The danger that electric shock is lost, is known to everyone. You can add the heating of the conductor, which occurs with a loose contact or short circuit. But without electricity, a person has not been submitting his life for a long time, which means that we need ways of taming of this force. To this end, various protection devices were created, including automata, the species of which we will consider today.

General characteristics of circuit breakers

Machines are called devices capable of increasing the chain in the shortest period of time in the event of heating, short circuit or other freelance situations. With properly selected parameters of the device, it is possible not to doubt that it will react to the slightest exceeding the norms and remove the voltage from the line, thereby protecting not only the person himself, but also its property.

Circuit breakers may vary by maximum current loads, the number of poles or the principle of triggering. Everyone who came across such equipment knows that the labeling is necessarily affiliated on its building - B, with or D. The first type can be attributed to low-power devices, while the latter is used more often on production, where current loads are considerably. For domestic use, type with marking C. Digit, standing after the litera, is an indicator of the maximum current load, which will exceed the device to shut down. For example, WA with marking C16 will withstand 16 A, but if the indicator is exceeded, the circuit will open and remove the voltage.

Speaking about the types of power supply protection machines, three main things can be noted:

1. DiffAwtomat.

Let's try to disassemble them in more detail to understand the purpose of protective devices.

Switch automatic: Features, Purpose

A device that can break the chain with a short closure or overload of the network (oversupply of the connected equipment). This is the main type of machine guns, which has 2 contacts (in / out of the phase) and works on the principle of an electromagnet consisting of a solenoid and rod, as well as plates from a bimetal. It turns out that with a normal current load, the release works in normal mode, but when it is exceeded on the solenoid, the rod is pushed. He, in turn, rests on a bimetallic plate, which opens contact.

These releasers react not only to current overload, but also to an increase in the external temperature, so poorly extended contacts may cause periodic triggered. Also well they cope with emergency disconnection in case of fire. But a more interesting view of electrical protection machines can be called the RCD.

Protective Disconnection Devices: Differences from Wa

The principle of operation of the UZO has completely different functions. There are 4 contacts on the housing, 2 of which are intended for the input / output of the phase wire, and 2 for zero. Such devices operate on the principle of potential difference. With normal operation of the phase chain with zero balanced and the RCO functions in normal mode. However, the slightest current leak creates an imbalance, and the device automatically turns off. To protect a person, such a type of automata is better than Wa.

Take for example the sample of the phase wire on the body of any household appliance. Almost everyone knows how unpleasant sensations occur when touched to the metal in a similar case. In this situation, it is worth a person to touch the device, as the UZO turns off the power, and the device's response is much faster than that of WA. However, this type of machine guns does not save from short circuit - it simply does not respond to the KZ, continuing to work.

For those who want to understand the work of the UzO Read more, below shows a short video.

Video on the "Protective Disconnection"

It should be noted that both types of protection machines described above and performing completely different functions optimally installed in a pair. Is it possible to do with one device? Yes easily.

DiffAwtomat: What does it represent, how does it work?

Quite often, people do not want to bind to excess switching in the distribution cabinet, and sometimes it just lacks the place to install all protection systems that were planned. After all, if you figure it out, on a Ding Rake Uzo takes 2 modular places plus the circuit breaker - Total 3. And if the energy supply groups are somewhat, besides, it is necessary to mount the introductory release, install the electricity metering device? It turns out that you will have to refuse any protection devices? Completely optional. Instead of the RCO and BA, a diphawtomat is installed, which combines the functions of both devices.

Such a device is able to work on the excess of the current load, a short circuit or leakage in the chain. In size, it is similar to the Uzo (on 2 places), and sometimes from WA, which occupies one module. Often, this factor becomes decisive when choosing equipment, however, the differential automaton also has its own minuses. Its cost is higher than that of a protective shutdown device, and if one of the parts fails, it will have to buy it entirely, while the release can be changed separately.

Among the specialists there are many disputes, what is better - separate protection or combined? Judging by the statistics, supporters of the diphawtomates and their opponents about the same amount. When deciding this issue, it is necessary to proceed from the possibility of installation. And if a differential automatic is selected, you should not save on acquisition. It is better to buy a high-quality brand device than to periodically change cheap.

Finally

The protection of the power grid is necessary, anyone who has come across a similar question will agree with this. But it is not enough to just purchase the first device and connect it. It is necessary to carefully calculate all the necessary parameters, weigh everything as opposed to a particular type of machine guns and only after that make a choice. The range of protective equipment of the home electrical network is quite wide, and therefore the solution will be difficult. However, only a conscious, thoughtful and properly made choice will help protect the life and health of loved ones, as well as the preservation of property.

Main types of machine guns. Types of electrical automata protection - Modern technologies - Tips for all occasions on the site

Automation of production - This is a process in the development of machine production, in which the functions of management and control, previously executed by man are transferred to devices and automatic devices. The introduction of automation in production can significantly increase productivity and product quality, reduce the share of workers employed in various fields of production.

Prior to the introduction of automation tools, the replacement of physical labor was occurring through the mechanization of basic and auxiliary operations of the production process. Intellectual work for a long time remained not mechanized (manual). Currently, physical and intellectual work, formalization, becomes the object of mechanization and automation.

Modern manufacturing systems that provide flexibility in automated production include:

· CNC machines for the first time appeared in the market back in 1955. Mass distribution began only with the use of microprocessors.

· Industrial robots first appeared in 1962. Mass distribution is associated with the development of microelectronics.

· Robotic technological complex (RTK), first emerged in the market in 1970-80. Mass distribution began using programmable control systems.

· Flexible production systems, characterized by a combination of technological units and robots, controlled by a computer that have equipment to move the processed parts and shifts tool.

· Automated warehouse systems (eng. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems, AS / RS). Provide the use of a computer-driven lifting and transport devices that lay the products to the warehouse and remove them from the team from there.

· Quality control systems based on computer (eng. Computer-Aided Quality Control, CAQ) - Technical application of computers and computer-controlled machines to verify product quality.

· Automated design system (eng. Computer-Aided Design, Cad) Used by designers in developing new products and feasibility documentation.

· Planning and linking individual elements of a plan using computers (eng. Computer-Aided Planning, Cap). SAR - divided by various characteristics and appointments, according to about the same items.

EUM (electronic computing)

Set the main provisions of the technology of cleaning and washing work. Compare cleaning and washing equipment and justify its choice. Evaluate the possibility of designing the post of cleaning and washing work.

Washing is often performed manually using a hose with a pistol and a low pump (0.3-0.4 MPa) or high (1.5-2.0 MPa) pressure or a mechanized manner using the washing plants. The progressive way is the mechanized and automatic car wash, automotive units and parts, which allows you to replace manual work as much as possible and increase productivity with a high-quality car wash.

So, consider the main existing types of car wash:

Manual washing is a traditional car wash, which people perform. The machine is washed with water and car ships with the use of sponges, brushes, rags, etc., that is, the contact washing.

Plus, the handwash car is that a person in the process of work sees which areas are polluted and need more thorough cleaning.

Cons: With such a car wash, there is a big risk to damage the paintwork on the car body; And the hand washing of the car will take the greatest amount of time.

The brush car wash is a contact washing in which people do not participate, it is carried out with the help of special automatic installations. The process consists of several stages: First, the car is covered with water under pressure, then hot foam, then quickly rotating brushes are taken for cleaning the car from dirt. The last stage is the applying of the protective wax and the drying of the car.

The brush wash is suitable for strong contaminants, with which the contactless car wash may not cope. Brushes are made of synthetic threads, rounded at the ends. High-quality brushes should not scratch paintwork.

The non-contact car wash is a washing of active foams. This technology is applied on conventional contactless sinks, where the washing is performed by people using special appliances, as well as in conveyor and portal car wash. In the process of such a wash, the main layer of dirt is washed off with a stream of water under high pressure, then active foam is applied with special equipment, under the action of which the remaining dirt is lagging behind the body, and after a while, the foam is flushed as a water flow under pressure. As a rule, such a wash ends with a protective polyter, which will give an attractive shine and protects from rapid pollution and disadvantaged environmental impact.

The contactless car wash or high pressure washing causes the least harm to the paintwork of the body.

Dry car wash is a washing with a special polyroli shampoo. Such washing car enthusiasts are carried out with their own hands. For such a sink, water is not required. Silicone oil and surfactants (surfactants) are softened, and surfactant (surfactants) are softened, computing and enveloping the dirt particles, which are part of the shampoo, ensure the integrity of the paint coating with such a sink. Dry car wash for some time will provide shine and protection of the body from the action of negative environmental factors.

The minus of such a sink is the inability or inconvenience of the processing of hard-to-reach places of the car. Therefore, this kind of washing is recommended to be used in between water sinks to maintain the purity and tidy of the car.

Automatic car wash houses two types:

Conveyor type (or tunneling). This is when the car slowly passes the conveyor after a few arches with various functions of cleaning and rinsing (for example: pre-washing, wiring washing, washing bottom, high-pressure washing, drying).

The largest plus of such car washes is the speed of work and great performance. All arches work at the same time, so the driver does not have to wait until the previous machine will pass all the procedures.

Portal type. With such a sink, the car costs motionless, and the portal (washing arch) moves relative to it.

The disadvantage compared to the conveyor car wash is that the portal car wash is not able to quickly take such a number of cars.

Set out the main provisions of the technology of diagnostic work. Compare diagnostic equipment and justify its choice. Evaluate the ability to design the post of diagnostic work

1.1. The leadership presents the main provisions on the organization of the diagnosis of the technical condition of the rolling stock of road transport in passenger, cargo, bus and mixed motor transport enterprises (ATP) of various capacities.

1.2. Technical diagnostics is part of the technological process of maintenance (MA) and repair (P) of cars, the main method of conducting control and control and adjustment work. In the management system of the Technical Service ATP, diagnosis is the subsystem information.

1.3. The organization's diagnostic organization is based on a planning and warning system of maintenance and repair, set out in the "Regulations on the maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of automobile transport".

1.4. Under ATP, technical diagnostics should solve the following tasks:

Refinement of failures and malfunctions identified during operation;

Detection of cars whose technical condition does not comply with the safety requirements of the movement and environmental protection;

Identification of faults before the elimination of which labor-intensive repair or adjustment works are needed in the current repairs area (TR);

Clarification of the character and causes of failures or malfunctions identified in the process of conducting or faults;

Prediction of the trouble-free operation of aggregates, systems and a car as a whole within the inter-viewing run;

Issuance of information on the technical condition of the rolling stock for planning, preparation and management of production and production

Quality control of the work performed here and Tr.

Car diagnostics contains: List and sequence of operations, repetition coefficients, laboriousness, work discharge, used tools and equipment, technical conditions for work.

3.2. Depending on the replaceable program and the type of rolling stock, diagnostic works are performed on separate posts (deadlock or travel) or posts located in line.

3.3. The technology is made up separately by type of diagnosis of D-1, D-2, etc.

3.4. For specialized repair and adjustment and diagnostic posts, Dr. Technology is compiled on individual diagnosed units, systems and types of work (brake system, steering, wheel installation angles, wheel balancing, headlights, etc.).

3.5. When developing diagnosing technology, established lists of diagnostic operations by type of diagnostics (Appendix 1, 2), which are part of the tests given in the current maintenance and repair of the rolling stock of road transport, as well as a list of diagnostic signs (parameters) and their limit values \u200b\u200b(Appendix 5).

3.6. Typical diagnostic technology should contain preparatory work performed before diagnosing, actually diagnose, adjustment and final work performed according to the results of diagnosis.

3.7. D-1 and D-2 diagnostic technology is based on specific ATP conditions.

3.8. Diagnostics at posts (lines) in the volume of D-1 and D-2 are performed by operators - diagnostices or diagnostic mechanics. Drivers-distiller are attached to help them, which, in addition to managing cars in the diagnosticization process, are made by car setting on diagnostic posts, removing from them, distillation to the relevant zone (storage, expectations, etc. and TR), as well as preparatory and some adjustment work . In ATP, where there are no full-time drivers, this work is assigned to drivers of diagnosed cars or column mechanics eligible for management.

Control and diagnostic (DR) and adjustment operations at posts and TR are performed by repair workers.

3.9. At posts (lines) D-1 and D-2 Repair work related to the elimination of identified malfunctions are usually not produced. Exceptions are adjustment work, the execution of which in the diagnosis process is provided for by the technological process.

3.10. Performing diagnostic operations before maintenance and current repairs are required, regardless of the availability of diagnostics. In the absence of the latter in ATP envisaged by this "Guidelines ..." Control and diagnostic operations are performed by the diagnostic mechanic to identify the necessary amounts of current repairs performed before maintenance.

Surely, many of us thought, why the circuit breakers so promptly displaced out of the power supply outdated fuses? The activity of their implementation is justified by a number of very convincing arguments, among which the opportunity to buy this type of protection, ideally corresponding to the time-current data of specific types of electrical equipment.

Doubt what kind of machine you need and do not know how to choose it right? We will help you find a right decision - the article considers the classification of these devices. As well as important characteristics for which close attention should be paid when choosing an automatic switch.

To make it easier for you to deal with machine guns, the article of the article is supplemented with visual photos and useful video reconditions from specialists.

The machine gun almost instantly turns off the line entrusted to him, which eliminates the damage to the wiring and eating from the vehicle. After completing the disconnection, the branch can be immediately launched immediately without replacing the safety instrument.

If you have knowledge or experience of electrical work, please share it with our readers. Leave your comments on the selection of the circuit breaker and the nuances of its installation in the comments below.

Electricity is very useful and at the same time dangerous invention. In addition to direct exposure to the current per person, there is also a high probability of ignition when connecting electrical wiring. This is explained by the fact that the electric current passing through the conductor heats it, and especially high temperatures occur in places with a bad contact or with a short circuit. Automatic machines are used to prevent such situations.

What

These are specially designed devices, the main task of which is to protect the wiring from melting. In general, the automata will not save electric shock and will not protect the equipment. They are created to prevent overheating.

The method of their work is based on the opening of the electrical circuit in several cases:

• short circuit;
• excess current strength flowing through the conductor for this not intended.

As a rule, the machine is installed on enter, that is, protects the next section of the chain. Since different wiring is used for dilution to different types of devices, then, it means that the protection devices should be able to work when different currents.

It may seem like that it is enough to install just the most powerful automatic and no problems. However, it is not. The current of great strength on which it did not work can steamed wiring and, as a result, to cause a fire.

Installing low power automata will break the chain each time, as soon as two or more powerful consumers are connected to the network.

What makes the machine?

The usual automatic consists of the following items:

• Pen of the platoon. Using it, you can turn on the machine after it is triggered or disable to de-energize the chain.
• The inclusion mechanism.
• Contacts. Provide the connection and rupture of the chain.
• Terminals. Connect to the protected network.
• The mechanism is triggered by condition. For example, a bimetallic thermal plate.
• In many models, an adjusting screw may be present, to adjust the nominal value of the current.
• Splogging mechanism. Present on each of the instrument poles. It is a small chamber in which cropped plates are placed. On them arc is quenched and comes down.

Depending on the manufacturer, model and destination, the automata can be equipped with additional mechanisms and devices.

Disconnection mechanism device

In the automata there is an element based on the rupture of the electrical circuit at critical current values. Their principle of operation can be based on different technologies:

• Electromagnetic devices. They differ in high speed of the reaction to short circuit. Under the action of currents in an invalid value, a coil with a core is triggered, which, in turn, turns off the chain.
• Thermal. The main element of such a mechanism is a bimetallic plate, which begins to deform under the load of high strength currents. Bending, has a physical effect on the element bursting a chain. Approximately the same scheme operates an electric kettle that is able to disconnect himself when water boiling in it.
• There are also semiconductor circuit opening systems. But in household networks, they are extremely rare.

By current values

The devices are distinguished by the character of the trigger on the excessive high current value. There are 3 most popular types of automata - B, C, D. Each literature means the sensitivity coefficient of the device. For example, a type D machine has a value from 10 to 20 XLN. What does it mean? It is very simple - to understand the range in which you can work automatically, you need to multiply the digit next to the letter to the value. That is, the D30 labeling device will turn off at 30 * 10 ... 30 * 20 or from 300 A to 600 A. But such machines are used mainly in places with consumers who have large starting currents, for example, electric motors.

The machine type B is from 3 to 5 XLN. Therefore, marking B16 means triggering at currents from 48 to 80A.

But the most common type of machine guns is C. Used in almost every home. Its characteristics are from 5 to 10 XLN.

Legend

Different types of automata are marked in their own way to quickly identify and select the desired chain or its segment. As a rule, all manufacturers adhere to one mechanism that allows you to unify products for many industries and regions. We will look for more details on the machine signs and numbers:

• Brand. Usually, the manufacturer's logo is installed at the top of the machine. Almost all of them are stylized in a certain way and have their own corporate color, so choose the product with your favorite company will be easy.
• The window of the indicator. Shows the current state of contacts. If a malfunction in the machine, then you can determine if there is a voltage in the network.
• Machine type. As already described above, it means a shutdown characteristic at currents that significantly exceed the nominal. More often uses C and a little less than B. The differences in the types of electrical machines B and C are not so significant;
• Rated current. Shows the value of the current strength that can withstand long-term load.
• Rated voltage. Very often this indicator has two values \u200b\u200bwritten through "Slash". The first is for a single-phase network, the second - for three-phase. As a rule, in Russia, voltage is used in 220 V.
• Master shutdown current. Means the maximum allowable short circuit current at which the machine will turn off without fail.
• Class of current program. It is expressed in one digit or absent at all. In the latter case, it is customary to count the class 1. This characteristic means the time that is limited to the short circuit current.
• Scheme. On the machine you can even meet a contact diagram with their designations. It is almost always in the upper right side.

Thus, looking at the front of the machine, you can immediately install, to which type of current it is intended and what is capable of.

Which to choose?

When choosing a protective device, one of the main characteristics is considered precisely the rated current. To do this, it is necessary to determine what force current requires a set of all users of consumers in the house.

And since the electricity flows on the wires, then the current strength is depends on its cross section.

The presence of poles also plays an important role. Most often this practice is applied:

• One pole. Chains with lighting devices and sockets to which simple devices will be connected.
• Two poles. It is used to protect the wiring spent on electric stoves, washing machines, heating devices, water heaters. It can also be installed as protection between shield and room.
• Three poles. Used primarily in three-phase circuits. This is relevant for industrial or accurate industrial premises. Small workshops, production and them like.

Tactics Installing automata comes from more to a smaller. That is, first mounted, for example, two-pole, then single-pole. Next are the devices with a power decreasing at each step.

• If you choose, it is not necessary to focus on the electrical appliances, but on the wiring, since it will protect the circuit breakers. If it is old, it is recommended to replace it so that you can use the most optimal version of the machine.
• For such premises, like a garage, or at the time of repair work, it is worth choosing a machine with a rated current more, since various machines or welding machines have quite large current forces.
• It makes sense to equip the entire set of protective mechanisms from the same manufacturer. This will help to avoid inconsistencies between the nominal currents between the instruments.
• Create automata better in specialized stores. So you can avoid buying a poor-quality fake, which can lead to deposits.

Conclusion

No matter how simple the chain layout on the room, always need to remember the safety. The use of automata largely helps to avoid overheating and, as a result, its ignition.

Overload in electrical panels is a common thing. To protect devices that run from electricity from such voltage drops, circuit breakers were invented. Their task is simple - break the electrical panel if the voltage exceeds the boundaries of the nominal.

The first such devices were acquaintances of all traffic jams, which are now standing in some apartments. As soon as the voltage jumps above 220 V, they knock them down. Modern types of circuit breakers are not only traffic jams, but many other varieties. Their wonderful feature is the possibility of repeated use.

Classification

Modern GOST 9098-78 highlights 12 classes of circuit breakers:

This classification of circuit breakers is very convenient. If you wish, you can figure out which of the devices to install in the apartment, and what for production.

Types (types)

GOST R 50345-2010 divides circuit breakers into the following types (division occurs on sensitivity to overloads) marked with Latin alphabet letters:

These are the main circuit breakers used in residential buildings and apartments. In Europe, the marking begins with the letter A - the most sensitive overloads switches. They are not used for household needs, but they find an active use to protect the power circuits of accurate devices.

There are also three more labeling - L, Z, K.

Distinctive design features

Automatic devices consist of the following nodes:

• main contact system;
• exaggeasing chamber;
• the main drive of the discharge device;
• various types of release;
• other auxiliary contacts.

The contact system may be multiple (single, two and three-step). It consists of the dug-making, main and intermediate contacts. Single-step contact systems are mainly produced from metal ceramics.

In order to somehow protect the details and contacts from the destructive power of an electric arc reaching 3,000 ° C, an extinguishing chamber is provided. It consists of several dug-making lattices. There are also combined devices capable of paying off the electric arc of a large current. They are slotted cameras along with the grille.

For any circuit breaker there is a limit. Thanks to the protection of the machine, it cannot lead to breakage. With tremendous overloads of this current, contacts can either burn or even weld to each other. For example, for the most common household apparatuses at a current of work, from 6 A to 50as, the limit current can be from 1000 A to 10,000 A.

Modular structures

Designed for small currents. Modular circuit breakers consist of separate sections (modules). The whole design is attached to a DIN rail. Consider a modular switch device in more detail:

1. ON / OFF is made by a lever.
2. Terminals that are joined by wires, screws.
3. The device is fixed to the DIN rail with a special latch. It is very convenient because such a switch can be easily dismantled at any time.
4. The connection of all electrocups is made at the expense of mobile and fixed contacts.
5. Turning occurs with some kind of release (thermal or electromagnetic).
6. Contacts are specifically placed near the exhausting chamber. This is due to the occurrence of a powerful electrical arc during the unloading of the connection.

VA Series - Industrial Switches

Representatives of these automata are primarily intended for use in the electrical caps of AC 50-60 Hz, with an operating voltage to 690 V. Also used at a constant current 450 V and current up to 630 A. Such switches are designed for very rare operational use ( Not more than 3 times per hour) and protection of lines from KZ and electric translapping.

Among the important characteristics of this series is allocated:

• high disconnecting ability;
• a wide range of electromagnetic releases;
• test button of the device with free discharge;
• load switches with special protection;
• remote control panel through a closed door.

Series AP

Automatic AP switch is capable of protecting electrical installations, engines from sharp voltage jumps and short circuits inside the network. The launches of such mechanisms are not provided to be very frequent (5-6 times per hour). Automatic circuit breaker AP may be bipoly and three-pole.

All structural elements are located on a plastic basis, which is closed on top with a lid. With large overloads, a free-length mechanism is triggered, the contacts automatically operate automatically. In this case, the thermal release withstands the response time, and the electromagnetic provides instant disconnection with a short circuit.

When the machine is operating, it is desirable to follow the following conditions:

1. With air humidity in 90%, temperatures should not exceed 20 degrees.
2. The operating temperature ranges in the range from -40 to +40 degrees.
3. Vibration at the fastening site should not exceed 25 Hz.

It is strictly prohibited by work in an explosive environment, which contains destroying metal and the winding of the gases, near the net energy of heating devices, water flows and splashes, in places with conductive dust.

The diversity of circuit breakers allows you to easily choose an apartment for an apartment or home. It is best to invite a specialist for its installation.