A person in his life is a member of various social groups. Such groups can be family, educational groups, work collectives, friendships, etc. The type of group also dictates the presence of certain social relations.

Depending on the social sphere where interpersonal relations are realized A. N. Sukhov, A. A. Derkach distinguish: industrial, household, economic, legal, moral, political, religious, aesthetic and other human relations.

1. Industrial relations- are formed between employees of organizations when solving production, educational, economic, household and other problems and presuppose fixed rules of behavior of employees in relation to each other. These relationships are shared:

vertically - between managers and subordinates;

horizontally - relations between employees with the same status;

diagonally - the relationship between the heads of one production unit with the rank and file of another.

2. Household relationships- are formed outside of work on vacation and at home;

3. Economic relations - are realized in the sphere of production, possession and consumption, which is a market for material and spiritual products. Here, a person acts in two interrelated roles - a seller and a buyer.

4. Legal relationship - are enshrined in legislation. They establish the measure of individual freedom as a subject of industrial, economic, political and other social relations. These relations, based on legislative rules, carry a great moral burden.

5. Moral relations - are fixed in the corresponding rituals, traditions, customs and other forms of organizing people's lives. These forms contain the moral norm of behavior at the level of existing interpersonal relations, which stems from the moral consciousness of a particular community of people.

6. Religious relations reflect the interaction of people who are formed under the influence of the faith and religion that is characteristic of a given society or social group. These relationships grow out of a person's need for self-knowledge and self-improvement, from the consciousness of the higher meaning of being, understanding their connections with the cosmos, explaining mysterious phenomena that do not lend themselves to natural scientific analysis. In these relations, irrational principles of mental reflection of reality, based on feelings, intuition and faith, prevail.

7. Political relations concentrate around the problem of power. The latter automatically leads to the dominance of those who possess it, and the subordination of those who are deprived of it. The power intended to organize public relations is realized in the form of leadership functions in communities of people. Its absolutization, like its complete absence, is harmful to the livelihoods of communities.

8. Aesthetic relationships arise on the basis of the emotional and psychological attractiveness of people for each other and the aesthetic reflection of material objects of the external world. These relationships are distinguished by high subjective variance.

Also distinguish formal(official) and informal(unofficial)relationship.

1.formal(official)relationship- normatively stipulated relationships, enshrined in official documents;

2.informal(unofficial)relationship- relationships that really develop in relationships between people and are manifested in preferences, likes or dislikes, mutual assessments, authority, etc.

V. G. Krysko, identifies the following types of interpersonal relationships: acquaintance, friendship, companionship, friendship, love, conjugal, kinship, destructive relationships. This classification is based on several criteria: the depth of the relationship, the degree of selectivity in the choice of partners, the functions of the relationship.

Interpersonal relationships are based on emotional experiences. As you know from the course of general psychology, they can be positive, negative and neutral... Therefore, if we put the form of emotional experiences as the basis for the classification of interpersonal relations, then we can talk about positive, negative and neutral interpersonal relationships.

1. Positive interpersonal relationships ("towards people").

Love - the most complex type of interpersonal relations, expressed in a high degree of emotional positive attitude towards an object, which stands out from others and is placed in the center of the subject's vital interests. Love can manifest itself in relation to another person as an object of sexual needs (man or woman) and non-sexual needs (love for parents, children, other family members), for inanimate objects and concepts (city, homeland, art, etc.);

Proximity- the type of interpersonal relationship between two people, expressed in mutually adaptive behavior aimed at achieving mutual satisfaction and a sense of security in their position;

friendship- this is a stable individual-selective interpersonal relationship, characterized by the mutual affection of the participants, the desire to be in the company of other people, mutual expectations of reciprocal feelings and preference. It is built on mutual understanding, trust, active mutual assistance, mutual interest, sincerity and disinterestedness of feelings.

Friendly relationship- unstable, not deep, but benevolent relationship;

2. Neutral interpersonal relationships ("from people").

Autism(alienation) - the withdrawal of an individual from contact with the surrounding reality and immersion in the world of his own experiences. It is observed in mental disorders (schizophrenia) and in the case of severe psychological trauma with a normal psyche;

Indifference- a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in the failure to provide assistance to the victims and those in need. Depends on factors such as:

“Eyewitness effect” - help is provided less often in the presence of eyewitnesses;

Uncertainty of the situation;

Personal unfamiliarity with the victim;

Personal, primarily status, characteristics of the victim - people with high status receive help faster;

Emotional states such as anger, rage, anger, fear, depression, sadness interfere with empathy and help;

Personality traits.

Conformism - a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in conciliation and reconciliation.

Selfishness- a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in the desire to satisfy their needs at the expense of others.

3. Negative interpersonal relationships ("against others").

Negativism- This is a peculiar form of interpersonal relations, manifested in unmotivated, negative behavior, opposite to requirements and expectations.

Dislike for others- negative attitude towards people, which can manifest itself in discrimination, racism, etc.

Hatred- a persistent form of interpersonal relations, manifested in an active negative feeling of the subject, aimed at phenomena that contradict his needs, beliefs, values.

Aggression – a form of interpersonal relations, manifested in behavior aimed at causing physical or psychological harm, harm to people or their destruction.

Interpersonal relationships is a relationship between two or more separate individuals.

The nature of interpersonal relations differs significantly from the nature of social relations: their most important specific feature is the emotional basis. Therefore, interpersonal relationships can be viewed as a factor in the psychological “climate” of the group. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships means that they arise and develop on the basis of certain feelings that are born in people in relation to each other. In the Russian school of psychology, there are three types, or levels of emotional manifestations of personality: affects, emotions and feelings. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships includes all types of these emotional manifestations.

Types of interpersonal interactions:

Between two individuals (husband and wife, teacher and student, two comrades)

Between three individuals (father, mother, child)

Between four or more people (singer and listeners)

Between many, many people (between members of a disorganized crowd)

Interpersonal relationships can be divided into formal and informal:

Formal interpersonal relationships:

Job negotiations;

Headmaster's conversation with the student's parents

Relations between officials during office hours

Making a business meeting by phone

Informal interpersonal relationships:

Friends party;

A trip with friends to a picnic;

Tourist hike;

Meeting your neighbor

Chatting with a friend on the phone.

Interpersonal relationships can be characterized as interaction, mutual understanding and mutual perception of people.

Interpersonal relationships are possible both among large groups of people (nations, classes, estates) and among small groups of people (family, collective, group).

Relationships are business (official) and personal (friendship, camaraderie, friendship, love). In interpersonal relationships, sometimes there are conflicts.

Conflict- clash of opposing goals, interests, serious disagreement, dispute. To resolve the conflict, it is necessary to determine the motive that caused it. The outcome of the conflict depends on the choice of further strategy and methods of action. Its positive resolution is consensus.

Consensus- consent, mutual agreement on any issue.

Reasons for interpersonal conflicts:

inability to contain anger, irritation, jealousy, anger, resentment, etc.

negative feelings: envy, self-interest, etc.

age

due to different views on fundamental issues

due to different value orientations in modern life

due to bad manners, tactlessness, mutual disrespect

by the "effect of infection" (from one to another)

Offense, types of offenses

Offense- this is such behavior (actions) of people that contradicts legal regulations and harms public relations.

The main signs of an offense:

1) it is a certain volitional act of behavior, a specific act, which is expressed:

· In action- an active act of behavior that violates a legal prohibition (theft, bribe, act of hooliganism, conclusion of an illegal transaction);

· inactive, i.e. non-fulfillment of a positive obligation stipulated by a certain rule of law, an act of application of law or a specific agreement (non-payment of tax, free travel in transport).

2) this is such human behavior that is contrary to the norms of law. The offense primarily infringes on the interests of other persons protected by the law (for example, property rights, etc.) The essence of the offense lies precisely in behavior that is contrary to the norms of law.

3) this is the guilty behavior of subjects of law. Guilt is the mental attitude of the offender to his unlawful behavior - in the form of intent or negligence.

4) this behavior is harmful to society, state, citizen. It harms the political, labor, property, personal rights and freedoms of citizens, the interests of organizations.

5) the offense entails the use of measures of state coercion.

All offenses according to the degree of public danger are subdivided into two types: misdemeanors and crimes.

Misconduct- these are offenses that are characterized by a lesser degree of public danger in comparison with crimes and encroach on certain aspects of the rule of law operating in society. These include disciplinary, administrative and civil offenses. Their distinction is made depending on the scope of those social relations that are harmed as a result of unlawful behavior.

Crimes are the most dangerous type of offenses. They differ from misdemeanors by the increased degree of social danger and cause more serious harm to the individual, the state, and society. Crimes infringe on the foundations of the state and social system, property, rights and freedoms of citizens and entail the use of criminal penalties.

Composition of the offense:

Selected signs of wrongdoing the following:

the object of the offense is those social relations, regulated and protected by law, to which actual or possible damage has been caused by the offense, those benefits, values ​​of society and an individual (life, health, material well-being of people, public order, etc.), which the violator encroaches;

the subject of the offense is delinquent, i.e. has reached a certain age, a sane person, as well as an organization (firm, enterprise, press, etc.) that committed an offense. In jurisprudence, the general principle is that ignorance of the officially published law does not exempt the subject from legal responsibility for its violation (ignorantia legislation non est argumentum);

the objective side of the offense is the characteristics of the elements of the wrongful offense. First of all, this concerns the act itself, the methods and circumstances of its commission. For a number of offenses, the onset of harm is necessary, as well as the establishment of a causal relationship between the act and the harmful consequences that have occurred. For such offenses, it is important that the harm that occurred was caused by this act, and did not occur due to any other reasons;

the subjective side of the offense determines the type and degree of guilt of the offender, characterizes his mental attitude to the deed, as well as the motives and goals of the offense.

Types of offenses

Depending on the degree of public danger, they are divided into crimes and misdemeanors.

Misconduct- these are illegal acts not directly provided for by the Criminal Code. Depending on the object of the offense, the damage caused and the nature of the sanctions, they are divided into administrative, disciplinary, and civil law (they are often called tort).

Administrative misconduct- these are encroachments on public order, property, rights and freedoms of citizens. the established procedure for the management of acts for which administrative responsibility is established, provided for by the Code of Administrative Offenses (travel without a ticket in public transport, violation of fire regulations, petty hooliganism, etc.). Administrative offenses entail such types of penalties as a warning, a fine, deprivation of a special right (for example, to drive vehicles), administrative arrest for up to 15 days, etc. The subjects of such offenses can be both citizens and officials, and legal entities.

Disciplinary misconduct- these are violations of discipline, i.e. the procedure established by law for the activity of a certain collective (labor, service, military, training). As examples, we can cite violation of the rules of the internal labor schedule (being late, appearing at work drunk, etc.), disciplinary military regulations (unauthorized abandonment of a unit, failure to comply with a military order, etc.).

Civil violations(torts) is the infliction of non-contractual property damage to a person or organization, the conclusion of an illegal transaction, non-fulfillment of a contract, violation of copyright, etc. Subjects of torts can be individuals and legal entities.

Crimes the most dangerous offenses are recognized that infringe on the social system of the country, its security, fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as other acts provided for by the criminal law. Crimes entail the most severe punishments - deprivation or restriction of freedom, correctional labor, significant fines, and for especially dangerous crimes - the death penalty. Only citizens and officials can be the subjects of crimes. After serving a sentence, a person convicted of the most serious crimes retains for a certain period or permanently a special legal state - a criminal record.

The crime- this is a guilty socially dangerous act (action or inaction) prohibited by the Criminal Code under the threat of punishment.

Characteristic signs of a crime:

public danger- this is the creation of a threat of causing certain harm to public relations protected by law (Article 2):

a) human and civil rights and freedoms

b) property

c) public order and public safety

d) environment

e) the constitutional system of the Russian Federation

f) peace and security of mankind

criminal wrongfulness- consists in the prohibition of a crime by the relevant criminal law under the threat of being punished to the guilty person

guilt- This is the attitude of the person's psyche to the socially dangerous act committed by him and its consequences in the form of intent or negligence. (Only a person is recognized guilty, both in his age and in his mental state, to realize the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction) or to lead them.

punishability- the necessary legal consequence of the crime. Punishment is expressed in the threat, the possibility of applying punishment for acts (inaction) provided for by the criminal law.

Depending on the nature and degree of public danger distinguish between crimes:

low severity (punishment does not exceed 2 years in prison)

moderate severity (punishment does not exceed 5 years in prison)

grave (punishment does not exceed 10 years in prison)

especially grave (imprisonment for more than 10 years or more severe punishment).

Participants in a crime are:

organizer- a person who organized the commission of a crime or directed its execution, as well as a person who created an organized group or criminal community (organization) or led them

executor- a person who directly committed a crime or directly participated in its commission with other persons (co-perpetrators), as well as a person who committed a crime through the use of other persons who are not subject to criminal liability due to age, insanity or other circumstances provided for by the Criminal Code

instigator- a person who persuaded another person to commit a crime by persuasion, bribery, threat or in another way

accomplice- a person who assisted in the commission of a crime with advice, instructions, provision of information, means or instruments for committing a crime or removing obstacles, as well as a person who promised in advance to hide the offender, means or instruments of committing a crime, traces of a crime or objects obtained by criminal means, as well as a person, promising in advance to purchase or sell such items.

Criminal liability - This is an element of a criminal legal relationship, which is generated by a legal fact in the form of an action or inaction containing elements of a crime.

Significant signs of punishment:

a measure of state coercion (punishment is imposed on behalf of the state)

appointed by a court verdict (punishment entails a criminal record)

applies to persons guilty of a crime

is to deprive or restrict the rights and freedoms of the guilty person

differs from other coercive measures in its severity of repression

Ticket number 7

Communication. Communication culture

Communication is a process of interconnection and interaction of people, social groups, during which there is an exchange of information, experience, and results of activities.

Human-to-human communication occurs only in the process of interpersonal relationships. Through communication, a person:

gains knowledge about the world around

transfer of experience

assimilates cultural and moral values ​​that humanity has developed

learns the rules and norms of behavior

learns to evaluate the actions of other people

forms personal qualities: integrity, responsiveness, honesty, kindness, etc.

Types of communication:

between real subjects (e.g. between two people)

a real subject with an illusory partner, who, as it were, is assigned the qualities of a subject that are unusual for him (for example, with animals)

a real subject with an imaginary partner (eg "self-communication", dialogue with the image of another person)

between imaginary partners (e.g. communication of artistic characters)

For the establishment of normal relationships between people, communication culture is important.

The ancient commandments read: “Anyone who wants to enjoy communication must:

Trust in who you communicate with

Belief that he is a good person, is disposed to you and ready to communicate

Respect for the person with whom you communicate

Recognition that he is equal to you and that you need to communicate with him carefully and politely

In the psychology of communication, one of the most important points is to teach yourself to listen and understand who you are communicating with.

Learn to explain to people your intentions and thoughts from which you proceed, thereby you will be able to prevent many misunderstandings, quarrels and conflicts. Honesty in communicating with the interlocutor is often the only way out of a crisis, conflict situation.

If a person first of all knows how to listen to his interlocutor in the process of communication, while competently expresses his thoughts at a good level of language, without slang, swearing and argot, we can say about such a person that he fully owns the culture of communication.

Learn to recognize the individuality of people, which will surely help you understand people and, as a result, respect people and their opinions, even if they do not seem to you to be true.

By learning to respect yourself, you will surely learn to respect your interlocutors. And do not forget to show interest both in the interlocutor and in the topic of your conversation, which will arouse the interlocutor's interest and your conversation will move to a higher level.

One of the important parts of the culture of communication is speech. It is clear that every person would be pleased to hear expressions that evoke only positive emotions. But due to the saving of time and the desire of the language also to save money, we confine ourselves to short greetings, stingy compliments.

The main thing in the culture of communication

The culture of communication, as you yourself understand, includes not only verbal forms of expression of politeness, sympathy. Your words and actions should not conflict with your appearance, your clothes, your general appearance. In other words, etiquette will not be fully respected if, for all your correctness and politeness of behavior, these rules are not followed. That is, it is necessary that your appearance is adequate to the situation.

The culture of communication is very important in interpersonal relationships for almost any person. Everything makes sense here: tone, intonation, gestures, forms of address, etc.

Rules for dispute, polemics, discussion .

entering into a discussion, it is necessary to present the subject of the dispute;

in a dispute, do not allow a tone of superiority, respect the opinion of colleagues;

do not impose your point of view directly and rudely on colleagues, you must be able to find a successful combination of understanding and attacking intonations;

ask questions competently and clearly;

accurately formulate the main reasons;

do not get excited, show restraint and self-control, keep calm;

it is foolish to object to reasonable and substantiated arguments;

conduct the conversation in a friendly calm tone;

do not answer a colleague without listening to the end and analyzing his train of thought.

Each person is a personality that differs from other individuals in the system of life values, principles, moral principles, outlook on life and priorities. A person is a person only when he lives in society, communicates, meets, gets to know and develops together with other people who surround him. The relationship of a person with other personalities and the ability to read people on non-verbal signs, to establish contact with them (some feelings, emotions, arouse interest, etc.) are called interpersonal. In other words, interpersonal relationships are the relationship of one person with another, or with a whole group of people.

Classification of interpersonal relationships

The life of each person is multifaceted, which is why relationships in society are different. Depending on the situation and other numerous factors, interpersonal relationships are classified according to several criteria and divide them into the following types of interpersonal relationships:

• formal and informal;
• personal and business (professional);
• emotional and rational (practical);
• parity and subordinate.

Before we study in detail each type of relationship, we want to recommend modern techniques for achieving psychology in building relationships in various fields. By mastering these psychological techniques, you can easily interact with people and build relationships.

Personal relationships

A special niche in human life is occupied by personal relationship. First of all, love. Bestseller Marina Komisarova “Love. Defrosting Secrets ”helped hundreds of people to get out of the crisis of personal relationships.

Also, personal relationships should include:

• affection;
• dislike;
• friendship;
• respect;
• contempt;
• sympathy;
• antipathy;
• enmity;
• love;
• falling in love, etc.

This category of interpersonal relationships includes those that develop between individuals in addition to the scope of their joint activities. For example, a person may be liked as a specialist in his field, but as a person he causes hostility and condemnation from his colleagues. Or, on the contrary, a person is the soul of the company, everyone loves and respects him, but at work he is irresponsible and does not take his duties seriously, for which he causes a wave of indignation among the bosses and in the team.

Business relationship

Under business(professional) contacts are understood as those that develop on the basis of joint activities and professional interests. For example, people work together and their common interest is their work. Students study in the same class - they have a common school curriculum, classmates, teachers and the school as a whole. Such relationships are formed independently of personal interpersonal contacts, that is, you can even not contact a person in any way (not communicate and not feel any feelings towards him), but at the same time the presence of business ties is not excluded, since these people continue to study or work together. The ability to maintain relationships in stressful situations, when you have to communicate with inadequate people, is especially appreciated, because none of us is immune from this. There is a wonderful book by Mark Goulston about what to do with inadequate and unbearable people in your life... In it you will find techniques and advice that will help you control communication with inadequate people, eliminate unnecessary conflicts.

The basis of the business type of relationship is the distribution of responsibilities between each member of the team (worker, creative, educational, etc.).

Rational relations

Rational relationships are built when one of the parties, or both parties have a goal to derive some benefit from these relationships. The basis of rational connections is common sense, calculation. In doing so, you can use a variety of techniques and knowledge. For example such as storytelling.

Emotional relationships

Emotional contacts are formed in a company or a group of people on the basis of emotions and feelings that arise for each other. Only in rare exceptional cases in such relationships is there an objective assessment of personal qualities, so the emotional and rational relationships of individuals often do not coincide. You can dislike a person, but at the same time "be friends" with him for a certain benefit.

Parity and subordination relationships

Contacts of two or a group of people who are built on the principle of equality are called parity... The exact opposite of these are subordinate communication. They are understood as those in which one side has a higher position, social status, position, as well as more opportunities, rights and powers in relation to the other side. This type of relationship develops between the boss and subordinates, between the teacher and students, parents and children, etc. At the same time, interpersonal contacts within the team (between employees, students, brothers and sisters) are of a parity type.

Formal and informal relationships

Can be divided into two types of interpersonal relationships: formal and informal. Formal (official) ties are formed on a legal basis and are regulated by legislation, as well as all kinds of charters, orders, instructions, decrees, etc. Such relationships are built independently of personal feelings and emotions. As a rule, such relations are formalized by an agreement or agreement in the written form established by the legislation. Formal relationships can be parity (between team members) and subordinate (between superiors and subordinates), business and rational.

Informal (unofficial) interpersonal relationships develop without any legal restrictions and on the basis of personal interests and preferences. They can be both rational and emotional, as well as parity, subordination, personal and even business. In fact, formal and informal interpersonal contacts are practically the same as personal and business relationships. But there is a fine line here, which in most cases is difficult to determine, since one type of relationship is superimposed on another, the third, and so on. For example, the relationship between a boss and a subordinate. There can be such types of contacts between them overnight:

• business (employer and employee);
• formal (the employee is obliged to fulfill his job duties, and the employer pay him for his work, which is regulated by the employment contract);
• subordinate (the employee is subordinate to his employer and is obliged to follow his instructions);
• personal (affection, friendship, sympathy);
• parity (the employer can be a relative or close friend of his employee);
• rational (the employee enters into this relationship for his own benefit - wages);
• emotional (the boss is a good person and the employee really likes it).

All types of personal ties in real life between a specific person and others are closely intertwined, which complicates the process of drawing clear boundaries between them.

Feelings and their role in relationships

Each relationship is built on the basis of certain feelings, which can be either positive (sympathy) or negative (antipathy). First, feelings and emotions are formed, caused by the external data of a new acquaintance, and only then certain feelings for him, his inner essence, begin to form. Informal relationships between people often develop on feelings that are far from objectivity. The following factors distort the opinion of one individual about the second, which can significantly affect the set of feelings:

• lack of ability to distinguish between true intentions and motivations of other people;
• inability to objectively and soberly assess the state of affairs and well-being of your interlocutor or just a new acquaintance at the moment of observing his behavior;
• the presence of a person's prejudices, attitudes, imposed independently or by society;
• the presence of stereotypes that make it difficult to discern the true nature of a person (he is a beggar - he is bad, or all women are mercantile, and men are polygamous and something like that);
• forcing events and striving to form a final opinion about a person without fully understanding and not knowing what he really is;
• inability to accept and reckon with other people's opinions and unwillingness to do this in principle.

Harmonious and healthy interpersonal relationships are built only when each party is able to reciprocate, sympathize, rejoice for the other, empathize. Such contacts of individuals reach the highest forms of development.

Forms of interpersonal relationships

All relationships begin with communication. The ability to negotiate with other people in the modern world is the key to success in any area of ​​life. The art of communication is based on four laws. Book "Master of Communication: Four Essential Laws of Communication" will help you learn how to effectively interact with people in a variety of situations.

Whether a person feels sympathy or antipathy for another person or a group of people depends solely on his ability to accept them as they are and understand their motive and logic.

There are several stages (forms) of the formation of interpersonal contacts:

• Getting to know each other. This stage consists of three levels: 1 - the person recognizes the other by sight; 2 - both parties get to know each other and are welcomed when they meet; 3 - are welcome and have common themes and interests.
• Friendship (showing sympathy on both sides and mutual interest);
• Partnership (business relationship based on common goals and interests (work, study));
• Friendship;
• Love (is the highest form of interpersonal relationships).

Man is a person who is born in society. Every society has its own moral principles, certain rules, prejudices and stereotypes. The formation of personality is primarily influenced by the society in which a person lives. How relations develop in society also depends on this.

Important factors in determining the type of relationship in a company of two or more individuals are not only their belonging to a particular society, but also gender, age, profession, nationality, social status and others. In the same time by Eric Berne's system, a person in adulthood is able to control the nature of his communication. And this is an interesting psychological development that helps to understand yourself and others.

There are three mistakes in human communication:
The first is the desire to speak before it is necessary;
The second is shyness, not speaking when needed;
The third is to speak without observing your listener.
Confucius.

Social contacts with other people play a very important role in the life of every person. Communicating, we involuntarily develop our own individual line of behavior and have a certain impact on others.

Many people noticed that some people succeed in finding a common language with others faster, while others do not. The secret of success is very simple - it is important to know the basic principles, the use of which makes the process of information exchange more successful and productive.

Interpersonal rules

• If you want to make a good impression on the interlocutor, tidy up your appearance.

  Watch your clothes, hairstyle, manner of speaking, gait, remember that by involuntarily observing you, the interlocutor makes his own opinion. During a conversation, try to control your facial expressions, facial expression. Expressing your emotions too explicitly (both positive and negative) can become an obstacle to constructive dialogue.

  • Remember that in order to form the first impression of the interlocutor, a few minutes of conversation is enough: it is during this period that the work of all the senses is aimed at getting to know the person as best as possible.

    Just 4 minutes after the start of the conversation, the interlocutors are ready to make a preliminary conclusion about whether to continue the conversation. If you want to achieve success, to gain the trust of your opponent, then from the very beginning try to monitor your tone, gestures, facial expressions.

    • At the beginning of a dialogue, it is best to talk about neutral topics.

      We listen to the interlocutor

      • To become a good conversationalist, learn to listen to other participants in the conversation.

        During the conversation, try to concentrate and not be distracted by pondering the questions that you would like to ask your opponent. Try to calm down - excessive emotionality interferes with the perception of information. After the interlocutor finishes his speech, be sure to demonstrate that you heard and understood him (for this purpose, you can briefly convey what the opponent said in your own words).

        • Psychologists recommend using the affirmative answer method in practice.

          Its essence is very simple: at the very beginning of the conversation, you should not mention those topics, discussing which the participants in the dialogue will not be able to come to an agreement. Avoiding sharp corners will help you achieve better results. Start the conversation with those questions to which your counterpart will definitely answer in the affirmative.

          Do not criticize, and you will not criticize!

          • If you want to make a good impression on others, refrain from criticizing, evaluating your interlocutors.

            Also, do not constantly talk about your problems - it will very quickly get bored with other participants in the dialogue.

            • Try to avoid arguments and conflict situations, especially if the conversation is not face to face.

              Under any circumstances, try to calmly listen to the interlocutor, this is the only way you can find a way out of a difficult situation. If your opponent pulls you into an unnecessary argument, try to remain calm, do not succumb to provocations. In this case, it is best to try to find out: what is the goal of the interlocutor.

              • If you want your opinion to be taken into account, respect the other person's point of view. Remember that the manifestation of irritability, tactless behavior can become an insurmountable obstacle to establishing contact between interlocutors.

A person is considered a person only on condition of habitation, communication and relationships with other people who surround him. This material is devoted to the topic of interpersonal relations, which is studied at the lesson in the 6th grade of social studies. With the help of this article, you can repeat the studied topic, prepare additional information for the lesson.

The concept of "interpersonal relations"

Each of us has our own principles, life values, moral principles, priorities and outlook on life. The interaction of one person with the people around her, the ability to establish communication with them is called interpersonal relationships.

There is the concept of "Donbar number", which means the maximum comfortable number of human connections. Its value ranges from 100 to 230, with an average of 150 contacts.

Life in society is different, and therefore the relationship is diverse. Their variety depends on many factors and is classified into such types :

• informal / formal;
• business / personal;
• practical / emotional;
• subordinate \ parity.

Consider each type of interpersonal relationship in detail below.

Relationship types

• Formal \ informal ;

All formal (official) contacts are established by law and are formed only on a legal basis. Such relationships are not influenced by personal attachments and feelings. They can be installed between team members or bosses and subordinates.

TOP-4 articleswho read along with this

Informal relationships are formed taking into account personal sympathies and feelings.

The types of relationships between the person and the people around them are closely intertwined with each other, so it is difficult to make clear distinctions.

• Personal ;

These include: love and friendship, affection and respect, hatred and antipathy, enmity and dislike. These links are established regardless of joint activities.

• Business ;

Professional communication is based on professional interests and does not depend on personal attachments. So, for example, classmates continue to study in the same class, regardless of personal feelings within a given group.

• Practical / emotional ;

A practical relationship is established when one can benefit from the relationship. They are guided by common sense or calculation.

Emotional connections are built when there are deep feelings between team members.

• Subordinate \ parity ;

Subordinate contacts are built between two personalities, one of which has the highest position in status (boss - subordinate).

Parity ties are established on the basis of equality between all members of the team.

Types of interpersonal relationships

There are such types of interpersonal relationships :

• Acquaintance - has three stages:

• face recognition;
• recognizing and greeting each other;
• greeting and having common interests and topics of conversation.

• friendship - mutual sympathy and the presence of common interests;
• partnership - business relationships based on common goals;
• friendship - is established between those who know how to be friends, that is, the ability to share joy, help in trouble, inspire confidence;
• love - the highest form of relationship.

The role of the senses

All contacts are established on the basis of feelings experienced towards others. They can be either positive or negative. The first feelings are based on the external data of a friend and only over time are personal qualities and character traits evaluated.

The distortion of feelings can be affected by such factors :

• inability to distinguish true intentions from motivation;
• the ability to objectively evaluate a new acquaintance;
• determination of attitudes imposed independently or by society;
• stereotypes;
• forcing events, inability to understand a person to the end;
• not the perception of someone else's opinion.

What have we learned?

Interpersonal relations are interaction between people, which is based on established moral principles, the life foundations of the individual. There are several types of relationships: formal and informal, personal and business, parity or subordination, practical and emotional. All of them are closely intertwined with each other and are built in the following sequence: acquaintance - friendship - camaraderie - friendship - love.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.3. Total ratings received: 422.