Earth, like other planets moving around the sun. This path of the Earth is called orbita (lat. ORBITA-Thaw, road). Earth's orbit-- ellipse, close to the circumference, in one of the focus of which the sun is located. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is changing throughout the year, from 147 million km in Perigelia (January 2) to 152 million km in Aflia (July 5) orbit length of more than 930 million km. The Earth moves in orbit from the west to the east at an average speed of about 29.8 km / s and passes all the way for 365 days 6 h 9 min 9 s. This time interval is called star (Sideric) year. Proof of the earth's movement around the Sun is a one-year aberration shift of stars, open in 1728 by the English astronomer J. Bradley (1693--1762). Aberration is the angle between the observed (visible) and the true direction on the shining. The fact is that while the light from the star comes to the ocular of the instrument, the observer along with the device moves in orbit around the sun. So that the light from the star fell into the lens, you need to send the device not to the true direction to the star, but to the calculated one. The annual movement of the earth around the sun can be observed by continuous change in the position of the sun in the sky: the midday height of the sun, azimuthal angle of sunrise and sunset.

The axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined to the plane of the orbit at an angle of 66.5 "and moves in the space in parallel for itself during the year. This leads to senake of the yearand inequality of the day and night- the most important consequences of the appeal of the Earth around the Sun.

The slope of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit and the preservation of its orientation in space causes a different angle of falling the solar rays and, accordingly, the differences in the flow of heat to the earth's surface, as well as the unequal duration of the day and night during the year on all latitudes except the equator.

• 22 juneground axis with the northern end addressed to the Sun on this day - summer Solstice Daythe sun's rays at noon are falling on the parallel 23.5 ° S.Sh. - so-called Northern tropic.All parallels north of the equator to 66.5 ° S.Sh. Most of the days are illuminated - on these latitudes the day is longer than a night. North 66.5 ° S.Sh. On the day of the summer solstice, the territory is completely lit by the sun - there is a polar day. Parallel 66.5 ° S.Sh. is the border from which it begins polar day,-this is Arctic Circle.In that sameday on all parallels South Equator to 66.5 ° Yu.Sh. day shorter nights. South 66.5 ° Yu.Sh. The territory is not covered at all - there polar night.Parallel 66.5 ° Yu.Sh. - Southern polar circle.June 22 - the beginning of astronomical summer in the northern hemisphere and astronomical winter in the southern hemisphere.
• 22 decemberthe earth's axis southern end is facing the sun. In this day - winter solsticethe sun's rays at noon are falling on the parallel 23.5 ° Yu.Sh. - so-called Southern tropic.On all parallels south of the equator to 66.5 ° Yu.Sh, the day is longer than the night. Starting from the southern wheel circle is installed polar day.On this day, on all parallels north of the equator to 66.5 ° S.Sh. day shorter nights. Behind the north polar circle - polar night. 22.december is the beginning of an astronomical summer in the southern hemisphere and astronomical winter in the northern hemisphere.
• 21 martha - B. day of spring equinoxand September 23 in day of autumn equinoxthe Terminator passes through both poles of the Earth and divides all the parallels in half. The North and South Hemisphere these days are covered in the same way, day everywhere on the ground is equal to night. Solar rays at noon and zenit over the equator. On earth March 21 and September 23 - the beginning of the astronomical spring and astronomical autumn in the respective hemispheres.

Change the seasons of the year is connected seasonal rhythmin nature. It manifests itself in a change in temperature, humidity of air and other meteorological indicators, in water reservoirs, in the life of plants, animals.

Fig.3.3.

As a result of the annual movement of the Earth and tilt the axis of its rotation to the plane of the orbit on Earth, five were formed - lighting beltslimited by tropics and polar circles. They are distinguished by the height of the midday of the sun over the horizon, the duration of the day and according to thermal conditions.

Hot beltlies between the tropics (Greek. tropikos.- turn turn). Within its limits, the sun is twice a year in Zenith, on the tropics -one time a year in the days of solstice (and they differ from all other parallels). The hot belt takes about 40% of the earth's surface.

Moderate belt(two of them) are located between the tropics and the polar circles. The sun within their limits never happens in Zenith. In the northern moderate belt, the Sun at noon is always in the south, in South - in the north. During the day, it necessarily changes the day and night, and their duration depends on the latitude and time of the year. Near the polar circles (from 60 ° to 66.5 ° W) in the summer, light, so-called white Nightswith twilight lighting due to the merger of the evening and morning dawn, as the sun is briefly and shallow goes under the horizon. The total area of \u200b\u200bmoderate belts is 52% of the earth's surface.

Cold belts(two of them) - north of the northern and south of southern polar circles. These belts are distinguished by the presence of polar days and nights, the duration of which increases from one day on polar circles(And by this they differ from all other parallels) until six months on the poles.During the polar day, the sun can be seen on all sides of the horizon. The total area of \u200b\u200bcold belts is 8% of the earth's surface.

Lighting belt is the basis of climatic zonality and natural zonality at all. The time of movement in orbit at different speeds: at the perigel point the speed is the highest, the smallest speed in the earth during the passage of the pit of Afhelia. It follows that in the northern hemisphere the summer season is the longest, the winter is the shortest. Moreover, since the northern hemisphere in the winter closer to the sun, and in the summer a little further, the temperature regime is more favorable than the southern hemisphere: summer (in astronomical reasons) is more than more and a bit more cooler, and the winter is shorter and a little warmer.

Lighting belts, or astronomical thermal belts,allocated at the height of the sun over the horizon and the duration of lighting. IN hotthe belt, located between the tropics, the sun twice a year at noon happens in Zenith. On the tropical lines, the sun stands in Zenith only once a year: on the northern tropical (tropic of cancer) the sun stands in Zenith at noon - June 22, on the southern tropic (Tropic Capricorn) - December 22. The duration of the day in the hot belt during the year changes little (from 11 to 13 hours).

Between tropics and polar circles stand out two temperatebelt. In them, the sun is never standing in the zenith, the duration of the day and the height of the sun over the horizon is changing throughout the year. However, within a day, it is necessarily a change of day and night. Between polar circles to poles are located two coldbelts, here are polar days and nights. Consequently, the days there are days when the sun is not shown at all because of the horizon or does not go out beyond the horizon.

The position of the tropics and polar circles does not remain constant, it changes depending on the change in the oscillation of the land orbit. The plane of the earth orbit fluctuates in space, and for 40,000 lay down the slope to the equator varies from 24 ° 36 "to 21 ° 58". This is accompanied by expansion and narrowing lighting belt. If the axis of the Earth was perpendicular to the orbit plane, then the lighting belt would not stand out.

The change of seasons causes annual rhythm in the geographic shell. In the hot belt, the annual rhythm depends mainly on the change in moisture, in moderate - on temperature, in cold - from the conditions of lighting.

\u003e\u003e Earth movements and their geographical consequences

§ 2. The movements of the Earth and their geographical consequences

Rotation of the Earth around its axis. Watching the sun, people noticed that at a certain time the sunrise and sunset repeats. The time interval between two sunrises (or by entering) is called shortness. Land Makes a complete turn around its axis from the West to the East in 24 hours, that is, per day.

The sun constantly illuminates the Earth, however, during his movement, the Earth substitutes the sun, then one side, then another. On the sun's illuminated side, the day happens on the opposite time at this time - the night.

Motion speed The planets around the Sun depends, first of all, on the position of their orbits. The further planet from the Sun, the more her orbit, the longer her year. For example, near Jupiter continues almost 12 terrestrial years, on Saturn - almost 30. The most distant planet of the solar system Pluto makes one turn around the Sun for 248 Earth years. Earth is the third planet in the solar system. She makes one turn around the Sun for 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 9 seconds. For convenience, they believe that in the year 365 days, and every four years, when from six hours "accumulate" 24 hours, the year is 366 days. This year is called leap, and one day is added to February.

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The rotation of the Earth around the axis is manifested in many phenomena on its surface. For example, trade winds (constant winds in the tropical regions of both hemispheres, which blow to the equator) due to the rotation of the Earth from the west to the east, are blowing from the north-east in the northern hemisphere and from the southeast - in the southern hemisphere; In the northern hemisphere, the right banks of the rivers, in the southern - left; When cyclone moves from the south to the north, its path deviates to the east, etc.

a.) b.)

Fig. 12 : Fouco pendulum. BUT- Plane swing pendulum.

But the most clear consequence of the Rotation of the Earth is the experience with a physical pendulum, for the first time supplied by Fouco Physico in 1851

Foco's experience is based on the properties of a free pendulum to maintain the direction of its oscillations in space in space, if it does not have any power, except for gravity. Let the foco pendulum suspended on the North Pole of the Earth and fluctuates at some point in the plane of a certain meridian l. (Fig.12, a.). After some time, the observer associated with the earth's surface and does not notice his rotation, it will seem that the plane of the oscillations of the pendulum is continuously shifted in the direction from the east to the west, "behind the Sun", i.e. along the clockwise arrow (Fig.12, 6 ). But since the pendulum swing plane cannot arbitrarily change its direction, then you have to recognize that indeed turns the earth under it in the direction from the West to the East. For one star day, the plane of the pendulum oscillations will make a complete turn regarding the surface of the earth with an angular velocity w \u003d 15 ° in a star hour. In the southern Pole of the Earth, the pendulum will make one turnover for 24 star hour, but counterclockwise.

Figure 13.

If the pendulum is suspended on the earthly equator and orient the plane of its swing in the plane of the equator, i.e., under the right jong to the meridian l. (Fig. 12), the observer will not notice the displacement of the plane of its oscillations relative to the earth items, i.e. It will seem fixed and remain perpendicular to the meridian. The result will not change if the pendulum at the equator will fluctuate in any other plane. Usually they say that at the equator, the period of rotation of the plane of the oscillations of the pendulum Fouco is infinitely large.

If the foco pendulum hang on the latitude j.His oscillations will occur in the plane vertical for this place of the Earth.

Due to the rotation of the Earth, it will observe that the plane of the pendulum oscillation turns around the vertical of this place. The angular velocity of this turn W J is equal to the projection of the vector of the angular velocity of the rotation of the Earth W per vertical in this place ABOUT(Fig. 13), i.e.

w J - \u003d W Sin j. \u003d 15 ° Sin j..

Thus, the angle of visible turning plane of the pendulum oscillation relative to the surface of the Earth is proportional to the sinus of geographical latitude.

Fouco set his experience, joining the pendulum under the dome of the Pantheon in Paris. The length of the pendulum was 67 m, Lentil weight - 28 kg. In 1931, in Leningrad in the building of St. Isaac's Cathedral, a pendulum of 93 was suspended m. and weighing 54. kg. The amplitude of the oscillations of this pendulum is 5 m., period - about 20 seconds. The edge of its lentils at each next return to one of the extreme positions shifts to 6 mm. Thus, in 1-2 minutes you can make sure that the earth really rotates around its axis.

Fig. fourteen

The second consequence of the rotation of the Earth (but less visual) is the deviation of falling bodies to the east. This experience is based on the fact that the further the point is from the axis of rotation of the Earth, the greater its linear speed with which it moves from the West to the East due to the rotation of the Earth. Therefore, the top of the high tower IN moves to the east with a larger linear speed than its foundation ABOUT (Fig. 14). The movement of the body freely falling from the top of the tower will occur under the action of the force of attraction of the Earth with the initial speed of the tower top. Therefore, before you fall to the ground, the body will move along an ellipse, and although the speed of its movement gradually increases, it will not fall on the surface of the earth not at the base of the tower, but somewhat will overtake it, i.e. will deviate from the base towards the rotation of the Earth, east.

In theoretical mechanics to calculate the magnitude of the deviation of the body to the east h. Received formula

where h.- body drop in meters, j. - geographical latitude of the place of experience, and h. expressed in millimeters.

The phenomena of daily rhythm and biorhythms are associated with axial movement. Daily rhythm is associated with light and temperature conditions. Biorhythms are an important process in the development and existence of life. Without them, photosynthesis, vital activity of day and night animals and plants and, of course, the life of the person himself (people of owls, fury people) are impossible.

Currently, the rotation of the Earth is directly observed from the space.

Earth (Lat. Terra) - the third planet of the solar system, the largest in diameter, mass and density among the planets of the earth group.

The land interacts (attracted by gravitational forces) with other objects in space, including the sun and the moon. The Earth turns around the sun and makes around it full of turnover for about 365.26 days. This time segment is a siderial year, which is equal to 365.26 sunny day. The axis of the rotation of the Earth is inclined by 23.4 ° relative to its orbital plane, it causes seasonal changes on the surface of the planet with a period of one tropical year (365.24 sunny day).

One of the evidence of orbital rotation, the land is the change of seasons. The correct understanding of the observed celestial phenomena and the places of land in the solar system developed for centuries. Finally broke the idea of \u200b\u200bthe fixedness of the Earth Nikolai Copernicus. Copernicus showed that it was the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, one can explain the visible loop-shaped movements of the planets. The center of the planetary system is the sun.

The axis of the rotation of the Earth is deflected from the orbit axis (i.e., the direct, perpendicular plane of the orbit) to an angle equal to about 23.5 °. If it were not for this tilt, the change of seasons would not exist. The regular change of the time of the year is a consequence of the movement of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt axis of the Earth's rotation to the orbit plane. In the northern hemisphere of the Earth, the summer comes when the North Pole of the Earth is illuminated by the Sun, and the South Pole of the Planet is located in its shadows. In this case, winter comes in the southern hemisphere. When in the northern hemisphere of spring, then in South - autumn. When in the northern hemisphere, autumn, in South - Spring. The seasons in the southern and northern hemispheres are always opposite. Approximately March 21 and September 23, around the world, 12 hours continue around the world. These days are called spring and autumn equinox days. In the summer, the duration of the daytime of the day more than in winter, therefore, the northern hemisphere of the earth during spring and summer from March 21 to September 23 receives much more heat than in the fall and winter from September 23 to March 21.

As you know, the Earth draws in its orbit around the Sun. For us, located on the surface of the earth of people, such an annual movement of the earth around the sun is noticeably in the form of an annual movement of the sun on the background of stars. As we already know, the path of the sun among the stars is a large circle of heaven and is called ecliptic. It means that Ecliptic is heavenly reflection of the Earth's orbits, so the plane of the Earth's orbits is also called the plane of the ecliptic. The axis of rotation of the Earth is not perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic, but deviates from the perpendicular to the angle. Due to this, on Earth, the seasons change occurs (see Fig. 15). Accordingly, the plane of the earth's equator is inclined to the same angle to the plane of the ecliptic. The crossing line of the plane of the earth's equator and the plane of the ecliptic retains (if not to take into account the precession) constant position in space. One end of it indicates the point of spring equinox, the other is the point of the autumn equinox. These points are still relative to the stars (with an accuracy of precession movement!) And together with them participate in daily rotation.

Fig. fifteen.

Near March 21 and September 23, the Earth is located relative to the Sun in such a way that the boundary of light and shadow on the surface of the earth passes through the poles. And since each point on the surface of the Earth makes a daily movement around the earth's axis, then exactly half of the day it will be on the lighted part of the globe, and the second half - on the shaded. Thus, in these dates the day is night, and they are called respectively daysspring and autumn equinels. Earth at this time is located on the line intersection of the equator and ecliptic planes, i.e. At the points of spring and autumn equinoxies, respectively.

We highlight two more special points in the orbit of the Earth, which are called the dots of solstice, and the dates for which the Earth has to pass through these points, the days of solstice.

At the point of summer solstice, in which the Earth is near on June 22 (day of summer solstice), the North Pole of the Earth is directed towards the Sun, and most of the day any point of the northern hemisphere is lit by the Sun, i.e. This date is the longest per year.

At the point of winter solstice, in which the Earth is near on December 22 (Winter Solstice Day), the North Pole of the Earth is directed away from the sun, and most of the day, any point of the northern hemisphere is in the shade, i.e. At this date, the night is the longest per year, and the day is the shortest.

Due to the fact that the calendar year on the duration does not coincide with the period of the appeal of the Earth around the Sun, the days of equinoxies and the solstice in different years may have to have different days (- + one day from the date mentioned above). However, in the future, when solving problems, we will neglect this and assume that the days of equinoxies and the solstice always fall on the dates mentioned above.

We turn from the real movement of the Earth in space to the visible movement of the sun for an observer located on the latitude,. During the year, the center of the Sun is moving along a large circle of heavenly sphere, by ecliptic, counterclockwise. Since the plane of the ecliptic in the space is fixed relative to the stars, the ecliptic together with the stars will participate in the daily rotation of the heavenly sphere. Unlike heavenly equator and heavenly meridian, Ecliptic will change its position relative to the horizon during the day.

How do the coordinates of the Sun change during the year? Direct climbing varies from 0 to 24 h. , and the declination varies from - to +. It can best be seen on the heavenly map of the equatorial zone (Fig. 16).

Fig. sixteen.

For four days a year, we know the coordinates of the Sun for sure. Below in the table given this information.

Table 2. Data on the Sun in the days of equinoxies and solstice

	t. Sunrise	t. Open	h. max
		0 h. 00 m.
	23 o. 26"	6 h. 00 m.	sev.-Vost.
		12 h. 00 m.
	23 o. 26"	18 h. 00 m.

The table also indicates a midday (at the time of the upper climax) the height of the sun on these dates. In order to calculate the height of the sun at the moments of climax on any other day of the year, we need to know this day.

The geographical consequences of the Earth's movement - phenomena caused by different types of earth movement and influence the form of the Earth, natural processes and human life: a change of day and night, the change of the time of the year, the deviation of the movement of bodies under the influence of the acceleration of the Coriolis, tides, flow, etc.

8. Sourish Rotation of Earth Like other planets of the solar system, the land is involved simultaneously in several types of movement. Together with the solar system, the Earth makes one turn around the center of the Galaxy for the Galactic Year (about 230 million years), and it turns around in common with the moon of the center of the masses for 27.32 days. However, much more all living on Earth felt her daily rotation around the axis and the annual movement in orbit around the sun. Natural time measurement units are connected with the rotation of the Earth. The ground rotates around the axis from the west to the East, that is, counterclockwise, if you look at the ground from the polar star (from the North Pole), making a full revolution for a day or 24 hours. The effects of rotation of the movable reference system (which is the earth) on the relative movement of the body in physics, inertia inertia is introduced - the power of Coriolis (named French scientist. Coriolis). On Earth, this is a phenomenon that is more correct to call the acceleration of Coriolis, manifests itself in the fact that all the bodies moving relative to the earth's surface in the northern hemisphere are accelerated, directed to the right, and in the southern one - to the left of the direction of their movement. The acceleration of Coriolis affects the direction of movement of air masses, marine currents, causes the relevant banks of the rivers. At the equator, the acceleration of Coriolis is zero, and increases to the poles.

The time of the total turnover of the Earth around the earth's axis relative to the stars, between two consecutive climax (the highest position of any star) is called starday and used in astronomical observations. Star days are 23 h 56 min. However, using the term day - usually have in mind equal to 24 o'clock Sunny day - the time of the total turnover of the Earth around the axis relative to the sun. Since the Earth rotates around the axis in the same direction in which it moves around the sun, for the sunny day it makes a turn of a little more than 360 ° and the sunny day longer than the star. For the measurement of time the entire surface of the globe was divided into 24 time zones 15 ° Each is used by the waist time - that is, the local time of the average meridian of each belt. The boundaries of the belts adapt to state or administrative borders, natural borders. For zero, the belt was accepted, in the middle of which Greenwich Meridian passes, his time is called worldwide. The belt account is carried out east, and in neighboring belts time is different for 1 hour. For example, the capital of Australia G. Canberra lives local time Meridian 150 ° c. d., for 10 hours shifted forward relative to the world. On the 180th Meridian there is a line change of dates, on both sides of which the clock and minutes coincide, and the calendar dates differ on one day. The month of the day and night creates a daily rhythm of living and inanimate nature associated with changes in light and thermal conditions. The most vivid manifestations of such rhythms are the daily movement of temperature and humidity, day and night breeze and mountain-valley winds, the revival of the day of green plant (since photosynthesis is only possible) and the nightlife of many predators, bats and butterflies. The human life is also subject to daily rhythm. The axial rotation of the Earth allows you to highlight the poles - fixed points that are used when building a degree from parallels and meridians on the ball.

9. The deflecting effect of rotation of the Earth and its effect on the processes in the geographic shell (examples).The axial rotation of the Earth. The overall rotates from the west to the east counterclockwise, making a full revolution for a day. The average angular speed of rotation, i.e. The angle on which the point on the earth's surface is shifted, for all latitudes is the same and is 15 ° in 1 hour. The speed on one meridian is different, one parallel is the same.

The main physical evidence of the rotation of the Earth serves the pendulum Foucault. According to the laws of physics, the swinging body retains the constant plane of its swing relative to world space. If you put a circle with divisions under the pendulum, it turns out that in relation to the Earth, the position of the plane is changing, i.e. The land turns around its axis. If the pendulum hang over the Pole of the Earth, its rotation will not have any effect on the direction of the swing plane, but the observer on the rotating land will noticeably appreciate the displacement of the motion plane of the pendulum.

The second proof of the rotation of the Earth is the deviation of all the bodies falling on the Earth. This effect is due to the fact that the further the point from the axis of the earth rotation is, the greater the linear speed with which it moves from the west to the East due to the rotation of the Earth.

Proof of the Earth's rotation is the figure of the planet itself, the presence of compression of the earth's ellipsoid. Compression occurs with the participation of the centrifugal force developing in turn on the rotating planet. The geographical consequences of the axial rotation of the Earth include the emergence of the Coriolis force, counting time and daily rhythm in the geographic shell. An important consequence of the axial rotation of the Earth is the apparent deviation of bodies moving in a horizontal direction, from the direction of their movement. According to the law of inertia, any moving body seeks to preserve the direction (and speed) of its movement relative to world space if the movement occurs relative to the moving surface, such as the rotating land, the observer on Earth seems that the body dismissed. In fact, the body continues to move in a given direction. For example, the body is released from the point and in the direction of the pole on the meridian. The rocket moves towards A B. After some time, the observer on the rotating land will move to the point C and will look for the body moving in the direction of the meridian. The deflecting action of the Earth's rotation is called Coriolis.

Coriolis strength is always perpendicular to movement, directed to the right in the northern hemisphere and left - in South.

(Earth in the Universe).

The Earth rotates from the west to the east counterclockwise, making a full revolution for a day. The average angular speed of rotation, i.e. The angle on which the point is shifting on the earth's surface, for all latitudes the same - 15grad. In 1 hour. Linear speed, i.e. The path passing by a point per unit of time depends on the latitude of the place. The geographical poles do not rotate, there is speed \u003d 0. On the equator, each point passes the greatest path and has the naib. Skiffness \u003d 455m \\ s. Speed \u200b\u200bon one meridian is different, on one parallels the same. Molding: 1) The main physical evidence of the rotation of the Earth is Fouco's pendulum 2) According to the laws of physics, the swinging body retains the constant plane of its swing relative to world space.3) the deviation of all those incayable to earth East.4) Figure of the Planet itself, the presence of compression of the earth ellipsoid. Overvisions of the Earth's axial rotation: 1) The emergence of the Coriolis force.2) Counting time.3) Daily rhythm in the geographic shell. their movements. Coriolis is always perpendicular to movement, directed to the right in S.P. and left in Yu.P. At the equator, the power K. is equal to 0, the poles increase.

Definitions \u003d [A day-period of axial rotation of the Earth. The length of the time between 2 upper climax of the stars. Initial sunny day - the time interval between 2 climax of the center of the Sun.. The average sunny time is the average duration of true sunny day, which \u003d 24 hours . Easy time- average solar time on each meridian. Desitual time- The time of each hour zone, determined by the middle meridian. Demanding time is the average solar time in Greenwich Meridian, which is considered an initial meridian. The vacant time is the time of each time zone + 1 hour.

11. Moon - Earth satellite nearest to us heavenly body. The average distance from the ground to the moon is 383,000 kilometers. The moon moves along the elliptical orbit around the earth, and together with the ground - around the sun. The movement of the moon is very difficult due to the strong impact of the attraction of the sun on the earth-moon system. The moon rotates around his axis, and the turnover around the earth and around its axis it makes it for the same time and therefore addressed to Earth always with one side. The diameter of the moon is about 4 times less than the Earth, and by weight of 81 times. Luna rotates around the Earth. Under different positions relative to each other, the Sun, the Earth and the Moon we see a different half of our satellite. Part of the moon disk visible by us, which is illuminated, is called the moon phase. It is accepted to allocate a particular phase of the new moon (disk completely dark), the first quarter (the growing lunar sickle looks in the form of a semi-division), full moon (the disk is completely illuminated) and the last quarter (it is highlighted again smoothly Up to Novolunya is called the synodic period of the moon circulation or a synodic month, which is approximately 29.5 days. It is during this time that the moon passes in its orbit such a way that he has time to go through the same phase twice. Full turnover of the moon around the earth relative to stars is called Sideric period of circulation or a siderial month, it lasts 27.3 days . Solar and lunar eclipsesThe sun, the moon and the land in the new moon stage and the full moon are rarely lying on the same line, because The lunar orbit lies not exactly in the plane of the ecliptic, and under the tilt to it in 5 degrees. Every year, on average, there are 4 solar and lunar eclipses. They always accompany each other. Let's say if the new moon coincides with the solar eclipse, the lunar eclipse occurs in two weeks, in the full moon phase. Astronomically solar eclipses occur when the moon with its movement around the sun completely or partially overshadows the sun. The visible diameters of the Sun and the Moon are almost the same, so the moon flashes the sun completely. But it can be seen from the ground in the full phase strip. On both sides of the full phase band, a private solar eclipse is observed. The bandwidth of the full phase of solar eclipse and its duration depend on the mutual distances of the Sun, Earth and the Moon. As a consequence, the distance of the visible angular diameter of the moon also changes. When it is a little more solar, the complete eclipse can last up to 7.5 minutes, when equal, then one moment, if it is less, then the moon does not close the sun completely. In the latter case, an annular eclipse occurs: a narrow bright solar ring is visible around a dark lunar disk. During a complete solar eclipse, the Sun has the appearance of a black disk surrounded by shine (crown). The daylight is so weakening that sometimes you can see in the sky of the stars. The full lunar eclipse occurs when the moon falls into the cone of the earth's shadow. The full lunar eclipse can last 1.5-2 hours. It can be observed from all over the night hemisphere of the Earth, where the moon at the time of the eclipse was above the horizon.

12.Fig and low tide - periodic vertical ocean or sea level fluctuations, which are the result of changing the positions of the Moon and the Sun relative to the Earth, with the effects of the Earth's rotation and the features of this relief and manifest in the periodic horizontal displacement of water masses. Tides and thors cause changes in the height of the sea level, as well as periodic flows known as tidal flows that predict the tides are important for coastal navigation.

The intensity of these phenomena depends on many factors, however, the most important of them is the degree of connection of water bodies with the oceans. The more closed with water, the less the degree of manifestation of adorption-taming phenomena.

Their height in open oceans reaches 10-12 m, and in shallow water - up to 15 m; In the inner seas, tides are almost not felt. The main effect on the tides and flow is rendered by the moon. The lunar tides are 2.2 times stronger than sunny. Flips are manifested simultaneously on the side of the Earth facing the moon, and on the opposite side of the Earth. In the latter case, the tide occurs because the aqueous shell is lagged behind the ground, because the latter, being closer to the moon, is stronger. In areas located perpendicular to the line of the greatest tides, the outflow of water will occur in the direction of the tides, i.e. There will be sifted. As the earth rotates around its axis during the day in the same point, two tides and two lowers may occur.

Ticket 1. (Atmosphere)

The atmosphere is an external gas shell of the Earth, which begins at its surface and extends to the outer space for approximately 3000 km. The history of the emergence and development of the atmosphere is quite complicated and long, it has close to 3 billion years. During this period, the composition and properties of the atmosphere were repeatedly changed, but over the past 50 million years, as scientists believe, they stabilized.

The atmosphere has a layered structure.
From the surface of the earth up these layers:

Troposphere(The lower, the most studied layer of the atmosphere, height in the polar regions of 8-10 km, in moderate latitudes up to 10-12 km, at the equator - 16-18 km.)

Stratospherethe layer of the atmosphere, located at an altitude of 11 to 50 km. Characteristically a slight change in temperature in a layer of 11-25 km (lower layer of the stratosphere) and its increase in the layer of 25-40 km from -56.5 to 0.8 ° C

Mesosphere The atmosphere layer at altitudes from 40-50 to 80-90 km. Characterized by an increase in temperature with a height; Maximum (order + 50 ° C)

Thermospherethe layer of the atmosphere next to the mesosphere - starts at an altitude of 80-90 km and stretches up to 800 km
Ecosphere (up to 10,000 km)

The boundaries between the layers are not sharp and their height depends on the latitude and time of the year. The layered structure is the result of thermal changes at different heights. The weather is formed in the troposphere (Lower about 10 km:
About 6 km over the poles and more than 16 km above the equator). And the upper boundary of the troposofer is higher in summer than in winter.