines (AL, address lines, electrical or radio transmission network, fiber, etc.);
— wireless using acoustic, optical, radio or other communication channels with detectors.

In general, the information content includes notices:
- characterizing the state of the loop (addresses, zones) per one loop (address, zone), as well as the state and operating mode of the device;
- displayed by internal light and sound indicators, indicator panels, instrument consoles, as well as external light and sound annunciators;
- transmitted to the monitoring station SPI (for the centralized signaling control panel).
In terms of resistance to climatic environmental factors, the devices belong to technical means intended for use inside buildings, while, depending on the range of operating temperatures, they can be subdivided into devices for heated and unheated rooms.
By the type of power supply and the organization of its redundancy: devices are distinguished with power supply from the AC mains, from an autonomous power source, without power supply redundancy, with redundancy from a DC source, switched to a centralized monitoring panel.
By the type of communication channels used, the devices can be divided into wired and wireless (loopback). Modern wireless devices mainly use a radio channel to communicate with detectors.

The established abbreviated designation of control panels has the following structural formula:

where X1- abbreviated designation of the name of the technical means, characterizing its functional purpose in relation to the flow of information and the scope of the technical means: PKPO - security control and monitoring device; PKPOP - fire alarm control panel;
X2- type of used communication channel: 01 - on special wire lines of radial structure; 02 - on special wire lines of a chain structure; 03 - on special wire lines of a tree structure; 04 - via leased lines of the telephone network; 05 - via telephone lines switched for the period of protection; 06 - on busy lines of the telephone network; 07 - through the channels of the compression equipment used in the telephone network; 08 - on low-voltage electrical network; 09 - over the radio broadcasting network; 10 - by radio channel; 11 - via the optical channel; 12-28 - reserve; 29 - via other communication channels.
X3- the applied method of information transmission: 1 - digital; 2 - temporary; 3 - frequency; 4 - multi-wire; 5-8 - reserve; 9 - other methods of transferring information.
X4- basic (without building up) the number of controlled directions.
X5- the maximum number of controlled directions, achieved by building up using a block or modular design (in the absence of building up, X5 is not given).
X6- the serial number of the development of this type of technical means.
X7- serial number of the design modification.
X8- Russian capital letter characterizing the modernization of a technical device (the first modernization is the letter A, the subsequent ones are in alphabetical order).
Recording example: PKPOP 014 - 4 - 3B is a fire and security control panel using special wire lines of a radial structure, a multi-wire method of information transmission, four controlled directions, registration number -3, second (B) modification.
When using communication channels of several types or several methods of transferring information, instead of X2 or X3, the corresponding numbers are given in succession. For example: 1004 (over the air and a dedicated telephone line).
For ease of perception, most devices are assigned the name indicated in the technical documentation, which is a conventional name or its abbreviation. For example: UOTS-1-1A (security telesignalization device), "Accord", "Rubin-8P", "Signal-20". The number in the name usually indicates the serial number of the development and (or) the number of connected ALs, and the letter is a distinctive sign of modification or modernization.
A generalized functional diagram of an unaddressed control panel of low information capacity is shown in Fig. 4.
The loop with the detectors installed in it is connected to the control unit, which provides its power supply and analysis according to several parameters. These parameters include, first of all, the amplitude values ​​of the monitored electrical signals, as well as their temporal characteristics, which make it possible to isolate the signal when the detector is triggered or when the normal state of the loop is disturbed (its open circuit or short circuit) and to distinguish it from a possible interference signal. At the output of the control unit, a normalized signal is generated when the monitored parameters are exceeded, the set threshold values.

Rice. 4. Generalized functional diagram of a control panel of low information capacity

It enters the processing unit, which carries out logical analysis and the formation of output signals that control the unit for switching on sirens, as well as the unit for generating notifications. The processing unit determines the tactics of handing over / disarming the object, the mode of switching on the light and sound annunciators, the characteristics of the generated notifications.

With the help of indicators located on the device, on a remote display or control panel, in the general case, light and sound signaling is provided:
- states of loops;
- operating mode of the device;
- availability of main power supply;
- availability and malfunction of backup power (discharge or malfunction of the storage battery).
The sounder switching unit directly controls external sound and light sounders. according to the adopted tactics. For autonomous control panels, it is possible to combine light and sound annunciators in one housing with the device.
The block for generating notifications provides communication of the device with a centralized monitoring panel or another device, transmitting notifications about the normal or alarm state of the object in accordance with the established interface.
Required in the functional diagram is the presence of a power supply unit that supplies power to the device blocks.
In general, the device can have additional output circuits to control engineering systems or devices for active counteraction of a detected hazard.
The control panels for local security must be able to connect a printer, computer or other device to provide event logging, or have a built-in non-volatile memory for storing event data with the ability to view the events later. Information about events should contain data about time, type of event and address (loop number, address, zone).
Centralized security devices may have the ability to connect remote control panel state control elements (outfit control circuit): a light indicator and a control sensor (electro-contact or other type). In normal state, the indicator light should be off. When the control panel operates in conjunction with the notification transmission system, when the control sensor is triggered, a corresponding notification can be sent to the keypad (for example, "Arrival of the order").
The main parameters of the joints: "device - alarm loop", "device - annunciators", "device - line of the centralized monitoring console", "device - power supply" are defined in regulatory documents, including the current State standards.

Literature

1. GOST R 50 776-95 (IEC 839-1-4-88) Alarm systems. Part 1. General requirements. Section 4. Guidelines for design, installation and technical
service.
2. Kiryukhina T.G., Chlenov A.N. Security technical means. Part 1. Security and burglar-fire alarm systems. Video control systems. Access control and management systems M .: NOU "Takir", 2002 - 216 p.
3. Chlenov AN, Kiryukhina TG Reception and control devices of security and fire alarm systems M .: Scientific Research Center "Okhrana", 2003. - 112 p.
4. Antonenko A.A. Technical operation of security and safety equipment of the LEU "Takir" facility, Moscow: "MACCENTR. Publishing House", 2002 - 48 p.

After we have decided on the type of detectors and the organization of zones, we can draw up an AMPS scheme. When developing the AUPS structure, one should take into account the solutions of the Global Fire Equipment company, the equipment of which is used on the existing territory of the plant.

The structural diagram reflects the composition of the fire alarm system - devices, detectors and connections between them. All workshops of the plant are equipped with fire alarm devices. In each protected room, linear smoke detectors (IPDL) are installed, which protect the main areas of the shops. In small rooms and places where the use of IPDL is impossible, point smoke detectors (addressable) are used. Manual fire detectors are installed on the escape routes, on the walls.

The processing of information about the state of fire detectors is carried out by the local fire alarm panel (LP). LP provides for the connection of up to three addressable loops (AL). Addressable detectors (point smoke and manual) are connected to the loop directly, and the IPDL and actuators are connected through the addressable detector state controller (KSI). In our case, the executive devices are: sound sirens equipped with strobe flashes, relays for controlling valves of fire extinguishing and smoke removal systems. All devices included in the LP loop regularly exchange information about their status with it (Fig. 2.6.).

The detector state controller is designed to control unaddressed devices, through a resistively loaded loop between them, and transmit notifications to the LP, as well as control executive devices. The communication protocols between the modules and the local panel are determined by the equipment manufacturer. This gives rise to an important requirement - communication protocols must be compatible.

The head unit of the fire alarm system is the central control panel (MCC) located at the checkpoint. Local panels are combined into a network, with a topology - a ring, where the CCU collects information about the state of each workshop (Figure 2.7.). Communication between the monitoring equipment is provided using optical interface modules connected to each LP and MSC. In the event of an alarm, all decisions are made by the central panel, according to the specified work algorithms. However, each LP controls up to 3 analogue addressable fire loops with its own independent processor and, in the event of a malfunction in the central panel, is able to act independently, giving FIRE / FAULT signals and activating its own sounders and relays. The difference between these operating modes is that if the connection is broken, the LP will be able to control only the workshop in which it is located. Notification and control systems for fire extinguishing means in adjacent workshops will be unavailable.

The communication protocol between the central and local panels is determined by the equipment manufacturer, as well as the interface. These questions will be discussed in more detail in the third section of the project.

In addition, in each workshop of the plant, the project provides for the installation of a duplicate device (network repeater), which fully reproduces information from the central control center with all control functions, which allows increasing the number of jobs in the system. Information about the state of the entire system is displayed on the LCD display in each workshop and control room. Also, the project provides for the use of a graphical interface that provides communication between the MSC and the operator's PC. Each panel is displayed on the monitor as if the operator was standing in front of it, and can be fully controlled from the computer. In the event of an alarm or malfunction, the location of the event is displayed on the computer screen. Three degrees of zoom are available to the operator. An individual device can be viewed, queried and, if necessary, disabled.

Rice. 2.6

Figure 2.7

Algorithm of work when fixing a fire.

The local panel regularly polls the states of the network elements. If a fire is detected by one of the detectors, it transmits an event message and the value of the monitored parameter to the central control center via the LP. The MCC generates a "pre-alarm" signal. Information about the event and its location is displayed on its display, monitor and in each shop. In case of receiving a fire signal from a neighboring detector, the MCC generates an "alarm" sound signaling devices in the security room. If within a predetermined time the response of the operator on duty is not received, the MSC can automatically initiate the formation of commands to control the engineering equipment of other systems (for example, automatic voice notification, smoke removal, unlocking the locks on the escape routes). For this purpose, loop control modules with built-in relays are used for switching "low-current" circuits up to 30 V.

Each of us has seen on television the results of the fires, which are caused by a too late call to the Ministry of Emergency Situations. All this could have been avoided if the burned-out room had been equipped with a fire alarm.

Let's consider the work of a fire alarm system using the example of the Bolid system, one of the most popular on the Russian market.

Alarm purpose

Fire alarm Bolide - a set of equipment allowing:

• establish the fact of fire;
• transmit an alarm;
• switch on fire extinguishing and smoke removal equipment in automatic mode;
• turn off ventilation;
• turn off the power supply (except for special equipment);
• include equipment and apparatus that prevent the spread of fire and facilitate evacuation.

The main quality of this system is reliability, which allows you to minimize damage in case of fire. Bolid systems are distinguished by a minimum number of false positives.

System types

There are three types of fire alarm systems, depending on the method of detecting a fire that has arisen and the method of signaling about it.

1. Address... They are installed in the controlled room. They are connected to the control panel. The control panel cyclically generates a request and receives signals from the sensors about the absence or presence of a fire, about the operational state of the sensor itself. This allows not only to detect a fire with the exact localization of the point of ignition, but also to obtain information about the operation of the sensors that make up the system, to quickly eliminate system malfunctions. But this system lacks responsiveness: a fire can be detected with a significant time delay.
2. Threshold, or unaddressed... From the control panel there are “beams” - fire alarm cables. During operation, each "beam" transmits signals from 20-30 sensors that are triggered when the threshold value of the controlled parameter is reached. The panel reflects the number of the "beam" containing the triggered sensor, generating a general alarm. This makes it impossible to determine a specific flash point.

   This system makes it impossible to monitor the health of the sensors, which leads to a delay in fire detection.

3. Analog addressable... The system is used to continuously monitor the facility. The control panel constantly polls the sensors, receiving information from them about the value of the monitored parameters and the operability of the sensors themselves. After analyzing the received data, the control panel makes a decision about the occurrence of an alarm situation or the need for instrument maintenance and troubleshooting. This allows you to detect a fire at the ignition stage, change the settings of the sensors without disabling the fire alarm systems.

Part of the equipment

Any fire alarm system used at the supervised object consists of blocks:

Fire detectors and sensors

Sensors monitor the physical parameters of the environment. In fire alarm systems, smoke, heat, combined, manual, light and ionization detectors are used.

A distinction is made between active and passive detectors depending on how the signal is generated.

Active detectors generate a signal, upon the change of which (usually this is the value of a change in the monitored parameter), a decision is made to issue an alarm.

Passive detectors are triggered when they are exposed to external factors - temperature changes, the appearance of smoke and other factors that indicate the occurrence of a fire.

Fire alarm control equipment

This equipment feeds the detectors and sensors through the object's fire alarm loops, receives alarms from peripheral devices, after analyzing the signals, it generates an alarm warning and signals to activate fire-fighting systems. At large facilities the alarm signal is transmitted to the central control point of the object or to the fire departments.

Peripherals

These are devices (with the exception of detectors) that are connected to the control and monitoring equipment by external communication lines.

Peripheral devices can perform various functions: control alarm devices from a specific location in the facility; ensure the performance of alarm systems; monitor and manage both conventional detectors and external devices, carry out sound and light alerts, print alarm and service alerts.

Fire alarm schemes

When choosing a fire alarm scheme, a number of factors are usually taken into account: the size of the object, the degree of fire hazard of this object, possible damage from a fire, the estimated cost of the fire alarm system.

The least reliable and effective is the threshold alarm system... But its low cost makes it possible to use it on small objects with an insignificant degree of fire hazard.

Block 50% from the beginning of the article of the article

To construct such circuits on the Bolid equipment, the signal-20P, Signal-20M, Signal-10 and S2000-4 receiving and control devices are used. Alarm loops include detectors of three types; there is a function for setting additional parameters. The inclusion of the S2000M controller-console into the system expands the functions of the system.

More reliable is the choice of an addressable fire alarm system... This will allow installing a smaller number of detectors, choosing a free line configuration, as well as eliminating the need for external optical signaling devices. But it is worth considering that the maintenance of such a system is carried out in a planned manner to prevent possible system failures.

The "Signal-10" control panel used in such circuits allows connecting loops with addressable and non-addressable detectors.

The use of an analogue addressable system will make it possible to avoid these disadvantages. Its sensors react to temperature fluctuations, measure the level of smoke in the room. Monitoring the performance of sensors allows you to service them in case of malfunctions. The system is easy to program, all sensors are connected to a computer. It is the best choice for demanding facilities.

The scheme is carried out using the S2000-KDL controller, to which up to 127 addressable devices are connected: detectors, addressable expanders, relay modules.

Block in 75% from the beginning of the article of the article

Diagrams for constructing various fire alarm systems on equipment manufactured by Bolid are shown in the figure.

The advantages of the Bolid system

Bolid equipment is used to build fire alarm circuits at many large industrial and civil construction projects. The quality of products is also evidenced by the fact that exactly this equipment was used at the Sochi Olympics... The company's equipment can be used to fully implement fire protection schemes for the most complex facilities.