Grechishnikova Marina Anatolyevna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU "Secondary School No. 2" urban settlement Urengoy

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses. Types of subordination.

Preparation for the State Examination. Task B8.

Target – systematize students’ knowledge on the topic, improve skills in working with tests and texts in preparation for the State Examination

Lesson objectives:

Educational

• improve the ability to distinguish between types of subordination in a complex sentence;
• introduce the work of Yuri Afanasyev.

Developmental

• develop syntactic skills;
• develop skills in working with text;
• develop skills in working with tests (tasks A1 – B9).

Educational

• cultivate love for the native land, respect for the culture of the peoples of the North inhabiting Yamal;
• to educate a thinking reader on the works of Yamal writers.

Lesson equipment:

• computer;
• interactive board;
• textbook;
• notebooks;
• handouts (tests, texts).

During the classes

1. Language warm-up

1. Read the text - an excerpt from Yuri Afanasyev’s story “Two Spruce Trees” (print the texts for each student or project them onto the board).

1. Due to the storm, the tug was standing in a creek. 2. Time was rushing. 3. For almost a week, Eduk and Oksana traveled along the canals to the village on Kaldanka. 4. Almost a week - this is the time. 5. And in life for Eduk there was one moment. 6. During these days, he learned so much about the world that the most ancient old man could not have learned. 7. The world, it turns out, is very big and hectic. 8. Like animals in the taiga, all sorts of people inhabit it. 9. Everyone has a lot of worries. 10. But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people walk almost without clothes all year round. 11. Just think, imagine yourself in the Arctic without clothes, even not in winter, even in summer (?!). 12. However, he could not help but believe Oksana. 13. Their relationship was so close, her eyes understood him so deeply that he was afraid of his bad thoughts. 14. “What? - thought Eduk. “Why not become related, be your own person in a warm, nourishing village?”

15. And then the village suddenly appeared from behind the melted cape. 16. The houses scattered along the ridge on the slope huddled together like chickens. 17. Among them, a church rose like a wood grouse, glowing reddishly with larch logs.18. And further beyond the village, spiky spruce trees stuck out like a comb. 19. The faint smell of warm bread made my head spin. 20. Eduk could distinguish this smell from a great distance. 21. You can’t confuse him with anything...

1. Find dialect words in the text and replace them with stylistically neutral synonyms.

Kaldanka (in project 3) – boat

Uval (in Project 16) – hill, slope

1. In paragraph 2, find comparisons. Write down the numbers of sentences with comparisons.

16 – like chickens

17 – capercaillie (instrumental case form)

18 – comb (instrumental case form)

1. Write down the number of the sentence with the introductory word.

1. Write down the grammatical basics from sentences 7, 12, 20

7 – the world is big, hectic

12 – he couldn’t help but believe

20 – Eduk could tell the difference

1. Determine the type of subordinating connection in the phrase “animals in the taiga” (sentence 8). Replace this phrase with a synonym for the subordinating connection, agreement.

Communication - management; taiga animals

1. Determine the type of subordinating connection in the phrase “restless world” (sentence 7). Replace this phrase with one synonymous with the subordinating connection, management.

Coordination; peace without peace

1. Write down the numbers of complex sentences.

6, 10, 13

1. Updating knowledge

Write sentence 10 from the text.

But the most incredible thing for Eduk was to hear that there are lands where people walk almost without clothes all year round.

Construct a diagram of this sentence: [ === ], (which === ____), (where ____ ===).

Determine the type of subordination (sequential).

What types of subordination in a complex sentence do you know? (Memo, Appendix 1).

Give examples.

1. Consolidation

1. Determine the type of subordination. Fill out the table (Appendix 2). Comment your answer orally. Print out worksheets with example sentences for each student. Graduates fill out only column 2.

1. Compress the text. From sentences 6-8 (excerpt from the story “Two Spruce Trees”), make up 1 complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.

What is this method of text compression called? (Simplification is merging several sentences into one).

1. Among the sentences below, find the IPP with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses:

1. Without making out the road, he fled into the forest-tundra, ran towards the Urals. 2. Ran until exhausted. 3. He was afraid to stop. 4. He felt that if he stopped, he would be torn apart from the inside. 5. My heart can't stand it. 6. And he ran, ran off-road, throwing out bitterness and resentment.

Answer: 4

1. Using the text of the story “Two Spruce Trees” by Yu. Afanasyev, continue the sentences so that you get SPP with different types of subordination:

Sequential: I can’t say how old these spruce trees are..... (which grow on the banks of the Ob).

Homogeneous : What brought us closer together was loneliness or the anticipation of the morning, when the village would wake up with fishing sweat, the mooing of cows, the breath of fresh wind,…. (when the snipe sandpiper announces the beginning of the day with a wooden shamanic trill.

Parallel (non-uniform): When the headman smiles, it seems... (that he is ready to swallow you like a small fish).

1. Testing. Part B8. Presentation (it is better to conduct a lesson with a mobile computer class so that each graduate can work on the tests independently. If this is not possible, the assignments can be printed for each student).

1. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Many did not go to explore the North and live in Yamal, but to earn money. (2) Isn’t that where it came from: I worked for 15 years, gave “all my strength” to the wild North - put me back in my place, give me everything. (3) They gave and kissed goodbye, and the “silent” ones were increasingly thrown into the darkness, as if they had been sentenced in advance: the locals could not be trained into cadres. (4) In the second and third generations, children of dispossessed people were not given passports.

(5) “Yamal received the third blow with the beginning of oil and gas development. (6) Now the organizers themselves do not know why they built the cities, or what to do with the population.”

2. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with parallel (heterogeneous) subordination. Write the number of this offer.

(1) With the closure of navigation, it is practically prohibited to set nets on the Ob. (2) But nets are installed every year, and it is impossible for a fish inspector with a pick to remove them all. (3) How many holes do you need to cut?! (4) To streamline recreational fishing, it is appropriate in some cases to apply licensed fishing based on the experience of Guryev residents. (5) This experience is justified in case of insignificant bycatch of valuable fish species, which does not in any way negatively affect the reproduction of fish stocks, and in the fall on smooth sands, when fishermen leave the latter, migrating to their winter quarters.

(6) It should be taken into account that northern fishing in the fall, in the wind, in icy water is not an easy pleasure.

3. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The profitability of licensed fishing is not only in the collection of funds, part of which should go to the development of fishing, but most importantly in the education of the person himself. (2) If you want to fish, work on cleaning up the living creatures, plant a few bushes to strengthen the banks of spawning rivers, and do your part to save the young fish. (3) Anyone who took the fish but did not give it back, who violated the rules of fishing, may be expelled from society or temporarily suspended from fishing. (4) It seems that amateur fishermen in their place of residence will more jealously monitor their area and will also provide assistance in the fight against malicious poaching. (5) The discovery of cases of the latter is still insignificant.

4. Among sentences 1-7, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Poachers. (2) Who are they? (3) Of course, people. (4) But these are people who deliberately go about causing damage to nature. (5) What about the rest who love their Ob, who for one reason or another end up as violators? (6) Doesn’t the very word “poacher” offend his ears? (7) So far, such a difference is not visible and only because not everything has been used in the organization of recreational fishing.

5. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) In the last days of the passing leap year, the stocky log houses in the village were pressed even more tightly to the ground due to the weight of the snow on the roofs. (2) The old office building, unable to withstand such a load, leans against the neighboring fence, but proudly and cockily a flag flutters on a spruce pole, all faded and planted there unknown when and by whom. (3) The flag glorified the still indestructible and mighty Union, when for the second year the political weather was completely different. (4) But the people of Yamalsk have not changed in any way morally and in their actions. (5) On the pediment of the office there still hung a peeling slogan, which called on the fishermen and fisherwomen to work hard and give one more percent above the plan, because the fate of the Motherland depended on this percentage.

6. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) “Now there will be a buzz!” - Styopka explained to his mentor, who perceived the children’s noise with migraine pain and was impatiently waiting for her duty to end. (2) Styopka didn’t know where she came from. (3) But how could he be interested in the fact that some go to the Far North to build, others to earn northern seniority for retirement, for a coefficient. (4) But the boarding school teacher was noticeable in the village for her unsociability, did not trust the cleanliness of the frogs and malitsa, and was wary of visiting the families of tundra dwellers. (5) It is not easy to gather reindeer herders and fishermen to the boarding school for a parent meeting, but coming to your home - chum - is revered. (6) And if the teacher began to speak in their native language, then he became no less than a ruma - a friend to whom, on occasion, one should give a gift.

7. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The blizzard howled louder and angrier, but the voices in the tent, illuminated from the outside by several electric bulbs, were heard far away. (2) Before Chuprov had time to throw back the curtain, a man in a mask splashed a full ladle of ice water down his collar. (3) “What a joke,” Styopka gasped. (4) The owner liked the joke, and this trick added noise and fun to all the guests.

(5) How did he not foresee all the consequences? (6) After all, he should have known that he was invited and taken as a hostage to One-Eyed, that, if necessary and to please the owner, the procurer was taken to the village.

8. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) He had known the brood of wolves since last year, and now four one-year-old puppies also went through practice in a blizzard. (2) As they cut up all the weakened deer with a knife, their corpses turned black in the snow. (3) Here and there the wolverine tried: jumping from tree to tree, she gnawed at the throat, drank the blood, and threw the animal...

(4) Hunzi no longer thought about Zyryanov’s promises - if the deer were 100% safe, he would transfer thirty percent to him. (5) This whole market is not for him. (6) The only thing he thought about now was that no one could take away the snow, the sky, the air, the tundra where he walked.

9. Among sentences 1-6, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) Hunzi went at the wolf unarmed, only with this shovel stick. (2) He had neither fear nor anger against the wolf. (3) What he dreamed disappeared. (4) Hunzi, peering at the trail, saw that he was trying to jump over the ravine, but was careful of a large snow drift, that he sat, turned around and again moved directly.

(5) Finally, Hunzi saw a wolf on the opposite bank of the Yugan River. (6) The floodplain was snow-covered two to three meters deep - you couldn’t cross that easily...

10. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) The deer carries the shepherd further and further. (2) It’s not scary to travel with such a deer even unarmed. (3) How can a shepherd not rejoice at the deer, how can he not sing a song about them! (4) Narasyukh, tell us about the blue wind of kaslanya and about the deer-miniruv, the holy deer, which in its entire life does not know what a team is. (5) Tell me how the minyruv hung the sun on its horns and how on a quiet night the stars rang like bells in their ears on a quiet night...

Answers

1. Reflection. Summing up the lesson.

• What new did you learn in the lesson?
• How to find complex sentences with different types of subordination?
• What is the difference between homogeneous subordination and parallel subordination?
• What problems does Yu.N raise? Afanasyev in his works?
• What lexical features can be noted in the texts used in the lesson? (Dialect words, abundance of means of expression, especially comparisons).
• Have you noticed the syntactic features of the works of Yamal writers? (Simple sentences, introductory words, inversion).

1. Differentiated homework assignment (optional).

1. Prepare a presentation of 20 slides on the topic “Preparation for the State Examination. B8" (Performance in groups is possible).
2. Develop a reminder for memorizing theoretical material on the topic.
3. Make a table to systematize knowledge on the topic and memorize theoretical material.
4. Solve several variants of tasks B8 from the collection for preparing for the State Examination.

Bibliography

1. Gosteva Yu.N., Vasiliev I.P., Egoraeva G.T. GIA 2014. Russian language. 9th grade. 30 options for standard test tasks and preparation for completing part 3 (C) / Yu.N. Gosteva, I.P. Vasiliev, G.T. Egoraeva. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2014.
2. Lvova S.I. GIA 2014. Russian language: training tasks: 9th grade / S.I. Lvova, T.I. Zamuraeva. – M.: Eksmo, 2013.
3. Nazarova T.N. GIA. Workshop on the Russian language: preparation for completing tasks of part B/ T.N. Nazarova, E.N. Violin. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2014.
4. Russian language. 9th grade. Preparation for the State Examination 2013: educational and methodological manual / Ed. ON THE. Senina. – Rostov n/a: Legion, 2012.
5. Khaustova D.A. Russian language. Preparation for the State Examination (writing a concise summary). Universal materials with methodological recommendations, solutions and answers / D.A. Khaustova. – 3rd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2012.

Internet resources

1. Gubkin centralized library system.http://www.gublibrary.ru
2. Afanasyev Yu.N. Rhythms of the tundra. Once stepping on a rake. Two ate. Corporate information and library portal of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.http://libraries-yanao.ru

Annex 1.

REMINDER

TYPES OF SUBMISSION

A complex sentence can have two or more subordinate clauses. The relationships of such subordinate clauses with each other determine the type of subordination.

1. Parallel subordination

With parallel subordination, one main element includes different types of subordinate clauses that answer different questions:

Reason, (despite what?) even if it is oppressed and neglected, ultimately always prevails (why?), because it is impossible to live without it (A. France).

2. Homogeneous submission

With homogeneous subordination, subordinate clauses are of the same type, answer the same question and refer to the same member of the main sentence or to the entire main sentence as a whole. Homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection:

Yegorushka saw (what?), how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground (what?), how the stars lit up one after another (A. Chekhov).

3. Consistent submission

With sequential subordination, the main clause is subject to a subordinate clause (clause of the first degree), which, in turn, is subject to the next subordinate clause (clause of the second degree), etc. (the parts form a chain). With this connection, each subordinate part becomes the main part in relation to the next one, but only one original main part remains: which considered the ancestor people, which is why the largest number of legends are dedicated to him.

Historical experience proves that all attempts “jumping” over some stages of culture does not lead to anything good don't lead that only scrupulous Job to restore historical memory, “childhood and youth” of the people let him go out on the main road of world culture and come to a feeling of spiritual fullness of being.

If you contact to foreign literature, then with confidence we can say that the fairy-tale hero of R. Rugin has long been known already in the vastness of Europe from France to Russia.

To become masters of your own destiny , Khanty and other small peoples of Siberiawill have to overcomemany obstacles, which modernity has prepared for them.

Task maintaining traditions complicated by the fact that many Russian speaking young Khanty who don’t see the point learn your native language, prefer study English instead.

It is significant that the deer is playing less significant in Khanty mythology role than in the Nenets legends, although also appears in legends.

Roman Rugin is also a wrestler for the rights of the people, which appeals to the mind of his reader and states the facts, and the poet who calls to people's hearts and their emotions.

The writer often resorts to reception"turning to the past" to force Khanty readers look at their past, to move forward, build the future.

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses can be divided into three main groups: with homogeneous, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential subordination.

1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination:

all subordinate clauses refer to the same main sentence or to the same word in the main sentence (if the subordinate clauses do not extend the entire main sentence, but one of its words);

subordinate clauses answer the same question, that is, they are subordinate clauses of the same type;

subordinate clauses are connected with each other using coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (with the meaning of enumeration), just as homogeneous members are connected with each other.

The boys, quiet, looked after the truck, / 1 until he drove past the intersection, / 2 until the dust he raised cleared away, / 3 until he himself became a cloud of dust/ 4 (Zhukhovitsky).

1 , (Bye- conjunction) 2, ( Bye- conjunction) 3 , ( Bye- union 4.

Complex sentence; consists of four simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause and answer the same question - until when? Each subordinate clause is associated with the main conjunction while. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.

The vertical scheme (a scheme that reflects not the arrangement of simple sentences within a complex one, but their dependence) will be as follows:

1
↓
(Bye- conjunction) 2, ( Bye- conjunction) 3 , ( Bye- union) 4

My father told me / 1 that he had never seen such bread / 2 And / that this year's harvest is excellent/ 3 (Aksakov).

[ch.] 1, ( What- conjunction) 2 and ( What- conjunction) 3 .

Complex sentence; consists of three simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are additional clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one word (predicate said, expressed by a verb) in the main sentence, answer the same question - what? Each subordinate clause is connected with the main conjunction that. Subordinate clauses are connected to each other by the connecting conjunction and. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.

The vertical diagram of a complex sentence will be as follows:

1
↓
(What- union) 2 And (What- union) 3

Note!

1) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause by the same conjunction, then this conjunction may be omitted in one or more subordinate clauses (but the conjunction is easy to restore).

Wed: Shatsky saw/ 1 /2 and / the sailors spent a long time, interfering with each other, pulling it up on hoists/ 3 (Paustovsky). - Shatsky saw/ 1 how the last boat returned to the ship/2 and / how the sailors for a long time, interfering with each other, pulled it up on hoists / 3 .

2) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting or disjunctive conjunction (and, yes in the meaning of “and”, or, or), then a comma is not placed between the subordinate clauses.

my father said me that he has never seen such bread and that this year’s harvest is excellent(Aksakov); He emphatically stated that we must get out of his house immediately or he will call the police(Grigoriev) - the conjunction that before the second subordinate clause is omitted, but can be restored ( He emphatically stated that we must get out of his house immediately or that he would call the police).

3) For repeated coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses.

While in the hospital, he recalled how the Nazis suddenly attacked them, and how they found themselves surrounded, and as a squad managed to get through to their own.

4) The conjunctions whether... or are considered to be repeated (in this case or can be replaced by whether), and homogeneous clauses connected by these conjunctions are separated by a comma.

Wed: It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, or was about to rise moon(Chekhov). - It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, whether the moon was about to rise.

2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:

all subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause;

subordinate clauses answer different questions, that is, they are different types of subordinate clauses.

Subordinate clauses that have the same meaning but refer to different words in the common main clause will also be heterogeneous (parallel).

/ 1 Yegorushka strained his vision, / 2 / 3 (Chekhov).

(When- conjunction) 1 , 2 , ( to- conjunction) 3 .

A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The second sentence is main, the first and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses relate to the same main clause, but answer different questions (cf.: [When?] As he pulled into the backyard, / 1 / 2 ; Yegorushka strained his vision[why?], / 2 to get a better look at it/ 3). These are different types of clauses: when he pulled up to the backyard- subordinate tense; to get a better look at it- subordinate clause of purpose.

2
↓ ↓
(When- union) 1 ( to- union) 3

It is necessary to take into account Wednesday, / 1 wherein a poetic work develops, / 2 / 3 (Mayakovsky).

[noun] 1, ( wherein- union. next) 2 , ( to- conjunction) 3 .

A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one main clause, but the first subordinate clause (second simple clause) refers to one word - environment, expressed by a noun; the second subordinate clause (third simple clause) refers to the entire main clause. Subordinate clauses answer different questions (cf.: It is necessary to take into account Wednesday [which one?], / 1 wherein a poetic work develops, / 2; The environment must be taken into account[why?], / 1 so that a word alien to this environment does not appear by chance / 3). These are different types of clauses: wherein a poetic work develops- subordinate clause; so that a word alien to this environment does not appear accidentally- subordinate clause of purpose.

The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:

[noun ] 1
↓ ↓
(wherein- union. next) 2 ( to- union) 3

I asked his, / 1 Why he has gone so far from fanzia, / 2 And said, / 1 that you were worried about him/ 3 (Arsenyev).

[ ch., ( Why- union. next) 2, ch.] 1, ( What- conjunction) 3 .

A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses relate to one main clause and answer questions of indirect cases (cf.: I asked his[about what?], / 1 Why he's gone so far from fanzia / 2 ; I asked him and said [what?], / 1 that you were worried about him/ 3). These are the same types of clauses - additional clauses. But these subordinate clauses refer to different words within the main sentence: the first subordinate clause (second simple sentence) refers to the predicate asked expressed by a verb; the second subordinate clause (third simple sentence) refers to the predicate said, also expressed by a verb. Therefore, these subordinate clauses are heterogeneous (parallel).

The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:

[Ch. ch.] 1
↓ ↓
(Why- union. next) 2 ( What- union) 3

3. In complex sentences with sequential subordination the main clause is subordinated to one subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), and this subordinate clause is subordinated to another subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), etc. Thus, the subordinate clause of the 1st degree is the main clause for the subordinate clause of the 2nd degree, etc.

I heard, / 1 how Gaidar cleaned the pot with sand and scolded his for that, / 2 that his pen fell off/ 3 (Paustovsky).

[ch.] 1, ( How- union ch. + uk. next) 2 , ( What- conjunction) 3 .

A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause of the first degree (second simple sentence) refers to the first (main) sentence, namely to the predicate heard expressed by a verb; a subordinate clause of the second degree (third simple sentence) refers to a subordinate clause of the first degree (second simple sentence), namely, to the predicate scolded expressed by a verb.

The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:

[ch.] 1
↓
(How- union ch. + uk. next) 2
↓
(What- union) 3

Note!

With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause may appear inside another subordinate clause. At the same time, at the junction of these subordinate clauses, two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word may appear next to each other.

The maid was an orphan,/ 1 which , / 2 to feed, / 3 should have entered the service / 2 (L. Tolstoy).

[noun ] 1, (which is a conjunction, 2 (so that is a conjunction...), 3...) 2.

[noun ] 1
↓
(which- union. next) 2
↓
(to- union) 3

Nearby are the conjunction word which and the conjunction so. They refer to different subordinate clauses: subordinate clause of the 1st degree - who was supposed to enter service; subordinate clause of the 2nd degree - to feed. A subordinate clause of the 2nd degree is located inside a subordinate clause of the 1st degree, and a subordinate clause of the 2nd degree can be removed from a complex sentence without damage or placed after a subordinate clause of the 1st degree, cf.: The maid was an orphan who had to enter service; The maid was an orphan who had to enter service in order to feed. There is a comma between the conjunction word which and the conjunction so, which belong to different subordinate clauses.

Thus, when two subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word) meet, comma between them is put, if the removal of the second subordinate clause does not require the restructuring of the entire complex sentence (in this case, the second part of the double conjunction does not follow - then, so, but).

Comma at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions (or a conjunction and a conjunctive word) not placed in the event that the second subordinate clause cannot be removed without changing the entire complex sentence (in this case, what follows is the second part of the double conjunction - then, so, but).

I'm holding bet, / 1 what / 2 / 3 That/ 2 (Leskov).

[noun ] 1 , ( What- union 2 ( If- union...), 3 then...) 2 .

[noun ] 1
↓
(What- union) 2
↓
(if... then- union) 3

The main clause in this sentence is: I bet/ 1, as well as two successively connected subordinate clauses: subordinate clause of the 1st degree: something... he'll stay here for three more days/ 2, inside which there is a subordinate clause of the second degree: if you give this to the Duke/ 3 (cf.: I bet that... then he will stay here for three more days; he will stay here for three more days if you give this to the Duke). At the junction of subordinate clauses of the 1st degree and the 2nd degree there are two subordinating conjunctions what and if. However, a comma is not placed between them, since it is impossible to remove a subordinate clause of the second degree without changing the subordinate clause of the first degree, cf.: I bet, / 1 that he will stay here for three more days/ 2 . This is prevented by the second part of the double conditional conjunction if...then, which is in the main clause for the conditional clause - the subordinate clause of the first degree: he will stay here for three more days. If this second part (then) is removed, then at the junction of the conjunctions what and if it will be necessary to put a comma, cf.: I bet/ 1 what , / 2 if you give this to the Duke, / 3 he will stay here for three more days / 2 .

In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses it is possible combinations of connections: there can be both homogeneous and consistent subordination; parallel and serial, etc. Therefore, when analyzing and arranging punctuation marks, one should not strive to immediately draw up a general diagram or immediately place punctuation marks.

The following analysis algorithm seems to be the most optimal:

1. Establish the total number of simple sentences in a complex sentence, highlighting all grammatical bases.
2. Highlight all subordinating means of communication (subordinating conjunctions and allied words); Based on this, establish the main clause and subordinate clauses.
3. For each subordinate clause, establish the main clause, that is, break the complex sentence into pairs: main - subordinate clause.
4. Construct a vertical diagram of a complex sentence, and on this basis determine the nature of the subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential subordination).
5. Build a horizontal diagram and place punctuation marks on this basis.

The bet is that if your master stays here for three days, then without any excuses you must carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order you give me.(Leskov).

This complex sentence contains 7 simple sentences:

Bet is that / 1 what / 2 if your lord stays here for three days / 3 then you have no excuses must fulfill That / 2 What I will tell you/ 4 a / if he doesn't stay / 5 then I will fulfill any order / 6 which will you give it to me/ 7 (Leskov).

1) bet is that;
2) something... you without any excuses must fulfill That ;
3) if your master stays here for three days;
4) What I will tell you ;
5) if he doesn't stay;
6) then I will fulfill any order;
7) which you will give it to me.

First sentence ( the bet is) is the main thing, the rest are subordinate clauses. The question is raised only by the sixth simple sentence ( then I will fulfill any order ).

This complex sentence can be divided into the following pairs of complex sentences:

1→2: bet is that, something... you without any excuses must fulfill That ;
2→3: you without any excuses must fulfill That if your lord stays here for three days;
2→4: you without any excuses must fulfill That what will I tell you;
6→5: I will fulfill any order if he doesn't stay;
6→7: I will fulfill any order, which you will give it to me.

It is still difficult to determine what type of sentence the sixth sentence belongs to. In this case, you should pay attention to the coordinating conjunction a. A coordinating conjunction, unlike a subordinating conjunction, in a complex sentence consisting of three or more simple sentences may not appear before the sentence to which it refers. Therefore, it is necessary to find out which simple sentences are connected by this adversative conjunction. To do this, you need to remove all simple sentences, leaving only those that contain opposition. These are sentences 2 and 6, cf.: you without any excuses must fulfill then, and I will carry out any order. But sentence 2 is a subordinate clause. Therefore, sentence 6, connected to sentence 2 by a coordinating conjunction, must also be a subordinate clause. This can be checked by inserting the same conjunction that sentence 2 has, and connecting sentence 6 with the same main one on which sentence 2 depends, cf.: bet thing is I will carry out any order. This means that sentences 2 and 6 are homogeneous subordinate clauses, only the conjunction that in sentence 6 is omitted (1→6).

Based on the data obtained, we can construct a vertical diagram of this complex sentence:

[Ch. + uk. next] 1
↓
(What- union ch. + uk. next) 2, and (- noun + adjective) 6
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
(if... then- conjunction) 3 ( What- union. next) 4 ( if... then- union) 5 ( which- union. next) 7

Thus, this sentence is complex, in which the subordinate clauses are connected homogeneously (sentences 2 and 6), in parallel (sentences 3 and 4, sentences 5 and 7), and also sequentially (sentences 2 and 3; 2 and 4, 6 and 5, 6 and 7).

To place punctuation marks, it is necessary to mark the boundaries of simple sentences, paying special attention to the possible combination of several conjunctions at the border of sentences, and also to construct a horizontal sentence diagram.

[Ch. + uk. next] 1 , ( What- union ( If- conjunction) 3, That Ch. + uk. next) 2 , ( What- conjunction next) 4, A (If- conjunction) 5, ( That noun + uk. next) 6 , ( which- union. next) 7 .

In this sentence there is a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (what if). In addition, the coordinating conjunction a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with the subordinating conjunction if (and if). According to the general rules, they should be separated by commas, but then follows the second part of the double conjunction if... then. It is this second part of the conjunction that does not make it possible to remove conditional clauses without changing the structure of the sentences as a whole, cf.: The bet is that... you must do this without any excuses; otherwise... then I will carry out any order. That is why a comma is not placed at the junction of these conjunctions.

So, the punctuation marks in the sentence should be arranged as follows:

The bet is that if your master stays here for three days, then without any excuses you must do what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order you give me (Leskov).

Plan for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Indicate the type of complex sentence (complex sentence).
2. Name the main clause and subordinate clauses (highlight grammatical bases).
3. Indicate how subordinate clauses are related to the main clause (sequential, parallel, homogeneous subordination).
4. Parse each subordinate clause according to plan.
5. Construct vertical and horizontal sentence diagrams.

Sample parsing

Participates in the adventures of Baron Munchausen runner, / 1 which, / 2 so as not to run too fast, / 3 ties pound weights to his feet/ 2 (Soloukhin).

The sentence is complex; consists of three parts; sentence 1 - main; sentences 2 and 3 are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause sequentially.

The subordinate clause of the first degree (sentence 2) refers to the main one (sentence 1). This is a subordinate clause; it refers to the subject runner expressed by a noun, a means of communication is a conjunctive word which; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.

The second degree clause (sentence 3) refers to the first degree clause (sentence 2). This is a clause of purpose; it relates to everything important, the means of communication is the union to; the subordinate clause stands in the middle of the main clause.

[noun] 1
def. ↓
(which- union. next) 2
goals ↓
(to- union) 3

[noun] 1 , ( which- union. words, ( to- conjunction) 3 ,) 2 .
def. goals

The section of the science of our language devoted to the structure of sentences is fraught with a lot of interesting things, and syntactic analysis can be a fascinating activity for those who are well versed in the rules of the Russian language. Today we will touch on the syntax and punctuation of a complex sentence, in particular the case when there is not one subordinate clause, but several. What types of subordination are there and why is a sentence with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses interesting? First things first.

Complex sentence and its parts

A complex sentence (S/P) is a complex sentence in which one can distinguish the main part (it carries the main semantic load) and the subordinate part (it is dependent on the main part, you can ask a question about it). There can be two or more subordinate parts, and they can be attached to the main, main part in different ways. There are sequential, homogeneous, heterogeneous, parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. To find out the type of subordination, you need to pay attention to whether the dependent parts answer the same question or to different ones, whether they refer to the same word in the main part or to different ones. We will consider the material in more detail in the next section.

Types of subordination of subordinate clauses

So, there are four types of subordination.

• Sequential subordination - subordinate parts depend sequentially on each other, and one of them depends on the main one. I know (about what?), what to do (for what?) to get to (where?) where I need to go.
• Homogeneous - subordinate clauses answer the same question and refer to the same word. I asked (about what?) what time it was, where we were and how to get to the airport. This sentence has three subordinate (dependent) parts, all of them relate to the word “asked” and answer the question “about what?”
• Heterogeneous subordination - subordinate clauses also refer to the same word, but different questions are asked to them. I have to go to this city (why should I?) to accomplish everything I have planned, (why should I?) because there are a lot of things to do.
• Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses - dependent parts refer to different words of the main sentence and answer completely different questions. (For what?) To catch the train, I have to leave home early for the train station (which one?), which is located in another part of the city.

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses

We found out what is the difference between different types of submission. By the way, in some sources, heterogeneous parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is distinguished as one type. This occurs because in both cases the questions to the dependent parts are posed differently.

If the sentence is complex with parallel subordination of subordinate clauses, then most often one dependent part is located before the main one, and the second - after.
You need to highlight the main, main part of the sentence, determine the number of subordinate clauses and ask questions about them. Only in this way will we be convinced that what we have before us is truly a parallel subordination of subordinate clauses. If the questions are different, and we ask them from different words, then the subordination is truly parallel. When I went outside, I suddenly remembered that a long time ago I was going to visit my friend. In this sentence from the predicate of the main part "remembered" we ask a question "When?" to the first subordinate clause, and from the complement "About" ask a question "about what?"to the second. This means that in this case a parallel method of subordination is used.

It is necessary to be able to determine the boundaries of the parts of a sentence and correctly ask questions from the main part in order not to make mistakes when placing punctuation marks. We remember that subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas, which are placed before the conjunction or allied word connecting the parts of a complex sentence.

Let's sum it up

Parallel subordination of subordinate clauses is one of four types of subordination in the Russian language. To determine the type of subordination, you need to select simple sentences as part of a complex subordination, determine the main part and ask questions from it to the dependent ones. If the question is the same, then this is homogeneous subordination, if different from the same word - heterogeneous, if unequal questions from different words - parallel, and if the question can be asked only to one subordinate clause, and from it to another, and so on, then What we have before us is consistent subordination.

Be literate!

Difficult sentence - this is a sentence with two or more predicative stems, and simple sentences as part of a complex sentence form a semantic and intonational whole.

Main types of complex sentences.

Complex sentences are divided into allied and non-unionized.

Conjunctive sentences, in turn, are divided into compound and complex sentences.

Thus, there are three main types of complex sentences:

compound, compound and non-union.

Compound sentences are:

Punctuation marks in complex sentences.

Note: Sometimes a dash is placed between parts of a complex sentence before the conjunction And if the sentence contains a sharp contrast or a rapid change of events.

Here the north, driving up the clouds, breathed, howled - and here comes the sorceress winter herself (A.S. Pushkin).

Complex sentence.

Features of SPP:

SPP structure:

Conjunctions and allied words in a complex sentence:

Complex sentence with several subordinate clauses.

According to the nature of the subordination of several subordinate clauses, they are divided into three types:
- subordinate clauses with homogeneous subordination;
- subordinate clauses with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
- subordinate clauses with sequential subordination.

NOTE: complex sentences with combined subordination are often found: homogeneous + parallel, homogeneous + sequential, sequential + parallel, etc. Therefore, be careful when analyzing the offer.

Punctuation marks in NGN.

Exercise. Among sentences 1-5, find a complex sentence with an explanatory clause. Write his number.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

Let's highlight the basics: (1) As a child, I hated matinees because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to say about someone that he was funny and ugly, said this: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!”

Proposition No. 3 is simple. Let's exclude him. We determine the boundaries of the sentences and see how the bases are connected: (1) [As a child, I hated matinees] (because my father came to our kindergarten). (2) [He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody], and [our teacher sternly told him]: “Valery Petrovich, move up!” (4) [He was small, plump, began to go bald early], and, (although he never drank), [for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown]. (5) [Children (when they wanted to say about someone) (that he was funny and ugly), they said this]: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!” The first sentence is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause (why did I hate matinees? Because my father came). The second sentence is a compound sentence with direct speech. The fourth sentence is complex with a coordinating connection (conjunction and) and a subordinating connection (clause although...). The fifth sentence is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses and direct speech. The first subordinate clause is time (the children said when? when they wanted to talk about someone); the second subordinate clause is explanatory (they wanted to say something about someone? that he is funny and ugly). Thus, the correct answer is sentence #5.

Among sentences 1 - 9, find a complex sentence that contains a subordinate clause. Write the number of this offer.

(1) It is not difficult to imagine what was going on at that moment in the soul of the commander: he, who had taken upon himself the unbearable burden of a shameful retreat, was deprived of the glory of a victorious battle. (2) ...Barclay's traveling carriage stopped at one of the post stations near Vladimir. (3) He headed towards the stationmaster’s house, but his path was blocked by a huge crowd. (4) Insulting shouts and threats were heard. (5) Barclay’s adjutant had to draw his saber to pave the way to the carriage. (6) What consoled the old soldier, upon whom the unjust anger of the crowd fell? (7) Perhaps faith in the correctness of one’s decision: it is this faith that gives a person the strength to go to the end, even if he has to alone. (8) And perhaps Barclay was consoled by hope. (9) The hope that someday dispassionate time will reward everyone according to their deserts and the fair court of history will certainly acquit the old warrior who gloomily rides in a carriage past a roaring crowd and swallows bitter tears.

Among sentences 1 - 10, find a complex sentence that includes subordinate clause(s). Write the number(s) for this sentence.

(1) No matter how hard I tried, I could not imagine that there once were houses here, noisy children running, apple trees growing, women drying clothes... (2) No sign of the former life! (3) Nothing! (4) Only the sad feather grass mournfully swayed its stems and the dying river barely moved among the reeds... (5) I suddenly felt scared, as if the earth had become exposed beneath me and I found myself on the edge of a bottomless abyss. (6) It can’t be! (7) Does man really have nothing to oppose to this dull, indifferent eternity? (8) In the evening I cooked fish soup. (9) Mishka was throwing wood on the fire and reaching into the pot with his cyclopean spoon to take a sample. (10) Shadows moved timidly next to us, and it seemed to me that people who had once lived here timidly came here from the past to warm themselves by the fire and talk about their lives.

Among sentences 1 - 11, find a complex sentence with homogeneous subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.

(1) An old man in a naval uniform was sitting on the river bank. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some sat on worn epaulettes, breathed and fluttered when the man occasionally moved. (3) He felt stuffy, he relaxed his long-unbuttoned collar with his hand and froze, peering with teary eyes into the palms of the small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking about? (6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break out of the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, and trained many glorious commanders and crews of warships.

Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses There are two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main sentence; 2) the first subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, the second - to the first subordinate clause, etc.

I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main clause can be homogeneous And heterogeneous.

1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses, like homogeneous members, they have the same meaning, answer the same question and depend on one word in the main clause. Homogeneous subordinate clauses can be connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (only with the help of intonation). For example:

1) [But sad to think], (which is in vain was us youth is given), (What cheated to her all the time), (that deceived us she)... (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (conjunction What),(union What),(union What)...

2) [Dersu said], (What these are not clouds, but fog) So what Tomorrow it will be a sunny day and even hot) (V. Arsenyev).[verb], (what) and (what).

The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called homogeneous subordination.

It should be borne in mind that with a homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses, it is possible to omit a conjunction or conjunction in the second (third) subordinate clause, for example:

(Where is the cheerful the sickle was walking) And ( the ear fell), [now everything is empty] (F. Tyutchev).(where) and ("), ["].

2. Heterogeneous clauses have different meanings, answer different questions, or depend on different words in a sentence. For example:

(If I have hundred lives), [ they wouldn't satisfy all thirst for knowledge], ( which burns me) (V. Bryusov)- (union If),[noun], (v. word which).

The connection of heterogeneous subordinate clauses with the main clause is called parallel subordination.

II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate clauses form a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) etc. For example:

[She was horrified"], (When found out), (that the letter was carried father) (F. Dostoevsky)- , (With. When verb.), (p. What).

This connection is called consistent submission.

With sequential subordination, one clause can be inside another; in this case, two subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side: What And just in case And when that And because etc. (for punctuation marks at the junction of conjunctions, see the section “Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with two or more subordinate clauses”). For example:

[The water collapsed so scary], (what, (when the soldiers fled below), after them already were flying raging streams) (M. Bulgakov).

[uk.sl. so + adv.], (what, (when),").

In complex sentences with three or more subordinate clauses, there may be more complex combinations of subordinate clauses, for example:

(Who in young age didn't connect yourself with strong connections with an external and wonderful cause, or at least with simple, but honest and useful work), [ he can count your youth lost without a trace], (as if cheerfully she neither passed) and how many would pleasant memories she neither left).

(who), [pronoun], (however), (however). (Complex sentence with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination).

Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).

2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).

3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.

4. Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) questions from the main to the subordinate clauses, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunctions or allied words), determine the types of subordinate clauses (definitive, explanatory and etc.).

5. Determine the type of subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential).

Sample analysis of a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

1) [You look at the pale green sky, strewn with stars, (on which there is not a cloud or spot), and you'll understand], (why is summer warm air immovable), (why nature is on guard) (A. Chekhov).

[noun, (sel. on which), verb.], (sel. Why),(sel. Why).
will determine. will explain. will explain.

Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with parallel and homogeneous subordination: 1st subordinate clause - attributive clause (clause depends on the noun sky, answers the question which?, on which); 2nd and 3rd subordinate clauses - explanatory clauses (depending on the verb you'll understand answer the question What?, join with a conjunctive word Why).

2) [Any the person knows], (what should he have to do not that, ( what divides him with people), otherwise), ( what connects him with them) (L. Tolstoy).

[verb], (conjunction What locality, (village) What), places.), (s.ate.what).

will explain. local-determined local-determined

Declarative, non-exclamative, complex, complex with three subordinate clauses, with sequential and parallel subordination: 1st subordinate clause - explanatory clause (depending on the verb knows answers the question What?, joins the union What), 2nd and 3rd clauses - pronominal clauses (each of them depends on the pronoun That, answers the question which one?, joins with a conjunctive word What).

.1. Non-union complex sentences

Non-union complex sentence - this is a complex sentence in which simple sentences are combined into one whole in meaning and intonation, without the help of conjunctions or allied words: [Habit from above to us given]: [replacement happiness she](A. Pushkin).

The semantic relations between simple sentences in conjunctions and are expressed in different ways. In allied sentences, conjunctions take part in their expression, so the semantic relationships here are more definite and clear. For example, union So expresses the consequence because- the reason, If- condition, however- opposition, etc.

The semantic relationships between simple sentences are expressed less clearly than in a conjunction. In terms of semantic relationships, and often in intonation, some are closer to complex ones, others - to complex ones. However, it is often the same non-union complex sentence in meaning it can be similar to both a compound and a complex sentence. Wed, for example: The spotlights came on- it became light all around; The spotlights came on and it became light all around; When the spotlights came on, it became light all around.

Meaningful relations in non-union complex sentences depend on the content of the simple sentences included in them and are expressed in oral speech by intonation, and in writing by various punctuation marks (see section “Punctuation marks in non-union complex sentence»).

IN non-union complex sentences The following types of semantic relations between simple sentences (parts) are possible:

I. Enumerative(some facts, events, phenomena are listed):

[I_ did not see you for a whole week], [I haven't heard you for a long time] (A. Chekhov) -, .

Such non-union complex sentences approach complex sentences with a connecting conjunction And.

Like the compound sentences synonymous with them, non-union complex sentences can express the value 1) simultaneity listed events and 2) their sequences.

1) \ Bemep howled plaintively and quietly], [in the darkness the horses neighed], [from the camp swam tender and passionate song- thought] (M. Gorky) -,,.

stirred ], [fluttered up half asleep bird] (V. Garshin)- ,.

Non-union complex sentences with enumerative relations may consist of two sentences, or may include three or more simple sentences.

II. Causal(the second sentence reveals the reason for what is said in the first):

[I unhappy]: [every day guests] (A. Chekhov). Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex subordinates with subordinate clauses.

III. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the first):

1) [Items were lost your form]: [ everything merged first into a gray, then into a dark mass] (I. Goncharov)-

2) [Like all Moscow residents, yours Father is like that]: [I would like he is a son-in-law with stars and ranks] (A. Griboyedov)-

Such non-union sentences are synonymous with sentences with an explanatory conjunction namely.

IV. Explanatory(the second sentence explains the word in the first part that has the meaning of speech, thought, feeling or perception, or a word that indicates these processes: listened, looked, looked back and so on.; in the second case we can talk about skipping words like see, hear and so on.):

1) [Nastya during the story I remembered]: [from yesterday remained whole untouched cast iron boiled potatoes] (M. Prishvin)- :.

2) [I came to my senses, Tatyana looks]: [bear No]... (A. Pushkin)- :.

Such non-conjunctive sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with explanatory clauses (I remembered that...; looks (and sees that)...).

V. Comparative and adversative relations (the content of the second sentence is compared with the content of the first or contrasted with it):

1) [All happy family looks like and each other], [each unhappy family but in my own way] (L. Tolstoy)- ,.

2) [Rank followed to him]- [he suddenly left] (A. Griboyedov)- - .

Such non-union complex sentences synonymous with complex sentences with adversative conjunctions a, but.

VI. Conditional-temporary(the first sentence indicates the time or condition for the implementation of what is said in the second):

1) [Do you like to ride] - [love and sleigh carry] (proverb)- - .

2) [See you with Gorky]- [talk with him] (A. Chekhov)--.

Such sentences are synonymous with complex sentences with subordinate clauses of condition or time.

VII. Consequences(the second sentence states the consequence of what is said in the first):

[Small the rain is falling since morning]- [it's impossible to get out] (I. Turgenev)- ^TT