Domestic life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries. Home life of Russian tsars Life and life of Russian tsars of the 17th century
FGBO UVPO
PERM STATE ACADEMY OF ART AND CULTURE
Coursework on NHC
Household life of Russian tsars and people in the 16-17 centuries
Completed:
student of the group "RTK-12-1"
Alekseev P.G.
Supervisor:
Dudoladova M.M.,
teacher, graduate student.
Introduction3
1. Domestic life of Russian tsars 4
1.1. Tsar's yard or palace 4
1.2. Normal day 7
1.3 Day off 9
1.4 Christmas 11
2. Life of the Russian people 12
2.1 Life 16-17 centuries 12
2.2 Holidays 15
2.3 Progress of the Russian people 16-17 centuries 16
2.4 Influence of the Church 17
2.5 Cultural Change 19
Conclusion 20
List of used literature 21
Appendix 22
Introduction
The purpose of my coursework: To consolidate and deepen theoretical knowledge in the field of everyday life of medieval Russia. In this work, I combine the story of the kings and the people for the ratio of the upper and middle strata of society and the influence on each other.
Tasks:
Study literature on the everyday life of Medieval Russia.
Based on the material read, reveal the features of the living space
Reveal the role of the sovereign, his duties and features of everyday life.
To reveal the peculiarities of the culture of the common people
Learn about the achievements of the Russian people
Study the influence of power on the culture and life of the Russian people
Norms of behavior, family foundations, norms of morality in the XVI-XVII centuries. associated with such a concept as - "domostroy". "Domostroy" is home economics, a collection of useful advice, teachings in the spirit of Christian morality. In family relationships, the house-building instructs the head of the family to punish the children and wife in case of disobedience.
^ Relevance of the topic: I think this topic is very relevant. Apart from parents, any person should have a native history, native land, native language, native culture. But the most important of these roots is native history.
Why is it so important today to know and study history? Because, without knowing the past, it is impossible to comprehend and understand the present, to look into the future. Only through history can one comprehend the spiritual world of ancestors, understand its language and culture.
^ Chapter 1. Household life of the Russian tsars
1.1 Sovereign court or palace
The grand ducal mansions, both ancient and built in times
kings, can be seen as three distinct departments. First, the mansions
bed, in fact, residential, or, as they were called in the 17th century, rest. They were not extensive: three, sometimes four rooms, served as sufficient space for the sovereign. One of these rooms, usually the farthest, served as the king's chambers. A cross or prayer room was arranged next to it. Another, which had the meaning of a modern study, was called a room. And finally, the first was called the front and served as a reception. The front in the current concept served as a canopy. Half of the princess, the mansions of the sovereign's children and relatives were set apart from the living ones by the sovereign's chorus and, with minor changes, went to the last in everything. In them, the sovereign, following the then customs, appeared only on solemn occasions. Spiritual and rural councils were held in them, festive and wedding tsars' tables were given. As for the name, they were known as canteens, upper rooms and tumblers. To the third section belonged all the outbuildings, which were also called palaces. Known palaces equestrian, grain, fodder (it is brewed), bread, nourishing, etc. As for the grand ducal treasury, which usually consisted of gold and silver vessels, precious furs, expensive materials and similar items, the grand duke, following a very ancient custom, kept this treasury in the cellars or basements of stone churches. So, for example, the cloth of Ivan the Terrible was kept in the church of St. Lazarus, and his wife, Grand Duchess Sophia Fominichna - under the Church of St. John the Forerunner at the Borovitsky Gate.
In terms of appearance, the palace at the end of the 17th century represented
an extremely variegated mass of buildings of the most diverse sizes, scattered without any symmetry, so that in a specific sense the palace did not have a facade. The buildings crowded against each other, towered one above the other and further increased the overall diversity with their various roofs in videotapes, ricks, barrels, with slotted gilded with combs and gilded stones at the top, with patterned pipes made of tiles. In other places, towers and turrets with eagles, unicorns, lions, instead of wind vane towered.
Now let's go inside in chorus. Everything that served as an ornament inside the mansion was a necessary part of them, was called an outfit. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. The mansion was also called carpentry, that is, they cut off the walls, sheathed ceilings and walls with red planks, made benches, taxes, etc. This simple carpentry outfit gained special beauty if the rooms were cleaned with carpentry. The marquee outfit consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings.
There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Visly - wood carving with a number of hinged parts. Mica - decoration with mica with shear ornaments made of tin. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was laid with planks, sometimes paved with oak bricks. Now let's move on to furnishing the rooms. The main rooms of the royal half were: Antechamber, Room (study), Cross, Bedchamber and Mylenka. I would like to stop my gaze on the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration at that time. So, the bedchamber. The main subject of decoration of the bed room was the bed (bed) The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of this word, i.e. it served as a carpet and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The curtains were trimmed with fringes. In addition to curtains, dungeons (a kind of drapery) were hung at the heads and legs of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, people, animals and various strange herbs and flowers were depicted on them. When in the 17th century. the fashion for the German figure carving went, the beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns crowned with tents, gzimz (cornices), sprengels, apples and
bulbs (kind of ball). All carvings, as usual, were gilded, silver, painted with paint.
Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed belongs to a later time, the idea, in general, is reflected.
Prices for royal beds ranged from 200 rubles. up to 2 rubles. Two rubles cost
a folding camp bed, trimmed with red cloth - an analogue of a folding bed. The most expensive and richest bed in Moscow in the seventeenth century cost 2800r. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Persian shah. The bed was decorated with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother-of-pearl. If the beds were so richly arranged, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. Moreover, for special occasions (weddings, christenings, childbirth, etc.) there was a bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, upstairs (a long pillow in the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, a carpet was laid under the bed. There were blocks attached to the bed, they are needed to climb onto the carpet. Moreover, the made beds were so high that it was difficult to climb onto the bed without these pads.
Many have the idea that the bedchambers of those times were
hung with icons. This is not so, the cross rooms were served for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a worship cross.
^ Ordinary day
The day of the sovereign began in the room or suite of the palace. A
more specifically, earlier the morning found the sovereign in Krestovaya, with a rich
decorated with an iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were already lit before the appearance of the sovereign. The Tsar usually got up at four o'clock in the morning, and the bedman handed him a dress. After washing in Mylenka, the sovereign immediately went to Krestovaya, where the confessors were waiting for him. The priest blessed the sovereign with the cross, the morning prayer began. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after hearing the final spiritual word read by the clerk, the sovereign sent a particularly trusted person to the empress to inform her about her health, to find out how she rested ?, then he himself went out to recover. After that, they listened to the morning service together. Meanwhile, in Perednyaya there were going to be roundabouts, Duma members, boyars, people close to them.
to the sovereign. " Having greeted the boyars, talk about business, the sovereign in
accompanied by the courtiers, he marched at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to the late Mass. The dinner lasted two hours. After impoverishing the Room, the king listened on ordinary days to reports and petitions and was busy with current affairs. After the boyars had left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table food, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the usual one. But even the dinner table could not be compared with the sovereign's table during the post. One could only be surprised at the piety and asceticism in the observance of fasts by the sovereigns. For example, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times during Lent, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on the rest of the days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a salted mushroom or cucumber and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Great Fast. Even when there was no fasting, he did not eat meat on Mondays, Wednesdays.
and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the sovereign usually went to bed and rested until evening, about three o'clock. In the evening, the boyars and other ranks gathered again in the quarters, accompanied by the king for Vespers. Sometimes after Vespers, cases were also heard or the Duma gathered. But most often the time after Vespers until the evening meal was spent by the tsar with his family. The king read, listened to the Bahari (storytellers of fairy tales and songs), played. Chess was one of the favorite pastimes of the kings. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that there were special chess masters at the Armory.
In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At
In the courtyard there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all sorts of amusements amused the royal family. Among these amusers were buffoons, guselniks, housekeepers. It is known that at the court state there were fools-jesters - the king, fools-jokers, dwarfs and dwarfs - at the queen. In winter, especially on holidays, the tsar loved to watch the bear field, i.e. a battle between a hunter and a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the tsar often went on a falconry. Usually this fun
lasted the whole day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The Day of the Tsar usually ended in the Baptismal
evening prayer.
^ Day off
the weather allowed, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied by
boyars and other service and courtyard ranks. The splendor and richness of the sovereign's weekend clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the outlet was made, as well as to the state of the weather that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk forest and in a golden hat with a fur ring, in the winter - in a fur coat and a fox hat, in the fall and, in general, in inclement weather - in a uniform cloth. In his hands there was always a unicorn or Indian staff made of black wood. During the great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Resurrection, Assumption and some others, the sovereign was denounced in a royal outfit, which belonged to: a royal dress, a royal caftan, a royal hat or crown, a diadem, a thimble cross and a band, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal rod. All this
shone with gold, silver, precious stones. The shoes worn by the sovereign at this time were also richly engraved with pearls and adorned with stones. The severity of this outfit was undoubtedly very significant, and therefore in such ceremonies the sovereign was always supported by the lords, and sometimes the close boyars. Here is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an exit: “After leaving the ambassadors, the sovereign gathered for mass. Passing the halls and other palace chambers, he stepped down from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich silver gilded staff. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinue in the richest clothes. He walked among four young men who were thirty years old, strong and
tall: they were the sons of the noblest boyars. Two of them walked in front of him, and two others behind, but at some distance and at an equal distance from him. All four were dressed alike: on their heads they wore high hats made of white velvet with pearls and silver, padded and furred with round rat fur. Their clothes were of silvery fabric up to their feet, lined with ermines; on my feet were underwear boots with horseshoes; each one carried a large ax on his shoulder, glittering with silver and gold. "
Christmas
went in the same order to glorify Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then all the members of the royal family, if they did not gather with the queen. After releasing the patriarch, the sovereign in the Golden or in the Dining Room was clothed in
the tsar's attire, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy,
Changing the tsar's attire for an ordinary day dress, the emperor walked as a lead steward, where then a festive table was prepared in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. So this ended the festive celebration. On the day of Christmas, the king did not sit down at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663 on this holiday
964 people were fed on a large prison table.
Chapter 2. Life of the Russian people
^ 2.1 Life 16-17 centuries
For a long time, the Russian peoples had a large family that united relatives along straight and lateral lines. The distinctive features of a large peasant family were collective farming and consumption, common ownership of property by two or more independent married couples. The families of the urban population were smaller and, as a rule, consisted of two generations of parents and children. The families of the feudal lords were usually small, so the son of a feudal lord, having reached the age of 15, had to serve the sovereign's service and could receive both his own separate local salary and the granted patrimony. This contributed to early marriages and the separation of independent small families.
With the introduction of Christianity, marriages began to be formalized through a church wedding ceremony. But the traditional Christian wedding ceremony was preserved in Russia for about six to seven centuries. Church rules did not stipulate any obstacles to marriage, except for one: "demoniacal possession" of the bridegroom or bride. But in real life, the restrictions were rather strict, primarily in social terms, which were regulated by customs. The law did not formally prohibit a feudal lord from marrying a peasant woman, but in fact this happened very rarely, since the class of feudal lords was a closed corporation, where marriages were encouraged not just with persons of their circle, but with an equal. A free man could marry a serf, but he had to get permission from the master and pay a certain amount by agreement. Thus, both in ancient times and in the city, marriages could take place, basically, only within one class-estate.
The dissolution of the marriage was very difficult. Already in the early Middle Ages, divorce was permitted only in exceptional cases. At the same time, the rights of the spouses were unequal. A husband could divorce his wife in case of her betrayal, and it was equivalent to communicating with strangers outside the house without the permission of the spouse. In the late Middle Ages (from the 16th century), divorce was permitted with the condition that one of the spouses be tonsured a monk.
The Orthodox Church allowed one person to marry no more than three times. The solemn wedding ceremony was usually performed only at the first marriage. The fourth marriage was strictly prohibited.
The newborn child was to be baptized in the church on the eighth day after baptism in the name of the saint of that day. The rite of baptism was considered by the church to be the main, vital rite. The unbaptized had no rights, not even the right to burial. A child who died unbaptized was forbidden by the church to be buried in the cemetery.
The next rite - "tonsure" - was held a year after the baptism. On this day, the godfather or godparent (godparents) cut off a lock of hair from the child and gave a ruble. After the haircuts, they celebrated the name day, that is, the day of the saint in whose honor the person was named (later it became known as "the day of the angel"), and then the birthday. Tsar's name days were considered an official public holiday.
In the Middle Ages, the role of the head was extremely important. He represented the family as a whole in all its external functions. Only he had the right to vote at gatherings of residents, in the city veche. Within the family, the power of the head was practically unlimited. He disposed of the property and destinies of each of its members. This even applied to the personal life of children whom he could marry or marry against his will. The church only condemned him if he drove them to suicide. The orders of the head of the family had to be carried out without question. He could apply any punishment, even physical. "Domostroy" - an encyclopedia of Russian life in the 16th century - directly indicated that the owner should beat his wife and children for educational purposes. For disobedience to parents, the church threatened with excommunication.
Inside the estate, family life was relatively closed for a long time. However, ordinary women - peasant women, townspeople - did not at all lead a reclusive lifestyle. The evidence of foreigners about the terem seclusion of Russian women refers, as a rule, to the life of the feudal nobility and eminent merchants. They were rarely even allowed to go to church.
Little information remains about the daily routine of people in the Middle Ages. The family's working day began early. Common people had two obligatory meals - lunch and dinner. Production activities were interrupted at noon. After lunch, according to the old Russian habit, there was a long rest, sleep, then work began again until dinner. Together with the end of daylight hours, everyone went to sleep.
Social life included games and amusements - both military and peaceful, for example, the capture of a snowy city, wrestling and fistfights, towns, leapfrog, etc. maps brought from the west. The favorite pastime of kings and nobility was hunting.
2.2. Holidays
With the adoption of Christianity, especially revered days of the church calendar became official holidays: Christmas, Easter, Annunciation, Trinity and others, as well as the seventh day of the week - Sunday. According to church rules, holidays were to be devoted to pious deeds and religious rituals; working on holidays was considered a sin. However, the poor worked on holidays as well.
The relative isolation of home life was diversified by receptions of guests, as well as by festive ceremonies, which were arranged mainly during church holidays. One of the main processions of the cross was arranged for Epiphany - January 6, Art. Art. On this day, the patriarch blessed the water of the Moscow River, and the population of the city performed the Jordani rite (washing with holy water). Street performances were also held on holidays. Wandering artists, buffoons, are known even in Ancient Russia. In addition to playing the harp, pipes, songs, performances of buffoons included acrobatic numbers, competitions with predatory animals. The buffoonery troupe usually consisted of an organ-grinder, a gaer (acrobat), and a puppeteer.
Holidays, as a rule, were accompanied by public feasts - bratchins. However, the conventional wisdom about the unrestrained drunkenness of Russians is clearly exaggerated. Only during the 5-6 largest church holidays were the population allowed to brew beer, and the taverns were a state monopoly. The maintenance of private taverns was strictly persecuted.
^ 2.3. The progress of the Russian people in the 16-17 centuries
Not only the historical, but also the geographical knowledge of the people of the Middle Ages expanded. In connection with the complication of the administrative management of the growing territory of the Russian state, the first geographical maps ("blueprints") were drawn up. This was also facilitated by the development of trade and diplomatic relations of Russia. Russian seafarers made a great contribution to geographical discoveries in the North. By the beginning of the 16th century, they had explored the White, Studenoye (Barents) and Kara seas, discovered many northern lands - the Bear Islands, Novaya Zemlya, and others. Russian Pomors were the first to penetrate the Arctic Ocean, created the first handwritten maps of the surveyed northern seas and islands. They were among the first to master the Northern Sea Route around the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Some progress was observed in the field of technical and natural - scientific knowledge. Russian craftsmen learned to make rather complex mathematical calculations in the construction of buildings, they were familiar with the properties of the main building materials. When constructing buildings, blocks and other building mechanisms were used. For the extraction of brine, deep drilling and pipe laying were used, through which the liquid was distilled using a piston pump. In military affairs, the casting of copper guns was mastered, battering and throwing weapons became widespread.
^ 2.4. Influence of the Church
In the 17th century, the role of the church in influencing the culture and life of the Russian people increased. At the same time, state power penetrated more and more into the affairs of the church.
The purpose of the penetration of state power into church affairs was to serve the reform of the church. The tsar wanted to get the sanction of the church for state reforms and at the same time take measures to subjugate the church and limit its privileges and lands necessary to provide for the vigorously created noble army.
An all-Russian church reform was carried out at the Stoglav Cathedral, named after the collection of its decrees, which consisted of one hundred chapters (Stoglav).
In the foreground in the works of the Stoglavy Cathedral, issues within the church order were brought forward, primarily related to the life and life of the lower clergy, with the administration of church services to them. The glaring vices of the clergy, the careless performance of church rituals, moreover, devoid of any uniformity - all this caused a negative attitude among the people towards the ministers of the church, gave rise to free-thinking.
The sale of church positions, bribery, false denunciations, extortion became so widespread in church circles that the Stoglava Sobor was forced to adopt a number of decrees, somewhat limiting the arbitrariness of both the highest hierarchs in relation to the ordinary clergy, and the latter in relation to the laity. From now on, the duty from churches was to be collected not by the foremen who abused their position, but by the zemstvo elders and ten's priests appointed in rural areas.
By its decrees, the Stoglavy Council tried to impose the stamp of ecclesiasticality on the entire life of the people. On pain of tsarist and ecclesiastical punishment, it was forbidden to read the so-called "renounced" and heretical books, that is, books that then constituted almost all secular literature. The Church was instructed to interfere in the everyday life of people - to turn away from barbecuing, from chess, from playing musical instruments, etc., to persecute buffoons, these carriers of folk culture alien to the church.
^ 2.5. Cultural change
Printing was one of the greatest achievements of the 16th century. The first printing house appeared in Moscow in 1553, and soon books of church content were printed here. The earliest printed books include The Lenten Triode, published around 1553, and two Gospels, printed in the 1950s. 16th century.
In 1563. the organization of the "sovereign Printing House" was entrusted to Ivan Fedorov, an outstanding figure in the field of book printing in Russia. Together with his assistant Peter Mstislavets on March 1, 1564. he published the book "The Apostle", and the next year, "The Hourly". We associate the appearance in 1574 with the name of Ivan Fedorov. in Lviv of the first edition of the Russian Primer.
Under the influence of the church, such a peculiar work as "Domostroy" was created, the final edition of which belonged to Archpriest Sylvester. "Domostroy" is a code of morality and everyday rules intended for the wealthy strata of the urban population. It is permeated with sermons of humility and unquestioning obedience to the authorities, and in the family - obedience to the householder.
For the increased needs of the Russian state, literate people were needed. On convened in 1551. The Stoglava Cathedral raised the question of taking measures to spread education among the population. The clergy were offered to open schools for teaching children to read and write. Children were taught, as a rule, at monasteries. In addition, homeschooling was common among wealthy people.
The intense struggle with numerous external and internal enemies contributed to the emergence in Russia of an extensive historical literature with a central theme, which was the question of the growth and development of the Russian state. The most significant monuments of historical thought of the period under consideration were the annalistic vaults.
One of the major historical works of this time is the Facial (i.e., illustrated) annalistic collection: it consisted of 20 thousand pages and 10 thousand chalk beautifully executed miniatures, giving a visual representation of various aspects of Russian life.
In 1553-54, the Church of St. John the Baptist was built in the village of Dyakovo (not far from the village of Kolomenskoye), exceptional in terms of the originality of the decoration and architectural design.
Conclusion
The church had a very strong influence on the culture and life of the Russian people, therefore the state, for its own purposes, for the implementation of reforms, more and more penetrated into the affairs of the church, which prescribed interference in the everyday life of people.
In the difficult conditions of the Middle Ages, culture nevertheless achieved great success in various fields. The first geographical maps are drawn up, and trade diplomatic ties are being developed. Russian craftsmen have learned to perform complex mathematical calculations in the construction of buildings. In the 16th century, typography appeared. Schools for literacy training were opened.
Thus, the life of a Russian person in the Middle Ages, although it was relatively monotonous, was far from limited to the production and socio-political spheres. Despite all the household chores and hardships of family life, the Russian people also had holidays, their own customs, time for rest and fun.
At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and all-inclusive television, and wide participation of the population in the political process bears little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 17th century. However, its foundations (civil service, traditions of family relations, home arrangement, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these fundamentals significantly expands the horizons of a modern person.
Bibliography
History of Russia from ancient times to the second half of the 19th century. / G.Ya. Taratonenkov / M .: 1998.
The Russian people, their customs, rituals, legends, superstitions and poetry / M. Zabylin / Simferopol .: 1992.
Zabelin / I.E. Home life of Russian tsars in the 16th and 17th centuries.
Application
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich
Church book 16-17 century
Feryaz - outer swing clothes
In the 17th century, after long troubles and frequent changes of rulers, the institution of an autocratic monarchy was legally consolidated in the Russian state. The Zemsky Sobor of 1648-1649 determined the principles of protecting the life and health of the sovereign and his family, household regulations and order in the palace.
Despite the extraordinary splendor and wealth of the court, the abundance of servants and courtiers, the life of the autocrat and his household was subject to special regulations. All this was intended to emphasize the special position of the "Emperor", standing unattainably high above the common people, the army and the boyars.
Palace device
The magnificent palaces of the rulers of Russia in the 17th century were nevertheless inferior in elegance and luxury to the residences of the kings of France, England or pompous Spain. However, the decoration of the royal choir (in those days they were called attire), was distinguished by its originality and intricacy.
In the middle of the 17th century, the traditional carving in the form of regular geometric shapes was replaced by curly "German" carving, which was additionally painted and gilded for beauty. The mansions of the Kolomna Palace and the Stone Tower were decorated in this style, the external decorations of which were restored and improved several times.
To preserve heat, the windows were sealed with thin plates of mica, and intricate carved shutters protected them from wind and bad weather. The floors were covered with thick oak planks, over which Indian and Persian carpets were laid. The walls and ceilings of the royal reception chambers were richly painted with scenes from the lives of saints and saints, the so-called "life letter".
In addition to ornate wood and stone carvings, the chambers of the royal palaces were richly decorated with expensive fabrics: broadcloth on ordinary days and gold or silk linens during holidays or for receiving foreign ambassadors.
The most common furniture in the mansions of the Russian tsar were carved benches, which were located along the walls. Under them were set up mines with locks, similar to small drawers.
An ordinary day of the Russian tsar
Despite the abundance of luxurious details in everyday objects and clothes, the life of the rulers of the 17th century was distinguished by moderation and simplicity. The day began early, in order to be in time for the morning prayer of the cross, the king got up at 4 o'clock in the morning. The sleeping bags and bedclothes serving him gave him a dress, helped him wash and get dressed.
After matins and a modest breakfast, the king occupied himself with current affairs. Closer to evening, the Duma usually met and the process of resolving state issues continued. The tsars preferred to spend time after lunch and before evening prayer with their families.
On everyday days, ordinary dishes were served at the table, not distinguished by special sophistication. Rye bread, meat or fish dishes, a little wine or cinnamon mash were used. Taking into account the deep and sincere faith of the sovereign and his family members, during the fast they served only quick food and clean water. On the order of the king, many prepared dishes were sent to the close boyars and servants, this was considered a sign of the highest mercy.
In the Faceted and Amusing Chambers, even under the sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, organs were installed, the sound of which attracted both the courtiers and the household of the king. And towards the end of the 17th century, theatrical performances came into vogue. The first performances based on biblical subjects took place in 1672 in front of the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The new trend quickly took root, and soon new ballets and dramas were staged in front of the courtyard every few months.
In 1635-1636. the sovereign built for himself and for the children living, or resting, mansions stone, - that in the tsar's life, for that time, it was news, because in fact for housing, wooden mansions were always preferred, to which old habits did not change afterwards. Perhaps the fire of 1626 forced it, among the wooden buildings, although one house was made more secure. These stone mansions were erected on the walls of an old building, built by Aleviz, just above By the workshop and above the basement chambers, of which a row stretched further to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. Previously, above this basement floor of the Alevizov building, between the two aforementioned reception rooms of the tsarina's chambers, the Back and Naugolnaya, i.e., the Golden Tsaritsynaya, there were Wooden bed mansions, in the place of which they are now erected three new floors, flanked by the tsarina's reception rooms, with a tower above. The upper floor with the tower was designated for the young princes Alexei and Ivan, which is also indicated in the inscription that has survived over the entrance to this day. Terem at that time was called Attic and Stone Tower, and at the beginning of the 18th century Golden tower, which is why even now this whole building is called the Terem Palace. The whole building, thus, has retained the type of wooden residential choir and serves as a curious and unique monument of ancient Russian civil architecture. Much remains in its facade and even in some details of the external decorations, which reminds of the character of ancient wooden buildings. Such are, for example, stone growths and rezi in cash window decorations; in design, they are quite reminiscent of wood carvings. But most clearly the nature of wooden buildings, which had such an influence on stone ones, is revealed in the internal structure of the building. Almost all of his rooms, on all floors, are of the same size, each with three windows, which is completely reminiscent of the Great Russian hut, which still retains this number of windows. Thus, the Terem Palace represents several huts, set side by side, one next to the other, in one connection and in several tiers, with an attic, or tower, above. The power of needs and unchanging living conditions, among which our ancestors lived, subordinated to their goals and stone, rather extensive, structure, which gave full means to settle down according to a plan more spacious and more convenient for life, at least according to modern concepts. But it goes without saying that it fully met the then requirements of convenience and comfort, and we will be unfair if only from our point of view we begin to consider and condemn our old way of life and all the forms in which it revealed its requirements and positions. In 1637, these new stone mansions were finished completely: some groom Ivan Osipov, a goldsmith by trade, was already at that time pointing buries on the roof with gold leaf, silver and various colors "and in the mansions, all the windows (outside the attic , that is, the tower) made mica endings ". At the same time as these mansions were being built (1635–1636), on the eastern side of them, above the Gold of the Lesser Chamber of Queens, a special house church was built in the name of the Image of the Savior Not Made by Hands with the chapel of John Belogradsky, the same name as Tsarevich Ivan. In ancient times, as we have seen, such temples, denoted by the expression: what's in the hallway, constituted one of the most necessary conditions for each separate room in the royal life. Hay, riding churches were also in the tsarina's half, also among the princesses and the princes, which is why the construction of a new temple in this part of the palace was caused only by a new separate room for the sovereign's children. The area between Terem and the new church formed Front stone courtyard, from which the stairs led down to the Bed porch and was subsequently locked with a gold lattice, why the Church of the Savior was designated: what is behind the gold bars. It should be mentioned that both the Terem Palace and the Church of the Savior were built by the Russians stone craftsmen, according to the current architects, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larya Ushakov. At the same time as the buildings described, the same apprentices built a new stone Svetlitsa, in which the queen's craftswomen, gold seamstresses and seamstresses were supposed to work, with their students. In the last three years of his reign, Mikhail built some more palace chambers and arranged new mansions in the Tsareborisovsky court for the Danish prince Voldemar, to whom he wanted to marry his daughter Irina.
Thus, during the thirty-two years of his reign, Tsar Michael managed not only to restore the old palace, but also enlarged it with new stone and wooden buildings, which grew as the royal family multiplied and the needs of life developed, which, despite the power of tradition, little by little nevertheless, he moved further, forward, anticipating in some, albeit petty, relations the approaching reform. His son, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, had little to do with the main buildings. Indeed, during his reign, we do not find particularly significant buildings in the royal court. He renewed for the most part the old, altered and decorated the buildings built by his ancestors or his father according to his thoughts. At first, when he was only 17 years old, in 1646, that is, a year after the death of his father, he built himself new Amusing mansions, which were then cut down by the palace carpenter Vaska Romanov. Of the other buildings, we will mention more significant ones. So, in 1660, the palace chamber was renewed, built, perhaps, under Mikhail, which housed the Pharmaceutical Order and the Pharmacy. Stone craftsman Vavilka Savelyev made windows and doors in it and put new vaults under the old vaults, and the standard-bearer, that is, the draftsman, Ivashka Solovey, wrote a wall letter. This chamber stood not far from the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. In 1661, instead of the old Dining room, the sovereign built a new one and beautifully decorated it with carvings, gilding and painting in a new overseas taste, according to fiction engineer and colonel Gustav Deckenpin, who under the name fiction left to us in 1658. Carved, gilding and painting works were performed already in 1662 by foreign craftsmen, mostly Poles called to Moscow during the Polish war, namely the carvers who cut out windows, doors and ceiling (ceiling): Stepan Zinoviev , Ivan Mirovskoy with students, Stepan Ivanov and painters: Stepan Petrov, Andrey Pavlov, Yuri Ivanov. In the same 1662, April 1, on the tsarina's name day, the sovereign celebrated a wide housewarming party in this dining room. The new Dining Room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, built in 1667, was decorated in the same way. In 1668, it was painted by painters: Fyodor Svidersky, Ivan Artemiev, Dorofey Ermolin, Stanislav Kutkeev, Andrei Pavlov; and were cut by the students of the above-mentioned masters, of whom Ivan Mirovsky measured the ceiling for carving and painting. Later, the new Bed mansions built by the tsar in 1674 were also decorated. The sovereign ordered to write parables of the prophet Jonah, Moses and Esther. In 1663, the journeyman Nikita Sharutin repaired stone affairs at the palace, in the Upper with the sovereign, cathedral Church of the Savior Image Not Made by Hands and made the meal anew. Undoubtedly, the meal was spread against the previous one, because the house church of the Savior, under Tsar Alexei, who lived in the terem chambers, became cathedral and in this sense replaced the ancient cathedrals of the Transfiguration of the Savior, Annunciation and Sretensky for the royal court. Around the same time, alterations and renewals were probably made in the terem building. In 1670, the front upper courtyard, or the platform located between these chambers and the Church of the Savior, was decorated with a gilded copper lattice, which blocked the entrance from the stairs that led to the Terem from the Bed Porch. It is curious that this beautiful lattice, which has survived to this day, was cast from copper of money, released before the people and caused so much displeasure, losses, troubles and executions.
Federal Agency for Education
State educational institution
Higher professional education
"St. Petersburg State
Engineering and Economic University ".
Department of Public Relations, History and Political Science
Discipline: "Domestic history"
Abstract on the topic :
"The life of the royal family inXVIIcentury "
Completed by a student
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Finance
Course 1
Group No. 000
Rusakova Ekaterina
Vladimirovna
supervisor
Saint Petersburg
2005 year.
Introduction ………………………………………………………… .3
1.Historical features of the household device
Russian tsars in the 17th century. …………………………………………………4
2. General concepts about the palace ………………………………………… ... 5
2.1. External view of the palace …………………………………… .5
2.2. Carved woodwork ……………………………… .6
2.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms ……… .8
2.4. Indoor painting …………………………………… 10
2.5. Private overview of some of the rooms …………………… 13
3. Entertainment of the royal family ……………………………………… 17
4. The appearance and life of the palaces of the Kremlin of the epoch of the XVI-XVII centuries ………… ..18
5. Schedule of the day ……………………………………………………… 20
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 25
Introduction:
Our country has a great, centuries-old history, which we can rightfully be proud of. Over the years of the historical development of the Russian state, there have been times that, undoubtedly, can be called heroic, requiring maximum exertion of moral strength and the attraction of enormous material resources. However, studying various historical eras, we often forget about the everyday life of people who lived in those distant times. Namely, this everyday life was the expression of all socio-historical formations that have changed over the long history of the Russian state. The study of the economic foundations and political relations without the study of domestic life and traditions of people living in the time we study, significantly impoverishes the idea of it. One of the first Russian historians who paid attention to the everyday life of people was the Moscow professor Zabelin, who wrote: “At present, in the current direction of historical work, the study of the domestic life of outdated generations is of great importance. The conclusions of science reveal the truth that a person's home life is an environment in which the embryos and rudiments of his development and all kinds of phenomena of his life, public and political, or state, lie ... ”.
Soviet historiography, based on the principles of historical materialism, the guiding law of which is the idea of the economic foundations of socio-political formations, paid insufficient attention to the daily life of people. Only in recent years have there been publicly available studies on this issue. The essay is devoted to the study of the everyday life of the royal family in the early and least studied period of the birth and formation of the Russian state - the 17th century.
1. Historical features of the structure of the life of the Russian tsars in XVII v.
In the middle of the 17th century, an autocratic monarchy was finally formed and legally formed in the Russian state. At the Zemsky Cathedral in 1648 - 1649. adopted the Cathedral Code, which contained a resolution on the protection of the honor and health of the tsar, on the procedure for conducting the trial and the execution of punishments. For actions directed against the state order, property and life of the sovereign, the death penalty was imposed.
The domestic life of the people and kings in the internal development of the country constitutes the external expression of its existence. The foundations of the entire social system are hidden in the household regulations, orders, in its moral principles. Thus, the most noticeable type of history is the "sovereign" in the general sense, as the owner, owner or master. "This type is considered in its three main forms: the life of the best people, the life of the average people and the life of the younger people." In the ancient domestic life of the tsars, the supreme significance of this type is revealed and then gradually it is led to its younger branch - to the children of the boyars, an ordinary princely squad.
In terms of its political structure, Russia in the 17th century is an autocratic monarchy.
The life of the Russian great sovereign was most fully expressed by the end of the seventeenth century. But no matter how broad and regal its dimensions in general outline and general provisions, it did not in the least deviate from the typical, primordial outlines of Russian life. The Moscow sovereign remained the same prince - patrimonial land. The patrimonial type was reflected in all the orders of his home life and household. It was a simple village, and, therefore, a purely Russian way of life, not at all different in its basic features from the way of life of a peasant, a way of life that sacredly preserved all customs and traditions. The name of the sovereign was associated with home life, with the owner-owner and the father of the family. “Even in Russkaya Pravda, the word sovereign, gospodar is denoted, together with the word lord, owner of property, householder, patrimonial estate. The ruler was a person who combined in his meaning the concept of the head of the house, of the direct ruler, judge, owner and manager of his household. "
1.1. External and internal view of the palace.
The palaces of the 17th century were buildings of various sizes, scattered everywhere, commensurate primarily with considerations of convenience. This was the appearance of the palaces at the end of the 17th century. “In this regard, the palace did not have a facade. The buildings crowded one another and further increased the diversity with their various roofs in the form of tents, ricks, barrels, with patterned pipes, skillfully folded. In other places there were turrets with eagles, unicorns and lions instead of weathercocks. " According to the testimony of the Italian Barberini (1565), the roofs and domes of the royal palace were covered with gold, along the cornice of the Middle Golden Patata there was an inscription “In the summer of 7069 August. By the command of the pious Christ-loving. Moscow, Nougorodsky. Tsar of Kazan. and the king of Astrakhan. Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Tver. Yugorsky. Permian. Vyatsky. Bulgarian. and other sovereigns of the Livonian land. city of yuryev and others. and with his noble children. Tsareveche Ivan: and Tsareveche Theodore Ioanovich of All Russia is an autocrat ”.
“The roof of the Stone Tower was originally decorated in 1637, with burrs applied with gold, silver and paints.” (Expenditure books of the Treasury order in the Arch. Armory, No. 000). It was subsequently gilded.
Especially, pretentious variegation and ornamentation was manifested to a greater extent, as in external architectural decorations and various kinds of ornaments, usually located on cornices, or valances of buildings in the form of belts, paddles or pilasters and columns; also at windows and doors in the form of sandriks, platbands, capitals, patterned carved from wood in wood and from white stone in stone buildings. In the carving of these ornaments between leaves, herbs, flowers and various patterns, emblematic birds and animals occupied not the last place. (Archive of historical and legal information relating to Russia, ed. N. Kalachov. M., 1854. Section V. S. 33.)
1.2. Carved woodwork.
In the decorations of the princely and boyar chorus, the carving showed more intricacy, but the nature of the art, in its techniques, remained the same. The drawing or commemoration was completely dependent on the icon-painting style, which always translated the memorized samples almost according to the stencil. Cutting of quite simple geometric shapes prevailed in the carving: teeth, towns, rivets, grooves, etc. An excellent and most characteristic monument of ancient Russian carving is wooden royal place in the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Together with other similar monuments, it gives the most complete and correct concept of the architectural types of its time and the nature of the carved patterns with which the royal mansions were decorated. Carving with the same capricious character survived until the second half of the 17th century, when under Tsar Alexei, to replace antiquity, German carving, figured, in the Renaissance style, according to the invention of the German engineer-architect Deckenpin, was brought to us in 1660. In 1668, the mansions of the Kolomna Palace and the dining room of Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich in the Kremlin Palace were decorated in the same style. Reitenfels, who was in Moscow in 1670, generally notes about the Kolomenskoye Palace that it "was so excellently decorated with carvings and gilding that you would think it was a toy just taken out of a box." In 1681, the new mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at the northeastern corner of the Terem Palace, were painted and gilded. The next year, in April 1682, shortly before the death of the tsar, on these mansions "attics are painted on the outside with pink colored paints on both sides, from the Stone Towers, the other side from the Church of the Life-Giving Resurrection." The window shutters depicted flowers, herbs, birds, and animals. The existing walls of stone buildings were decorated in the same manner. This is how all the buildings that make up the face of the palace from the side of Cathedral Square were decorated in 1667, that is, the Annunciation Porch, the Red Porch and the Faceted Chamber. Carving on white stone of fryazh herbs. (Cases of the Palace orders, 17th century, in the Arch. Armory), which were then covered with red gold and colored paints can still serve as an example of ancient fryaschina in jewelry. The Kamenny Terem was painted in the same way, which has retained its former appearance in many respects. The porch leading to Terem was called Golden. The exterior decorations of Terem were renewed several times during the reign of tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and during the reign of his son Fyodor. Also, on all the gates of the palace, outside and from the inside, that is, from the courtyard, there were icons painted on boards. So, for example, on the Kolymazhny Gate on one side there was an image of the Resurrection, and on the other, the Most Holy Theotokos of Smolensk.
1.3. General overview of the interior decoration of the rooms.
Everything that served as a decoration inside the choir or made up a necessary part of it was called an outfit. There were two types of attire: mansion and tent. The mansion was also called carpentry, that is, they cut off the walls, ceilings and walls, sheathed them with red planks, made benches, taxes, and so on. This simple carpentry outfit gained special beauty if the rooms were cleaned with carpentry. The marquee outfit consisted of cleaning the rooms with cloth and other fabrics. Much attention was paid to the ceilings. There were two types of ceiling decoration: hanging and mica. Visly - wood carving with a number of hinged parts. Mica - decoration with mica with carved tin ornaments. The decoration of the ceilings was combined with the decoration of the windows. The floor was laid with planks, sometimes paved with oak bricks.
The usual furniture in the royal mansions were benches, which were arranged near the walls, around the entire room or chamber, even sometimes near the stoves. Lockers with shutters were made under the benches, a kind of small cabinets. Such lockers under the benches were arranged in 1683 in the front room of Tsar Peter Alekseevich.
The stoves were tiled, or "figurative, valuable" (Historical review of the enamel and valuable business in Russia in the Notes of the St. Petersburg Archaeological Society (1853 vol. 6. Section 1)) from blue tiles and etched or green from green. Polish green ovens are also mentioned in the seventeenth century. The stoves were rectangular, round, flat, the shape of the tiles was varied: they depicted herbs, flowers, people, animals and various patterns. Despite the clean, sleek chorus, the walls, ceilings, benches, floors were almost never bare. They were draped with multicolored cloth. Sometimes the walls and ceiling were upholstered in half-lengths with green satin: the rooms of Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich in 1691 were upholstered in such an atlas, which is why they were called satin rooms. During the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, some of his rooms were upholstered with gilded basma skins, with hewn grasses, flowers and animals. Such leathers were also upholstered: in 1666 the doors of the sovereign's Room and the third in Teremakh, in 1673 the upper hut above Krestovaya, at Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna's, and with silver leathers the room of Tsarevich Peter, in 1681 with golden leathers of the room and the canopy in the new wooden mansions of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, built at that time near Teremov and the Resurrection Church.
On important occasions, during ambassadorial receptions or on solemn days and royal holidays, the entire mansion outfit received a completely different look. Then, instead of cloths, which were used to clean the rooms in ordinary times, the walls were decorated with rich gold and silk fabrics, aksamites, etc., and the floors - with Persian and Indian carpets. In addition to solemn receptions and holidays, a rich mansion dress was also used on other occasions, especially important in the family life of the sovereign. The Tsar's weekend books of 1662 describe this outfit as follows: “The sovereign was sitting in large armchairs, and in the Golden was an outfit from the Kazenny court: on the table, a carpet was silver-plated with wormy earth, gold polavoshniks with divorces, gold carpets on the bunkers, on two windows embroidered gold carpets, on white satin, on the third window there is a gold Kizylbass carpet ”.
1.4. Indoor painting.
Much more remarkable is another kind of ancient mansion decorations - namely, room painting, wall and ceiling writing, which served as the most magnificent and, since the half of the 17th century, a rather ordinary decoration of the royal reception rooms and bed choir. In the 17th century, it was known under the name everyday letters. This name already explains enough exactly what objects were depicted on the walls and plafonds of the royal chambers.
By the nature of his education - religious, theological - the Russian person loved to personify parables and church life, with images of which he decorated his mansions. In the absence of an aesthetic element in his education, he did not know art in the meaning that modernity gives it, therefore, in the parables and beings that were depicted on the walls of his chambers, he wanted to see, first of all, edification, instruction, spiritual benefit in a religious sense, and not delighting the eye with beautiful images that belonged to seduction and were always carefully removed. The evolutionary processes that took place in the state system of Russia in the 17th century, the breaking of the traditional worldview, a noticeably increased interest in the world around us, a craving for "external wisdom" reflected on the general character of Russian culture. The change was also facilitated by the country's unusually expanded ties with Western Europe. Expansion of the subject matter of images, an increase in the proportion of secular, historical subjects, the use of Western European engravings as "samples", allowed artists to create with less regard for traditions, to look for new ways in art. However, we must not forget that the golden age of ancient Russian painting is far behind. It was no longer possible to climb to the top again within the framework of the old system. Icon painters found themselves at a crossroads. The beginning of the 17th century was marked by the dominance of two artistic trends inherited from the previous era. One of them received the name "Godunov" school, since most of the famous works of this direction were made by order of Tsar Boris Godunov and his relatives. The "Godunov" style as a whole is distinguished by a tendency towards narrative, overloaded composition with details, corporeality and materiality of forms, a fascination with architectural forms.
Another direction is usually called the "Stroganov" school. Most of the icons of this style are associated with orders from the eminent merchant family, the Stroganovs. The Stroganov school is the art of icon miniature. It is no coincidence that her characteristic features are most clearly manifested in works of small size. In the Stroganov icons, with an unheard-of audacity for that time, the aesthetic principle manifests itself, as if overshadowing the cult purpose of the image. It was not the deep inner content of this or that composition and not the richness of the spiritual world of the characters that worried the artists, but the beauty of the form in which it was possible to capture all this.
Elements of a kind of realism, observed in the painting of the Stroganov school, were developed in the work of the best masters of the second half of the 17th century - the tsarist icon painters and painters of the Armory Chamber. Their recognized head was Simon Ushakov.
The 17th century completes more than seven centuries of the history of ancient Russian art. From that time on, Old Russian icon painting ceased to exist as the dominant artistic system.
At this time, all the eminent people of the country are trying to capture their image in the portrait. Tsarist icon painters Simon Ushakov, Fyodor Yuriev, Ivan Maksimov painted portraits of the prince, steward, and many other images. So, under the supervision of Simon Ushakov, the choir of Alexei Mikhailovich was decorated with wall and herbal writing.
Today we are taught to think that colored stained-glass windows in the windows of houses and cathedrals are a typical feature only of exclusively Western European buildings. It turns out that this idea is incorrect. Colored, patterned and painted window panes were also used in "Mongolian" life in Russia-Horde of the 16th century.
In the 17th century, mica in the windows began to be decorated with paintings. So, in 1676, the painter Ivan Saltanov was ordered to write in the mansion of Tsarevich Pyotr Alekseevich a window on mica "in the circle of an eagle, in the corners of the grass; ... In 1692, it was ordered to register the death in the mansion of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, so as not to see through them. Various images of people, animals and birds, painted with paints, can also be seen on the mica windows left over from the Pereslavl Palace of Peter the Great.
Heating of rooms was practiced with pipes laid in the walls and floors. Hot air flowed through the pipes. "The upper floors of the wooden chorus were for the most part heated by wire pipes from the ovens of the lower tiers. These pipes were also tiled with strangleholds ... All the large royal floors, Faceted, two Golden, Dining room and Embankments, were likewise heated by wire pipes from ovens arranged under them in the basements.
1.5. Private overview of some rooms.
The room, in its own right, was a study, or in general such a room in which they remained for most of the day. In the sovereign's room, where he usually received reports, exactly and in the rooms of adult princes, the table was covered with red cloth and cleaned with various items necessary for writing. There was a clock on it, there were books that were required for the case, from the sovereign, for example, "The Book of the Code" , there were various papers in notebooks, in columns and in scrolls. The sovereign used feathers, traditional for that time, swan feathers. Noble people at that time rarely wrote with goose. Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich had a "booklet in silver", which in 1676 Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich took to his mansion. when he was a prince, the boyar prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky brought up the "whistle of silver finifts." Among the writing utensils of his room table were also "a clock in a German dog, under it in a box an ink film and a sandbox, a knife, and a scabbard." The booklet of Tsarevich Ivan Mikhailovich was unusually richly decorated. It was framed in gold and showered with precious stones. In 1683, Princess Sophia Alekseevna was given into the room "a box that letters are put with an inkwell, and with scissors, and with a bone, than letters are sent."
The main rooms of the royal half were: Antechamber, Room (study), Cross, Bedchamber and Mylenka. I would like to stop my gaze on the bedchamber, because this room had the richest decoration at that time. So, the bedchamber. The main item of decoration of the bed room was the "bed" bed.
The bed corresponded to the direct meaning of this word, that is, it served as a shelter and looked like a tent. The tent was embroidered with gold and silver. The curtains were trimmed with fringes. In addition to the curtains, dungeons (a kind of drapery) were hung at the heads and feet of the bed. The dungeons were also embroidered with gold and silver silk, decorated with tassels, they depicted people, animals and various outlandish herbs and flowers. When in the 17th century. the fashion for German curly carving went, the beds became even more beautiful. They began to be decorated with crowns crowned with tents, gzimzas (cornices), sprengels, apples and pukles (a kind of ball). All carvings, as usual, were gilded, silvered and painted with paint.
Such a bed can be seen in the Grand Kremlin Palace, and although that bed belongs to a later time, the idea, in general, is reflected.
Prices for royal beds ranged from 200 rubles. up to 2 rubles. The most expensive and richest bed in Moscow in the seventeenth century cost 2800r. and was sent by Alexei Mikhailovich as a gift to the Persian shah. This bed was adorned with crystal, gold, ivory, tortoiseshell, silk, pearls and mother-of-pearl.
If the beds were so richly arranged, then the bed itself was cleaned with no less luxury. Moreover, for special occasions (weddings, christenings, childbirth, etc.) there was a bed. So, the bed consisted of: a cotton mattress (wallet) at the base, an upholstery (a long pillow across the entire width of the bed), two down pillows, two small down pillows, a blanket, a bedspread, and a carpet under the bed. Many people have the idea that the bedchairs of those times were hung with icons. This is not the case, the cross rooms were served for the prayer service, which looked like small churches due to the number of icons. In the bedchamber there was only a worship cross.
Three, sometimes four rooms side by side, one next to the other, in one connection, served as a very sufficient room for the Emperor.
As said, these rooms were not particularly large. In their spaciousness, they were equal to a peasant hut or a peasant cage, that is, they had a width and length of only 3 sazhens (1 sazhen = 2.134 m.), That is, 9 arshins (1 arshin = 0.71 m.), As well as now peasant huts are being erected, and there have always been three windows in them. And inside they were like the same hut, because ordinary shops were necessarily set up in them near the walls. Chairs were not yet used at that time. There was only one armchair in the room for the Emperor himself.
In the same way, the queen's mansions were located, which were placed separately from the king's choir, but were connected with them by passageways or passages. The Queen's room was followed by the Cross, and then the Room. Special mansions with the same rooms were erected for the sovereign's children and were also connected
The Tsar usually got up at four o'clock in the morning. The bed-maker, with the help of sleeping bags and solicitors, handed the dress to the emperor and cleaned (put on) it. After washing his face, the sovereign immediately went out to Krestovaya, where the confessor or the priest of the cross and the clergy of the cross were waiting for him. The confessor or cross priest blessed the sovereign with a cross.
After finishing the morning prayer of the cross, the sovereign, if he rested separately, sent the servant on duty to the queen in the mansion to ask her about her health, how did she rest? Then he himself went out to greet her in her Hall or Dining Room. After that, they listened together in one of the upper churches to Matins, and sometimes to early Mass.
In domestic life, kings were the model of moderation and simplicity. According to the testimony of foreigners, the simplest dishes were always served at the table of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, rye bread, a little wine, oat mash or light beer with cinnamon oil, and sometimes only one cinnamon water. Apart from fasting, he did not eat anything meat on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. Thus, his attitude towards food was stricter than that of many monks. At the ordinary table of the sovereign on meat and fish days, about seventy dishes were served, but almost all of these dishes diverged for serving boyars and other persons to whom the emperor sent these serving, as a sign of his favor and honor.
After vespers, sometimes cases were also heard and the Duma met. But usually all the time after Vespers until the evening meal or supper, the sovereign spent already with the family or with the closest people.
There was a special Amusement Chamber in the palace, in which various amusers amused the royal family with songs, music, dancing, rope dances and other "actions". Among these amusements were: funny (buffoons), guselniks, cryptics, housekeepers, organists, cymbals. Fools-jesters also lived in the palace, and at the queen's - fools - crackers, carls and dwarfs. They sang songs, tumbled and indulged in all sorts of gaiety, which served as a considerable amusement to the sovereign's family continued after dinner until evening. The Tsar spent the summer for the most part in country palaces, having fun with hunting and farming. In winter, he sometimes went himself to see a bear or an elk, and hunted for hares.
2. Entertainment of the royal family.
2.1. Theatre
Among the new genres expressing the growth of self-awareness, drama occupies a special place. The first theatrical performances took place in 1672 at the court theater of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, where plays based on ancient and biblical subjects were staged. The founder of Russian drama was S. Polotsky, whose plays (the comedy "The Parable of the Prodigal Son" and the tragedy "About Nebuchadnezzar the Tsar") raised serious moral, political and philosophical problems.
The tsar liked the theatrical performances. In the boardwalk theater, ballets and dramas were performed in front of the tsar, the plots of which were borrowed from the Bible. These biblical dramas were peppered with crude jokes; so, in "Holofernes" the maid, seeing the head of the Assyrian governor cut off by Judith, says: "the poor thing, waking up, will be very surprised that his head was taken away." It was essentially the first theater school in Russia.
In 1673, N. Lima staged the first performance of the "Ballet about Orpheus Eurydice" at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich, which marked the beginning of periodic performances in Russia, the emergence of the Russian ballet theater.
And in the cities and villages there were wandering artists - buffoons, guslars - songwriters, guides with bears. Puppet shows with the participation of Petrushka were very popular.
2.2. Music.
There is a stereotype that musical organs are a typical feature of exclusively Western European life. However, this thought is incorrect. The organs were also distributed in Russia. Even under Mikhail Fedorovich he was summoned to Moscow organ player Ivan to arrange organ fun in the palace. Perhaps he was also a master of these instruments and then started building them, if he did not bring ready-made ones with him ... In the 17th century, along with the organs, clavichords or cymbals were brought to the palace ... Further, "organs and cymbals" are mentioned already as the most common objects of palace amusements ... In 1617, the organs that stood in the Amusement Chamber are mentioned; further in 1626, "in the joy of the state," that is, during the wedding of the tsar, they played cymbals and organs in the Faceted Chamber ...
Unfortunately, there are no descriptions of the organs that stood in the Faceted Chamber and the Amusement Chambers. In the treasury of the Armory in 1687 were kept already dilapidated and spoiled "four-part organs with a burp, but there are no 50 pipes in those organs, and there are 220 pipes on the face; there are no threads all around, the slander is broken." Subsequently, organ work became commonplace for Moscow palace craftsmen, so the sovereign already sent organs, like a curiosity, as a gift to the Persian shah. The first time organs of Moscow work were sent there in May 1662.
3. The appearance and life of the palaces of the Kremlin of the XVI-XVII centuries.
The appearance and everyday life of the Kremlin palaces of the 16th-17th centuries does not correspond well to the picture suggested to us by later historians. They contradict the surviving documents.
Since the 18th century, historians have been painting a rather barbaric picture of the life of the Moscow tsars of the 14th-17th centuries. Say, a wild country, which for a long time was under the heavy yoke of the evil Horde-Mongol conquerors. Snow, bears, a rather primitive way of life, even in the royal court. However, an acquaintance with the documents that survived after numerous Romanov purges reveals a significantly different face of old Russia. It turns out that the icons painted by Russian icon painters at the end of the 17th century. were taken in Europe for monuments of the X or XII centuries. Most likely the chronological shift by about 500-600 years is explained by the fact that Russian icon painters painted in the 17th century probably very primitively, like primitive wild peoples. "Similar images of the 16th and 17th centuries, both in bas-reliefs and in whole figures, very often resemble that primitive art that we find only among peoples of deep antiquity, or among savages, in general at the first stage of civil development." From the point of view of the new chronology, there are no contradictions here. The "strange similarity" between the art of the 17th century and the allegedly X-XII centuries is explained by the fact that many later works were incorrectly dated by historians of the XVII-XVIII centuries, and as a result, they "went down" in time. Giving birth "in the distant past" a phantom reflection of the epoch of the XV-XVII centuries.
At the beginning of the 17th century, Tsar Boris Godunov sent 18 young boyar people to London, Lubeck and France to study foreign languages, and young Englishmen and Frenchmen went to Moscow to study Russian.
If a number of suburban monasteries represented a number of fortifications near the capital, then the Kremlin, the royal castle, the home of the great sovereign, seemed to be a large monastery, because it was filled with large, beautiful churches, among which there was a royal palace - a motley mass of buildings of the most diverse sizes, scattered without any symmetry, solely for convenience.
Quite a few astronomical images remained in the 17th century Kremlin. In the dining room, built by Tsar Alexei in 1662, the celestial movement of the stars, twelve months and the heavenly gods was written in the ceiling ... In the essay of Adolf Liesek about the Embassy of the Roman Emperor Leopold to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a description of this image has been preserved ... " celestial bodies of the night, wandering comets and fixed stars, with astronomical accuracy.Each body had its own sphere, with a proper deviation from the ecliptic; the distance of the twelve celestial signs was so precisely measured that even the paths of the planets were marked by the golden tropics and the same colures of the equinox of the sun and turns to spring and autumn, winter and summer "... The starry heavenly movement of the royal dining room enjoyed special respect at that time and several times served as a model for decorating other rooms. So, in 1683, it was written in the dining room of the lower room of Princess Sophia Alekseevna, and in 1688 in the wooden front room of Princess Tatiana Mikhailovna and in the upper stone room of Princess Marya Alekseevna. In addition, the dining huts of the suburban royal mansions, in Kolomenskoye, and in Alekseevskoye, and the dining room in the new mansions of Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich, in 1681 were also decorated with these images of heavenly races ...
4 . Daily schedule.
4.1. Typical day
The day of the sovereign began in the room or suite of the palace. Earlier the morning found the sovereign in Krestovaya, with a richly decorated iconostasis, in which lamps and candles were already lit before the sovereign's appearance. After completing the prayer, which usually lasted about a quarter of an hour, after hearing the final spiritual word read by the clerk, the sovereign went to the reception room. Meanwhile, in Perednyaya there were gathering roundabouts, Duma members, boyars, people close to them "to strike the sovereign with their foreheads." Having greeted the boyars, having talked about business, the sovereign, accompanied by the courtiers, marched at nine o'clock to one of the court churches to listen to the late Mass. The meal lasted about 2 hours. After mass in the Room (office), the tsar listened to reports and petitions on ordinary days and was busy with current affairs. After the boyars had left, the sovereign (sometimes with especially close boyars) went to the table food, or dinner. Undoubtedly, the festive table was strikingly different from the usual one. But even the dining table could not be compared with the sovereign's table during Lent. One could only marvel at the piety and asceticism in the observance of fasts by the sovereigns. For example, Tsar Alexei ate only 3 times a week during Lent, namely on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on the rest of the days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a salted mushroom or cucumber and drank half a glass of beer. He ate fish only 2 times during the entire seven-week Lent. Even when there was no fasting, he did not eat meat on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. However, despite such fasting, on meat and fish days, up to 70 different dishes were served at an ordinary table. After dinner, the sovereign usually went to bed and rested until evening, three hours. In the evening, boyars and other ranks gathered in the courtyard again, accompanied by the tsar on his way to Vespers. Sometimes after Vespers, cases were also heard or the Duma convened. But most often the time after Vespers until the evening meal was spent by the tsar with his family. The king read, listened to the Bahari (storytellers of fairy tales and songs), played. Chess was one of the favorite pastimes of the kings. The strength of this tradition is evidenced by the fact that there were special chess masters at the Armory.
In general, the entertainment of that time was not as poor as we think. At the court there was a special Amusement Chamber, in which all kinds of amusements amused the royal family. In winter, especially on holidays, the tsar loved to watch the bear field, that is, the battle between a hunter and a wild bear. In early spring, summer and autumn, the tsar often went on a falconry. Usually this fun lasted the whole day and was accompanied by a special ritual. The day of the king usually ended with a 15-minute baptismal evening prayer.
4.2. Day off
For mass, the sovereign usually went out on foot, if it was close and the weather permitted, or in a carriage, and in winter in a sleigh, always accompanied by boyars and other service and court officials. The splendor and richness of the sovereign's weekend clothes corresponded to the significance of the celebration or holiday on the occasion of which the exit was made, as well as to the state of the weather that day. In the summer he went out in a light silk forest and in a golden hat with a fur ring, in the winter - in a fur coat and a fox hat, in the fall and, in general, in inclement weather - in a woolen uniform. In his hands there was always a unicorn or Indian ebony staff. During great festivities and celebrations, such as Christmas, Epiphany, Bright Resurrection, Assumption and some others, the sovereign denounced royal outfit to which belonged: a royal dress, a royal cape, a royal cap or crown, a diadem, a thimble cross and a sling, which were placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal rod. All this shone with gold, silver, precious stones. The shoes worn by the sovereign at this time were also richly engraved with pearls and adorned with stones. The severity of this outfit was very significant, and therefore in such ceremonies the sovereign was always supported by the stewards, and sometimes by the close boyars.
This is how the Italian Barberini (1565) describes such an exit: “After leaving the ambassadors, the emperor was going to mass. Passing the halls and other palace chambers, he stepped down from the courtyard porch, speaking quietly and solemnly, leaning on a rich silver gilded staff. He was followed by more than eight hundred retinue in the richest clothes. He walked in the midst of four young people who were thirty years old, strong and tall: these were the sons of the most noble boyars. Two of them walked in front of him, and two others were behind, but at some distance and at an equal distance from him. All four were dressed alike: on their heads they wore high hats of white velvet with pearls and silver, padded and furred all around with lynx fur. Their clothes were of silvery fabric up to their feet, lined with ermines; on his feet were white boots with horseshoes; each carried a large ax on his shoulder, glittering with silver and gold. "
4.3. Christmas
In the winter, before Christmas, on December 21, in Moscow there was a big holiday in memory of the miracle worker Peter, the first metropolitan, who began to live in Moscow and consecrated its greatness. The holiday was actually the holiday of Petrov's successor. On the 19th, the patriarch appeared at the palace to call the great sovereign and the senior prince for the holiday and to eat, usually all the nobility were invited. On the eve of the Nativity of Christ, four hours before light, the sovereign went to the prison and English courtyards and bestowed alms from his own hands. On the way, the sovereign distributed alms to the wounded soldiers and beggars. More than a thousand rubles were distributed in total. On the very feast of the Nativity of Christ, the Emperor listened to Matins in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. In the second hour of the day, while the gospel for the Liturgy was beginning, he made an exit to the Dining Room, where he awaited the coming of the Patriarch with the clergy. For this, the dining room dressed up with a large outfit, cloth and carpets. In the front corner was the seat of the sovereign, and next to him was the seat of the patriarch. The patriarch, accompanied by metropolitans, archbishops, bishops, archimandrites and abbots, came to the sovereign in the Golden Chamber to glorify Christ and the sovereign's good health, bringing with them a kissing cross and holy water. The Emperor met this procession in the entryway. After the usual prayers, the singers sang for many years to the sovereign, and the patriarch said congratulations. Then the patriarch went in the same order to praise Christ to the queen, to her Golden Chamber, and then to all the members of the royal family, if they did not gather with the queen. Having said goodbye to the patriarch, the sovereign in the Golden or in the dining room put on the tsar's attire, in which he marched to the cathedral for mass. After the liturgy, having changed the tsar's attire for an ordinary party dress, the sovereign went to the palace, where then a festive table was prepared in the Dining Room or the Golden Chamber. This was the end of the festive celebration.
On Christmas Day, the king did not sit down at the table without feeding the so-called prison inmates and prisoners. So in 1663, on this holiday, 964 people were fed on a large prison table.
Conclusion:
"The house is not to weave bast shoes."
This folk wisdom concisely expresses the attitude of the Russian person to the House and the economy, its inhabitants in accordance with the centuries-old tradition, which does not fit into the schematic representations of modern systems, ideas or concepts. The house is to be led by the sovereign, that is, simultaneously to the citizen (the original meaning of the word sovereign), and to the owner, and to the lord. Our history provides the most convincing proof of the extraordinary strength and vitality of the immediate folk elements of life and even the very forms in which these elements were expressed. So, for more than three hundred years, since the first transformations of Peter I, we have been under the influence of continuous reforms, we have used a lot during these indefatigable transformations, but immeasurably more remains in the same position, and very often our actions reveal in us the people of the XVII centuries. “The power of the people's way of life is the power of nature itself, and in order to successfully guide it, direct the course of its development in one direction or another, in order to successfully serve it, as they usually say, for its happiness and welfare, it is first necessary to know its properties well and in detail. , to listen attentively to her demands, to find out the direct sources of her life, always deeply hidden in the petty and varied living conditions ... ”.
At first glance, modern life with its lightning-fast pace, developed communications, numerous media with the Internet and all-inclusive television, and broad participation of the population in the political process bears little resemblance to the leisurely life of our ancestors in the 17th century. However, its foundations (civil service, traditions of family relations, home arrangement, habits, or what is called everyday life) were laid precisely in those distant times. And knowledge of these fundamentals significantly broadens the horizons of a modern person. I tried to reveal this idea in my essay.
List of used literature
1. The sovereign's court, or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- 312 p.
2. Yov Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1989 .-- 768 p., Ill.
4. Ishimov of Russia in stories. - SPb .: Research Center "Alpha", 1992. - 432 p., Ill.
5. History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. - M .: TERRA, 1996. - P.71-127.
6. History. Directory./. - M .: Filol. Slovo Island, Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. , 1999 .-- 736 p.
7. Sakharov of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1996
8. Karamzin centuries - M .: Pravda, 1988. - 768 p.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P. 36.
History. Directory./. - M .: Filol. Slovo Island, Center for the Humanities at the Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University. , 1999. - S. 112.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Kniga, 1990.S. 44.
History of modern Russia. 1682 - 1861: Experimental textbook for universities. / Under the general editorship of V. Shelokhaev. - M .: TERRA, 1996 .-- P.18.
History of modern Russia - M .: TERRA. 1996.S. 236.
Zabelin life of Russian tsars in the 17th century. - M .: Kniga, 1990. P. 134.
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990. - P.136.
Grebelsky Romanovs. SPb., 1992, - P. 26
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P. 138
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P.146
Zabelin yard or palace. - M .: Kniga, 1990 .-- P.238 - 239.
Karamzin centuries - M .: Pravda, 1988 .-- P. 603.
yov Readings and stories on the history of Russia. - M .: Pravda, 1989 .-- P. 256.
Russian Tsars, (Ivan the Terrible, Mikhail Alekseevich, Alexey Mikhailovich ...) before Peter the Great lived according to their own Russian tsarist etiquette. Consider the day in the life of Alesei Mikhailovich Romanov.For the Tsar himself, for the Tsarina and for the Tsar's children, the mansions were different and they all lived separately. In his mansions, the tsar had a vestibule, a front room, a work room, a cross room and a bedchamber. The queen had one less room, she did not have a workroom. The mansions of the Tsar, Tsarina and children were connected by corridors. Of course, they all had their own servants.
The royal day began like this. The Tsar woke up at 4:00 in the morning, a servant-bed-bed came to him and helped the Tsar to wash and dress. The king slept alone in his bedchamber, and the queen alone in her mansion. From the bedchamber the Tsar followed to the Cross room, which was the Tsar's home Church. There, a personal confessor and priests were already waiting for the Tsar, who were already waiting for a prayer service to the Tsar. The whole room was covered with icons, candles and lamps. In the middle of the room they always put a new icon, the holy of the day. Every day, from various monasteries in Russia, where there was a patronal feast, an icon of the holiday was brought from that monastery for the Tsar, as well as a candle from that monastery, prosphora and holy water. So prosphora and holy water in the Tsar's house were daily from different monasteries. When the Tsar entered the cross room, then the prayer service began. It did not last long, about 15 minutes. Then the Tsar came up to kiss the icon of the saint of that day, the Tsar's confessor sprinkled it with holy water and served the prosphora.
After the prayer service, the Tsar sent a servant to the Tsarina's mansion to find out about the Tsarina's health, whether she was ill at night and if she was healthy, whether he could come to her mansion and visit her. The Tsar always waited for an answer from the messenger, while waiting he listened to the reading of the word of instruction from the clerk and then went to visit the Tsarina. The Tsarina was waiting for the Tsar in the front room or dining room. Every morning the Tsar and Tsarina greeted each other in the Tsarina's chambers, and then the two of them went to the common home Church to listen to the Mass, which was served especially for the Tsar and Tsarina.
While the Tsar was praying, boyars gathered in his mansion. When the Tsar appeared, all the boyars had to bow at the Tsar's feet. If the Tsar paid attention to someone with a word or took off his hat in front of someone, then it was a special favor and then that person bowed at the feet of the Tsar many times, there were cases up to 30 times.
By 9.00 am, the Tsar, Tsarina and the boyars solemnly marched to the cathedral in order to attend the Liturgy. The Tsar spent 2 hours in the cathedral, and if it was a holiday, then 5-6 hours. During the liturgy, he did up to 1,500 bows to the ground.
After the liturgy, the Tsar and the boyars went to the Tsar's working room. The tsar sat down and the boyars stood before the tsar and reported on state affairs. Not a single boyar had the right to sit down at a reception with the Tsar, and only on Fridays the Tsar called a meeting of the Boyar Duma to resolve state issues, and then all the boyars sat with the Tsar, but at a distance from the Tsar.
At 12.00 the Tsar had to dine. If the Tsar invited a boyar or a guest to dinner, then the dinner took place in the Tsar's mansion without the presence of the Tsarina. If the Tsar did not leave anyone for lunch, then he dined with the Tsarina by prior arrangement in his mansions or the Tsarina's mansions. If the Tsar wished, he would invite the older children to this dinner. If the Tsar's child had a birthday or name day, then a family dinner was prepared. Such a dinner was prepared in the Tsarina's mansion and the Tsar was invited there and all the children gathered at the table.
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's table was always served the simplest dishes, rye bread, a little wine, oat mash or light beer with cinnamon oil, and sometimes only one cinnamon water. But this table did not have any comparison with those that the emperor held during the fast. During Great Lent, Tsar Alexei dined only three times a week, namely: on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday, on the other days he ate a piece of black bread with salt, a salted mushroom or cucumber, and drank a glass of half-water. He ate fish only twice during Great Lent and observed all seven weeks of the fast ... Apart from fasting, he did not eat anything meat on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays; in a word, no monk can surpass him in the severity of fasting. He can be considered to have fasted eight months of the year, including six weeks of Nativity Fast and two weeks of other fasts. True, when there were no posts, the Tsar was served up to 70 dishes for lunch, but one should not think that he ate everything, he passed the dishes to the boyars, as a favor from his table.
First, cold and biscuits were served, various types of biscuits, then fried, and then stews and fish soup or ear soup.
The table was set for the Tsar by the Butler and the Keeper. They covered the tablecloth, put salt, horseradish, mustard, bread. In the next room the Butler laid the same table for himself. The king was fed as follows. Before the food was served to the Tsar, the cook ate it, who then passed the dish to the steward, the steward carried the dish to the Tsar's mansion, and the Solicitor followed next to him, who was supposed to watch the dish and guard it. At first, the dish was put on the table for the Butler, he tried and decided whether it was possible to carry it further to the Tsar. Further into the mansion, the steward carried the dish and at the edge of the table handed it over to Kraichim, who tasted the dish in front of the Tsar and put it on the table. Only then could the Tsar eat. It was the same with wine. Behind the Tsar was a cup-servant and the whole meal in his hands was holding a goblet of wine. When the Tsar demanded wine, the Chashnik poured from the cup into the cup, drank from the cup and set the cup in front of the King.
After dinner, the Tsar went to bed for three hours.
By the evening, boyars gathered in his working room, they met the rested Tsar, everyone went to the house church for the Vespers service.
After Vespers, the Tsar invited the children to his place. The Tsar and his children read the lives of the saints. Often he invited 100-year-old elders and with the children listened to their experienced stories about life and travels in Russia, the blessed and holy fools were also invited to talk. Everyone went to the amusing chamber, where the Tsar had jesters. Songs were sung, there were dances, musicians played, the Tsar played blind man's buff with the children, and checkers or chess with the elders. The fun was usually in the winter, and in the summer it was often replaced by hunting.
After the fun, the king went to supper. And after supper, he again went to the cross room for about 15 minutes to perform evening prayers. After the prayer, the Tsar went to bed and accompanied him to bed and helped him to undress. The bedteller was obliged to sleep in the royal bedchamber near the Tsar and to guard the Tsar's sleep. Only the Postelnichy could enter the bedchamber, as well as the Solicitor and two Stolniks, these were always the closest people of the Tsar. Neither the Butler, nor the Keeper, nor the children, nor even the Tsarina could enter the bedchamber without the Tsar's permission, however, just as the Tsar could not enter the bedchamber of the Tsarina, who had her close servants there.
Regarding outerwear in the summer, the Tsar left the palace in a light silk pavilion (long-length caftan) and in a gold cap with a fur ring; in winter - in a fur coat and in a throated (fur) fox hat; in autumn and generally in rainy, wet weather - in a woolen uniform. Under the outerwear there was an ordinary dressing gown, a zipun worn over a shirt, and a military caftan. In his hands there was always a unicorn staff, made of the bone of a unicorn, or an Indian made of black wood, or a simple one made of Karelian birch. Both those and other staffs were decorated with expensive stones. During big holidays and celebrations, such as the Nativity of Christ, Epiphany, Palm Sunday, Bright Resurrection, Trinity Day, Assumption and some others, the sovereign put on the royal outfit, to which he belonged: the royal dress, actually porphyry, with wide sleeves, the royal camp a caftan, a royal hat or crown, a diadem or barmas (rich mantle), a pectoral cross and a sling placed on the chest; instead of a staff, a royal silver rod. All this shone with gold, silver and precious stones. The very shoes that the sovereign wore at this time were also richly carved with pearls and decorated with stones. The severity of this outfit was undoubtedly very significant, and therefore, in such ceremonies, the sovereign was always supported under the arms of the stewards, and sometimes the boyars from his neighbors.
At all exits from the palace, among the royal retinue, there was a bed-clerk with various items that were required at the exit and which the lawyer carried for the bed-bed, namely: a towel or handkerchief, a chair with a headboard or sole, on which the sovereign sat; foot, a kind of carpet on which the sovereign stood during the service; a sunflower or an umbrella that protected from the sun and rain, and some other items, depending on the exit request.
In the winter, the emperor usually went out in a sleigh. The sleighs were large, elegant, that is, gilded, painted with paints and upholstered with Persian carpets.By his sleigh, on the sides of the place where the emperor sat, stood the most distinguished boyars, one on the right, the other on the left; at the Sannago's front shield were the nearby stewards, also one on the right side, and the other on the left; beside the sovereign, the boyars and other dignitaries followed the sleigh. The whole train was accompanied by a detachment of archers, numbering a hundred people, with batogs (sticks) in their hands “for the crowding of people, the Tsar's Charioteer or coachman, in this case, was a steward from the people close to him.
On the eve of the Great Church Feasts, the Tsar at 5.00 went out into the streets of Moscow to communicate with poor people and gave alms to everyone. Often the Tsar also went to prisons.
The Tsar's most dear guest was, of course, the Patriarch of Moscow. The Patriarch always came as a guest on Christmas Day. A separate dining hut was always cleaned for the arrival of the Patriarch. Everything was covered with carpets, two thrones were set up for the Tsar and the Patriarch. All boyars were invited. The Tsar himself went out to meet the Patriarch in the vestibule and took the Patriarch's blessing.
No empress in other countries enjoyed such respect of her subjects as the Tsarina of Russia. No one dared not only speak freely about the queen, but even, if it happened, and look at her person.
When she gets into or out of the carriage, everyone bows to her to the ground. Out of a thousand courtiers, there is hardly one who can boast that he saw the queen or any of the sisters and daughters of the sovereign. Even the doctor could never see them or touch their naked bodies, even the doctor was obliged to listen to the pulse through a handkerchief. The Tsarina enters the church through a special gallery, completely closed from all sides. During her walking trips to the pilgrimage, the queen was hidden from the public eye by cloth floors, worn from all sides of her procession.Thus removed from the male dormitory, the queens, of course, did not participate in any public or solemn gatherings among the male rank, where the sovereign himself took precedence.
The queen was not involved in state affairs, but was engaged in charity work. She prayed, met with women of Russia, sewed linen for small children, took care of the wedding affairs of courtiers, played cards in her free time, and read fortune-telling. The tsarina organized home holidays. Of the state officials, she had the right to receive only the Patriarch, as well as bishops and boyar wives. The life of the Tsarina did not differ in any way from the life of the Tsar. Only all the servants were women and girls, and the closest Tsaritsa, the stewards were boys who had not reached the age of majority .. ..
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