"The smoke of the fire creates a comfort, the sparks go out in flight themselves ... etc." And also: "Write the blue night with fires .." What summer without fires? The fire warms and combines people, you can cook delicious soup on the fire, and then fry kebabs on coals. But it is impossible to say that only the benefits of fires. There are harm, and very significant. We are not talking about forest fires, considering that people who read this article are quite careful and bonflash in all the terms of group-safety. It will be about the dangers of the smoke of a conventional fire. Often people think that the harmful smoke is obtained only if you burn rubber, plastic, PVC, cardboard, painted boards. This is not true. Please note that in this article we write about the dangers of smoke from burning ordinary firewoods from birch, pine, aspen and other dry trees.

So what happens to the tree when burning? One of the most detailed descriptions of the process can be found in the book d. F - M. n. Khosheva Yu.M. "Wood furnaces. Processes and phenomena. " Elemental mass composition of absolutely dry wood of all wood breeds of approximately the same: carbon 49-50%, oxygen 42-44%, hydrogen 6-7%, inorganic part 0.1-2% (potassium oxides, calcium, sodium, magnesium, silicon and etc.). Wood contains also 0.1-1% of the associated nitrogen - it is precisely such "wood" nitrogen can form harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides during wood burning (atmospheric nitrogen into the interaction with oxygen when burning firewood does not enter). The listed chemical elements are created in the wood three main groups of chemical compounds of type natural polymers: cellulose 39-58%, hemicellulose 15-38% and lignin 17-34% and up to several percent of waxes, resins, tannins, fats, essential oils.

The main feature flame burning of wood It is the ending of burnout is calculated with a change in the composition of combustible gases of pyrolysis of wood (so-called "volatile") and with a change in the velocity of volatile. Essentially, the lamps burn in the gaps between the lamps as in microtopes with hot charred walls of wood. Inside the fire, the lack of oxygen can occur for the complete combustion of volatile, and the fire turns into a gas generator that suppresses combustible gases into the flame over the wood. Flame-free combustion Solid fuels are called a drainage. The drainage is characteristic of what can occur more slowly than fiery burning, and can be carried out at a relatively low combustion temperature.

Scheme of stains on the wood surface. 1 - wood, 2 - heat flow deepwood, 3 - air intake, 4 - exit volatile from the thermolization zone through the coal layer / with flame ignition or in the form of a SIZOD /, 5 - "cap" of exhausting products of CO2 and CO 6 - radiant heat flow, 7 - coal zone, 8 - wood thermolysis zone, 9 - exit volatile from pores of wood with condensation in the form of white smoke.

One of the most harmful products of combustion and thoughts of wood is visually visible smoke - gas in small solid and liquid particles. The chimping process is called in foreign literature of the emissions of particles of substances - "Emission of Particles of Matters" / PM /. Usually, "heavy" white smokes have a particle size of 1-10mkm, black smokes 0.1-1mkm, "light" SIZY haze - less than 0.1 μm. US Ecology Services consider particles with a size of less than 10 microns, and especially less than 2.5 μm, the most harmful component of flue gases, since these particles are able to freely act through the protective system of the lungs in Alveola (http://www.epa.gov/pm /)

Major splashes of emissions of smoke and carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) occur when dropping fresh firewood to the fire, it is in these moments that there is an increased yield and white, gray and black smoke due to the appearance of the unnegunted wood surfaces and due to the increased exit of volatile products thermolysis. The flue gases contain a large amount of water vapor, and the chemicals of wood formed mainly during the combustion of the chemical substances, and not with the physical drying of the source wood. Note along the way, that gases have the ability to dissolve in water, including drops of condensate. If the solubility of nitrogen 0.015 m3 / m3 and oxygen 0.031 m3 / m3 is not large, then the solubility of carbon dioxide is 0.88 m3 / m3, sulfur gas 39 m3 / m3 and hydrogen chloride 440 m3 / m3 are significant. Therefore, for example, the presence of sulfur in the fuel leads to the translation of the droplets of water mist in a drop of sulfuric acid.

We will deal with the composition of the white, gray and black smoke of the fire. White smoke is an aerosol of small droplets of liquid wood pyrolysis products. When heating wood, evaporating water is fond of the pairs of oils ("dages"). Boiling water, as is well known, well "distilts" many hydrocarbons, especially aromatic, which actually gives white smoke the specific smell of "soot" of smoldering wood. These waters with "weaving", formed inside the village near the hot burning zone or decline, are combined in the fifth of cold wood, cooled, and in the form of white smoke and come out of wood (mainly through the ends of the lane). As it grows, it is full of white smoke begins to evaporate and finally flashes flames. At the same time, the white smoke may damage at all.

A gray smoke may proceed from hot charred, but not burning flames, surfaces of lane, including smoldering grooves. Such a sizy smoke is formed as a result of evaporation and subsequent high-temperature condensation in the fog of the most difficult oils and resins. Moreover, the more high-boiling the condensing resin, the "land and easier" looks like a gray smoke. Size smoke differs from white smoke a significantly smaller particle size. A particles of size less than 400 nm preferably dissect visible light in the purple spectrum region, and do not absorb it as large particles of white smoke. Therefore, the transition from the "heavy wet" white smoke, to a dry siza smoke, occurs gradually through grayish-bluish haze, familiar like smacks of cigarettes.

Black smoke is essentially burnt tar ("elementary carbon", soot). Black smoke occurs when thermoapping hydrocarbons, mostly in the flame, with insufficient oxidation. Black smoking is very characteristic of combustion of materials rich in carbon and, especially containing benzene rings (benzene, fuel oil, polystyrene).

Black smoke formation scheme

When combustion, 1 kg of wood is released 7.5-8.0 m 3 gaseous combustion products. Their, except for products of complete burning, includes: carbon monoxide, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids and other complex organic compounds.

Of course, a sharp harm to the health of one or two in the evening by the fire will not apply. But we must try to avoid inhalation of smoke and keep in mind that smoke from the fire delayed in the body much longer than tobaccoAnd it has a greater number of carcinogenic substances.

Sources

Khoshev Yu.M. "Wood furnaces. Processes and phenomena "2014

Is welding smoke harmful to health?

Welding is the process of compounding metals under heating and compressing parts under pressure. In the process of welding, a combination of gases and evaporation is formed, called the welding smoke, which has a toxic effect on the human body. Not so long ago, the Federal Agency for Labor and Health US (OSHA) published information indicating the connection between the inhalation of welding smoke and the development of cancer tumors.

Welding smoke

Welding smoke consists of a variety of chemicals that have a harmful effect on bioorganisms. According to OSHA, lead among these chemicals is lead, mercury, carbon monoxide, asbestos, phosgene, nitrogen dioxide, silica dioxide, cadmium, nickel, chrome, manganese and arsenic. Depending on the levels of chemicals, the consequences of inhalation of welding smoke differ

Chemicals, and their impact on the human body

Due to the fact that the welding smoke contains various chemicals, then their impact on the human body is enhanced. OSHA has published a document that lists the possible consequences of the impact of these chemicals. For example, lead can harm all human organs, causing fatigue, irritability and vomiting. Inhalation of mercury leads to neurological complications leading to the loss of coordination and sensory violations. Salonic acid - the producer of phosgene and ultraviolet radiation during welding - can damage the pulmonary tissue. Even a small impact of manganese can lead to a deterioration in short-term memory and changes in mood. Nitrogen dioxide irritates eyes, nasal mucosa and throat, and also causes a cluster of fluid in the lungs.

Long-term and short-term impact

If the duration of exposure to chemicals did not exceed 12 hours, then the symptoms of the impact can be increased temperature, shortness of breath and weakness in the muscles. 5-6 hours of exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon can cause dizziness, cramped breathing and eye irritation. The constant inhalation of welding smoke as a result can lead to respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia. Among the protracted effects, heart, pulmonary and skin diseases are noted on the effects of welding smoke. Cadmium, nickel and chrome can accelerate the development of cancer tumors, and expose a person at risk of developing lung cancer, larynx and kidney cancer.

Measures to reduce disease risk

OSHA has developed standards for protecting the safety and health of welders, including training safe principles of work, ventilation of the workplace, wearing personal protective equipment, fire and electrical safety, welding in a closed room and installing warning sign. OSHA also installed the maximum allowable limit of the effect of chemicals per person. Although, despite the established limit, the National Institute for Labor Protection of the United States (NIOSH) recommends providing as far as possible impact of chemicals on workers.

Medical observation

Niosh recommends employers to send welders to the medical examination every year. If there is a suspicion of pneumonia, most likely, it will have to make x-ray of the lungs and begin treatment with antibiotics. If there is a suspicion of tuberculosis, doctors will take a sputum on the analysis and send an employee to the skin test for tuberculosis. Because Welding is a dangerous activity, remember that when unusual symptoms appear, for example, weight loss, permanent cough, problems with vision and hearing, skin irritation or deterioration of movement coordination, you should immediately inform your guide and, if necessary To seek medical care.

Today, Muscovites began to fall into the present panic. And not wise! We read the press release of Rospotrebnadzor on August 4:
On the territory of Moscow, 8-00 and 13-00 hours are noted exceeding the PDC on carbon monoxide in Yuvao, VAO - in 1.2-2.6 times; According to suspended substances in Yuvao - 3.2 times, in WA to 2 times, in Swao - 1.3 times. In addition, in the area of \u200b\u200bKozhukhovo and G. Zelenograd, at 7:00 there were exceeded PDC of finely suspended RM10 particles in 2.1-2.8 times.
In the Moscow region, the maximum concentrations of harmful substances in the air as in previous days are registered in the cities of Kolomna and Lukhovitsy: at 7:00 - exceeding up to 11.0 MPC on carbon oxide, up to 14.0 MPC for nitrogen dioxide, up to 10 MPCs on suspended substances, up to 3 MPCs for sulfur dioxide; At 13:00, the concentrations decreased to 6.9 by carbon oxide, 3.2 PDCs for nitrogen dioxide, 3.7 MPCs on suspended substances.

Just amazingly, to what we have a dormant country and non-painted officials! Not the first time to be used to the smoke of the Fatherland, and the elementary-explanatory recommendations for the people are not ourselves. The Internet is still flooded by idiotic advice of the appeals to all wear masks (sellers of masks, probably, in Russia were already rocked!).
Before talking about how smoke is harmful, I will list the generally accepted recommendations (and then suddenly not all until the end of the post will reach):
Basic measures:
It is important here to understand that the harm from most toxic gases and heat is the thing is reversible (headache, malaise and lethargy will pass). But the fine carcinogenic and obstructive soot will fall in the lungs forever. Therefore, the main thing is to breathe the soot less!
* Do not go outside at the clock of the greatest smoke.
If the house is well sealing, it may kind of to protect you from inhalation of suspended particles. In the room, the concentration of smoke can be one third less outdoor. However, the most harmful fine particles (PM 10) penetrate into any room.
* Keep the windows tightly closed at least at night and early in the morning when the smoke reaches its maximum.
* Do not dust and do not smoke at home additionally:
o do not burn candles and incense
o Do not vacuum
o Do not use gas stoves
o During cooking, turn on forced hood
o No way smoke at home!
* In the clock of maximum smoke, be careful with air conditioning.
Air conditioners, taking air outside, can only be used if only they are equipped with special filters (type HEPA). Split air conditioners with peak pollution is also better to turn off, since the decrease in the room in the room will cause additional suction of smog from the street so that inside the weighing will be greater than the outside. If the heat is unbearable, reduce the temperature moderately (no more than 5C).

* If possible, call from Moscow and from the area to unseasonable places. Take a vacation!
* Do not overturn physically.
Physical activity makes you breathe more often and deeper that heavily and for a long time harms your health in smaller conditions. No runs in the mornings and bicycles! If your work is connected with physical exertion, with such a smoke, demand from the employer of the abbreviated working day.
* Reduce to a minimum number of cigarettes smoked. Although truly helps only a complete refusal of smoking. Passively smokers, run out of smoking rooms!
* Persons with existing diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems should strenuously comply with the recommendations of doctors (to regularly measure pressure and, if necessary, revise drug dosages). It is especially difficult to asthmatic, which I recommend to leave all possible ways beyond smoke. During the risk of thrombosis, the doctor may advise to take a daily 1/4 of aspirin tablets.

Additional measures:
* Does masks help? I will say right - not particularly.
Ordinary medical masks not only do not help, but also harm. They have sufficient gaps to skip smoke, and pores to not capture the most harmful particles PM10. But the masks create an additional respiratory barrier, causing breathing more often and deeper. You can really help only special respirators, filtering fine particles (type P-2, P-3), but it is necessary to wear them only in the clock of maximum smoke. If you already think about wearing an 8-layer vanity-gauze bandage on the recommendations of domestic luminaries, be sure to moisturize it with water. And remember: harmful gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, etc.) No masks are separated from normal air gases. As you breathe, they breathe and you will breathe.
* Oxygen cocktails and springs - unfinished seal of money from the population.
* If possible, refuse terrestrial transport and reserve on the subway. The loaded highways are without that, and now there is just hell!
* Moisturize the air in the house in all possible ways. If there are no special humidifiers, spray the water from the spacing. In the heat you can not allow the drying of the mucous respiratory tract!
* Drink enough liquid!
Together with indoor humidification, this will help to avoid drying the mucous membranes and effectively remove suspended particles with a wet.
* Remove the settling on the floor and furniture as wet rags as possible.
* If it is not possible to keep windows closed due to heat, hook them with grids or gauze that you need to constantly moisturize.
* When irritating the eyes, use drugs such as natural tears. It is recommended not to wear contact lenses (go to points).
* Eat more vegetable products, drink green tea and fresh juices instead of coffee and effervescent drinks. Antioxidants contained in them, they say somehow help to inactivate harmful peroxidation substances in the body. Well, and maybe at the same time :).
A little theory for those who lived to these lines :)
So, it is necessary to understand that peat smoke is much more dangerous for health than the usual wood, since peat consists of partially decomposed organic organics, which, burning, highlights many carbon compounds, sulfur and nitrogen. Peat smoke contains more irritants and silent substances. It is also significantly the thick of the "usual" smoke, since the peat is not just burning, but tortures: lower combustion temperatures lead to greater smoke formation with high volume particles to the atmosphere.

1. Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) - colorless, devoid of smell poisonous gas. It blocks hemoglobin in red blood cells (red blood tales) and thereby interferes with the transfer of oxygen blood (especially dangerous for people with a disease of the cardiovascular system).

2. Dust, causing hair in the eyes.

3. Smoke, which makes breathing, leads to a nose and throat.

4. Overacted ozone is a high concentration of ozone molecules at an altitude of 0-5 km., Toxic, causes problems with light, inflammation of the throat, tearing and dry eye.

What to do to facilitate your condition

- To reduce the toxic effect of smoke components and Gary drink natural juices and there are fruits in which antioxidants are contained.

To swim and visit the pool (the lungs work very actively, and the particles that fell inside can be removed during active breathing).

Maximum use of wet gauze bandages, to reduce the risk of small particles in the lungs.

Refuse contact lenses in favor of ordinary glasses.

Symptoms of poisoning.

- Dizziness.
- Headache.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Pain in the chest.
- In the risk group, people with respiratory diseases, such as asthma, lung emphysema, as well as chronic allergies and people with nasopharynk infectious diseases. The delayed consequences of inhalation of air with accordion and smoke are possible.

Man, for a long time inhaling forest fires, risks suddenly to die. Carcinogens accumulate in the human body. As a result, paralysis of the heart muscle or a sudden liver failure may occur.

Is the smoke marijuana harmful, including under passive smoking? / What Are Negative Effects of Cannabis Smoking and Secondhand Smoke?

We hear about the dangers of inhalation of smoke since childhood, be it a smoke fire or smoke cigarettes. Since I love Marijuana and sometimes smash in the presence of outsiders, I wanted to get an accurate scientific response to the question, whether the inhalation of smoke marijuana harms health, especially considering that the popularity of hemp grows, and smoking still remains the most popular way to use it.

I found out that the smoke cannabis is even more rombing than tobacco, and although the opinion is widespread, as if he, unlike tobacco, health, research shows that inhalation of marijuana smoke, including passive, may be harmful to cardiovascular vascular system.

What are the effects of passive inhalation of smoke marijuana?

In the recent, held by the University of California in San Francisco, scientists studied the effects of cannabis smoke when it was passive inhalation in rats, while measuring such a parameter as "an" arteries indirectly mediated dilatation "(that is, how much arteries are expanded or narrowed). In a nutshell, if blood flow is blocked, and then unlocked, the blood vessels should expand in order to skip the increasing blood flow. For clarity, imagine a device that squeezes a person's hand when measuring blood pressure.

According to Dr. Matthew L. Springer (Matthew L. Springer), whose team carried out this study, mediated by the bloodstream dilatation - this is "real-time working mechanism, which is more effective in healthy vessels than in patients, and especially young people without cardiovascular Risk factors. "

To study the effects of passive smoking, the researchers gave sedative rats - it allowed them to carry out accurate measurements and minimize damage. Then they have blocked the blood flow in a large artery and measured dilatation after the blocking was removed. Part of the rats at the same time buried the smoke marijuana, others - no. The experiment was built in such a way as to determine whether the smoke has an impact on dilatation, that is, it decreases or no ability of vessels to expand after removing the lock. Dr. Springer explained: "From the 90s, we know that the tobacco smokers caused by the blood flow of dilatation worse; This is also reported to those who are constantly subjected to passive influence of tobacco smoke. The effect is observed even when people do not inhale smoke directly during the experiment. "

The result of the experiment was unambiguous - rats passively inhaled marijuana smoke, showed a decrease in dilatation, that is, their blood vessels expanded not as fast as the control group. In fact, after a minute of inhalation of smoke, dilatation was not restored to a normal level when measured after 90 minutes. Such an effect did not surprise researchers, considering how many toxic substances are contained in smoke. "The combustion of any vegetable material leads to the emission of many toxic substances, including volatile organic compounds and harmful gases, such as acrolein, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde, explained Dr. Springer.

Is the harm of marijuana smoke exposure to cannabinoids?

The next question that researchers were set were - whether TGC or other cannabinoids are involved in the deterioration of blood vessels. To this end, they used cannabis, in which there were no cannabinoids (TGK, KBD and others). When the rats inhaled smoke without cannabinoids, his impact on dilatation was exactly the same. This suggests that TGC and other cannabinoids themselves do not affect the deterioration of dilatation.

"We have shown that the deterioration takes place even when there is no TGC in marijuana and when the cigarette paper is not used, - said Springer, - we also made sure that during the cultivation of marijuana, pesticides were not used and that it did not contain any twigs or seeds ". Thus, scientists managed to prove that the chief psychoactive component of marijuana (TGC) or other cannabinoids, for example, having a large therapeutic potential of the CBD, do not harm vessels.

Do these effects have the effects when cannabis vaporization?

Dr. Springer explained which conclusions can be made from this study. "It is worth emphasizing that our results do not necessarily have an" anti-drug "character, since we have shown that the problem was caused not to the marijuana itself, as a psychoactive substance, and its smoke. We hope that these results will enroll people think about how they use cannabis / TGC / CBS, and make a conscious choice before exposing themselves, their home, neighbors and friends inhalation risk of smoke. " Considering the negative impact of smoke on health, marijuana lovers should consider smokeless methods of use, for example, vaporization.

In order not to be unfounded, we asked the question of Dr. Springer, whether the WAPPorization is really a healthier way of cannabis use. "This is a reasonable sentence," he replied, "however, we do not know this for sure." Not only TGC, but other substances are present in pairs produced by the Vaporizer. The most reasonable conclusion from our results is to look for a smokeless way to eat TGC. "

Vaporization, products with marijuana, as well as outdoor use - all this is much less harmful ways of use compared to smoking. And although the kosyachok in a circle is still very popular, it is worth considering the vaporization or the use of marijuana to food, as it will save our own health and health of others, which are the main victims of passive smoking.

Smoking Cannabis in legalization

There are a lot of questions related to passive inhalation of smoke marijuana. For example, many adult marijuana smokers cannot use a substance at home, which means that they will increase the risk that they will do it on the street or in other public places, that is, they will expose to smoke surrounding. This situation looks especially stupid in those states where marijuana is legalized, but there are no public places where it can be legally use.

Dr. Springer explains: "I believe that passive smoking needs to be avoided at any cost, and it does not matter whether it is about tobacco or marijuana. Laws prohibiting smoking in public places should be rewritten in such a way as to include and marijuana ... People who stay with others, especially parents of young children, should know that smoking marijuana in the presence of children is as bad for their cardiovascular Health, like smoking cigarettes with tobacco. In my opinion, it goes without saying when it comes to recreational use. "

Now that the control of drug control simplifies the rules of studying marijuana, research seems to determine the future of the use of marijuana. We should understand all aspects of how this plant affects individual and public health.