Moral norms position all good as an important personal and social component. They correlate bright manifestations with the desire of people to maintain unity in interpersonal relationships. All this needs to be understood in detail in order to achieve moral perfection.

The foundation for building a harmonious society

Moral norms and principles ensure the achievement of harmony and integrity when people have a relationship with each other. In addition, there is more room for creating a favorable environment in your own soul. If good is assigned a creative role, then evil is destructive. Malicious designs harm interpersonal relationships, they are engaged in the decomposition of the inner world of the individual.

Human moral standards are also important because their goal is the integrity of kindness in a person and the limitation of his negative manifestations. It is necessary to realize the fact that the soul needs to maintain a good internal climate, to set itself the task of becoming well-behaved.

Moral norms emphasize the duty of every person to abandon sinful behavior both in relation to themselves and those around them. It is necessary to make a commitment to society, which, however, will not complicate our life, but, on the contrary, will improve it. The extent to which a person respects moral and ethical standards is controlled by the outside world. Adjustment is underway with the help of public opinion. Conscience is manifested from within, which also compels us to act in the right way. Succumbing to it, each person is aware of his duty.

Free nature of decision making

Moral norms do not bring material punishment. The person decides for himself whether to follow them or not. After all, awareness of duty is also an individual matter. To stay on track with an open mind, you need to ensure that there are no overwhelming factors.

People should realize that they are doing the right thing not because of possible punishment, but because of the reward that will result in harmony and universal prosperity.

It's about having a personal choice. If a society has already developed some legal and moral norms, it is often they that dictate such a decision. It is not easy to accept it alone, because things and phenomena have exactly the value that we endow them with. Not everyone is ready to sacrifice personal interests for the sake of what is considered correct in the general sense.

Protect yourself and others

Sometimes selfishness reigns in the soul of a person, which then devours it. This is a funny feature of this unpleasant phenomenon that a person expects too much from others and, without receiving this, considers himself useless, worthless. That is, the road is not so far from narcissism to self-flagellation and suffering on this basis.

But everything is very easy - to learn to give joy to others, and they will begin to share the benefits with you. By developing moral and ethical standards, society can protect itself from the traps that it itself will fall into.

Different groups of people may have a different set of unspoken rules. Sometimes an individual can be caught between two positions from which to choose. For example, a young man received a request for help from both his mother and wife. In order to please everyone, he will have to break apart, as a result, someone will say in any way that he acted unhumanly and that the word "morality" is apparently unknown to him.

So moral norms are a very delicate matter that needs to be carefully understood so as not to get confused. Having some patterns of behavior, it is easier to build your own actions on their basis. After all, you need to be responsible for your actions.

What are these standards for?

Moral norms of behavior have the following functions:

• assessment of this or that parameter in comparison with the ideas of good and evil;
• regulation of behavior in society, the establishment of one or another principle, laws, rules by which people will act;
• maintaining control over how the norms are being fulfilled. This process is based on public condemnation, or it is based on the conscience of the individual;
• integration, the purpose of which is to maintain the unity of people and the integrity of the immaterial space in the human soul;
• upbringing, during which virtues and the ability to correctly and reasonably make personal choices must be formed.

The definition that morality and its functions receive suggests that ethics is strikingly different from other areas of scientific knowledge that are aimed at the real world. In the context of this branch of knowledge, it is said about what should be created, molded from the "clay" of human souls. Much scientific reasoning has given most of the attention to describing facts. Ethics prescribes norms and evaluates actions.

What are the specifics of moral norms

There are certain differences between them against the background of such phenomena as custom or legal norm. There are often cases when morality does not run counter to the law, but, on the contrary, supports and strengthens it.

Theft is not only punishable, but also condemned by society. Sometimes paying a fine is not even as difficult as losing the trust of others forever. There are also cases when law and morality are parted on their common path. For example, a person can commit the same theft if the lives of relatives are at stake, then the individual believes that the end justifies the means.

Morality and religion: what do they have in common?

When the institution of religion was strong, it also played an important role in the formation of moral foundations. Then they were served under the guise of a higher will sent down to earth. Those who did not fulfill God's command committed sin and were not only condemned, but also considered doomed to eternal torment in hell.

Religion presents morality in the form of commandments and parables. All believers must fulfill them if they claim purity of soul and life in paradise after death. As a rule, the commandments are similar in different religious concepts. Murder, theft, lies are condemned. Fornicators are considered sinners.

What is the role of morality in the life of society and the individual

People subject their actions and those of others to moral assessment. This applies to economics, politics and, of course, the clergy. A moral subtext is selected to justify certain decisions made in each of these areas.

It is necessary to adhere to the norms and rules of behavior, to serve the common good of people. There is an objective need for the collective management of the life of society. Since people need each other, it is moral standards that ensure their harmonious coexistence. After all, a person cannot exist alone, and his desire to create an honest, kind and truthful world both around himself and in his own soul is quite understandable.

Business communication is a necessary part of human life, the most important type of relationship with other people. Eternal and one of the main regulators of these relations are ethical norms, which express our ideas about good and evil, justice and injustice, right or wrong of people's actions. And communicating in business cooperation with his subordinates, boss or colleagues, everyone, one way or another, consciously or spontaneously relies on these ideas. But depending on how a person understands moral norms, what content he invests in them, to what extent he generally takes them into account in communication, he can both facilitate his business communication, make it more effective, help in solving tasks and achieving goals, and make this communication difficult or even impossible. I would like to hope that this section will to a certain extent help you not only to realize those, often hidden from the first glance, problems that arise in the process of business communication and serve as an obstacle to it, but also to successfully cope with them.

Each nation accumulates its own life experience, gets used to looking at the world in its own way and, as a rule, does not realize that it is not able to go beyond the limits of its habits. If we understand how people in other countries act, look at the world, then our communication with them will proceed much more successfully, whatever it may be: in business partnerships, in visiting foreign countries, in private meetings.

In order to navigate well in the global shift of cultures, it is necessary to study the basics of behavior. Every country and every nation has its own traditions and customs of business ethics. In different cultures, the concept of the norm is different. It depends on national, religious and other characteristics.

Ethics (from the Greek ethos - custom, disposition) - teaching about morality, ethics. The term "ethics" was first used by Aristotle (384-322 BC) to refer to practical philosophy, which must answer the question of what we must do in order to do the right, moral actions. The most important categories of ethics are: good, evil, justice, good, responsibility, duty, conscience, etc.

Morality(from Latin moralis - moral) - it is a system of ethical values ​​that are recognized by a person. Morality is the most important way of normative regulation of social relations, communication and behavior of people in various spheres of social life - family, everyday life, politics, science, work, etc. one

Morality is a set of rules, regulations, commandments, including taboos, prohibitions on certain actions, words and deeds of people. With the help of these rules, society influences its members, directs their actions in a direction that benefits this society and protects its well-being in general. Morality prohibits some actions and encourages others. Morality is a product of social agreements developed as a result of the entire history of man 2.

An integral quality of human activity is its organization, orderliness. Effective regulators of this activity are the moral rules and norms developed in the process of evolution, aimed at maintaining and preserving life, human well-being. Ethical standards permeate all forms of human activity, they are universal, but in each area these unwritten laws acquire a specific character 3.

The regulation of moral relations not specified in the legislation in organizations is carried out with the help of ethical standards.

Ethical standards- these are the values ​​and rules of ethics that employees of the organization must adhere to in their activities. The rules contain rights, obligations and liability for failure to fulfill obligations or excess of rights.

The rules prohibit discrimination on the following grounds: race, language, skin color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, age, nationality, disability, work experience, convictions, party affiliation, education, social origin, property status, etc.

It is no coincidence that the morality of civilized peoples has codes that coincide in the main principles, paradigms - "do not kill", "do not steal", "do not testify perjury," and so on. Let us emphasize that these principles constitute the universal human basis for moral values. The main difference between morality and other rules of behavior is that it has an aura of sacredness. In other words, in order to give morality the highest authority and indisputability, they point to its divine origin. An example is the ten commandments that were given to Moses from above, and which he carved on tablets (stones), symbolizing their eternity.

The norms of morality receive their ideological expression in general ideas, commandments, principles of how one should behave. Morality always presupposes the presence of a certain moral ideal, a role model, the content and meaning of which changes in historical time and social space, i.e. in different historical periods and among different peoples. However, in morality, what should be done does not always coincide with reality, with a really existing moral reality, with the actual norms of human behavior. Moreover, throughout the development of moral consciousness, the inner core and structure of its change is the "contradictory-tense relationship between the concepts of being and what should be."

The ethics of business communication can be defined as a set of moral norms, rules and concepts that regulate the behavior and attitudes of people in the process of their production activities.

Concepts such as justice, honor, dignity, freedom, responsibility have a meaning vital for human existence and are filled not with abstract, but with real life content. People often sacrificed their lives to uphold these values.

Confucius (in literature often referred to as Kun-tzu - teacher of Kun) was one of the first to formulate in a negative form the categorical imperative of behavior, which has a universal meaning and is applicable, including in business communication: “ do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself". 5

The positive form of this classical formulation was given by Immanuel Kant. However, Confucius contains a large number of sayings on the ethics of communication and business behavior. First of all, they relate to the principles of communication between a leader and a subordinate and the disclosure of those norms and principles of communication that make it the most effective and efficient from an ethical point of view. Here are some of them that are very worthy to reflect on 6.

· "The ruler should be the ruler, and the subject should be the subject, the father should be the father, and the son should be the son."

· "When the ruler loves justice, no one dares to be disobedient, when the ruler loves the truth, no one among the people dares to be dishonest."

· "Be reverent and honest with others."

· "I listen to the words of people and look at their actions."

· "Keep two ends, but use the middle."

· "A noble husband, when he leads people, he uses the talents of everyone, a small man, when he leads people, he demands universals from them."

· "Leading untrained people to fight is to abandon them."

· “Noble men in disagreement are in harmony; small people, however, cannot have harmony even with agreement. "

· “When you don't talk to someone you can talk to, you are missing out on talents; when you speak to someone with whom you cannot speak, then you are wasting words. But the clever one does not miss anyone and does not waste words in vain. "

· “Next to a noble husband, they make three mistakes: speaking when it’s not time to speak is recklessness; not to speak when it is time to speak is secrecy; and speaking without noticing his facial expressions is blindness. "

· “A noble man ... when he looks, he thinks if he saw clearly; but he hears - thinks if he heard correctly; he wonders if the expression on his face is affectionate, whether his manners are respectful, whether his speech is sincere, whether his attitude to business is reverent; when in doubt, thinks about consulting; when he is angry, he thinks of negative consequences; and before gaining something, he thinks about justice. "

· “He will be human who can embody five virtues everywhere in the Celestial Empire ... Respect, generosity, truthfulness, sharpness, kindness. Respect does not attract humiliation, generosity conquers everyone, truthfulness inspires confidence in people, sharpness allows you to achieve success, and kindness makes it possible to command people. " "If for people who were forced to work, choose a feasible job, then which of them has anger?"

· “To execute those who were not instructed is to be cruel; to demand execution without warning in advance is to be violent; to hesitate with an order and at the same time to seek urgency is to cause damage; and in any case, to be stingy in the extradition, giving something to people, means to act publicly. "

· "Without knowing the ritual, you will not be able to establish yourself."

· "When you cannot correct yourself, how will you correct others?"

The sayings of the great philosopher concerning the ethical norms of communication have not lost their relevance today. Following them will undoubtedly be of great help in establishing effective communication and will help to avoid many mistakes in business communication. In fact, how can that “ path of the golden mean"Is the way of compromise taught by Master Kuhn, arguing the need for" Keep two ends and use the middle"? His aphorism “I listen to the words of people and look at their actions” sounds no less relevant today, expressing the need to observe the unity of word and deed, the need to check the word by deed. Is it possible to disagree with the opinion of the thinker that in business communication, everyone should correspond to their status and take into account the status of the other, etc. 7

The activity of each employee and organization as a whole becomes effective when it is governed by some special ethical rules, which are not only based on universal human moral values, but also take into account the specific conditions of the organization or working group. Codes of this kind are commonly referred to as professional ethics. Ethics of business communication has become one of the most important forms of professional ethics, since people are the main factor here!

The ethics of business communication is based on such moral rules and norms of behavior of partners, which, in the final analysis, contribute to the development of their cooperation. The meaning of these rules and norms is to strengthen mutual trust, to constantly inform the partner about their intentions and actions, to exclude deception and disorientation of the partner. In this regard, many professional codes of honor have been developed.

Business ethics is a system of principles and rules of behavior of business entities, their communication and work style, manifested at the micro and macro levels of market relations 8.

Microlevel of Business Ethics- these are moral and ethical relations within the entrepreneurial organization, between the employer, managers, employees, as well as between the organization and shareholders.

Macro Level of Business Ethics- these are moral and ethical relations between macro-subjects of the market economy.

The objectives of business ethics are:

1. Study of historical experience in the field of business relations.
2. Analysis of the influence of religious and cultural values ​​on the economic behavior of subjects.
3. Study of the mutual influence of corporate and universal ethics.
4. Integration with the international culture of entrepreneurship, with its moral and psychological standards.
5. Studying the problem of social responsibility of business.
6. Moral and moral education of business entities.
7. Development of ethical principles for certain business situations.

Corporate ethics may consist in corporate traditions, symbols, legends, transmitted orally to each newcomer of a given work collective. Now the practice is to formulate corporate ethics in writing. It lists the rules of conduct for a member of the corporation in relation to employees "horizontally" and "vertically", to partners of the organization and its clients, to the media and authorities.

The general moral principle of human communication is contained in the categorical imperative of I. Kant: “ Do so that the maxim of your will can always have the force of the principle of universal legislation.". Applied to business communication basic ethical principle can be formulated as follows: in business communication, when deciding which values ​​should be preferred in a given situation, act in such a way that the maxim of your will is compatible with the moral values ​​of other parties involved in the communication, and allows coordination of the interests of all parties.

The ethics of business communication should be based on coordination and, if possible, harmonization of interests. Naturally, if it is carried out by ethical means and in the name of morally justified goals. Therefore, business communication should be constantly tested by ethical reflection that justifies the motives for joining it. At the same time, making an ethically correct choice and making an individual decision is often not an easy task.

Once again, I would like to draw your attention to the golden rule of communication ethics: treat others the way you would like to be treated. This rule is applicable to business communication, but in relation to its individual types: "top-down" (manager-subordinate), "bottom-up" (subordinate-manager), "horizontally" (employee-employee) requires specification. In business communication "top-down", i.e. in relation to a manager to a subordinate, the golden rule of ethics can be formulated as follows: "Treat your subordinate the way you would like the leader to treat you."

The art and success of business communication is largely determined by the ethical norms and principles that the leader uses in relation to his subordinates.

The art and success of business communication is largely determined by the ethical norms and principles that the leader uses in relation to his subordinates. Norms and principles are understood as what behavior in the service is ethically acceptable and what is not. These norms relate, first of all, to how and on the basis of what orders are given in the management process, in which the official discipline that determines business communication is expressed, without observing the ethics of business communication between the manager and the subordinate, most people in the team feel uncomfortable, morally unprotected.

The attitude of the head to subordinates ("top-down") affects the entire nature of business communication, largely determines its moral and psychological climate.
It is at this level that moral standards and patterns of behavior .

1. Strive to transform your organization into a close-knit team with high communication standards. Educate employees about the goals of the organization. A person will only feel morally and psychologically comfortable when he becomes identified with the collective. At the same time, everyone strives to remain an individual and wants to be respected for who he is.

2. If there are problems and difficulties associated with unfairness, the manager should find out the reasons for it. If we are talking about ignorance, then you should not endlessly reproach the subordinate with his weaknesses and shortcomings. Think about what you can do to help him overcome them. When doing this, build on the strengths of his personality.

3. If the employee did not comply with your order, you need to make it clear that you know about it, otherwise he may decide that he carried you out. Moreover, if the manager did not make a corresponding remark to the subordinate, then he simply does not fulfill his duties and acts unethically.

4. The comment to the employee must comply with ethical standards. Gather all the information for the case. Choose the right form of communication. First, ask the employee to explain the reason for the failure to complete the assignment, perhaps he will give facts unknown to you. Make your comments one-on-one: respect for the person's dignity and feelings.

5. Criticize actions and deeds, not the person's personality.

6. When appropriate, use the "sandwich" technique - hide criticism between two compliments. End the conversation on a friendly note, and soon take the time to talk to the person to show them that you are holding no grudge.

7. Never advise a subordinate on how to deal with personal matters. If the advice helps, you probably won't be thanked. If it doesn’t help, you will be held responsible.

8. Don't overgrow with pets. Treat employees as equal members and all by the same yardstick.

9. Never give employees the opportunity to notice that you are out of control if you want to maintain their respect.

10. Observe the principle of distributive justice: the more merit, the more the reward should be.

11. Encourage your team, even if success is mainly due to the success of the leader himself.

12. Build subordinate self-esteem. A job well done deserves not only material, but also moral encouragement. Do not be lazy to praise the employee once again.

13. The privileges you give yourself should extend to other members of the team.

14. Trust your employees and admit your own mistakes at work. The members of the collective all the same, one way or another, learn about them. But hiding mistakes is a manifestation of weakness and dishonesty.

15. Protect your people and be loyal to them. They will answer you in kind.

16. Choose the correct order form, taking into account, first of all, two factors:
1) the situation, the availability of time for nuances,
2) the personality of the subordinate - who is in front of you, a conscientious and qualified employee or a person who needs to be pushed at every step. Depending on this, the ethically most acceptable norms of behavior and forms of disposal should be chosen.

By order forms may be: order, request, request and the so-called "volunteer".
« Volunteer"(" Who wants to do this? ") Is suitable for a situation where no one wants to do the job, but nevertheless it must be done. In this case, the volunteer hopes that his enthusiasm will be appropriately appreciated in future work.

Order... Most often it should be used in an emergency, as well as in relation to unscrupulous employees.

Request... It is used if the situation is ordinary, and the relationship between the manager and the subordinate is based on trust and goodwill. This form allows the employee to express his opinion on the problem in the event that for some reason it cannot be resolved. And if you pronounce the phrase appropriately, then the employee will have no doubt that this is an order.

Ethics of business communication "bottom-up". In business communication "bottom-up", i.e. in relation to a subordinate to his boss, the general ethical rule of behavior can be formulated as follows: “ Treat your supervisor the way you would like your subordinates to treat you».

Knowing how to treat and treat your supervisor is just as important as what moral demands you should place on your subordinates. Without this, it is difficult to find a "common language" with both the boss and the subordinates. Using certain ethical standards, you can attract a leader to your side, make him your ally, but you can also turn him against yourself, make him your ill-wisher.

Here are some essential ethical standards and principles that can be used in business communication with a manager.

1. Try to help the leader in creating a friendly moral atmosphere in the team, strengthening fair relations. Remember, your boss needs this first.

2. Do not try to impose your point of view or command the leader. Provide your suggestions or comments with courtesy and tact. You cannot directly order him to do something, but you can say: "How would you react if ...?" etc.

3. If a joyful or, on the contrary, unpleasant event is approaching or has already happened in the team, then it is necessary to inform the manager about it. In case of trouble, try to help ease the way out of this situation, offer your solution.

4. Do not speak categorically with your boss, do not always say only "yes" or only "no." An eternally supportive employee is annoying and gives the impression of a flatterer. The person who always says no is a constant irritant.

5. Be loyal and reliable, but don't be sneaky. Have your own character and principles. A person who does not have a stable character and firm principles cannot be relied on, his actions cannot be foreseen.

6. Do not ask for help, advice, suggestion, etc. "Over the head", directly to the leader of your leader, except in emergencies. Otherwise, your behavior may be regarded as disrespect or disregard for the opinion of your boss, or as a doubt about his competence. In any case, your immediate supervisor in this case loses authority and dignity.

7. If you have been given responsibility, delicately raise the issue of your rights. Remember that responsibility cannot be realized without an appropriate degree of discretion.

Next, we will consider ethics of business communication "horizontally"... The general ethical principle of communication "horizontally", i.e. between colleagues (leaders or ordinary members of the group), can be formulated as follows: “ In business communication, treat your colleague the way you would like him to treat you". If you are at a loss how to behave in a given situation, put yourself in the shoes of your colleague.

When it comes to fellow executives, keep in mind that finding the right tone and acceptable standards of business communication with peers from other departments is not easy. Especially when it comes to communication and relationships within one enterprise. In this case, they are often rivals in the struggle for success and promotion. At the same time, these are people who, together with you, belong to the team of the general manager. In this case, the participants in business communication should feel equal in relation to each other.

Here are a few principles of ethics of business communication between colleagues:
1. Do not demand any special treatment or special privileges from another.

2. Try to achieve a clear separation of rights and responsibilities in the common work.

3. If your responsibilities overlap with your colleagues, this is a very dangerous situation. If the manager does not differentiate your duties and responsibilities from others, try to do it yourself.

4. In relationships between colleagues from other departments, you should be responsible for your own department, and not blame your subordinates.

5. If you are asked to temporarily transfer your employee to another department, do not send unscrupulous and unskilled ones there - after all, they will judge you and your department as a whole there. Remember, it may happen that you will be treated in the same immoral way.

6. Do not prejudice your colleagues. Discard prejudice and gossip as much as possible when dealing with them.

7. Call your interlocutors by name and try to do it more often.

8. Smile, be friendly, and use a variety of techniques and tools to show you are kind to the other person. Remember, what you sow is what you reap.

9. Don't make promises you can't keep. Don't exaggerate your value and business opportunities. If they do not come true, you will be uncomfortable, even if there were objective reasons for it.

10. Do not meddle in a person's soul. At work, it is not customary to ask about personal matters, let alone problems.

11. Try to listen not to yourself, but to someone else.

12. Do not try to appear better, smarter, more interesting than you really are. Sooner or later, it will all the same float out and fall into place.

13. Send impulses of your sympathies - in a word, with a glance, with a gesture, let the communication participant understand that he interests you. Smile, look straight in the eyes.

14. View your colleague as a person to be respected in and of itself, not as a means to achieve your own goals 9.

Most of these guidelines, norms and principles of business ethics are widely accepted and fairly standard. However, in real life, many situations of business communication and behavior are very contradictory and it is not easy to qualify them from the point of view of "moral-immoral", "right-wrong". It's up to you to decide. And yet I would like to highlight once again structural components of business ethics :

1. Honesty and decency in business communication... Deception cannot serve as the basis for a normal economic process. Every entrepreneur is tempted to abide by moral standards just slightly less than his competitors - not enough to go beyond the moral code, but enough to gain advantages and remain competitive. The entrepreneur has to balance on the verge of the morally and legally permissible. Reputation is expensive not only in monetary terms, but also in social and psychological dimensions.

2. Liberty... Respect for freedom should be seen as the highest virtue. Everyone should value the freedom not only of their actions, but also of their partner, competitor, which is expressed in the inadmissibility of interference in their affairs, infringement of their interests. The principle of freedom becomes one of the fundamental in relationships with subordinates. Competent employees are usually free and independent in solving problems, proud of their work.

3. Conflict-free communication(we will consider this topic separately, devoting an entire section to this). This component assumes:

Tolerance for the weaknesses and shortcomings of partners, clients, subordinates. Tolerance gives rise to mutual trust, understanding and frankness, and also helps to "extinguish" conflict situations in their very infancy. You should develop a sense of self-control of emotions, develop a habit of restraining and not losing self-control;
- tact is, first of all, an orientation towards humanity and nobility, attentiveness and courtesy. To be tactful means in any situation to be aware of your subordinate, partner or client as a self-valuable human personality, taking into account its gender, age, nationality, temperament, etc.;
- delicacy - sensitive, delicate attitude to colleagues, subordinates, partners, to their feelings. Delicacy is a special, characteristic only of highly professional managers and entrepreneurs, a form of displaying correctness and sincerity in communication. She helps to solve business problems with the least moral and psychological costs.

4. Justice- an objective assessment of the personal and business qualities of partners, clients, subordinates, recognition of their individuality, openness to criticism, self-criticism. Injustice to subordinates and colleagues with the best abilities leads to a loss of respect and the transformation of the leader's power from actual to nominal.

Ethical rules and regulations establish generally accepted criteria for "right" and "wrong" behavior. Just like rituals, ethical norms have been developed by humanity in order to avoid unnecessary conflicts and find mutual understanding for survival and comfort. "Correct" behavior is socially acceptable and guarantees a person acceptance by those around him and providing him with help and support. Society punishes “wrong” behavior with indifference, isolation, refusal to help, contempt, ridicule.

Violation of ethics can occur either from ignorance of generally accepted norms, bad upbringing, or a fundamental violation of them. In the latter case, this type puts itself outside the rules, and is socially discouraged.

To increase the level of ethical behavior of managers and employees, organizations are currently developing ethical codes, describing the system of common values ​​and rules of ethics of the organization, which employees must adhere to. They are necessary to describe the goals of the organization, create a normal ethical atmosphere and define ethical guidelines in the decision-making process. A code of ethics can be developed for the organization as a whole. It can also be created for specific functional units in order to solve specific ethical problems.

See Appendix: Code of Business Conduct of the Open Joint Stock Company Russian Railways, approved by the Board of Directors of Russian Railways on November 16, 2006.

Codes clarify what personal qualities employees should have; principles of interaction "boss - subordinate", principles of interaction with external organizations; positions of representatives of the organization in negotiations; features of the activities of employees in other countries; use of official information by employees of the organization and much more.

For the rules of the code of ethics to be valid, they must actually meet the following requirements:
- they should be slightly higher than the existing practice, orient employees towards something more than it has been accepted so far, while remaining feasible for execution;

A deviation from their performance by someone should actually be visual and easily evaluated by others, i.e. the rules must be such that their violation is immediately recorded.

It should be noted that the complexity of professional activity is always associated with high professional responsibility of employees. In this regard, not only the role of technological and labor discipline is actualized, but also the importance of a healthy moral and psychological climate in the work collective is increasing 10.

In achieving a moral effect in the communication of workers, the leading role is played by the moral behavior of their leader. We know the advice of N. Machiavelli, when he taught that the relationship between the people and the sovereign is never unambiguous, because love for him rarely coexists with fear of him, and therefore it is better for a wise sovereign to rely on the fear of people. For this statement, he has the following justification: "... they love the sovereigns at their own discretion, and they are afraid - at the discretion of the sovereigns ...". It is psychologically difficult to disagree with the author of the above words, but from the point of view of ethics, this is a civilized solution to the problem. Any government needs a moral healthy relationship between those who are in power and those who carry out their decisions. "The most important capital of the nation, - wrote N. G. Chernyshevsky, - the moral qualities of the people."

The choice of behavior and methods of communication is often determined by the presence of heterogeneous factors of the situation and personality traits. To demonstrate the complex of moral dilemmas that await in the communication of a business person, we will use the following test. After passing the test "Assessing the level of ethics of the organization" 11, define your value system in the following situations, using the following code: completely agree - CC; agree with; disagree - NS, totally disagree - SNA.

In a situation where statehood based on rigid centralization is replaced by management based on the principles of serving the state to Russian society, the requirements for the norms of official behavior are increasing due to their significant impact on the effectiveness of the professional activities of lawyers.

Service behavior is a type of social behavior of a person and includes a system of behavioral expectations and patterns of social interaction that exist in the professional sphere.

Official behavior is governed by the principle of legality and incompetence of actions and deeds. At the junction of the competence and incompetence of official activities, there are three types of official conduct of officials:

• 1) compulsory (under duress in accordance with the law).
• 2) due (under the contract and in accordance with the distribution of duties)
• 3) desirable (voluntarily).

Real service behavior is formed as a result of a rational choice of a model of behavior and professional activity.

An important factor determining behavioral specificity is the service itself as an aggregate social subject.

It is in the interaction of collective, group and personal behavior that a matrix of norms of service behavior arises, which is then constantly reproduced.

Professional activity acts as a collective (generalized) subject of official behavior, since it develops values, norms and rules of behavior that are fundamentally different from other organizations. Professional activity unites the collective, the group, and the individual employee as its personalized basis. It has a structure of a pyramidal system of administrative and managerial ties and a set of ethical standards.

The group level of service behavior includes, as the dominant system, norms, values, mechanisms of cohesion and activity, developed by group associations of people.

The personal level of service behavior includes value orientations and personality attitudes, which are a reflection of life (social) experience, the result of an individual's adaptation to the social environment and a factor of identification with a certain professional group.

The moral of the lawyer is based on their personal moral attitudes, and on social needs. Consequently, ethical standards in the performance of official duties involve special procedures and methods of control, which depend on many circumstances and are established separately. Service behavior is, by definition, controllable.

External control (laws, rules, codes, regulations, instructions) and internal control (beliefs, values ​​and norms) act as a means of regulating the official behavior of a lawyer.

It should be borne in mind that motivation is a need that prompts a person to act with a specific goal. The need is an internal aspect of motivation, and the goal is its external aspect.

There are four types of motivational preferences for work behavior:

• 1) striving for creative self-realization (getting job satisfaction and professional growth);
• 2) service duty (professional activity is equipped for the implementation of public and service interests).
• 3) pragmatic orientation (striving to ensure individual material and financial prosperity);
• 4) career interest (work for the sake of promotion).

Of particular importance in understanding the essence of service behavior is the concept of "style of behavior". The style of service behavior reflects the properties of the personality traits of a lawyer, the level of his competence, ability and will to optimally use personality traits to perform professional tasks. The style of service behavior is formed on the basis of efficiency. The business approach allows us to resist the conservatism of thinking, active and hidden forms of bureaucracy, formalism, technocratism. Competence is required to master business-like behavior. A professionally competent lawyer performs the functions of a position in essence, and not in form, achieving results of work, and not imitating the process of official activity.

Ethical Conduct

Normativeness is a property of morality and law that allows one to regulate people's behavior, and at the same time is the result of the action of traditions and norms of relations between people and the social environment.

For a correct understanding, it is necessary to distinguish between traditions and norms, not to equate their social functions. Traditions are a specific, creative way of functioning of norms and stereotypes of behavior. Stereotypes help to remove ambiguity, eliminate ambiguity and thereby facilitate a person's process of organizing their own behavior.

Any social and legal norms (from Lat. Norma - a rule, a sample) are generally intended to influence the volitional behavior of people, and the subject of this regulation is the relationship between the individual and society.

Standards of conduct are generally accepted patterns of behavior. Depending on the type of social control, norms of behavior are habitual cultural patterns of activity and customs adopted in a society or a social group and do not operate outside of it. The content side of the norms of behavior is to keep the individual from committing actions and deeds incompatible with the adopted laws and moral customs, through the threat of punishment or expression of public contempt.

The ethical norm of behavior is one of the simplest forms of moral requirements for a person, acting, on the one hand, as an element of moral relations (custom), constantly reproduced by the force of mass habit, an example supported by public opinion, and on the other hand, as a form of moral consciousness, formulated in the form of a command to oneself, requiring strict fulfillment based on one's own ideas about good and evil, duty, conscience, justice. "

Ethical norms of behavior are formed in the process of the evolutionary development of mankind, taking the form of universal moral values, developed by each society in its specific historical originality, as well as by individual social groups and each individual separately.

By belonging to the bearers of value, general, general, group and personal ethical norms can be distinguished.

General ethical standards express the universal human moral requirements of a community. They are formulated in the "golden" rule of ethics: act towards others as you want them to act towards you.

The general ethical norms of the prevailing morality in society extend their requirements to all members of a given society, without exception, acting as a means of regulating and evaluating relations and interaction between people. In the process of expansion; social experience, each person is included in various social groups, being, as a rule, simultaneously a member of several groups.

Group ethical norms ensure the inclusion of a person in a group; in the processes and mechanisms of group interaction, they affect all types of behavior, including when he becomes a member of another group. Taking a certain position in the team, a person assimilates the given and develops personal norms, prescribes his own position and forms of behavior in which the process of his existence as a person is realized.

Personal ethical norms act as a characteristic of the subjective "inner" world of a person. They correlate with his idea of ​​himself and for this reason do not need "assimilation" and "acceptance." Following personal ethical standards is primarily associated with a sense of self-esteem, high self-esteem, confidence in their actions. Departure from these norms is always associated with a sense of guilt (conscience), self-condemnation and even a violation of the integrity of the individual.

Thus, the behavior of a person carrying out professional service activities is difficult to determine.

It is controlled by both external ethical regulators (universal values, morality prevailing in society, group norms) and internal mechanisms of self-regulation (self-awareness, self-esteem, motivational sphere, attitudes, on the basis of which personal norms are formed). External and internal regulators are in a complex dynamic contradictory interaction.

At every moment, they provide a person with the right of moral choice on the basis of external requirements imposed on him.

Man is a social being, therefore, willy-nilly, he has to constantly communicate with other people. And given the fact that all people are different, certain rules were formed that govern our relations. These rules are nothing more than the concept of good and evil, the correctness and wrongness of actions, justice and injustice of actions, which have developed over the centuries. And every person spontaneously or consciously tries to adhere to them. Depending on what concepts will be embedded in the norms of morality and the rules of ethics, whether they will be taken into account at all, each of us can make it difficult or easier to communicate with our own kind. And, consequently, the speed of achieving the set goals, the quality of communication and life will depend on this. Therefore, every citizen needs to know at least the basics of ethics. Good manners have not hurt anyone yet.

What is ethics

For the first time the word "ethics" was used by Aristotle. Translated from Greek, it means "concerning morality" or "expressing certain moral convictions." Ethics is the teaching about the rules of communication between people, about the norms of human behavior, as well as about the responsibilities of each in relation to other people. And most of us, even those who have not specifically studied the code of etiquette, at a subconscious level are aware of the main rule of interpersonal relationships: "Treat others the way you would like to be treated." One of the main aspects of ethics is morality. What is morality? This is nothing more than a system of values ​​recognized by a person. This is the most important way of regulating relations in different spheres of our life: in everyday life, family, work, science, etc. In addition to moral foundations, ethics also studies the rules of ethics - etiquette.

Etiquette - a system of signs

Our actions carry some information: when we meet, we can pat a comrade on the shoulder, nod our head, kiss, put our arms around the shoulders or throw ourselves into an embrace. A pat on the shoulder indicates a familiar attitude; when a man gets up, if a woman enters the room, this indicates his respect for her. The postures taken by a person, the movement of the head - all this also has etiquette meaning. In phraseological units, you can also observe the forms of etiquette: banging your forehead, bowing your head, bending your knee, turning your back, throwing a glove, with your hand on your heart, stroking the head, bowing, a beautiful gesture, etc.

Etiquette is not only a historical phenomenon, but also a geographical one: not all signs of etiquette, perceived positively in the West, will be approved in the East. And some gestures that are acceptable today were strongly condemned in the old days.

Good manners

Every person should know what ethics is and what rules it includes. The basic concepts of good taste will be presented below.

The communication that we allow ourselves at home with loved ones is not always acceptable in society. And keeping in mind the statement that you will not get a second chance to make a first impression, we try to adhere to generally accepted rules of behavior in society when meeting strangers. Here are some of them:

• in a company or at an official meeting, it is necessary to introduce strangers to each other;
• try to remember the names of the people presented to you;
• when a man and a woman meet, the representative of the weaker sex never introduces herself as the first, an exception is the situation if the man is the president or the meeting is of a purely business nature;
• the younger ones are introduced by the elders;
• when introducing, you must stand up if you are sitting;
• after meeting, the conversation starts with the senior in position or age, the exception is the case when an awkward pause occurs;
• after finding yourself with strangers at the same table, before starting a meal, you need to get to know your neighbors;
• when shaking hands, look into the face of the person you are greeting;
• the palm should be stretched strictly vertically, with an edge down - this means "communication on an equal footing";
• remember that any non-verbal gesture means no less than the spoken word;
• when shaking hands on the street, be sure to take off your glove, with the exception of women;
• when meeting, the first question after greeting should be "How are you?" or "How are you?";
• during a conversation, do not raise questions that may be unpleasant to the interlocutor;
• do not discuss what concerns opinions and tastes;
• do not praise yourself;
• follow the tone of the conversation, remember that neither work, nor family relationships, nor your mood give you the right to be impolite with others;
• whispering is not accepted in the company;
• if, when you say goodbye, you know that you will meet soon, you should say: “Goodbye!”, “See you!”;
• saying goodbye forever or for a long time say: "Goodbye!";
• at an official event it is necessary to say: “Let me say goodbye!”, “Let me say goodbye!”.

Teaching children secular ethics

In order for a child to grow into a worthy member of society, he must know what ethics is. The child must not only be told about the rules of behavior in society, at the table, at school, but also demonstrate and confirm these rules by his own example. No matter how much you tell the kid that it is necessary to give way to the elderly in transport, without setting an example for him on your own, you will never teach him how to do this. Not every child is taught the basics of secular ethics at home. Therefore, the school is trying to fill this gap. Recently, the school curriculum includes the subject "Fundamentals of Secular Ethics." In the classroom, children are told about the rules and norms of behavior in various places, they are taught culinary etiquette, correct table setting and much more. Also, teachers talk about the principles of morality, discuss what is good and bad. This item is extremely necessary for the child. After all, knowing how to behave correctly in society, it will be easier and more interesting for him to live.

What's happened

There is such a thing as a code of professional ethics. These are the rules governing professional activities. Each profession has its own code. So, doctors have a rule of nondisclosure of medical secrets, lawyers, businessmen - all adhere to the code of ethics. Every self-respecting company has its own corporate code. These businesses value their reputation more than their finances.

Conclusion

A man without etiquette is a savage, a barbarian. It is the rules of morality that give a person the right to consider himself the crown of creation. By teaching your child early on what ethics is, you increase their chances of becoming a full-fledged member of society.

common values ​​and ethical rules that the organization requires its employees to adhere to.

Glossary of Crisis Management Terms. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what Ethical Standards are in other dictionaries:

Morality, morality, moral code, ethics Dictionary of Russian synonyms. ethical standards n., number of synonyms: 4 morality (18) ... Synonym dictionary

ethical standards- A system of common values ​​and ethical rules, the observance of which the organization requires from its employees. Topics management in general EN code of ethics ... Technical translator's guide

ethical standards- are subdivided into legal ones, which are reduced to the assessment of fair / unfair, moral (assessment is enough / insufficient), moral (assessment is good / bad) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Ethical standards- ♦ (ENG ethics, norms for) in the Protestant tradition (see Protestantism) it is believed that Scripture is the highest criterion for judgment and ethical action. Revelation and reason (since they perceive natural law) are ...

Business Ethics- The ethical norms used in the business community are an established system of norms of behavior and business customs, not based on legislation and forming positive expectations regarding the behavior of participants in corporate relations ... Official terminology

Story. Code of Ethics of American Psychology. assoc. (APA), adopted in 1953, was one of the first codes of professional conduct of its kind. Responding to the ever-growing need for a formal code of ethics, N. Hobs ... ... Psychological encyclopedia

STANDARDS IN SCIENCE- a guideline for the preferred forms of behavior of scientists, the rules governing behavior in science that do not have a legal status. laws. Such norms are usually divided into two types: methodological. and ethnic. The first are related to the content side of science ... ... Russian Sociological Encyclopedia

The rules governing the behavior of people living in society; in their entirety, which has application in a given society, they are called the objective law of a given society, in contrast to subjective law. There are two groups of norms: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Professional ethical standards of American psychologists working in the field of psychology and law- A set of moral and ethical norms of professional activity in the field of psychology and law, expressed in the form of requirements agreed and approved by the professional community. These requirements apply to a variety of parties ... ... Encyclopedia of Modern Legal Psychology

ethics, norms for- Ethical standards ... Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms

Books

• Moral, ethical and legal foundations of state and municipal government. Study guide, S. Yu. Kabashov. This study guide reveals the basics of professional ethics of the state civil and municipal service in accordance with the requirements of legislative and regulatory legal ...
• Legal and ethical standards in journalism,. The book contains current legal and ethical documents adopted by international organizations (UN, UNESCO, Council of Europe, etc.), state bodies of Russia and various ...