In the article, we will tell about the ways of connecting wires in junction boxes, let's talk about the preparation of conductors for connecting household appliances and installation products.

The wiring of residential premises consists of a plurality of elements, these are various tobound conductors (cables), protective devices, wiringring products, separate current consumers. To collect all the components of the system into a single chain and at the same time make power supply functional and safe, it is necessary to connect to them with a functional and safe, or, as they say, to be compressed (commutations are called processes occurring during closure or opening of electrical circuits).

An unprepared person at first glance may seem that nothing complicated here should be. But, working with an electrician "By Natima", it does not matter, we carry some single outlet, connect the lamp or collect a complex control system, we are seriously risking. Experienced electricians know that the electrical installation is first of all the "fight for contact", since it is precisely a chain rupture, and not a short circuit, is the most common problem with which you have to face. Obviously, the places of compounds in the chain (terminals, twists) are the most vulnerable, since the mechanical density of the contact can weaken at these points (the contact area decreases), on the conductors, an oxide film with very high resistance is formed over time. Bad contact becomes the cause of heating of current-carrying livers, sparking in commutation fields is the consequences of transient contact resistance. Full warming of the wire and de-energize the site, when household appliances do not work, or lost light, it is unpleasant, but the problem is solved. Worse, if the insulation of the wires is heated and destroyed, which threatens human lesion by electric shock or fire.

Recently, the load on the wiring has seriously increased, so the switching is now there are now even more hard requirements of fire and electrical safety. However, if there were not many previously options for the connection, then the reliable modern devices that facilitate wiring switching appeared. In addition to welding and soldering with subsequent tape insulation of a twist, in the household network you can use Caps of PPE, various terminal screw and spring pads, all sorts of isolated and open tips, branch complications. These products will help quality connect wires in cut boxes, collect switchboard, connect household appliances and lighting, sockets and switches.

There are several key objective factors affecting the choice of a switching method, or to apply specific fixtures. Let's just list the main:

• power and number of consumers (read: the total cross section of the conductors);
• material of current-handed veins (copper or aluminum);
• cable type (flat or round, rigid or soft stranded, in single or double isolation);
• node assignment (group or unit branch, terminal connection);
• the presence of mobility of wires or vibrations near them;
• increased temperature, humidity;
• application indoors or on the street.

Connection of wires in junction boxes

According to the PUE provisions, the branching of the wires of the household network can only be carried out in the distribution (dispense) box. The dispensers allow you to quickly get to the ends of any separate branch during operation, if necessary, detect which one is cut or has a short circuit. You can also invoice the status of contacts inside the box, make their maintenance. Modern PVC boxes are used for open and hidden wiring, they have sufficient reliability and extended functionality: easily installed on different surfaces, convenient for electrical manipulations.

To always have access to the connected wires, all junction boxes are located on the free sections of the walls, the most rationally install them from the corridors, for example, above the door of the sweat room. Naturally, the boxes cannot be tightly attached, or sew inside the construction frames, the allowable decorative maximum is a thin layer finish over the lid (paint, wallpaper, decorative plaster).

To improve lighting and power chains (conclusions and sockets), it is recommended to use individual junction boxes for each room. Such separated nutrition allows you to make the housing electrical wiring more balanced and safe, since "light" and "sockets" differ in workloads and operating conditions, and various requirements are presented to them. Moreover, much easier then, then make upgrading or repairing wiring, and not always all the wires of the rooms can be fine in one case.

Switching wires in any junction box can be carried out according to the same principle. In most cases, the "twist" is initially used, but the simply winding of conductors is not enough - it must be strengthened by additional operations, which are designed to increase the contact area of \u200b\u200bthe connected current-carrying livers and reduce the oxidation of materials. Paragraph 2.1.21 Pue offers the following options:

• soldering
• welding
• pressing
• crimping (bolts, screws, etc.)

Covering wires

The essence of this method is that the twisted wires are harvested in a special tip of the metal, which is compressed by the manual tongs, mechanical or hydraulic press. Pressing can be made by either local indentation or solid compression. Such a connection of wires is considered one of the most reliable. Pressing allows you to very tightly compress the veins, increasing the area of \u200b\u200bcontact, the mechanical strength of such switching is the highest. This method is used for both copper wires and aluminum.

The process of crimping consists of several operations, each of which has its own nuances:

1. Wires are released from insulation by 20-40 mm from the edge, depending on the liner's working length.
2. Cases with a brush or emery are cleaned to shine.
3. With the help of pliers, a tight twist is made.
4. According to the total secting of the twist, Gao sleeve is selected with a necessary inner diameter, as well as a suitable punch and matrix.
5. The sleeve from the inside is treated with quartzoseline paste (if it is "dry" from the factory).
6. The twist is inserted into the sleeve.
7. Clamp is compressed by press ticks. It is necessary that the tool tool is completely closed.
8. The quality of the connection is checked - the wires should not move in the tip.
9. The sleeve of the connected conductors turns into three layers with a tip, with a thickness of the tip to 9 mm, a plastic insulating cap can be used.

Crimping conductor

Conductor crimping can be made using terminal blocks, caps of PPE or WAGO clamps.

The body of the terminal block is performed from the plastic, the sockets with threads and clamping screws are located inside it. Wires can start under the unit terminals screws towards each other, or one conductor passes through the entire block and is fixed with two screws. Some junction boxes are combined with standard pads.

An explicit advantage of switching on the terminal block is considered to connect copper and aluminum wires, which in this case do not have direct contact. The disadvantage is the need to tighten the bolt clamp if aluminum veins are used.

Caps (connecting insulating clamps) are also made of durable non-combustible polymer, which, being an insulator, provides mechanical and fire protection. They with an effort screwed to the twist of the conductors, then the conic metal spring, located inside the cap, is moving forward and compressed the current-carrying veins. As a rule, the inner cavity of the SIZ is processed by pasta preventing oxidation.

WAGO clamps for junction boxes - insidious, here compression is performed by the spring, you only need to insert the stripped wire into the terminal. These terminals are calculated on the compound up to eight wires with a cross section of 1-2.5 mm 2 or three veins with a cross section of 2.5 to 6 mm 2, while the spring affects the conductor with a suitable force suitable for each wire. The clamps function normally at operating currents up to 41 and for 6 squares, 32 A for 4 squares and 25 A for 2.5 squares. Interestingly, WAGO universal clamps allow the wires of various sections in one case (from 0.75 to 4 mm 2) in one case.

These fixtures can be designed for a hard conductor, or for soft stranded. Due to the fact that there is no direct contact of the connected lived, you can switch copper wires and aluminum, and there is no need to perform a regular revision of compression of aluminum need. Inside, WAGO terminals also have a paste that destroys the oxide film and improves contact, but the clips for copper conductors of contact paste are not filled. Working with such connecting products is very easy, they are quickly installed, without applying additional tools, they are compact and reliable. It must be said that WAGO, not the only firm producing eventless spring-loaded terminals.

Whatever the type of crimping device is not used, it is necessary to accurately select it in a section of a separate conductor or twist, since too large terminal may not provide normal contact. Not always in this case, you can trust the marking - it is better to check the fittings and conductors on the spot. We recommend during installation to have an assortment of crimping terminal shots by sizes. Please note that the contact gel, copper and aluminum conductor cannot be used to work with aluminum, it is not formed in one twist. After crimping, it is always necessary to check the strength of fixation lived in the terminal.

Soldering wires

Due to the technological complexity, this connection method is used quite rarely, mainly when for some reason it is impossible to use crimping, crimping or welding. You can solder aluminum veins and from copper, you should only find the right solder. For the branching of the wires with a cross section to 6-10 mm 2, a regular soldering iron is suitable, but more massive wires will have to warm up a portable gas burner (propane + oxygen). For soldering, it is necessary to use flux in the form of rosin or its alcohol solution.

The advantages of the soldering consider high reliability of the connection, compared to crimping (in particular, we have an enlarged area of \u200b\u200bcontact). Also this method is quite inexpensive. The disadvantages of the construction of construction wires by soldering should include the duration of work, the technical complexity of the process.

Soldering of conductors looks like this:

• wires are cleaned of isolation;
• human veins are grained to metal shine;
• a twist is made of 50-70 mm long;
• flame of burner or soldering iron lives heated;
• metal is covered with flux;
• solder is introduced into the working area or 1-2 seconds are immersed by a hot twist in a bath with molten solder;
• after cooling, the solder twist is insulated with electrical tips with polymeric caps.

Welding

Most often for reliable switching of wires in the electrician junction box, use welding with contact heating. You can weld twist with a total cross section to 25 mm 2. Under the action of an electric arc on the end of the twist, the routing of a metal of several lived in a single drop is formed, and then the current during operation of the electrical circuit is not even by the body of the twist, but through the formed monolith. If you do everything correctly, the connection is not less reliable than the solid wire. This method does not have technological and operational deficiencies, the only thing - it is necessary to purchase a suitable welding machine.

Welding copper veins produce a constant or alternating current with a voltage from 12 to 36 V. If we talk about factory welding units, then it is better to use inverter devices with sensitive welding current adjustment, which differ in low weight and dimensions (during operation they are sometimes worn on the shoulder) can be powered from the household network. In addition, the inverters provide good arc stability at low welding currents. Due to the high cost of the inverters, very often electricians use self-made welding machines made from transformer with a power of more than 500 W, with a secondary winding voltage of 12-36 volts. The weight and electrode holder connects to the secondary winding. The electrode itself for welding copper veins should be unlauded - coal, this is a factory outlined "pencil" or a homemade element from a similar material.

If a factory inverter is used to weld the wires, then for lived sections, it is recommended to set the following operating current indicators: 70-90 amps is suitable for connecting two or three wires with a cross section of 1.5 square, the wire with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2 is welded at 80-120 Amperes. These indicators are indicative, since the accurate composition of the core can vary from different manufacturers - it is recommended to test the device and a certain current strength on the trimming of the conductors. Properly selected indicators are when the arc is stable, and the electrode on the twist does not stick.

The process of welding wires includes the following operations:

• the veins are cleaned of insulation (about 40-50 mm);
• the pliers are made a dense twist, its end suits the ends of the wires to have one length;
• the clip is connected to the clench;
• a coal electrode for 1-2 seconds is brought to the end of the twist (so that the insulation is not melted, but a one-piece copper ball was formed;
• after cooling, the welded twist is insulated with a tape, a shrink tube or a plastic tip.

By connecting the wires of the wires, security techniques should be followed and fertilizing measures, as for any welding work. It is recommended to use a welding mask or special glasses with a light filter, will not be superflaked with welding crags or mittens.

Connection of the wires to the terminals of electrical equipment

Connecting household appliances and various electrical installation products are also an important step of switching of wiring. The efficiency of consumers, as well as user protection and fire safety depends on the reliability of electrical connections in these nodes.

The technology of accession of current-carrying livers to the equipment is regulated by PUE, operating downgrades, as well as "instructions for termination, compound and branch aluminum and copper lives insulated wires and cables and connecting them with contact conclusions of electrical devices." Just like the branching of the conductors in the junction boxes, a soldering, welding, crimping, helical or spring crimping is applied to the termination and connection. This or that method is selected primarily depending on the design of the equipment, as well as from the properties of the current-carrying conductor.

Screw crimping is used in most types of modern equipment. The terminals under the screw are in sockets and switches, chandeliers and lamps, in various household appliances (built-in fan, air conditioning, cooking surface). Crimp sockets are supplied with the elements of the distribution shield: protection machines, an RCO, a power grid, the switching tires with screw clamps are used here.

It should be noted that convenient spring-loaded terminal workers can also be used to connect equipment. For example, switches are configured very often, WAGO is equipped with a special series of clamps for connecting chandeliers and lamps, as well as for switching in SERV (terminals installed on the Dean Rake).

Please note that for connecting the crimping method, soft multi-boosters must be ended with insulated tips (connector). For hard monolithic lived connectors are not needed. If you do not use tips, then the soft core before connecting should be tightly twisted and irradiated. The size of the tip is selected depending on the section of the conductor, and the geometry of the contact part - depending on the type of terminal on the connected device and the features of operation. For example, a connector in the form of a pin is used for the clamping tunnel jack, for fixing the nut on the bolt - ring or fork. In turn, the fork tip is not recommended for use if the device is moving or possible vibration in the switching zone.

If under the bolt it is necessary to clamp a hard one-running conductor (copper or aluminum) with a cross section of up to 10 mm 2, then it can be used to bend it in the form of a suitable radius. The ring with a glass skin or sandpaper is cleaned with an oxide film, lubricates a quartzelazelin gel and puts on a bolt (the ring should wrap the bolt clockwise), after which it is covered with a glass of stars (prevents extruding the conductor), Grew, (Springs the connection does not allow to unwind Vibrations), and the combined clip is tightly tightened with nut. If under the bolt should be hosted by the living room (from 10 mm 2), then the metal sleeve with a ring is embraced by crimping on the conductor.

Switching the wires is very responsible, while the process of assembling the chain has a lot of nuances, which are worth merging into one list for convenience:

1. Clean the wires using special ticks, since when removing the insulation, the cross section of the vein is often reduced by a knife.
2. Always remove the oxide film from the conductor. Use glass skirt or emery, use special fluids and contact paste.
3. Make a couple of centimeters longer, and then cut off.
4. Pick the diameter of the sleeve or tip as accurately as possible.
5. Create a conductor under the terminal or sleeve / tip to the insulation itself.
6. Watch that the wire isolation does not fall under the clip.
7. If there is an opportunity, in the tunnel screw terminal, start and clamping there is not a single soft core, but the coarse twice.
8. Applying the isolent, wind it with a turn of turns into three layers, be sure to go to the insulating shell of the conductor. Caller can be replaced with heat shrinking or plastic caps.
9. Screw terminal blocks necessarily wrap the tape.
10. Always mechanically check the connection strength - pull the conductors.
11. Never connect direct copper and aluminum.
12. Firmly secure the cable near the switching zone so that the wire does not pull down and no mechanical impact on the connection.
13. Use the color marking of the conductors, let's say, in the entire domestic network, a brown conductor will be a phase, blue - zero, yellow - grounding.
14. Accept all devices for mounting all the devices a single connection scheme (for example, a phase on sockets is clamped on the right terminal, and neutral is not left).
15. Alone label both ends of all wires - a ballpoint handle on an external shell, at a distance of 100-150 mm from the edge of the conductor, write its purpose (for example, "roses. Kitchen desktop" or "Bedroom Light"). You can also use tags or pieces of painting scotch.
16. Leave the wiring server convenient for mounting. For distribution boxes, sockets and switches of the normal length of the ends will be 100-200 mm. To switch the shield, you may need a wire with a length of up to one meter so that you can make part of them from the bottom of the drawer, and the part is from above.
17. Exterior cable channels are lifted to the distribution channels closely, round corrugations or pipes are better for several millimeters to start in the housing.
18. Connect sockets in parallel, and switches are sequentially. The switch must break the phase, and not zero.
19. All wires of one-curled twist squeeze into the harness and fix it with a tape. Inside the box, select the insulated connections to the maximum distance of each other.
20. Use exceptionally certified materials and specialized tools.

In conclusion, I would like to once again note the importance of qualitative fulfillment of commutation work. In fact, the technologies used are quite simple, it is necessary to simply make them a habit, and then the "culture of installation" will appear by itself, and the wiring will be reliable and durable.

All electrical engineering, from the time of Faraday, uses wires. And so many years, how many wires are used, the problem of their connections are facing electrical atomers. What are the ways to connect conductors, this article tells about the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.

Job connection

The easiest way to connect the wires is a twist. Previously, it was the most common way, especially when conducting wiring in a residential building. Now, according to PUE, the connection of the wires is prohibited in this way. The twist must be sued, brew or put. However, these methods of connecting wires begins with a twist.

In order to perform a high-quality twist, the wires connected must be cleaned of isolation to the required length. It ranges from 5 mm when connecting wires in headphones up to 50 mm, if it is necessary to connect the wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm². Thicker twist wires are usually not connected due to a lot of rigidity.

The wires are cleaned with a sharp knife, ticks for removing isolation (KSI) or, after heating with a soldering iron or lighter, isolation is easily removed by pliers or side. For better contact, the bare sections are cleaned with sandpaper. If the twist is supposed to be disappeared, then the wires are better to post. Wired wires only with rosin and similar fluxes. This can not be done - it corps the wire and she begins to break at the site of the soldering. Even the wash places in the soda solution is poorly helped. Acid couples enter insulation and destroy metal.

The stripped ends fold in parallel, in one bundle. The ends are aligned together, tightly keeps the hand for an insulated part and the entire beam is twisted with pliers. After that, the twist is disappeared or welded.

If there is a need to connect the wires to increase the total length, they are on each other. The stripped areas are superimposed cross-closer on each other, dried together with their hands and tightly chewed with two pliers.

You can twist only wire from one metal (copper with copper, and aluminum with aluminum) and one cross section. A twist from the wires of different sections will be uneven and will not provide good contact and mechanical strength. Even if it is suited or put it, these types of wire connects will not provide good contact.

How to connect soldering electrical wires

The connection of electrical wires soldering is very reliable. You can discourage the unchanged wires, but such a soldering will be fragile due to the fact that the solder is very soft metal. In addition, it is very difficult to lay two conductors in parallel to each other, especially on the weight. And if you solder on some reason, the rosin sticks the place of soldering to it.

A layer of rosin is applied to pre-listed and twisted conductors. When using another flux, it is applied to the appropriate way. The power of the soldering iron is selected based on the cross section of the wire - from 15 watts when soldering headphones up to 100 W screws of a twist from wires with a cross section of 2.5 mm². After applying a flux, a soldering iron is applied to a twist and warms up to a complete melting of the solder and pushing it inside the twist.

After cooling the soldering, it is insulated with a tape or it is put on a slice of a heat shrink tube and heated with a hairdryer, a lighter or a soldering iron. When using a lighter or soldering iron, care must be taken and not to cut the heat shrink.

This method reliably connects wires, but is suitable only for thin, no more than 0.5 mm² or flexible up to 2.5 mm².

How to connect headphone wires

Sometimes serviceable headphones have a cable near the plug, but there is a plug from faulty headphones. There are also other situations in which the connection of wires in headphones are needed.

For this you need:

1. crop the broken plug or unevenly torn cable;
2. clean the external isolation by 15-20 mm;
3. determine which of the internal wires is general and check the integrity of all conductors;
4. crop internal wiring according to the principle: one does not touch, shared by 5 mm and the second is 10 mm. This is done to reduce the thickness of the connection. General conductors can be two - for each headphone. In this case, they are twisted together. Sometimes the screen is used as a common conductor;
5. clean the ends of the wires. If the lacquer is used as insulation, it will burn in the process of the mezzani;
6. load ends for a length of 5 mm;
7. to put on a piece of a 30 mm long heat shrink tube longer than the expected length of the connection;
8. to put on the long ends to wear pieces of a thinner shrink tube with a length of 10 mm, on the average (general) not to wear;
9. twist wiring (long with short, and medium with average);
10. drink twists;
11. bend the leaning twist, to the unprotected edges, to drive out pieces of thin shrink tube on them and warm it with a hairdryer or lighter;
12. start the connection to the connection with a larger diameter and heat the heat shrink tube.

If everything was done carefully, and the color of the tube is picking up the color of the cable, the connection is unnoticed and the headphones will not work worse than new ones.

How to brew scruit

For good contact, the twist can be boiled with a graphite electrode or gas burner. Welding the burner did not get distribution due to the complexity and the need to use gas cylinders and oxygen, so in this article only about electrical welding.

Electric welding is made using a graphite or coal electrode. Graphite electrode is preferable. It is cheaper and provides better welding quality. Instead of purchased electrode, you can use a rod from a battery or a brush from the electric motor. Copper electrodes are better not to use. They often stick.

For welding you first need to make a twist with a length of 100 mm so that it is ready for about 50. Speakers need to end. For welding it is best to use an inverter welding machine with an adjustable current. If there is no such, then you can take the usual transformer with no less than 600 W and voltage 12-24 V.

Near the insulation using a thick copper clamp, "Mass" or "minus" is connected. If you just wind the wire on a twist, then the twist will overheat and melts insulation.

Before starting welding, it is necessary to choose a current. The required current varies depending on the amount and thickness of the wire, which consists of a twist. The duration of welding must be no more than 2 seconds. If necessary, welding can be repeated. If everything was done correctly, a neat ball appears on the end of the twist, shipped to all wires.

How to connect the wires of crimping

Another way to connect wires is a pressing. This is a method in which a copper or aluminum sleeve is dressed on the connected wires or cables, after which it is pressed by a special press. For thin sleeves, a manual prescription is used, and for thick hydraulic. In this way, you can even connect copper and aluminum wires, which is unacceptable with a bolted joint.

To connect this method, the cable is cleaned longer than the length of the sleeve, so that after dressing the sleeve, the wire looked out by 10-15 mm. If thin conductors are connected with crimping, then you can pre-make a twist. If the cable of a large cross section, then, on the contrary, on the stripped areas it is necessary to align the wire, fold all the cable together and give them a round shape. Depending on the local cable conditions, you can fold the ends in one direction or counter. This does not affect the reliability of the connection.

A sleeve is tightly dressed on the prepared cable or, with the oncoming laying, the wires are inserted into the sleeve on both sides. If the sleeve remains free place, it is filled with slices of copper or aluminum wire. And if the cable is not placed in the sleeve, then several wires (5-7%) can be bought off by side. In the absence of a sleeve of the desired size, you can take the tip for the cable, scuffing from it the flat part.

The sleeve is pressed 2-3 times in length. Pressure testing should not be at the edges of the sleeve. From them it is necessary to retreat 7-10 mm so that with crimping it is not crushing the wire.

The advantage of this method is that it allows you to connect the wires of different sections and from different materials, which is difficult at other connection methods.

A sufficiently common method of compound is a bolted connection. For this species, a bolt is needed, not less than two washers and nut. The diameter of the bolt depends on the thickness of the wire. It should be such that the ring can be made from the wire. If the wires of different sections are connected, the bolt is selected large.

To carry out the bolted connection, the end is cleared of isolation. The length of the stripped part should be such to make the round-roll ring dressing on the bolt. If the wire is stranded (flexible), then the length should allow after making the ring to wrap the free end around the wire near the isolation.

In this way, you can connect only two identical wires. If they are more, or different in cross-section, rigidity and materials (copper and aluminum), then it is necessary to lay the conductive, usually steel washers. If you take a bolt of sufficient length, then any number of wires can be connected.

Connection terminalnik

The development of the bolted compound is terminal. Terminals are two species - with a clamping rectangular washer and round. When using a clerk with a clamping washer, insulation is removed for a length equal to half the width of the terminal bar. The bolt is released, the wire fit under the washer and the bolt is prescable again. On the one hand, only two wires can be connected, preferably the same section and only flexible or only one-core.

Connecting to a terminal with a round washer does not differ from the use of a bolted connection.

The connection of the wires is obtained reliable, but bulky. When the wires are sodium, more than 16 mm² the connection is unreliable or it is necessary to use tips.

Self-armed Terminals Wago.

In addition to terminals with bolts there are also terminals with clamps. They are more expensive than usual, but allow you to have a connection much faster, especially in connection with the new requirements of PUE and ban on twist.

The most famous manufacturer of such Terminals company WAGO. Each terminal is a separate device with multiple holes for connecting wires, each of which is inserted separate wire. Depending on the execution connects from 2 to 8 conductors. Some types are filled in inside conductive paste for better contact.

They are available for both the ones and in detrimental connections.

In the terminals for an indefinite connection, the stripped wire is simply inserted and the spring mustache fix the wire inside. Wire can only be used hard (single-core).

In terminals for the terminal connection, the wire is clamped using a folding lever and spring clamp, allowing you to easily connect and disconnect the wires.

Since the wires do not come into contact with each other, the terminals allow you to combine the wires of different sections, one-core with stranded, copper with aluminum.

Best of all, this method of connecting the conductors showed itself with small currents and received the greatest distribution in lighting networks. These terminals are small and easily placed in transition boxes.

How to connect electrical wires tips

Another way is to use tips. The tip is similar to a piece of tube, cut and deployed in a plane on one side. A bolt hole drilled in the flat part. Tips allow you to connect cables of any diameter in any combination. If necessary, combine the copper cable with aluminum use special tips, in which one is copper, and the other aluminum. A variant is also possible, in which the washer, brass or copper muddle is laid between the tips.

The tip is painted on the cable using the mapping player, similar to how the wires are connected using crimping.

Soldering tips

Another way to use the tip is to solder it. For this you need:

• sliced \u200b\u200bcopper cable;
• tip, calculated for soldering. It is distinguished by a hole near the flat part and a thinner wall;
• bath with molten tin;
• bank with orthophosphoric acid;
• bank with a solution of soda.

Caution! Work in protective glasses and gloves!

In order to solder the tip, the cable is cleaned by the length of the tubular part of the insulation and is inserted into the tip. Then the tip is sequentially immersed in orthophosphoric acid, in the molten tin for a time sufficient to bundled the acid and pushing the solder in the tip. This is checked by periodic short-term removal from solder. After the impregnation of the tip and cable, the tip is descended into the soda solution. This is done to neutralize acid residues. The cooled tip is washed with clean water and is ready for further work. Such a tip can be connected to aluminum tires and tips without the use of transient washers.

Connectors for cables and wires

Cable can also be connected by special connectors. These are segments of pipes in which the thread is cut and the bolts are screwed. Connectors are disconnected, in which the bolts are twisted and indefinite. In the indefinite connectors, the bolts head are broken after clamping. There are also connectors designed to connect wires and cables of different sections. The cable to the connectors are inserted to the online approach, towards each other.

The connectors used on the power lines of power lines consist of two halves connecting bolts. The wires are stacked in special grooves towards each other, after which both halves are clamped with bolts.

Compound live wires and cables using couplings

If the connected cable is in the ground, water or in the rain, then the usual methods of isolated connection are not suitable. Even if we apply a layer of silicone sealant on the cable and clipped with a shrink tube, it will not give a guarantee of tightness. Therefore, it is necessary to use special couplings.

The couplings are in the plastic and metallic case, fuel and heat-coated, high-voltage and low-voltage, conventional and small. The clutch selection depends on the specific operating conditions and the presence or absence of mechanical loads.

Connecting wires and cables, this is one of the most important points during the electrical installation. Therefore, all methods for connecting electrical wires should provide good contact. Bad contact or bad insulation can lead to short circuit and fire.

Video on the topic

Power terminal

Soldering Wires in Headphones

First of all, you must understand that various types of compounds can be applied in different conditions. And their choice depends on the specifically set task.

For example, connect the wires of small sections to 2.5mm2 in a compact distribution unit, much more convenient for terminals or clamps. But if we are talking about a stroke or cable channel, then the sleeves come out here.

Consider the three most simple and at the same time reliable type of compounds.

Let's start with the SIZ type connections. It decrypts as:

• FROMotic

• ANDolive

• Z.anim.

It looks like a simple cap. There can be different colors.

Moreover, each color means belonging to specific sections lived.

The veins are inserted into this cap and twisted with each other.

How to do it right, first twist the veins and then dress the cap or twist them directly with the SIZOM itself, is considered in detail in the article. "

As a result, thanks to SIZE, you get the old good twist, only immediately protected and isolated.

In addition, with a spring-loaded contact that does not let her relax.

In addition, this process can be slightly automated, applying the nozzle under the SIZY for the screwdriver. This is also described in the above article.

The following type is Wago Terminals. They also come in different sizes, and under a different number of wires connected - two, three, five, eight.

They can be shown between themselves both monasons and a multi-proper wire.

Moreover, this can be implemented both in different types of Vago and in one single.

For multi-boosters, the clamp should have a latch flag that in the open state without difficulty allows you to insert the wire and clamp it inside after snapping.

These terminals in the home wiring at the application of the manufacturer calmly maintain the load up to 24a (light, sockets).

Separate compact instances and 32a-41a come across.

Here are the most popular types of WAGO clamps, their marking, characteristics and under what section are calculated:

Series 2273 Series 221-222 Series 243 Series 773 Series 224

There is also an industrial series under the cross section of cables to 95mm2. The terminals they are really big, but the principle of work is almost the same as in small.

When you measure the load on such clamps, with a current value of more than 200a, and at the same time you see that nothing burns and does not heat, many people disappear in the production of WAGO.

If you have Vago's original clamps, not the Chinese counterfeit, and the line is protected by a circuit breaker with a properly selected settling, then such a type of connection can be called the simplest, modern and convenient in the installation.

Break out any of the above conditions and the result will be quite natural.

Therefore, you do not need to put WAGO on 24a and at the same time protect such an automatic receipt by 25a. Contact in this case during overload you will be unworn.

Always pick up the Vago Terminals correctly.

Machines, as a rule, you already stand, and they protect the electrical wiring first, and not the load and the end user.

There is also a fairly old type of compound, such as terminal blocks. ZVI - screw clip isolated.

It looks like this is a very simple screw connection of the wires. Again, it happens to different sections and a variety of forms.

Here are their specifications (current, section, sizes, torque screws):

However, ZVI has a number of significant disadvantages, due to which it cannot be called the most successful and reliable compound.

In this way, you can connect only two wires with each other. Unless of course, do not specifically choose large pads and do not shove there by a few lived. What to do is not recommended.

Such a screw connection is well suited for monashed, but for multi-proper flexible wires - no.

For flexible wires, you will have to press them with NSHVI tips and carry extra costs.

In the network you can find videos, where the transition resistances on different types of compounds are measured in the microgrammeter.

Surprisingly, the smallest value is obtained by screw clamps.

But we should not forget that this experiment refers to "fresh contacts". And try to make the same measurements in a year or two intensive exploitation. The results will be completely different.

Compound of copper and aluminum

Often it comes across the situation when it is necessary to connect a copper conductor with aluminum. Since the chemical properties of copper and aluminum are different, the direct contact between them, when accessing oxygen, leads to oxidation. Often even copper contacts on circuit breakers are subject to such a phenomenon.

A oxide film is formed, resistance increases, heating occurs. Here it is recommended to use 3 options to avoid this:

They remove direct contact between aluminum and copper. Communication occurs through Steel.

Contacts are divided into separate cells, plus the paste prevents air access and does not allow the process of oxidation.

The third simple way to connect the conductors is crimping sleeves.

Gelza GML is most often used for docking copper wires. Deciphered as:

• G.ilsa

• M.enthan

• L.unclear

For a compound of pure aluminum - ha (aluminum sleeve):

To transition from copper on aluminum special transition gaps:

What is the process of crimping? Everything is simple enough. Take two conductors, clean it on the required distance.

After that, on each side of the sleeve, the conductors are inserted into the inside, and all this case is crimped with press ticks.

With obvious simplicity, there are several rules and nuances in this procedure, if not compliance with which can be easily spoiled, it would seem reliable contact. Read about these errors and rules how to avoid them in the articles "" and ".

To work with conductors of large sections, 35mmm2-240mm2 is used hydraulic press.

To sections 35mmm2, it is possible to apply mechanical with a big scope of the handles.

The sleeve must be crimped from two to four times, depending on the cross section of the wire and the length of the tube.

The most important thing in this work is to choose the right size of the sleeve.

For example, when connecting monaspeted, the sleeve is usually taken to the size of a smaller cross section.

And thus, you can connect several conductors at the same time at the same time. This will use only one sleeve.

The main thing is to fully fill it in the internally space. If you contemplate three conductor at the same time, and you still have even emptiness, then you need to "score" with additional pieces of the same wire or smaller conductors.

Pressing the guilt is one of the most versatile and reliable compounds, especially if necessary, increasing the cable, including the introductory.

Insolation is performed almost equivalent to the main, when using the outer tube here as a casing.

Of course, neither Siza nor Wago, you will not use for these purposes, but the GML sleeve is the most! In this case, everything comes compactly and easily decreases at least in the stroke, even in the cable channel.

Welding and soldering

In addition to all the above combination methods, there are two more species that experienced electricians are rightfully considered the most reliable.

And it is not always that even with it, you can connect an aluminum monasure wire with flexible copper multi-breeding wire. In addition, you forever find yourself tied to a socket or extension.

And if there is no voltage or a generator nearby?

At the same time, elementary press clamps on the contrary, in 90% email. It is not necessary for this to acquire the most expensive and sophisticated.

For example, rechargeable. Convenient, of course, go and only click the button.

With his task, the crimping is well coped with Chinese counterparts. And the whole process of time takes no more than 1 minute.

To begin with, we will define what a junction box? This is a hollow device from a polymer, round, rectangular and square shape with a lid and with special inputs for cables. Used to connect media conductors.

Today there are a variety of conductors connections. Such a variety depends on different factors:

• wire section;
• veins material (Cu, Al);
• number of conductors;
• working conditions (temperature, climatic).

Knowing all these factors, compounds are selected in such a way as to comply with certain electrical and fire safety requirements. In addition, it is necessary to consider in which places such boxes with conduction connections will be operated:

• dry premises;
• wet premises;
• especially raw.

To determine which one to select a connection method under certain conditions, you need to refer to PUE (rules of the electrical installation device). According to clause 2.1.21, from Pue -7 the main document on the electrical installation, all end connections of wires and cables should be carried out by:

• crimping sleeves;
• clamps (with a bolt, screw);
• welding;
• spikes.

Wire connection with crimping sleeves

Connection of wires using a sleeve followed by crimping is the most reliable way and has a good electrical contact.

How to connect wires:

• determine the electrical wires of a certain length from insulation;

• take a sleeve of the corresponding length and diameter;

• hardated wires in the sleeve;
• crimping (pressed) the sleeve in two, three places with a special power tool (PRED - mites);

• the insulating material is imposed on the sleeve (shrink tube).

If there is no heat shrink tube, you can use the insulating tape.

You must take into account that the sleeves are selected in such a way that the diameter of the twisted wires corresponds to the inner diameter of the sleeve. It is not worth using a sleeve.

How to connect wires using clips - type nut or under bolt

The most common method of connecting the wires is the "Walnut" clamp. This title, this clamp received due to the external look at the nut. It is made of different sizes for a compound, both thin on the cross section of wires and thick.

The inside of the "nut" consists of two basic and one intermediate metal plates. At the edges of the plates are 4 screws. The plates themselves are placed in an isolated carbolite body, consisting of two parts.

The design feature of the "nut" is that aluminum and copper wires in one chain can be connected, by means of an intermediate plate.

A bolted connection is also used to connect wires. For a certain cross section of wires, the size of the bolt is selected. For example, a bolt with a diameter of 6 mm is suitable for cross section of the wires of 1.5 mm², for section 6 - 10 mm² bolt diameter 8 mm, 16 - 35 mm² diameter of 10 mm.

To connect aluminum with copper with a bolt, the washer is also used - gasket.

After careful compression of the wires using the nut, this connection is insulated.

Benefits:

• small cost;
• good isolation for "walnut"
• you can connect aluminum veins with copper cores.

Disadvantages:

• weakening the threaded connection in the "nut";
• a lot of insulation for the bolted joint;
• the compound dimensions are suitable for large junction boxes.

One of the best ways to connect wires in the box is welding. How is it all done?

To start with the ends of the wires, insulation is removed. Then the wires are twisted with each other. Ends are ready for welding.

Wiring welding is performed by a special welding machine with a voltage of 12 - 36 V. The welding current is adjustable depending on the cross section and the amount of wires, from 70 to 120 A and the power of the machine 500 is 600 W. Work can be carried out as inverter welding machine.

For welding, apply special graphite for aluminum and graphite-copper for copper electrodes. Work is carried out in special glasses to protect the eyes from an electric arc.

One welding machine cable with a clamp or passage join twist, and the second to the electrode holder (holder). The electrode is brought to the tip of the twist and when it is oblique, the contact occurs and an arc appears, with which the copper or aluminum wires are melted in such a way that the droplet appears. This is enough to make the most reliable contact.

The only drawback of such a compound is that when the wires are disconnected, if this is required, you will have to reveal the tip of the twist (welding place).

Wiring soldering

No less wonderful option of connecting wires and ensure good contact is using an ordinary soldering. To use such a method, you will need a small skill soldering with an electric soldering iron.

The soldering iron is best to take the help of 80 W or 100 W - this is what is needed. Such a soldering iron can quickly heat the place (twist), where you will apply melted solder.

For soldering, the solder of the POS-30 brand is best suited. This arrival will need rosin or flux of the SCF brand (alcohol-roller flux), which is applied to the place of soldering before heating.

In addition to the above material, specialists are used for soldering the so-called solder tube inside which is rosin. Such a tube is sold in almost every store of electrical goods.

And so, for soldering of the wires, it will be necessary not expensive material and electric soldering iron. Such a soldering connection is more affordable and easy.

Connecting wire terminals

One way or another, and the connection of wires with the help of twists over time is the cat in the summer. And their place will occupy those materials and devices that will meet the requirement of modernity and more professional approach.

To date, more and more often began to use terminals for connecting wires. One of the pleasant features of the terminals is the rapid connection of wires of different metals, which avoids direct contact between metals.

Existing terminals:

• information on acceptable voltage;
• information about the cross section of the vein;
• increased heat resistance;
• reliable fixation of wire veins;
• corrosion resistance.

Terminals are: knife, spring and screw.

Basically apply for grounding or reassembly. They are convenient because the power tools do not need, you can quickly connect and disconnect the contact, and this is saving time.

Got great popularity. Such terminals include products with WAGO. Using the WAGO terminals you will receive: simple and fast installation, reliable connection of conductors.

(Terminal pads) are case cells, each of which has a metal tube with screws.

Mounting work with such a type of terminals is not difficult, it is necessary to need only a screwdriver in order to spin or unscrew the screw that presses inside the tube bare core wires.

What if there is such a need to connect the wires on the street, under the outdoor sky?

Street connections make different: using the "nut", a bolted connection, twist. For a while, such compounds do not poorly show themselves in operation, but then there is oxidation of vehicles, weakening the bolted joint, rust. The problem begins.

It should be understood that atmospheric precipitations, summer heat, frost will adversely influence such a connection. To minimize such an impact and make a good connection, you need to prepare a set of materials for starters:

• junction box IP65;
• clements for crimping;
• conductive paste;
• tube shrink glue.

Cable or wire to start in the junction box. Wear a sleeve on bare wires using conductive paste and put it.

If you have one aluminum wire, and the other copper, then use copper-aluminum sleeves.

Using the impact on the high temperature tubes, attach the sleeve. To affect the high temperature on the tube, a gas burner is used, a soldering lamp or a professional electric hairdryer.

After the thermal tubes are cooled, carefully put into the box ready-made connections and close the box tightly cover.

Such a connection will provide you with high reliability for many many years.

Conclusion

In this article, you watched all types of proper connections of wires that exist today. Choose the type of connection that is suitable for your operating condition.

Perhaps some types of installation work you will not be able to perform due to lack of skills, tools or doubt the correctness of your actions. Then resort to attracting a specialist who will do everything right away from its experience.

Do not forget that the installation of your electrical and fire safety is properly completed.

Not only power supply reliability, but also the safety of housing depends on the quality of the wires. Variation damage occurs due to poor contact at the connection site, as a result of which it is burning, and in the worst case causes a fire.

The method of connecting the wires is selected, depending on:

• Wiring material.
• Sections lived.
• Wiring operating conditions.
• Number of conductors.

All connections are performed according to the circuit in the junction box, which is installed in a hidden or open method.

Complete terminal blocks

The design of the terminal block consists of a plastic housing, inside of which brass tubes with threaded holes on both sides are installed. The diameter of the inlet tubes is different, selected, depending on the cross section of the wire.

The process of connecting wires in this way does not cause difficulties even with newcomers:

• Choose a block with the desired cell size.
• Cut the required number of sections.
• Remove from conductors 5 mm insulation and clean the surface lived.
• Insert the ends of the wires inside the cells and secure the tightening of the screws.

The latest procedure is made with effort, especially if aluminum conductors are used. With an excessive force, the screw transmits aluminum core, the same applies to and stranded wires - thin wires are deformed under the action of the screw, the connection is obtained unreliable.

This problem is solved by special tips, which are put on the bare ends of the wires, are crimped with press clamps or passages, and then inserted into the cells of the terminal blocks. To connect aluminum or stranded conductors, terminal blocks of high-strength plastic are also used, in which the conductor clamp is made not with a screw, but a plate, due to which reliable contact is achieved. The devices are designed to work with a higher current.

Benefits of terminal blocks:

• Low cost.
• Quick installation.
• Good connection quality.

Disadvantages:

1. There are many bad quality products.
2. You can not connect more than two conductors.

Terminal pads are convenient to use for connecting chandeliers, sockets, switches, as well as docking the wires of the wires, but such a connection cannot be hidden under the layer of plaster, but only in the junction box.

Spring terminals

The design of spring terminals was developed by the German company Wago. The principle of their work is that the conductors are clamped not with a screw, as in conventional terminal blocks, and a lever-type mechanism that is fixed by the veins without deforming them.

The case of the WAGO terminals is made of polymeric materials. The contact part is two brass plates, one is fixed rigidly, and the second is movable. The bare end of the wire is enough to insert into the cell of the terminal and lower the locking flag.

There are two types of WAGO spring pads:

• Detachable.
• Digging.

The detachable terminals suggest a reusable use of the connection can be disassembled and gather again. Undoubted terminals are used only once. To repair wiring, the terminal box will have to cut, and after troubleshooting, install a new one.

Benefits of spring terminals:

• Quick installation.
• The connection of more than two conductors.
• Reliable contact without deformation lived.
• Hole for measuring network parameters.
• You can connect conductors from different materials.

Disadvantages:

• High cost compared to conventional pads.
• It is not recommended to use in networks with a large load.

Important. When connecting aluminum wires, it is recommended to pre-fill the terminal with contact paste to prevent oxidation. In the range of products of WAGO, there are terminals already treated with such a means of manufacture.

Caps Sizes

The design of connecting insulating clamps (PPE) consists of a cap and a cone spring inserted inside it. The cap is made of heat-resistant plastic withstanding voltage up to 660 V.

The connection of wires with caps of PPE is produced in two ways - with a pre-twin conducted and without. When connecting two conductors, it is enough to attach their bare ends to each other, put on a cap and rotational movements clockwise to make a twist. Coupling with a cap of three and more wires make, twisting their ends with passats. The insulation from the cables is removed so that the bare part does not protrude beyond the cap, the applying isolation does not need.

Advantages of caps SIZ:

• Low cost connectors.
• Quick installation.
• PPCs are made of non-combustible material.
• The caps have a variety of coloring, which makes it possible to label wiring.

Disadvantages:

• You can not connect copper conductors with aluminum.
• Relatively weak fixation and insulation.

To ensure that the connection is reliable, it is important to choose the desired clamp type. All CAP caps are labeled in which the type of housing is first indicated: 1 - no protrusion, 2 - with a protrusion for a more convenient capture of the cap with fingers. After the type of housing, the minimum and maximum total cross-section of the veins can be connected in the clamp.

Pressing sleeves

The most reliable connection used in high current load lines. A tube is used as a clamp, into which the bare ends of the conductors will be created and crimped with mechanical or hydraulic press clamps. Some wizards for this purpose use passatasi, but in this case it is impossible to ensure the reliability of the connection.

The material of the sleeve must coincide with the material of the conductors. If you need to combine the copper cable with aluminum, use a combined copper-aluminum sleeve. The diameter of the tube is selected, depending on the total cross section of the conductors - after the ends of the ends, it should not remain emptiness.

Connection of wires with crimping is done so that their ends are approximately in the middle of the sleeve. The connection is insulated with a shrink tube or ordinary tape.

Advantages of crimping sleeves:

• Low cost of sleeves.
• Reliable connection with high mechanical strength.
• You can connect copper with aluminum.

Disadvantages:

• Local connection - if necessary, the sleeve will have to cut.
• For work, you need a special tool.
• It takes more time to carry out work.

Important. Copper and aluminum are subject to oxidation. Before crimping, it is recommended to clean the wires to the brilliance and handle with a special lubricant.

Soldering and welding

Soldering is old, but a reliable method used so far. Its essence is to connect the wires of the molten solder, which is pushing into the cleaners of the twist. After it is frozen, a monolithic connection is formed. The soldering is used for docking copper wires. There are fluxes and aluminum for sale, but experts prefer to refrain from its soldering. Soldering process:

1. Remove from the ends of the wire isolation and clean it from varnish.
2. Make a twist.
3. Process the twist rosin.
4. Heat the place of connection with a soldering iron with a scored solder until it fills all the gaps.
5. Give cool.
6. Treat the place soldering with alcohol and exhibit.

This method is well suited for docking conductors of small diameters. The resulting connection does not need to maintain the entire service life.

Benefits of soldering:

• Excellent connection quality.
• Low cost of work.

Disadvantages:

• Labor consumption.
• We need experience working with a soldering iron.
• Low connected connection.
• Cannot be used in high current loads.

To connect the welding cables, a welding machine is used. As in the previous case, the ends of the conductors are pre-twisted, then the coal or graphite electrode spill the end of the twist before the formation of the ball. As a result, a monolithic connection is obtained, distinguished by reliability. The disadvantages of this method are an inconsecting connection and the need to have a certain skill of working with welding.

Twist and insulation

The essence lies in twisting the bare ends of the conductors among themselves with subsequent insulation. Even until recently, when the load in the apartments was only from lighting and television, the twist was used everywhere. Now it is forbidden to PEU, especially in wooden buildings and rooms with high humidity.

Advantages of twist:

• Easy work.
• No material costs are required.

Disadvantages:

• Low connection quality.
• You can not connect copper with aluminum.

Preparatory stage to soldering or welding, when installing temporary wiring.

Connection of wires by the "Walnut" clamps

The branch slice is designed to perform branches from the main cable without its rupture. The clamping device consists of a collapsible polycarbonate housing, inside the steel core of two dies and an intermediate plate. Halves of the housing are interconnected by locking rings, and the dies are tied bolts.

Installation of a branch compressory:

1. Disassemble a branch spot.
2. Remove isolation from the main wire for the waiter length.
3. Turn the end of the exhaust wire on the wave length.
4. Put the wires in the grooves on the dies.
5. Tighten the core bolts, pre-laying a brass plate between the ds.
6. Collect hull.

Important. It is necessary to correctly select the "Out" sizes, depending on the section of the cables used. The selences are selected in accordance with the range of sections indicated on the core plates.

Advantages of the "Walnut" compression:

• Low cost.
• Easy installation.
• The possibility of compounding aluminum and copper.
• Good insulation.

Disadvantages:

• Large dimensions of the device.
• It is necessary to periodically tighten the bolts.

The device is allowed to use in networks with a voltage up to 660 V. Walnut housing has quite good insulation, but it is not capable of providing full protection against moisture and dust. When compressing in adverse conditions, the housing is recommended to wrap the tape.

Bolt connection

All that will need to work is any bolt, the washers of the corresponding diameter and nut.

The ends of the conductors are cleaned by isolation. In the bare areas form loops on the diameter of the bolt. To simplify the work, the ends of the cables can be wrapped around the bolt and then spin. The connection elements are put on the bolt in the following order:

1. Washer.
2. Conductor.
3. Washer.
4. Conductor.
5. Washer.
6. Nut.

The nut is tightened by hands, then the key or passage. The finished connection is carefully isolated.

Advantages of the bolted connection:

• Easy work.
• Reliable contact.
• Low cost.
• Collapsible connection.
• Use in high-load networks.

Disadvantages: the bulkness of the structure, which can not always be fit into the junction box, high consumption isol.

How to connect several wires

The following methods will be suitable for combining wires:

1. Spring terminals.
2. A twist with soldering, welding or using caps of PP.
3. Pressing sleeves.
4. Bolted connection.

The first option is less labor-intensive and the fastest. A bolted compound is also suitable - the number of conductors is limited only to the bolt length, but the compound has large dimensions.

Connection of wires of different sections

When connecting the conductors of different sections, the twist cannot provide reliable contact, so all the methods associated with it are excluded. It is recommended to use terminal blocks, spring terminals or a bolt connection.

Combining stranded and single-core conductors

Does not have any features. Any of the described methods is suitable, the exception is only a twist of conductors from different materials. Otherwise, the choice depends on the preferences and financial capabilities. When using screw terminal blocks, it is necessary for the presence of tips on a stranded wire.

Cable connection in water and underground

Electricity and moisture are incompatible things, therefore, for compounds made under water or in the ground, special requirements are presented. The ends of the conductors are combined by soldering or crimping sleeves. Then processed with thermal and isolate the heat shrink tube. If everything is done correctly, the penetration of moisture into place is excluded.

You can also use docking terminal pads. The connection site is placed in a hermetic box and fill with silicone sealant. The cable passing under the ground must be placed in a pipe or box of damage to rodents.

You can use one way or several immediately - it all depends on the installation. The main thing is that one should not forget - this is safety. The plot on which electrical installation works is made, it is necessary to disable from the network, to adhere to the PEU and use a good tool.