Description:

Memory heating system

Horizontal heating system

Heating systems

In buildings with a height of two or more floors for supplying the coolant to the apartment, two-pipe systems with the lower or upper wiring of the main pipelines, trunk vertical risers serving part of the building or one section, should be design.

The feed and reverse trunk vertical risers for each part of the section of the section are laid in special mines of common corridors, staircase halls.

In mines on each floor, built-in mounting cabinets should be placed in which distribution floor collectors should be placed with discharge pipes for each apartment, shut-off valves, filters, balancing valves, heat meters.

Memory heating systems can be performed according to the following schemes:

Two-pipe horizontal (dead-end or passing) with parallel connection of heating devices (Fig. 1). Pipes are laid in outer walls, in the design of the floor or in special plinths-boxes;

Two-pipe beam with an individual connection of the pipelines (loops) of each heating device to the apartment distribution collector (Fig. 2). It is allowed to connect "on the hitch" of two heating devices within one room. Pipelines are laid in the form of loops in the design of the floor or along the walls under the plinths. The system is convenient for installation, since the pipelines of one diameter are used, there are no pipe connections in the floor;

Horizontal one-tube with closing areas and sequential connection of heating devices (Fig. 3). The flow consumption is significantly reduced, but the surface of heating the heating devices is increased by approximately 20% or more. The scheme is recommended for use at higher heat carrier parameters and a smaller temperature difference (for example, 90-70 ° C). Due to the increase in the number of the water heating surface of the device decreases into the water instrument. The estimated temperature of the water coming out of the last device should not be below 40 ° C;

Outdoor with styling heating coils from pipes in floor design. Outdoor systems have greater inertia than systems with heating devices, less accessible to repair and dismantling. Possible options for laying pipes in floor heating systems are shown in Fig. 4, 5. Scheme in fig. 4 provides easy installation of pipes and a uniform temperature distribution over the floor surface. Scheme in fig. 5 provides an approximately equal average temperature on the floor surface.

Towel rails of bathrooms are joined by the hot water supply system - with heat supply of the building from heat networks or from an autonomous source, or to the heating system - with an individual heat source.

Should the heating of staircases, elevator halls provide in homes with consumer heating?

In residential buildings with the number of floors more than three with central or general autonomous heat supply sources, it is necessary to design the heating of staircases, stair and elevator halls. In buildings with the number of floors more than three, but not more than 10, as well as in buildings of any floors with individual heat sources, it is allowed not to design the heating of unseasonable flight cells of the first type. At the same time, the resistance of the heat transfer of the inner walls, which enhances the unheated staircase from the residential premises, is taken equal to the resistance of the heat transfer of the outer walls.

Hydraulic calculations of consideration systems are carried out according to existing methods, taking into account the recommendations for the use and selection of heating devices developed on the basis of the results of niizantehniki during testing and certification of heating devices of various manufacturers.

Attaching the heating device to pipelines can be performed according to the following schemes:

Side unilateral connection;

Connecting the radiator below;

Side bilateral (versatile) connection to the lower corks of the radiator. The versatile connection of pipelines should be provided for radiators with a length of no more than 2,000 mm, as well as for radiators connected "on the hitch". In a two-pipe heating system, the connection of two heating devices "on the hitch" is allowed within one room.

Heating devices, fittings, pipelines

In consideration systems, as in traditional heating systems, heating devices, valves, reinforcement, pipes and other materials allowed to be used in construction, which have certificates of conformity of the Russian Federation should be used.

In apartment buildings, the service life of heating devices and pipelines of heating systems should be at least 25 years; In one-sided houses, the service life is taken on the task of the customer.

As heating devices, it is advisable to use steel radiators or other appliances with a smooth surface that ensures surface cleaning from dust. Adjusts convectors with air control valves.

To regulate the heat flux in rooms at the heating devices, adjustment fittings should be installed. In rooms with a permanent stay of people, as a rule, automatic thermostators are installed (with built-in or remote thermostatic elements), which provide maintaining a given temperature in each room and saving heat supply through the use of internal insoles (domestic heat generation, solar radiation).

For hydraulic linking of individual branches of the consumer two-pipe heating system, all heating devices are installed in the apartment with pre-configuration valves.

For the hydraulic stability of the building heating system, it is envisaged to install balancing valves on trunk vertical risers for each part of the building, section, as well as each-floor distribution manifold.

In buildings with comprehensive heating systems, it should be provided:

Installation in the ITP of a closed expansion tank and filter for the building system during heat supply from heat networks and an autonomous heat source;

Installation of a closed expansion tank and filter for each apartment with heat supply from an individual heat source.

With open expansion tanks, water in the system is saturated with air, substantially activating the process of corrosion of the elements of the system from the metal, air stoppers are formed in the system.

The pipelines of the consumption of the heating system can be performed from steel, copper, heat-resistant polymer or metal-polymer pipes. In heating systems with pipelines made of polymer or metal-polymer pipes, the coolant parameters (temperature and pressure) should not exceed the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bindicated in the technical documentation for their manufacture. When choosing a coolant parameters, it should be borne in mind that the strength of polymer and metal-polymer pipes depends on the operating temperature and pressure of the coolant. With a decrease in temperature and pressure of the coolant below the maximum allowable values, the safety factor increases and, accordingly, the life of the pipes. Pipelines of consumption of consuming heating, as a rule, are laid hidden: in the strokes, in the structure of the floor. An open laying of metal pipelines is allowed. With a hidden laying of pipelines in places of collapsible compounds and reinforcements, it is necessary to provide hatches or removable shields for inspection and repair.

When calculating heating devices in each room, at least 90% of the incoming heat from the pipelines passing around the room should be taken into account. Warm losses due to cooler coolant in uninsulated openly laid horizontal pipelines are accepted by reference data. The heat flux is openly laid pipes taken into account within:

90% with horizontal laying of pipes from the floor;

70-80% when laying horizontal pipes under the ceiling;

85-90% with vertical pipe laying.

Thermal insulation is provided for pipelines laid in the strokes of exterior walls, in mines and in unheated premises, in sections of the floor with close accommodation of four or more pipes in the floor, providing an allowable temperature on the surface.

Consumption consumption of thermal energy

Fighter heating systems, on the one hand, provide the most comfortable conditions for accommodation that satisfy the consumer, and on the other hand, allow the heat transfer of heating devices in the apartment, taking into account the family living regime in the apartment, the need to reduce the cost of paying for heating and so on.

In the building with consumption of heating systems, the heat consumption of the building as a whole, as well as separately by each apartment and the premises of public and technical purposes, located in this building.

To account for the consumption of heat of each apartment can be envisaged: heat consumption counters for each consuming system; Distributors of the heat of evaporative or electronic type on each heating device; Floor counter heat at entering the building. With any form of heat metering devices, the tenant should include total heat costs on the building (heating of stair cells, elevator halls, service and technical premises).

conclusions

In buildings with increased thermal protection of enclosing structures, consumption of heating systems (with automatic thermostators in top instruments and consumption counters of warmth, both insertion in the building and each apartment) create additional opportunities and incentives for more efficient use of thermal energy. Thanks to the automatic control of heat transfer of heating devices when the heat load changes in the rooms and the capacity of the residents to regulate the heat transfer of heating devices, taking into account the family's living mode (decrease in the air temperature during the lack of tenants, the heat loss) can be achieved by saving thermal energy from 20 to 30%. It will reduce the payment of consumers for the heat, since the established standards of thermal energy consumption significantly exceed the actual consumption.

The quarter system is the following. In a special mine or specially embarrassed placement of common corridors or staircase halls, feed and reverse vertical racing highways,from which the horizontal wiring of the feed and return pipelines to the heating devices of each apartment is produced. Those. Each apartment has one input of the feed and return pipelines to which all the heating devices of the apartment are attached.

On the staircase, the commercial entries are located in the built-in mounting cabinets, where commercial heat meters are located, filters, balancing valves, shock fittings, water drain valves.

2 two-rope radiation and perimeter pipeline wiring

Memory heating systems can be performed according to the following schemes:

- two-pipe horizontal (dead-end or passing); two-pipe beam; Horizontal one-tube with closing areas and consistent connection of heating devices; outdoor With stacking heating coils from pipes in floor design.

Figure - Heating System Dual Tube Perimetral Stubble

Figure - two-rope heating system

1 Fighter deployments

Each apartment has one input of the feed and return pipelines to which all the heating devices of the apartment are attached. On the staircase, the commercial entries are located in the built-in mounting cabinets, where commercial heat meters are located, filters, balancing valves, shock fittings, water drain valves.

1 - shut-off ball valve; 2 - Mesh filter; 3 - apartment heat meter with flow meter and temperature sensors; 4 - ASV-M shut-off valve; 5 - ASV-P balancing valve; 6 - Crane for water drain

Figure - Scheme of an input assembly in an apartment

"Automated heating systems".

1 General

In modern conditions when problems of reduction of energy consumption It is especially acute, the heating systems should work so that the amount of heat supplied to each room is determined by the current need in accordance with the wishes of consumers. To do this, regulation and consumption of heat consumption must be ensured.

In Snip, 41-01-2003 states that t.election of the building should be designed, as a rule, ensuring consideration of the heat consumption and automatic temperature control of the coolant for internal heat supply systems of the building in temperature graphics, depending on the change in the outdoor temperature.

The heating of residential buildings should be designed, providing regulation and accounting of the consumption of heat to heating with each apartment, groups of public and other destination, located in the house, as well as the building as a whole.

It can only provide completely automated heating systemsequipped with heat consumption metering devices.

Complex automation of the heating system includes:

Local regulation of the parameters of the coolant in the thermal paragraph;

Individual control of the flow of heat from the heating devices of the system;

Automatic maintaining hydraulic modes in the pipeline network.

In modern automated systemsheating for individual regulation of heat transfer heat transfer apply automatic radiator thermal regulators (abbreviated thermostats).

2 Radiator thermostators (thermostats)

Radiator thermostat - an automatic direct-acting regulator designed to maintain at a predetermined air temperature in the room by changing the heat transfer of the heating device installed in it.

Danfoss type RTD thermostat consists of two connected midways - a thermostatic head and thermostatic valve, which are delimited by arrows, respectively but and b. on the image. The main element of the thermostatic head is the sensor. It monitors the air temperature in the room and reacts to its changes. It is a closed thin-walled cylindrical shell with a longitudinal corrugated side surface, called a bellows. The bellows filled with an exclusive substance. Responding to a change in air temperature, it expands and shrinks (like a spring). Through the pressure pin acts on the rod and valve shutter. The shutter overlaps the coolant passage, cargo regulation by the heat flow of the heat exchanger. A distinctive feature of Danfoss thermostators is that the bellows is filled with a gas condensate mixture. T. K. The heat capacity is lower than substances in another aggregate state, it makes the thermostat with an unsurpassed reaction to the change in the temperature situation. The pressure of the gas condensate mixture inside the bellows is verified during filling and is balanced by the elasticity of the adjustment spring. With increasing air temperature around the sensor, condensate goes into a gas-like state. Increases the pressure in the bellows, and it moves the rod. When the air temperature decreases, the bellows is compressed and the rod rises.

Danfoss thermostators are equipped with different structures regulators. The choice is carried out depending on the type of room, the installation site of the heat exchange device, the type of system of supporting the microclimate and the degree of its automation.

a- Regulator (thermostatic head):

1- restrictive rings; 2- thermostatic sensor (sensor); 3- bellows; 4- settings; 5- Spring settings; 6- push pin; 7- sealing ring;

b-thermostatic valve:

8 - rod; 9- throttle; 10- Cone valve (shutter); 11- valve housing; 12- flow stabilizer; 13- Caid nut; 14- Pipe (shank).

Figure - thermostat with built-in sensor

RTD radiator thermostators valves are divided into two types: RTD-N (for two-pipe heating pumping systems) and RTD-G (for single-tube pumping and two-pipe gravitational systems).

2 Balancing valves

Management of hydraulic modes of operation of the heating system is usually carried out automatic balancing valves Installed on risers or horizontal system branches. These valves provide the calculated thread distribution of the heating system standby regardless of pressure fluctuations in distribution pipelines, the operation of radiator thermostators in optimal mode and eliminates the possibility of noise formation.

Balancing valves are divided into automaticsupporting a constant pressure drop in two-pipe heating systems (ASV-P / ASV-M (I), ASV-PV (PV Plus) / ASV-M (I) or a permanent flow rate in one-pipe systems (AV-QM), and manual(MSV-C, MSV-F, USV-I and MSV-I), which are used instead of adjusting diaphragms.

Automatic balancing valves of type ASV-P, (PV, PV Plus) two-pipeheating systems in order to stabilize pressure drops in the level of pressure, which is required for optimal operation of automatic radiator thermostators. The valve is a registrability registrability of pressure drops, a positive pulse is supplied through a pulse tube with a length of 1.5 m from the feeding system and a negative pulse from the internal channels of the valve. The pulse tube to the feed riser is connected via the ASV-M shut-off valve or the ASV-1 shut-off valve valve. The ASV-P valve with a fixed factory setting supports pressure drops equal to 10,000 pa.

The figure shows examples of placing automatic balancing valves on two-pipe risers and branches of the heating system.

A) riser at the lower arrangement of highways; B) - riser at the upper arrangement of the feed line; C) - horizontal branch with versatile accession to highways

Figure - Examples of automatic balancing

valves on two-pipe risers and branches of heating system

Automatic Balancing Valves Type AB-QMinstalled on risers or horizontal branches single-rubles Heating systems in order to maintain a constant flow of coolant in them. It also is simultaneously a locking device.

Manual balancing valves - These are valve devices with fixing the position of its setting to the required bandwidth.

MSV-S, MSV-F hand valves are used, as a rule, for a single installation on the highways of the heating system, and the MSV-I and MSV-M valves are on the risers.

Subject: " Heating devices. "

1 Requirements for heating devices,complement and clarify the requirements for the heating system.

1.Sanitary-hygienic:

The temperature of the heat transfer surface of the heating device must comply with the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards: for residential and administrative buildings Maximum temperature 95 0 s, for hospitals - 85 0 s,

for industrial premises - up to 150 0 s;

Reduction of horizontal surfaces to reduce dust sediments;

Availability and ease of cleaning from dust devices and spaces around them;

2. Economic requirements:

Minimum value of the device;

Minimum metal consumption that provides an increase in the heat voltage of the metal;

Metal thermal voltage indicator M., W / (kg 0 c), is the ratio of the heat flux of the device q пр at Δt \u003d 1 ° C to the mass of the metal of the instrument G M

where Δ. t.- the difference between the average heat carrier temperature and

ambient air temperature;

The bigger M.The better, i.e. Less metal is spent on the device without reducing its heat flux. For cast iron radiators M \u003d 0.2, for concrete panels M \u003d 1.32.

3. Architectural and construction:

Compliance with the appearance of the interior of the interior of the premises;

Reduction occupied area.

4. Production and assembly:

Maximum mechanization of manufacturing and installation;

Production mass;

Convenience of transportation;

Sufficient mechanical strength;

The addition of the device must be simple, without unnecessary shaped connections.

5. Operational requirements:

Heat transfer control;

Waterproof with working hydrostatic pressure inside

Durability.

The heating devices are also presented heat engineering, i.e. it is heat transfer from the coolant to the room through the unit of the area of \u200b\u200bthe highest heat flux, with other things being equal (flow rate and temperature of the coolant, air temperature, the method of installing the device, etc.). That is, the device must have the highest heat transfer coefficient.

2 Classification of heating devices

1. By the prevailing method of heat transfer devices are divided into:

- radiation - devices transmitted by radiation at least 50% of the total heat flux (ceiling heating panels, ceiling ceramic gas emitters of infrared radiation, wall and ceiling electrodepoplating panels based on coal composite).

- convective radiation- devices transmitting convection from 50% to 75% of the total heat flux (radiators; smooth-tube instruments - registers of smooth pipes and smooth-tube radiators; floor heating panels).

- convective- devices transmitting convection at least 75% of the total heat flux (convectors and ribbed pipes)

2. According to the used material distinguish:

Metal (steel, cast iron, aluminum, bimetallic

kie;

Non-metallic (concrete panels with polymer pipes, cera-

mIC, of \u200b\u200bcomposite mixtures;

Combined (concrete panels covered in them

metal pipes, polymer, ceramic).

3. in heightvertical heating devices are divided into:

High (650mm high);

Average (400 - 650mm);

Low (200 - 400mm);

Plinth (≤ 200mm).

4. P. depth Installations (taking into account the distance from the device to the wall):

Low depth devices (up to 120mm);

Medium (from 120 to 200mm);

Big depth (\u003e 200mm).

5. In magnitude heat inertia:

Small thermal inertia devices (small mass devices and a small mass of water, for example, convectors. In them wearing small diameter pipes, and they quickly change the heat transfer when the amount of water changes;

Devices of large thermal inertia. These are massive devices accompanying a large amount of water, such as pig-iron radiators.

One of the most inert issues in our country concerns the provision of apartment owners with high-quality heating. This uses traditional centralized heating systems. However, they have long been outdated not only morally, but also physically. The way out of the current situation is to install autonomous heating in an apartment building.

The most popular are the options with a common boiler, which is mounted in a single copy for the whole house or with a multitude of boilers for each apartment. Both options have the right to exist, especially since they are already tested in real conditions of urban high-rise buildings.

Positive sides

It is worth considering that the technique is effective not only for our country, but also showed itself beyond. Finding out what autonomous heating in an apartment building is necessary to determine its advantages for tenants:

Real value

Such an argument is the most effective for most residents who decide on the refusal of centralized heating of their apartments. The payments for this type of service will be indicated by the amount that was used for heating in the previous month. It depends on the apartment area, as the calculation is carried out on the basis of the general metro station at home. The total cost of gas is divided into the total area of \u200b\u200bthe house, including the territory of sharing. When this system is introduced, real savings will appear.

The possibility of heating even in the absence of a centralized connection to the heating network

In some areas where new homes are being built, it is not possible to bring centralized heating to them. But after the appearance of the autonomy, everything became clear how to heep an apartment without central heating, because it is often the only option of housing heating. In some major cities, there are whole quarters from such houses built in the late 90s.

Significant resource savings

This plus can be noted using all types of autonomous heating. This is due to the fact that tremendous resources are spent on the transportation of heated water, in which the need disappears after the maximum approximation of the heat generator to consumers. Owners can at its discretion to add / subscribe gas supply for better premises. Thus, the fuel is saved.

The quality of heating is significantly improved.

This is celebrated by those who managed to evaluate the disconnection from central heating in favor of autonomous. The increase in efficiency can be achieved by minimizing losses during energy transport, since the shrug of the delivery is reduced to the minimum permissible value.

An additional positive is the cost of service due to getting rid of the boiler room.

Video: Autonomous heating Apartments - Pros and cons

Cons system

To be fully honest, explaining what autonomous heating means, it is necessary to designate the negative sides of the installation. They are in the following paragraphs:

The unscrupulous relationship of users to any system can destroy any endeavors. In this case, you will need to carry out regular cleaning, preventive repair and maintenance of the system. Service work should be carried out at least once a year. For this, they cause a profile specialist who can prevent breakdowns.

Inside the room and the boiler itself assemble effective ventilation. Such work are often costly and require the destruction of the side wall of the room for organizing the exit outside of the combustion products. It is important to pay a sufficient amount of attention to this item, because the health of the owners of the apartment depends on it.
The system will have a weak efficiency in the event that the heated premises will be coherent with unheated. There may not live neighbors, and therefore their apartments will become a source of cold.

Operation of consumer heating

Even considering that in the world there are several varieties of boilers, they act according to a similar principle. Having installed one of them into his apartment, you can independently dispose of your warmth, including / turning it off to the necessary tenants time, and not when it is convenient to make a housing office.

Viewing what it means is autonomously, it is necessary that when installing the appropriate boiler in it, the second outline is present in which the hot water supply is present. Thus, it will be possible to save on the installation of a boiler for hot water supply.

It is not necessary to operate the system on the maximum parameters in the individual or autonomous heating, since it is excessively intense its wear will significantly reduce the time of general operation.

With quarterly heating, it will be possible to achieve such indicators:

There will be a significant savings of natural gas up to 2 times, and for the hot water system, this figure will become equal to 3 times.
The heating bills will also decrease in almost proportionally: for the heat reduction will occur by 2-3 times, and for the hot water supply, the account will fall even more - 3-4 times.

Popular boilers

When installing the consumer systems, it is important to choose the highest quality boiler. These devices can be divided into three segments:

Premium class, including German, Swiss or French manufacturers (Vaillant, de Dietrich, Viessmann, etc.)

The average price range, which for most parameters is similar to premium, offers products from Italian, Korean or Czech climatic equipment manufacturer (Dakon, Mora, Ariston, Baxi, Beretta).

Budget apparatus You can buy domestic production. They are made as in Nizhny Novgorod, Zhukovsky, Podolsk.

It should be borne in mind that the manufacturer's country is often determined rather conditionally, according to the goods brand belonging. This is due to the fact that peripheral companies that do not have their loud names are able to offer products of not worse than premium, try to get a name in the market.

It is advisable to choose the company's products that are engaged exclusively by boilers. It helps her owners to concentrate on the release of narrow profile products, taking care of the quality of the finished product.

www.portaltepla.ru.

Pros of an individual heating system in an apartment building

The device of the heating system of an apartment building allows public utilities to reduce tariffs for services provided. In addition to financial savings, the consumer itself will be able to increase or reduce the temperature for heating the room at the right time. Thus, adjusting the heating system of the apartment building of the autonomous type is an effective way to establish the optimal temperature mode.

Individual heating of residential premises allows developers to reduce the cost of square meters when passing the object. This is due to the fact that the large costs builders carry when laying communications. In addition, the heating device in the apartment building of the autonomous type allows developers to develop new territories remote from populated centers with all infrastructure;
It has been proven by the fact of substantial economy of natural gas, on which the domestic heating system of the apartment building works. In comparison with this way, as an apartment heating with electricity, natural gas is economical.

Using an autonomous heating system, it becomes possible to minimize heat waste along the path to the consumer. There is no need to further insulate the heating mains for which hot water is supplied to the apartments of consumers, and the balancing of the heating system of the multi-storey house is made easily and relatively quickly;

For those who are rarely in their apartments, the optimal solution is the insulation of the outer surfaces of the room, which will allow for a long time to maintain heat and avoid the destruction of the design under the influence of moisture;
Separate attention can be paid to the ventilation system. When an adjustment of the heating system of an apartment building and, in particular, equipment running on gas is important, it is important to understand that the decay products need to be qualitatively.
In new buildings there are all the necessary conditions for the realization of the intended. Modern ventilation and cleaning systems are mounted here. So, flushing the heating system of an apartment building will be carried out without problems, as the design already provides for it. To establish an autonomous heating of an apartment in an apartment building, it is important to coordinate everything with the managers of urban instances and must provide a project for the placement of equipment.

Features of the heating device in an apartment building

Depending on how you have a heating layout in a multi-storey building, when you select a boiler for mounting an autonomous heating system, give preference to boilers with an isolated combustion chamber. This type of boilers have in their structure a ventilation system that can independently adjust the supply of fresh air. Conveniently, if the boiler is characterized by a cyclical rhythm of work, which provides gentle deliverance from the combustion products entering the air. The isolated carbohydrate oxide should not exceed the permissible norms.

As you can see, the advantages of the transition to the heating of an apartment building on the face. Installation of this type of equipment will allow you to become independent of the LCA companies. Independently define the end time and starting the heating season and optimal air temperature, heating adjustment in an apartment building is a simple process. And, which is not unavailable, - saving the family budget.

otoplenie-doma.org.

Millions of people being owners of apartments become, thereby, "hostages" of utilities. This is due to payment for heating in an apartment building and not only. What to say with those who are concerned about the issue of heating 3 bedroom apartment. To save, tenants should be aware of how heating is arranged in an apartment building, and what actions or devices will help them. What should I do if you have bad heating in the apartment? It is necessary to complain about the relevant services. Read more about it here.

If you pay attention to the scheme of the heating of the apartment of multi-storey houses, it is almost everywhere else:

On the heat station in special boilers heated the coolant (for multi-storey buildings it is water) to a temperature of +130 -150 degrees.
To avoid the formation of a couple, it is further served on the heat mains under high pressure in residential buildings (you can learn more about the working pressure in the system of heating of an apartment building on our site).
At the entrance tubes of the heating mains into the house, valves are mounted, allowing to control the level of water supply to its heating circuit.

By the way, if you have radiators in the apartment or you decided to install them, then we advise you to familiarize yourself with the important issues that you can arise: how to choose the right radiators, replacement and adjustment, service life and repair, washing the heating systems, schemes and methods Connections, types of radiators and installation of them, noise in batteries, and what should be the temperature of heating batteries in the apartment.

The further propagation of the coolant depends on how the heating of an apartment building (residential) is linked, that is, what's the name of the heating project scheme:

As the practice of recent decades has shown, centralized heating in the apartment ceased to be a "verdict", as it appeared the opportunity (not everyone!) Go to individual housing heating (read more on our site, how to abandon central heating in an apartment building). In addition, with the help of it it will be possible to carry out heating in the bathroom. Autonomous heating in the apartment seems to be an ideal option, read more in more detail in the next section.

Heating system

To equip the apartment with a private boiler room or a system of warm floors, refusing the central heating of an apartment in Moscow, dreams of many residents of high-rise homes. By law, if the heating system in the house allows, then the owners of apartments can start a refusal procedure (about how to translate an apartment for individual heating to find out on our website). It is important to know how to spend heating in the apartment and what conditions must be met.

Before thinking what kind of heating to install in the apartment, you need to collect all the necessary documents to dismantle the old equipment. Among them should be not only a vehocport, documents for the right of ownership and statement, but also a new project for the installation of heating in the apartment.

The latter should be compiled only after the conclusion of the Commission that the apartment can be transferred to autonomous heating without damage to the rest of the residents of the house and the centralized heating system as a whole.

Individual heating has its advantages:

Creation of the necessary microclimate.
Regulation of heat supply and its quality.
Turning on the system when it really needs.
The perfect version of the heating of corner apartments.

But at the same time, it is not necessary to forget that, although with the public utilities, they do not have to deal anything else, no one has been released from paying for heating places of common use in an apartment building.

Option of heating two-room apartment (scheme):

Heat in the entrances is another burden on consumer wallets. Since staircases, technical floor, basement or attic are part of the centralized heating system, the heat that they get must be paid.

Unfortunately, the situation is often found when the batteries are warm in the entrance, and it is cold. This is due to the fact that no one takes care of the decrease in heat loss. Poorly closing entrance doors, no glasses in the windows of the entrance, all this "eats" the heat for which you have to pay for the residents.

To effectively worked heating at an entrance of an apartment building, should follow the workers of the heating network. In high-rise buildings, the batteries are located on the first floor and on all subsequent staircases in special niches.

If the system is outdated, the service that is eating heat is obliged to replace it at his own expense, how to produce other work on the preparation for the winter season:

insulation windows and balcony doors;
replace broken glass;
insulate the attic if it is and pipeline;
check the heating system before it is launched;
repair the entrance doors and insulate them.

In the event that such works are not conducted and in the entrance is cold, the tenants have the right to submit a complaint to the management company and demand to recalculate for generalic heating.

Basement

As a rule, initially basements were planned in apartment buildings, as a place where all the components of thermal and water communications are collected, ventilation passes and the central sewage system is placed.

Currently, cellars are often rebuilt under cafes, gyms or shops. The heating of the basement of an apartment building is a part of the centralized system, which is obliged to look after the techniques of the heating network. So that he does not become a "black hole" in the budget of the house, it should be carefully insulated and it should be done, as in the entrance, service - the heat supplier.

Residents of the building have the right to check how high-quality workSince it is they paying all costs for heat, regardless of whether there is a general-purpose accounting device or not.

Fighter heating

Apartment with apartment heating is an innovation of new buildings. Means this term that the house will not be connected to the centralized heating system.

Such houses began to appear increasingly for several reasons:

The developer is significantly savedSince he does not need to draw up a project, coordinate it with heating, to communicate and mount heating radiators.
Clients such an approach of developers also like this. The price of housing is significantly lower., independence from public utilities and the ability to choose how to warm up, all this makes an apartment more attractive.

In many modern new buildings, the installation of heating in the apartment is a double-circuit gas boiler, which is included in its value. This somewhat limits the choice of customers, but on the other hand, gas heating has its advantages.

If you believe today's statistics, the gas is still the cheapest view of heating in the country and if we compare prices for centralized heating and autonomous gas, then the last 3 times cheaper at the same heating of the air indoor.

Installation of gas heating in an apartment building has the following advantages:

The gas device of heating in apartment buildings has a couple of essential flaws:

Dependence on electricity supply. If in the region often interruptions with light, that is, the chance to freeze in the winter.
The high cost of the system and its installation, although its subsequent operation with more than will return all attachments.

Before you decide to switch to autonomous gas heating, you should consult with representatives of the heating system and a lawyer, since this type of heating is not allowed in all high-rise buildings and regions.

Heating in the apartment - Photo:

netholodu.com.

Important advantages and consumer heating

We begin with advantages, since there are more.

1. With autonomous heating, the consumer can independently control the temperature of the hot water in the heating system, while the problem of interruptions in the supply of heat and water disappears for various reasons.

2. With quarterly heating, consumers get the opportunity to save gas by 30-40 percent and, as a result, spend less on payment of utilities.

3. Houses with consuming heat supply systems to build much cheaper, as it is not necessary to carry out expensive thermal networks, equip thermal points and so on. In addition, the possibility of erection of residential buildings in those areas of the city, where there is no developed infrastructure of heatpets, if there is a stable gas supply. Finally, the problem of payback of the heating system disappears, since the cost of quarter systems is extinguished at the time of purchasing an apartment by man.

4. It is important that autonomous heating systems are completely environmentally friendly. They use boilers with a closed combustion chamber, as a result of which it is possible to solve the problem of ventilation of the apartment. In this equipment, the combustion air is forcedly sucks with the built-in fan from the outside. The combustion products go there. Since the boiler works intermittently, combustion products are easily scattered in the air. In the usual mode of operation, the equipment with a closed combustion chamber and a forced burden is distinguished about 80-110 p.p.m. Combustion products with carbon monoxide, which fully meets European standards.

When designing and equipment, consumption of consuming heating should, first of all, consider reliable and safe output of combustion products.

Separately, consider the advantages of consumption of consuming heating for certain groups.

Pros for consumers:

the price of hot water and heat supply is greater than twice;
you can independently follow the microclimate in the apartment.

Pros for construction companies:

it is not necessary to install expensive thermal networks, equip thermal points, engage in installing heat metering devices;
you can build houses in any areas of the city, even if there are no heat plates there.

Pros for serving companies:

it is easier to produce maintenance, since in this case one object is serviced by a number of similar gas boilers;
it is possible to replace pipelines, lock-controlled devices and heating devices in individual rooms in case of redevelopment or at an accident, the operation of the heating systems in other rooms is not disturbed;
it is easier to pay for consumed thermal resources, following these meter on gas.

Pros for executive authorities:

we save finances, as there is no need to build heatcenters and thermal points;
we save finances, since there is no subsidy for utilities;
there are no heat lines in heating networks;
the state does not need to take into account and pay for thermal energy, since this responsibility is shifted by the owners of the apartments.

It is impossible, speaking of the advantages of consuming heating, cons by side. I will add a small spoonful of tar in a barrel of honey and consider the shortcomings of autonomous heat supply. First, these are difficulties with the organization of the removal of smoke. In our country, the prohibition contains coaxial emissions of combustion products through the facade of apartment buildings, it follows from this that the need for equipment of a single chimney arises, and this is quite expensive and long process. Another minus is a high risk of consuming heating systems. Indeed, in this case, in each room there is a heating equipment that works on a gas, which is known, explosive fuel. However, it is possible to solve this problem if you use high-quality boilers endowed with ionization control of the presence of flames, traction control sensors and temperature, as well as automatically turning off the gas valve when the fire disappears.

In high-rise buildings, difficulties may occur with the lower and upper floors. At the same time, residents of the lower floors will face too high levels, and the upper, on the contrary, with too low. As a rule, the apartments put boilers, the capacity of which is 24 kW, but they correspond to a very large area of \u200b\u200bhousing. Consequently, almost always the operation of the equipment will be non-permanent. The fact is that the calculated load for heat supply of the middle residential premises (one-bedroom apartment) is less than five kilowatts. While the load of hot water supply, for example, for filling the bath with hot water, should be equal to 24 kilowatts, even for one-bedroom apartments. As a result, it will take to select the power of the boiler, based on the peak load. At the same time, the thermoblock works even at minimum power, the formation of condensate in the gas duct is connected with it without good thermal insulation at low temperatures on the street. Therefore, the chimney should be supplied with equipment for collecting and eliminating condensate and device for neutralization before draining. The total power of wall boilers in the house with 200 apartments is 4.8 MW, it is more than twice as higher than the same indicator for centralized heat supply. At the same time, if setting capacitive heaters in the DHW system, it will be possible to lower the installed capacity of the equipment, but the price and the volume of the entire system will increase. Accordingly, such a decision is unacceptable, because it completely eliminates all the advantages of wall boilers.

As a result, boilers when installing are adjusted to reduce power twice. Naturally, the devices are owned by residents, so no one is engaged in the measurement of the efficiency and the composition of the outgoing gases, emissions are also not controlled.

Finally, in the case of using autonomous heating systems, the basement of buildings, attics and stairs are not heated at all, which causes the freezing of the foundation and a decrease in the life of the house in general. Also, residents of the apartment of the central part of the building receive a significant advantage, because part of the heat they can get from neighboring apartments. On the contrary, it happens in the new buildings there are many unnecessary apartments, because the walls of the neighboring premises are cooled, which, in turn, entails additional spending on the insulation of the apartment.

From a legal point of view, the boiler is owned by the owner of the apartment, it means that it will have to decide how often this device can be serviced. Despite this, you should not forget: the boiler is a complex device that needs service minimum time per year, and better more often. It should be noted that the service is carried out by specialized service centers, and rates for these services are small and fully accumulated significant savings on utility payments.

Summing up, it becomes clear that there are advantages and consumer heating. But there are more advantages, and cons is rather features that, in principle, can be eliminated by various paths.

www.mds-ru.com.

T. I. Sadovsky, Cand. tehn Sciences, Chief Specialist of GPKI "Santekhniiproekt"

The problem of rational consumption and distribution of heat energy with heating systems is still relevant, since under the climatic conditions of Russia, residential buildings heating systems are the most energy-intensive engineering systems.

In recent years, prerequisites for the construction of residential buildings with reduced energy consumption due to the optimization of urban-planning and volume-planning solutions, form of buildings, by increasing the level of thermal protection of enclosing structures and through the use of more energy-efficient engineering systems.

Since 2000, residential buildings with thermal protection corresponding to the second power saving stage, energy efficiency comply with the regulatory requirements of countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom. Walls and windows of residential buildings have become "warmer" - the loss of heat by enclosing structures decreased by 2-3 times, modern translucent fences (windows, door of loggias and balconies) have so small breathability that when closed windows are practically no infiltration.

At the same time, in residential buildings of mass construction to the present, the heating system performed according to typical projects is also designed. In systems, high-temperature coolants with parameters 105-70, 95-70 ° C are traditionally used. When providing thermal protection of buildings on the second stage of energy saving and at the indicated parameters of the coolant, the dimensions and the heating surface of the heating devices are reduced, the coolant consumption through each device and, as a result, it does not provide protection against return radiation in the windows area, balcony doors, loggias, deteriorates working conditions. and regulating automatic thermostators of heating devices.

To create buildings with more efficient use of thermal energy providing comfortable conditions for human accommodation, modern, energy-efficient systems of heating are needed. Adjustable apartment heating systems fully meet these requirements. However, the widespread use of apartment heating systems is contained in part due to the lack of sufficient regulatory framework and design recommendations.

Currently, a set of rules for the "quarter-heating systems of residential buildings" is considered in the technical rationing department. The Code of Rules was prepared by a group of specialists of the FSUE "Santekhniiproekt", Mosproekt OJSC, Gosstroy Russia and includes requirements for systems, heating devices, reinforcement and pipelines, safety requirements, durability and maintainability of the consumer heating systems.

The rules of the rules complements and develops the requirements for the design of apartment heating systems according to SNiP 2.04.05- (2) and can be used to design consignment systems of heating in residential buildings of various types of single and multi-unit, block and sectional during the construction of new and reconstructed buildings provided by heat Energy from thermal networks (CHP, RTS, boiler room), from autonomous or individual heat sources.

The quarter of the heating system is a system with pipeline wiring within one apartment, providing maintaining a given air temperature in the premises of this apartment.

Analysis of a number of projects shows that the consumer heating systems have a number of advantages compared to the central systems:

- provide greater hydraulic stability of the system of heating of a residential building;

- increase the level of comfort in apartments by providing air temperature in each room at the request of the consumer;

- provide the possibility of heat metering in each apartment and reduce heat consumption for the heating period by 10-15% with automatic or manual control of heat fluxes;

- satisfy the requirements of the customer for design (the ability to select the type of heating device, pipes, pipe gasket schemes in the apartment);

- Provides the possibility of replacing pipelines, shut-off-regulating reinforcement and heating devices in separate apartments during redevelopment or emergency situations without disrupting the mode of operation of heating systems in other apartments, the possibility of conducting commissioning and hydrostatic tests in a separate apartment.

The level of thermal protection of residential buildings with quarter heating systems should be not lower than the required values \u200b\u200bof the resistance of the heat transfer of the exterior building fences according to SNiP II-3-79 *.

The estimated air temperature for the cold period of the year in heated premises of the residential building should be taken within the optimal norms according to GOST 30494, but not lower than 20 ° C for premises with a permanent stay of people. In apartment buildings, a decrease in air temperature in heated rooms is allowed when they are not used (during the absence of an apartment owner), below the normalized no more than 3-5 ° C, but not lower than 15 ° C. With such a drop of temperature, heat loss through the internal enclosing structures is allowed not to be taken into account.

In an apartment building with a central heating system, the consumer heating system should be designed for all apartments. The device is not allowed for one or more apartments in the house. Fighter heating systems in a residential building are joined by thermal networks on an independent scheme through heat exchangers, in a quarterly CTP or in an individual thermal paragraph (ITP). It is allowed to connect the consumption of consumption of consumption to thermal networks along the dependent scheme when ensuring automatic control of the parameters of the coolant in the ITP.

In single-welded and block houses with individual sources of heat supply, both consuming heating systems with heating devices and floor heating systems for heating individual premises or sections of the floor can be used, subject to automatically maintaining a predetermined coolant temperature and temperature on the floor surface.

For consideration systems, water is usually used as a coolant; Other coolants are allowed to apply under a technical and economic justification in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-91 *.

The parameters of the coolant for the consumption of consuming heating depending on the heat source, the type of pipes used and the method of their gasket are shown in the table.

In the high-heating systems of the residential building, the coolant parameters must be the same for all apartments. With a technical substantiation or on the task of the Customer, it is allowed to take the temperature of the coolant of the consumption of the consumer heating of one of the apartments below adopted for the building heating system. This must ensure the automatic maintenance of the desired coolant temperature.

Heating systems

The feed and reverse trunk vertical risers for each part of the section of the section are laid in special mines of common corridors, staircase halls.

Memory heating systems can be performed according to the following schemes:

- two-pipe horizontal (dead or passing) with parallel connection of heating devices (Fig. 1). Pipes are laid in outer walls, in the design of the floor or in special plinths-boxes;

- two-pipe beam with an individual connection of the pipelines (loops) of each heating device to the apartment collector (Fig. 2). It is allowed to connect "on the hitch" of two heating devices within one room. Pipelines are laid in the form of loops in the design of the floor or along the walls under the plinths. The system is convenient for installation, since the pipelines of one diameter are used, there are no pipe connections in the floor;

- single-tube horizontal with closing areas and sequential connections of heating devices (Fig. 3). The flow consumption is significantly reduced, but the surface of heating the heating devices is increased by approximately 20% or more. The scheme is recommended for use at higher heat carrier parameters and a smaller temperature difference (for example, 90-70 ° C). Due to the increase in the number of the water heating surface of the device decreases into the water instrument. The estimated temperature of the water coming out of the last device should not be below 40 ° C;

- Outdoor with styling heating coils from pipes in floor design. Outdoor systems have greater inertia than systems with heating devices, less accessible to repair and dismantling. Possible options for laying pipes in floor heating systems are shown in Fig. 4, 5. Scheme in fig. 4 provides easy installation of pipes and a uniform temperature distribution over the floor surface. Scheme in fig. 5 provides an approximately equal average temperature on the floor surface.

Should the heating of staircases, elevator halls provide in homes with consumer heating?

Attaching the heating device to pipelines can be performed according to the following schemes:

- side one-sided connection;

- connection of the radiator below;

- Side two-way (versatile) connection to the lower corks of the radiator. The versatile connection of pipelines should be provided for radiators with a length of no more than 2,000 mm, as well as for radiators connected "on the hitch". In a two-pipe heating system, the connection of two heating devices "on the hitch" is allowed within one room.

Heating devices, fittings, pipelines

In apartment buildings, the service life of heating devices and pipelines of heating systems should be at least 25 years; In one-sided houses, the service life is taken on the task of the customer.

As heating devices, it is advisable to use steel radiators or other appliances with a smooth surface that ensures surface cleaning from dust. Adjusts convectors with air control valves.

For hydraulic linking of individual branches of the consumer two-pipe heating system, all heating devices are installed in the apartment with pre-configuration valves.

In buildings with comprehensive heating systems, it should be provided:

- Installation in the ITP of a closed expansion tank and filter for the building system during heat supply from heat networks and an autonomous heat source;

- Installation of a closed expansion tank and filter for each apartment with heat supply from an individual heat source.

- 90% in the horizontal laying of pipes from the floor;

- 70-80% when laying horizontal pipes under the ceiling;

- 85-90% with vertical pipe laying.

Consumption consumption of thermal energy

conclusions

The presence of central heating in the apartment is definitely convenient, since the owners "does not hurt a head" on this. But, unfortunately, it is not always practical, since the temperature in the premises begins directly depend on the thermal regime installed in the total boiler room. In addition, such a system is not insured against emergency situations that may arise on any site her lengthAs a result, the whole house is often disconnected from heating. A lot of difficulties arises in the periods of "offseason", when the cooler came early to the slurry scheduled The beginning of the heating season, or, on the contrary, the batteries are drunk when too warm weather was installed on the street.

Despite the disorders of temperature regimes and temporary disconnection of the house from heating, payment for it remains unchanged that absolutely not profitable regular users. Therefore, in recent years, the trend in recent years is gaining more and more owners of apartments in high-rise buildings to the installation of autonomous heating systems.

Those who decided to "separate", as a rule, arise numerous questions related to various nuances of this procedure. Therefore, further and will be considered individual heating in an apartment building - the necessary documents and installation rules for him.

Advantages and disadvantages of autonomous heating in the apartment

Before deciding to such a cardinal substitution, it is necessary to evaluate everything "for" and "against" an individual system of heating.

So, advantages The presence of an autonomous heating system is as follows:

The possibility of heating an apartment in the off-season when the central system is not yet included or already turned off, in accordance with the established regional standards, which are based on the ambient temperature, during these seasons - is very unstable and with large daily fluctuations.
The ability to maintain the necessary temperature regime in the rooms, which is much more difficult to organize under central heating, as it does not take into account the location of the apartment and the degree of its insulation. Probably, it is not necessary to explain that the apartments inside the house, and the angular, and even substantive winter winds, require a differentiated approach to heating. However, to balance consumption costs, payment for heat It is accrued equally, usually - based on the apartment area.

Therefore, by installing autonomous heating in apartments, it is possible to immediately take into account the specifics of the location of the rooms, getting and comfortable microclimate in any of them, and considerable cash savings.

Autonomous heating is easy to individually configure operation modes. For example, it makes no sense to trample "on complete", if at the moment all residents are missing. It will be more logical only to maintain the required level of heating. But to the arrival of the owners, the automation "heal" heat so that the rooms are optimal temperature in the rooms.

Many modern management systems, besides whether they can respond independently to changing weather conditions. They can be controlled and remotely using GSM or IP communication channels.

The reduction in operating costs will also occur due to significantly smaller consumption of energy carriers, since modern gas or electric equipment is designed for optimal energy consumption - have high efficiency of the efficiency approaching 100 percent.
When installing, it is quite possible to refuse from the central system of hot water, providing its seven hot water autonomously. This means that the apartment equipped with such an aggregate will not depend on the summer preventive work of the DHW, and it will always be hot water.

As a category of advantages, the fact that, for central heating has to pay and in the summer, as it requires permanent service. By installing the same autonomous heating option, payments will be made only on a gas (or electric) counter, that is, it will be possible to directly monitor the consumption of energy carriers and the cost of heating and hot water supply, analyze and find ways to further save.

However, there are also considerable difficulties when translating an apartment for individual heating, and they can be attributed to disadvantages His arrangement:

All work should be made on a legal basis and in compliance with all the requirements for this process. Unauthorized reconstruction, firstly, will not save from payments of utilities for heating and hot water supply. And secondly, it also threatens a serious administrative punishment in the form of a very rather small fine.
The difficulties associated with the design of documentation for shutdown from central communications, project development, as well as obtaining permission to install the equipment.
It will be necessary or equipment or equipment with due faning system to install the heating unit.
Installation of the system refers to the works of a fairly high category of complexity.
Considerable costs, both in the design of documents and the acquisition of everything necessary for the arrangement of autonomous heating and DHW. And this is still excluding installation work.
All responsibility for carrying out operational and preventive measures, as well as for the safety of the system, fully falls on the owner of the apartment. It should be borne in mind that all these processes associated with autonomous heating will be monitored by the relevant profile organizations, whose representatives of the apartment owner will have to provide access to installed equipment.

However, even considering all the upcoming difficulties and significant initial costs, the autonomous heating system in all respects is much more profitable for central heating and DHW. In practice, she will pay off quickly enough and will reliably serve for many years.

Package of necessary documents for "autonomization"

In order to organize autonomous heating in the apartment, you will have to make some redevelopment, and this is, as you know, the process is enough labour intensive. It must be borne in mind that the design of resolution documents may take from three to five months, and the installation work is about a week. In this regard, the preparation process must begin in advance.

Preliminary coordination and permission

So, the first step, it is necessary to decide on the documents that will be required in order to proceed with the development of the project, the purchase of equipment, and then the installation of the autonomous system. The list of documents approved Art. 26 LCD RF "The foundation of the reorganization and (or) redevelopment of residential premises".

Any reorganization of residential premises is made taking into account the established requirements and in coordination with local governments. For negotiation, you must collect a package of documents in which the standard governor Documents on the possession of this housing, to which the following belongs:

Application application for a reorganization of housing. The form of statement is standard and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.
Certificate of state Registration on the right of ownership of the apartment is to be the right of inheritance or the agreement on the transfer of housing to the property. A copy of the document certified by a notary will be required.
The technical passport on the apartment is a photocopy, certified by a notary.
The redevelopment project of the apartment, made in the prescribed form.
A certified copy of the document, where all persons prescribed in the apartment are indicated.
Consent to the reconstruction of the heating system from all residents of the apartment. This document is drawn up on one sheet, where everyone living in the apartment has been listed, and then they affect their signatures, confirming their consent.
A document from the Organization for the Protection of Architectural Monuments, if the house where the reorganization is planned, refers to the category of architectural monuments.

The applicant should be remembered that self-government bodies are not allowed to demand other documents not provided for by this article. After making a package with documentation for consideration, the applicant must be given a receipt to receive, with a list of adopted documents.

Consideration and decision on agreement or refusal must be implemented no later than through 45 days from the date of filing the documentation. The document developed by the Commission must be issued to the applicant no later than 3-H. Business days after making a decision.

According to the norms and rules for the technical operation of housing, which are approved by the Russian State Building No. 70 from 27. 09.03 G.. , Refusal of redevelopment or reorganization of residential premises may follow if these actions are worsening the living conditions of all or individual residents at home, where the applicant's apartment is located.

However, this is not all. The list of documents is indicated by the redevelopment project, which must be approved by controlling gas and heat supply organizations, as it is necessary to obtain permission from the central heating system and install the gas equipment. And after receiving such permits, the draft redevelopment and installation of the autonomous system is drawn up, which must be coordinated with the relevant authorities.

Therefore, it is necessary to prepare all the above documents, as they will have to make in all organizations that directly affect the project preparation. Registration of documentation happens in the following order:

The first organization in which you need to contact are urban or district heating networks. It is there that give permission to disable the heating circuit of the apartment from the central heating system. Consent may be issued if the disconnection will not lead to a violation of the work of engineering equipment nearby apartments or the whole house as a whole. Other reasons for refusal, in principle, can not be.

If an unreasonable refusal was received from this organization, then this is a reason to apply to courts. It should be noted that sometimes a shutdown application is supplied through the organization of self-government with a housing foundation.

Then, with the resulting maiden letter, it is necessary to contact the gas service of the district or city for obtaining technical conditions for the installation of autonomous heating. This document must be issued within 10 days from the date of the applicant's appeal.
After receiving the one by taking all the documentation on the apartment, you can go to the design or energy organization, which is engaged in the preparation of such projects. If the boiler is purchased before the project is drawn up, and it meets all the requirements of the installation in the apartment of a multi-storey building, then the design organization should provide documentation and on it. The project will be prepared taking into account the technical conditions provided.

Most of the requirements for controlling organizations, including the gas service, are registered in the document "Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning" Paragraph 6.2 "Fighter Heating Systems" SNIP41 - 01-2003.

To free yourself from walking in all instances, you can entrust the design and coordination of all the necessary documents of the project organization. In some regions of Russia, this function takes the gas service. Naturally, all this additional work is carried out for a fee.

Draft autonomous heating

Separately, it is necessary to say about the project for the reconstruction of heating. First of allBefore contacting specialists who perform project work, it is necessary to carefully study the technical conditions used in the preparation of the project, and it is desirable to draw up a preliminary sketch of the approximate location of heating elements.

Exactly, its location can be determined after studying the plan of an apartment plan, which is located in a technical passport.

So, the project is a necessary document when carrying out any reorganization of residential premises. Based on it will be installed in the new heating circuit and heating boiler. How correctly this document will be drawn up, and then according to it installed the equipment, it will work so effectively.

The project includes data on external and internal factors that determine the type of heating:

The climatic conditions of the region in which the house is located.
Engineering and technical characteristics of the structure.
Available energy in which heating system can operate.
Technical characteristics of heated housing are the number of rooms, the presence of loggias, as well as the area and the volume of rooms.
Financial side of the issue.

On the basis of this data, not only the installation site of the heating unit, but also its type, as well as power is selected.

To make heating efficient and economical, the development of its project is recommended to trust the specialists. Best of all, energy companies will be cope with this stage, the organizations themselves or interacting with the asserting sector of heating organizations, with which subsequently, the project will be aligned, which will definitely ensure the correctness of its compilation, and therefore approval.

To get a positive result and optimal technical solution, the Customer must work closely with the organization that develops the project. In the process of creating a project, several options are usually considered. The customer chooses the one that suits it most, after which the technical parameters of the unit and all necessary equipment are determined. The project is being developed in several stages:

If the customer did not provide its own sketch version, then work is starting with it.
The system of the heating circuit is developed, on the basis of which the installation of the system will be installed.
The documentation for the projected heating system is preparing.
Scalance is compiled.

If this work is entrusted to professionals, then at each specific stage of project development, it will participate in it specialists in the field of heat supply, ventilation, architecture, as well as energy supply.

The project consists of several parts, which present certain data from different aspects of the project:

Descriptive part Gives information about the content and value of the project. This section of the document, in turn, is divided into several points, where the following technical data is posted:

- location of an apartment or a house if planned to be mounted in the private sector;

- Location of residential premises and planning features.

In the descriptive section of the document, these technical characteristics of the premises are specified, taking into account their location and climatic characteristics of the region where the structure is located. This description is necessary in order to determine the types and types of heating equipment. This information will be subsequently used to calculate and determine the power to which the heating system must have, as well as the temperature regime parameters in the apartment.

Technological calculations - This is the main part of the project in which the result is due to the parameters of the volume of the required energy carrier during the operation of the unit in different modes, as well as the optimal temperature of the coolant, providing the necessary heating of the apartment rooms. It is especially important to determine the power of the heating boiler and hot water supply, since on the basis of these calculations a selection of equipment and components for it is made.

In the same part, heat losses are calculated when heating the premises, on the basis of which it will be possible to draw conclusions about the efficiency of the system.

The calculated parameters will also show how appropriate is the one or another wiring and the type of radiators connecting to the system contour. The calculations also include use in the system of heating automatic control devices.

Further, all the data obtained is necessarily reflected in the system of the heating system, which will be guided for installers during the work. Deviations from those developed by experts and the approved scheme can lead to a commissioning of a commissioning system that allows the reception office.

Specification . This section contains data on basic materials and elements of the heating system, and their main technical characteristics. This part of the project also includes a diagram of the heating system with placed nodes and devices listed in the list.

This information is key to calculating the hydrostatic system, as well as the necessary heating temperature. If these calculations are incorrectly carried out, the system work will be ineffective, and gas consumption will be exceeded.

Graphic image - This is an important section of the project that visually represents how the overall design of the heating system will look. This part of the project is performed using special computer programs, most often in a three-dimensional projection.

Applying an application for project development, it is necessary to clarify for specialists the reason for the transition to the autonomous type of heating. The more justifications there will be, the more accurate the calculations, as experts will know what to pay attention to them.

A copy of the design documents must be filed to the gas company, which will continue to maintain the installed equipment.

Gas boiler for autonomous heating Apartments

When drafting a project, specialists will offer options for boilers that can be used to install in an individual system of heating an apartment. However, it is necessary and independently examine some information associated with the choice of the aggregate.

First of all, it is necessary to apply to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307, paragraph 44 of 16. 04.12. which addresses the connection of heat supply systems. This resolution presents a list of heat-power instruments that do not meet the established requirements, and therefore are prohibited for installation in the apartments of multi-storey houses. Having studied this document, it will be possible to immediately decide, the devices of which structures cannot be installed in the offline system of the apartment heating.

So, the list of boilers that can be used in apartments of multi-storey houses include aggregates operating on natural gas and corresponding to the following requirements:

Having a closed (hermetic) combustion chamber.
Mandatory presence of automatic shutdown of fuel supply in case of cessation of electricity supply, attenuation of the burner flame, if malfunctions occurred in the protection circuit, with insufficient pressure inside the system, which may fall below the limit value, when heating the coolant above the limiting temperature, as well as in the smoke system .
With a permissible temperature of the coolant in the system not higher than 95˚.
The pressure of the coolant is not more than 1 MPa.

In addition, the boilers are single-mounted, used only for heating apartments and dual-circuit, calculated, both on heating and heat heating. When applying and collecting documents, this factor must also be specified. This is due to the fact that the heating networks should give consent to the shutdown of the apartment not only from heating, but also from the DHW system.

Next, you need to decide on the design of the heating unit, as it can be wall or outdoor. To install in a modern apartment, a wall-mounted version of gas equipment is most often selected, since such boilers have compact sizes and pretty aesthetic Design, reminding in appearance. Since the chimney tube from the heating boiler should go outside, it will be conveniently placed on the outer wall, with this installation there will be no problems with the location of the pipe indoors. As a rule, a window is located on the outer wall, which will solve problems with ventilation of the room. Usually the power of a wall boiler is enough to heat the standard apartment with proper insulation of the walls and the presence of Eurocon with double-glazed windows.

Rooms in the apartment where the gas boiler can be installed

Separately, a few words are necessary and to say about the room for installing a gas boiler, as it is located in any room, according to the owners preference, will not work.

The placement of gas heating equipment must meet certain safety requirements to which the following are:

You can not install gas equipment in a residential room.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe room should be no less than 4 square meters.
The entrance door to the room with the installed boiler must have a width of at least 800 mm.
The room must be equipped with a window overlooking the street.
The boiler is mounted on the wall or installed on the floor, at a distancewhich should be no less than 300 mm from the other gas equipment, such as a gas stove.
In the room it is necessary to find the possibility of output to the street, that is, through the wall. Pipe output to the general ventilation channel is not allowed.
Some heating units require the premises of forced ventilation, that is, you will have to install an exhaust fan on the window. This will be indicated in technical specifications.
The wall boiler should be fixed on the wall built of non-flammable material, and for the outdoor it is necessary to make fire-resistant flooring, for example, lay outdoor ceramic tiles.

Without fulfilling these requirements, the Commission, signing an act of acceptance, will not agree to the commissioning of the autonomous heating system.

Based on the characteristics of the room, it can be concluded that the unit can be installed in the kitchen room or a pre-insulated loggia combined. Since the gas boiler is tied to the main power supply pipeline, which is supplied to the kitchen room of the apartment, it is optimal for the location of the heating unit.

In addition, the kitchen is necessarily equipped with a window going outside and the door of the required width. And, in addition, the channel of general ventilation was supplied to it, which is also necessary for the premises of the apartment "boiler room".

How to come up with the choice of gas heating boiler?

In order for the boiler to fully respond to its parameters created system Heating, it was reliable and convenient to operate, it is necessary to guide the whole row of criteria for evaluating such equipment. - Read in a separate publication of our portal.

Autonomous electric heating

The arrangement of electrical heating is substantially simpler than gas. At least because there is a wider selection of its installation of boiler or other equipment, since the power supply is divorced throughout the apartments, and the ventilation and the combustion products are not required.

When planning the installation of electric heating, first of all, you need to consult in the establishment of "Energonadzor" (or a similar organization). It is necessary to check the availability of resources in the home for extraction of additional energy. If a written consent was obtained in this organization, then with him and a petition to turn off the apartment from centralized heat supply, it is necessary to contact the heating network.

The list of other documentation should be clarified in the energy company and in the authorities of self-government. The fact is that when installing electric heating in different regions of the country, the requirements for its installation can differ significantly. The only thing to note is that the number of documents and approvals will be much smaller compared with the gas heating of the apartment.

Thanks to modern technologies today, you can choose one of two electrical heating options. One implies the use of a heating unit with conventional pipe wiring for the circulation of the coolant. The second implies direct heating by separately installed devices or systems - electrical convectors, infrared heaters, systems "".

Heating using an electric boiler

The system using the coolant, that is, pipe wiring and radiators remain in place. But they are connected to an electric heating boiler, and heat carrier will heat up from him, and not from the central heating line.

Most of the modern models of electric heating units are equipped with automatic control. Therefore, the system can be programmed so that the heating of the room to the required temperature indicators will not be constantly, but only in the time set by the hosts. This feature can be safely saved, for example, using a free chance for "charging" heat accumulator.

Wall-mounted electrical boilers are presented on sale, which can have a power of 5 ÷ 60 kW, as well as outdoor options, their power exceeds 60 kW.

Which one to choose, specialists will be prompted, when submitting documents for the preparation of a project of an electric heating system, in which the scheme of its arrangement will be. The choice of the boiler will depend on the area and location of the apartment in the house, the degree of its insulation, the number of windows and balconies, as well as the material manufacturing material. Usually choosing the boiler power, rely on the installed technological standards, that is, 1 kW of electricity on 10 "squares" of the area.

It is impossible to lose sight of the fact that if an aggregate with a capacity exceeding 9 kW is acquired, then the need to re-equip the apartment power grid and the installation of a three-phase meter. If you plan to install a heating boiler for greater power, then before purchasing it, you must consult and get a written permission in the local energy company.

It should be borne in mind that household electric boilers are not designed for a large number of radiators, respectively, their installation is optimal for heating small areas, up to 80 - 90 m². In addition to the boiler, the "warm floor" systems can be used, which economically consume electricity economically.

Electrical units operate according to the standard automatic heating system. The coolant (water or antifreeze) heats up, passing through the boiler, and then enters the heating circuit with radiators installed in it. Passing this path, the coolant cools and returns to the boiler for heating, etc. So that the circulation was more intense, and the radiators warmed faster, the circulation pump is installed in the heating circuit.

The electric boiler, in contrast to the gas equipment, can be installed in any utility room where it is convenient to carry out a power line, and where it will be easier to perform a common wiring of the heating circuit pipes. Most often, the kitchen or bathroom is also selected for this. But sometimes it is assembled in the corridor, having filled the wiring of the contour pipe into the wall surfaces.

What is the electric heating boiler?

A variety of such devices is quite large, moreover, not only in size, power and other operational parameters, but even on the principle of heating. Read more about this in a special article of our portal dedicated to.

Direct heating room with electrical devices

Heating using individual electrical devices or a "warm floor" system, which can be combined or work separately, is called a direct heating system.

This option is preferable to choose if there is a desire to free yourself from numerous pipes and volumetric radiators, since, for example, electrical convectors have a more aesthetic appearance and compact size. The "warm floor" system can be a cable rod or film - but in any case, it is generally imperceptible to the eye.

When combining individual devices into a single system, it is possible to connect it to a common control unit, with the help of which the temperature modes in the time of day and by day of the week are set, taking into account the routine of the family's life.

When choosing any kind of electrical heating, it is necessary to provide grounding, without which permission will not be issued to commissioning the system.

The advantage of electric heating is that it, in contrast to the gas, is safer. And compared to the central system, it can be easily and very accurately adjusted by setting the required temperature.

The main drawback of the electrical system is that when the electricity is disconnected, the apartment will remain not only without lighting, but also without heating. Therefore, if this phenomenon is repeated with a frightening constancy in a particular settlement, it is better to stop your choice on autonomous gas heating of the apartment. In addition, explicit "minuses" includes very high electricity tariffs.

Features of the arrangement of electrical heating consist in compliance with some conditions that are not provided for the gas option of heating. So, experts are recommended:

Conduct for electrical heating system from distribution shield separate power cable which Stabilizes the load on the uniform electrical network.
Uzo systems are installed today in all new buildings, equipped with autonomous electrical heating. If it is not, you will have to take care of the acquisition of such a block. It - reliable Protection against lesion with current when it leaks on the instrument housing.
It is highly desirable to install a two-timer counter that will help to save in the case, if the heat supply of the premises will occur in the preferential clock.

Instruments and systems of direct heating of rooms - what to choose?

A variety of such devices is extremely wide. With you can take a closer look at the special article of the portal. Another publication will tell about the varieties and specific features various systems.

Installation of the autonomous heating system

Disconnecting an apartment from central highways of heating and hot water supply, as well as the installation of a gas and electric boiler, only specialists of energy companies have been produced with a special documented admission to such work.

Such rules are introduced to comply with all security conditions both during installation and during the operation of the equipment. No need to forget that in an apartment building there are many neighboring apartments with people in them. And you should not expose your own and their life danger.

You can take on the laying of pipes and the arrangement of heating radiators, the installation of other necessary elements of the system. But even that - only subject to the presence of good skills in conducting such operations.

In this publication, there is no particular sense in this posting. The fact is that with all the details this is set out in a special article of the portal.

Nuances Mounting Water Heating System

Laying a boiler is installed, or electric, otherwise the pipeline wiring, the installation of radiators, additional devices and parts is almost the same. How it is held in a house or apartment - to the appropriate detailed instructions you will give the recommended link.

Before deciding to abandon centralized heating and from the supply of hot water, it is necessary to weigh all the positive and negative points of autonomous heating of the apartment. And only after carrying out such a comparison and conducting thoughtful analysis - to be taken for collecting documents.

Another little refinement. It may happen that by turning off the apartment from heat supply and the DHW, paying for generalic heating will still have to pay. But these amounts will be completely meager, compared with those that monthly indicated in the payment previously.

And in conclusion - a small video, which will also help weigh all the "Pro" and "Contra" autonomous heating system in the apartment

Video: Advantages and disadvantages of the autonomous apartment heating system

Description:

Systems used in high-storey buildings can be divided into vertical (riser) and horizontal (quarter, floor layout). Both those and others have both a number of advantages and disadvantages. Vertical (riser) wiring, as a rule, is used in buildings with a single consideration of heat consumption (only house accounting).

Experience in the design and operation of the consuming heating systems of high-rise residential buildings

Scheme of a flood assembly of the consumption of consumption of heating and water supply to vertical risers

Advantages of the quarter heating systems

Compared to heating systems with vertical risers, horizontal two-pipe jetty heating systems with wiring in the floor have several advantages, mainly from the point of view of the operation service and apartment owners.

The quarter system allows operating service to turn off only one apartment, for example, in case of an accident or, if necessary, repair or replacing heating devices. The heating system of a separate apartment can be easily adjusted regardless of other apartments. In addition, as noted above, this scheme is not critical to the problem of unauthorized reorganization of heating systems inside apartments (replacement of instruments and thermostats). The independence of the wiring from other apartments implies the possibility of individual designation of heating of each apartment, depending on the wishes of the owner of this apartment. The quarter of the heating system, if necessary, can be easily equipped with consuming heat meters, which allows you to transfer to the payment of actually consumed thermal energy according to the testimony of heat meters. By itself, the installation of heat meters does not apply to energy-saving events, but the payment of actually required thermal energy is a powerful incentive forcing the residents to carry out such events in the apartment and establish the most economical microclimate parameters. For example, with a long lack, it is possible to lower the air temperature in the rooms to some minimal value by means of thermostats on heating devices. With the current position currently, when the cost of heat energy is included in the apartment fee, the owner of the apartment is not interested in saving energy; If the apartment is very hot - the fortuet will be opened, but the thermostat will never be closed. The use of apartment heating systems, compared with vertical, leads to a decrease in the length of the main pipes, which always have the highest diameter (most expensive), reduce heat loss in unheated rooms, where pipelines are laid, simplifying the floor and seen entry of the building into operation. The cost of the device of the consignment system of heating, based on the experience of the design of a number of objects, is not much higher than the cost of standard circuits with vertical risers, however, the life of the consumer heating system is approximately twice as high due to the use of pipes from heat-resistant polymeric materials, so the use of this scheme economically More expedient.

Features of the use of pipes from heat-resistant polymeric materials

Regulatory documents declare the use of quarterly heating systems in residential buildings. At the same time, the use of pipes from heat-resistant polymeric materials is allowed. These can be pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene, polypropylene, fiberglass, metal-polymer, copper, etc. To systems of heating with pipes from such materials, the following requirements are imposed:

Fighter heating systems in buildings should be designed two-pipe, while providing for the installation of control devices, control and consumption of heat for each apartment.

Pipelines of heating systems should be designed from steel, copper, brass pipes, heat-resistant pipes from polymeric materials (including metal-polymer and fiberglass) allowed for use in construction. Complete parts and products corresponding to the type of pipes should be applied with plastic pipes.

The parameters of the coolant (temperature, pressure) in heating systems with pipes from heat-resistant polymeric materials should not exceed the maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bindicated in the regulatory documentation for their manufacture, but not more than 90 ° C and 1.0 MPa.

Pipes made of polymeric materials used in heating systems in conjunction with metal pipes or with devices and equipment, including in external heat supply systems that have limitations on the content of dissolved oxygen in the coolant must have an anti-infusion layer.

The last statement, in our opinion, is rather controversial, since it is difficult to imagine an oxygen diffusion inside the pipe, in which the medium is under pressure, much greater than the atmospheric (6-8 atmospheres).

In the consumer systems of heating of the objects under consideration (with the exception of the building on the ul. Marshal Turizova, 32, in which polypropylene pipes are used) are used crosslinked polyethylene tubes (PEX). Based on the design experience, you can recommend the wide use of such pipes in mass high-altitude construction.

Technology of production of pipes from stitched polyethylene began to spread about thirty years ago. To date, only in Europe has already established over 5 billion m of pipes from the RS (all methods of stitching), they account for over 50% of the total polymer pipe market for plumbing and hot water supply (DHW). The main advantages of using crosslied poly-ethylene pipes are as follows:

The uniformity of the walls and the strength characteristics of the material that can be monitored by water supply and heating systems, including the central, in houses of high floors with the calculated service life of at least 50 years, which allows the use of hidden wiring and, in turn, complies with modern aesthetic requirements.

The ability to recreation of the form, "molecular memory", allowing you to restore the pipeline after "deadlock" (excessive bend), as well as operate the system after defrosting.

Reliability of the pipe and fitting.

A variety of types and a large nomenclature of fittings in combination with flexibility and a large winding length of bays, allowing you to minimize the number of pipe connections and waste.

Maintainability of the system: The hidden gasket of the pipeline in the corrugation (channel), in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, will allow, if necessary, to replace the damaged section of the pipe without opening the wall or floor design.

A smooth inner surface that does not allow solid particles to "pester" to the walls - the pipes "do not overgrow", while maintaining an internal section; The hydraulic resistance coefficient decreases compared to steel pipes by 25-30%.

It can be noted that the term and complexity of the installation and the number of people employed are much lower than when using steel pipes, the systems are very simple in operation, and for their installation, specialists are not required by specialists of such high qualifications as welders.

There are three most common methods of manufacturing modified polyethylene: peroxide (PEX-A), silane (PEX-B), radiation (PEX-C).

The first manufacturer of such pipes, the Swedish company Wirsbo (since 1988 - as part of the Uponor concern), went to the market with peroxide technology in 1972, and by now only this company produced 1.2 billion m of PEX-A pipes.

Types of stitched polyethylene pipes presented in the domestic market, some manufacturers and a short list of objects in Moscow, in the heating system of which the pipes are used are presented in Table. one.

Table 1
Types of stitched polyethylene pipes, some manufacturers and examples of objects

Type of pipe is stitched Polyethylene	Manu- Dutyer	Examples of objects
PEX-A.	Wirsbo.	Multi-storey residential building on ul. Fleet, residential buildings in the Michurinsky pr., Vl. 6 (14 floors), ul. Davydkovskaya, Vl. 3 (43 floors), ul. New Cheryomushki, 22 (18 floors), etc.
PEX-A.	Rehau.	Complexes "Olympia", "Golden Keys", considered in the article objects
PEX-B.	Birpex.	High-rise residential building "Edelweiss", residential building on Karamyshevskaya Nab., \u200b\u200bA number of "Don-Building" objects, typical residential buildings in the Moscow region (Lyubertsy, etc.), etc.
PEX-C.	Kan.	Residential complexes "Crown", "Science", 11 Kurkino microdistrict, etc.

It should be noted that the creation of training centers was played a major role in the promotion of the use of pipes from stitched polyethylene in our country, in which special seminars were arranged for designers. Such centers organized all the leading manufacturers of pex pipes. In addition, manufacturers offer special software, as a rule, free, allowing to calculate the heat loss and quickly choose the necessary equipment and design the system.

The difference in crosslinking methods leads to differences and thermomechanical properties. In general, the higher density of the mesh structure, increasing strength, simultaneously increases the material of the material, making pipes less elastic. The most durable design provides a silane method of manufacturing, and at present it is possible to note the tendency of a confident increase in the market share of pipes manufactured by PEX-B technology. In addition, these pipes are characterized by a lower price, because in our country domestic producers are produced.

The speed of the coolant in pipes of consumption of consuming heating from stitched polyethylene is taken, as a rule, at the level of values \u200b\u200bcorresponding to the economical hydraulic resistances (R \u003d 150-250 P / m). At the same time, it is estimated to select the diameters of pipes in the consumer heating system with a horizontal layout, you can take the speed of the coolant movement and, accordingly, the heat load at the temperature difference in the feed and reverse pipeline at 20 ° C, indicated in Table. 2.

It was above indicated that according to the requirements of SNiP pressure of the coolant in heating systems with pipes from heat-resistant polymer materials should not exceed 1.0 MPa. Theoretically, such limit pressure allows you to increase the height of the zone. However, stitched polyethylene pipes are not designed for such pressure (for example, PEX-A pipes at a temperature of 90 ° C are calculated for the maximum pressure of 8.6 atmospheres). For these considerations and the consuming heating systems are zoned by vertical, the height of the zone is usually limited to 50-60 meters. On most of the objects described in this article, the PEX-A pipes made by Rehau are used, but now the possibilities of using pipes from stitched polyethylene, manufactured by other technologies, in particular, are already constructed objects on which tubes from PEX-B, Production of Birpex Corporation. The reason for the choice of PEX-A for the first objects was their guaranteed reliability and durability: the first buildings with such pipes were built back in 1972, and thus we can say that the minimum of the thirty-year service life is confirmed by the experience of real exploitation. The restriction of the use of PEX pipes lies in limited combinations of working pressure and temperature.

I would like to draw the attention of designers to the correct selection of pipes from the point of view of acceptable operating pressure and temperatures. As noted above, according to the requirements of SNiP, the pressure and temperature of the coolant in the heating systems with pipes from heat-resistant polymer materials should not exceed 1.0 MPa and 90 ° C, respectively. The permissible pressure in the pipe depends, including from the operating temperature and on the pipe diameter: for example, the manufacturer can offer pipes 18 x 2 and 18 x 2.5 mm, and at the same temperature the first pipe is calculated for pressure 6 atmospheres And the second is 10 atmospheres.

It often happens that already after developing a project of the heating system, an investor decides to increase the height of the building into several floors, as a result of which the limit hydrostatic pressure may exceed the permissible. For example, PEX-A pipes at 90 ° C are calculated by 8.4 AT, which means the maximum height of the system of 80 m (theoretically, the height of the system could be made more, since the reinforcement is designed for 10 at, and heating devices for 16-25 at ). Therefore, for reliability, to avoid exceeding the limit hydrostatic pressure, it is better to provide an "excess" zone in the building.

Do not overestimate and operating temperature. If the building is calculated at 95 ° C, PEX pipes are not used in the heating system, since they are calculated by a maximum of 90 ° C (the same temperature is also indicated in SNiP). Some designers nevertheless motivate the possibility of applying a PEX pipe in this case by the fact that the heat supply schedule is almost never withstanding, and this temperature (95 ° C) will never be achieved. In our opinion, this opinion is erroneous, and in no case cannot be allowed to overestimate the operating temperature. When using systems with stitched polyethylene pipes, it is possible to recommend to adhere to the temperature graph of 90-70 ° C, 90-65 ° C, since the further decrease in temperature will lead to a significant increase in the surface of the heating devices, which is not welcomed by investors due to the growth of the system costs.

Due to differences in the temperature of the coolant supplied to the building from urban heat networks, a significant overseas experience of operating systems with stitched polyethylene pipes can be used in our country very limited. In countries such as Holland, Denmark, Germany, the coolant is supplied to the building with a temperature of 70-75 ° C. In the objects under consideration, the condition of the crosslied polyethylene pipes is closely monitored, nevertheless already accumulated experience says that during installation, and during the operation of systems from PEX-pipes in buildings connected to networks through the CTP, problems occur significantly less than In systems with pipes from other materials.

Another advantage of pipes from PEX is the possibility of its deputy in concrete. SNiP allows you to deploy inseparable connections to concrete. The system of stretching fittings of PEX-pipes relates just to inseparable compounds, in contrast to other systems: for example, metal-plastic pipes are connected by means of precipitated nuts, therefore, the deposit of such pipes is an impaired SNiP.

The experience of using metal-plastic pipes in heating systems was recognized as unsuccessful, and now the use of the use of these pipes in these systems is prohibited. During operation, it was found that as a result of aging, the adhesive layer and the inner layer of such a pipe "collapses" is destroyed, as a result of which the passage section changes, and the heating system stops working normally. This place is very difficult to detect, usually in this case a malfunction is searched in thermostats, pumps, etc. To detect a malfunction, a special method was developed, in which the water meter was put in the line, according to the testimony and was able to localize the place of "collapses". In addition to the "collapses", in heating systems from metal-plastic pipes, cases of loss of tightness of precipitated threaded compounds were noted due to the aging of rubber seals.

One of the significant advantages of pipes from stitched polyethylene compared to steel is the lack of threaded compounds, which significantly improves the reliability of the system. Due to the lack of threaded compounds, the number of mechanical voltage foci is significantly reduced, which appear in threaded connections when heating and cooled the system. There are cases when when stopping for the summer of hot water supply pipes began to rush through threaded connections. In systems with pipes made of stitched polyethylene, the foci of mechanical voltage is evenly distributed over the entire length of the pipes. It also plays a role here that the pipes are supplied in the form of bays, and thus the length of the highway without any compounds can achieve a significant amount (for example 200 m).

It should be noted that the pipes themselves are completely insufficient for the device of heating or water supply system. The system can only be built if the pipe is provided with the necessary assortment of fittings. Not all manufacturers offer a full range of fittings, which forced to buy them on the side. It is quite expensive, and, in addition, the fittings of one manufacturer may not fit the pipes of another manufacturer, despite the fact that pipe sizes in all manufacturers are standardized. The use of fittings and pipes that do not correspond to each other leads to leakage of compounds, as a result of which, during operation in the heating system, leaks may appear.

The service life of PEX pipes depends on the temperature of the coolant - the lower this temperature, the more service life of the pipe. As noted above, the first such pipes began to be used more than 30 years ago and are successfully operating at present. Manufacturers indicate the service life of pipes depending on temperature - from 25 to 50 years. These are minimal figures, in our opinion, the actual service life can be much higher. The inner surface of the cross-linked polyethylene pipes is always clean, unlike the steel, there is no rust, scale, etc. The aging of the material of such pipes occurs only as a result of the effects of ultraviolet radiation. Since on the objects under consideration, all pipes are protected from sunlight - are laid in the corrugation, in the tie of the floor, in the space of the tail ceiling, in the stable - aging and the destruction of these pipes does not occur. The heating devices are connected either by means of a special outlet installed in the wall or by means of a metal standardized liner below.

Types of consumption of consuming heating

The pipe wiring in the heating system of the apartment can be performed either in the floor or in the space of the tail ceiling. In the objects under consideration, it is used, as a rule, laying pipes in the floor. Since the electrical wiring and various low-current lines can also be located in the floor design, it is necessary to perform pipe wiring so that it is possible to avoid intersections.

Horizontal consuming heating systems are ray, perimetral and mixed. In municipal residential buildings, the area of \u200b\u200bone apartment is relatively small. On the other hand, the enclosing structures of modern buildings are characterized by good heat-stash. Teplopotieri apartments are small. In this regard, the heating system is calculated for a small heat load, which allows the use of small diameters pipes. For example, with heat load up to 7 kW, it is sufficient to use a pipe with a diameter of 20 mm. In this case, the apartment layout is connected directly to the vertical riser in the stairs, without any intermediate cabinets, and the perimetral or mixed wiring is used inside the apartment.

In residential buildings of an elite class of apartments, as a rule, very large. It is often used stained glass glazing, winter gardens are arranged. Despite the good heat, heat loss of apartments is large enough. Due to the significant heat load in such apartments, it is not always possible to apply even a pipe with a diameter of 25 mm. In this regard, in the residential buildings of the elite class at entering the pipes of the heating system, an intermediate distribution cabinet is established, which contains shut-off valves, air vent.

The food of the apartment lockers is provided for distribution collectors installed in the highlighted places of the ladder-elevator node, usually this place is equipped with doors, the key of which is only at the operation service. In the same place, as a rule, an apartment connect to water supply systems is organized, and heat and water meters are installed. Now the models of heat meters are proposed, the input of which you can submit a pulse from the water meters, thus having having the dispatch system. Even if heat and water meters are not installed, the place is provided for their placement, as well as for laying the information tire.

Inside the apartment, the wiring of heating systems is carried out in the floor, as a rule, according to the radial scheme, although it can be used perimetral. These two schemes, radiation and perimeter, are generally equivalent. Operating experience has shown that both of them work very well, but still the use of radiation scheme is preferable, especially for the apartments of a large square. One of the benefits of radial wiring is the use of smaller pipes. For a large apartment with a perimeter heating system, a pipe with a diameter of 25 or 32 mm is required. In this case, firstly, the preparation of the floor increases. Secondly, it increases the cost of necessary materials (a tee of a large diameter commensurate at a price with the pipe itself). It is much more profitable in such cases by applying a radial layout, to increase the number of pipes while reducing their diameter. In this case, because modern sound-absorbing materials of small thickness are used instead of noise absorbing clamping materials, the floor screed turns out to be thinner, which allows you to win in the height of the ceilings and the volume of apartments (in modern apartments of the "elite" class, this circumstance is significant, since it affects the commercial cost of the apartment ). The radial layout system is easier in the installation and is very convenient to operate.

You can easily change the heating device of this beam, without turning off the other appliances. In case of any manipulations with a heating device, for example, when repaired or in the event of an accident, unlike perimeter layout, there is no need to stop the heating of the entire apartment, as a result of which the apartment is played in winter. With radial layout, there is no need to make holes in the bearing walls. When redeveloping the wall apartments can be transferred to another place, and the heating tracks are also.

If in the process of redeveloping or repairing the floor material is attached around the perimeter of the room, damage to the pipes of perimetral layout are possible (such cases were noted during the operation of the building on the ul. Marshal turjova, 32, in which the consuming heating system was used, made in the perimeter diagram from polypropylene pipes) . On the other hand, if parquet is laid in the apartment, then plywood preparation is used, which is attached to a large number of "nails", scored in the screed. In this case, the radiation scheme is more vulnerable than perimetral. In addition, cases were noted when, in the process of repair with the heating devices, the building solutions fell into pipes, which led to their clogging and disconnecting the heating of the entire apartment. Plores in such cases are quite difficult to localize, the operation of the operation was acquired for these purposes. High-altitude zyonic equipment. To eliminate the barbell during the perimet wiring, it is required to turn off the entire apartment. When using a radial layout, only the branch is turned off in such cases, in which there was a blockage, despite the fact that the location of the zoom is very easy. In the building mentioned, the vertical risers of the heating system are located inside the apartments. These risers were equipped with balance pairs, the system was adjusted, but the operating experience of the building showed that with this location of the risers in the event of an accident to get into the apartment to minimize the damage is often difficult. Based on this, at all new facilities at present, vertical risers of heating and hot water systems with the necessary locking reinforcement are located in the staircase lift, where they are able to access employees of the service service.

The heating devices require individual manual or automatic air duct valves, which are also mounted on the distributor.

Hot water supply system with horizontal welded wiring

In addition to the heating system, according to such a scheme (with horizontal consumption), it can be organized and hot water supply for a separate apartment. This scheme was successfully implemented, for example, in the high-altitude residential complexes "Vorobyev Mountains" and "Triumph Palace".

In this case, the risers of the water supply system are laid in the lift lift, where the hot and cold water pipelines are input. The system is equipped with hot and cold water meters, which, together with filters and pressure regulators, are installed in distribution cabinets in the staircase lift. Calculation for actually consumed resources is conducted according to meter readings. Such a solution allows you to cut one of the consumers if necessary, check the pressure, adjust the consumers. Localization of the damaged area allows you to minimize damage from the accident, while the water supply of neighboring apartments does not stop.

In order to avoid flow of water from a cold highway in a hot, resulting from the wrong operation of some types of plumbing equipment, check valves are installed in the inputs to the apartment of hot and cold water systems. It is envisaged to install restrictive pressure regulators on 4 bars (see the article "Experience in the design and operation of engineering systems of new high-altitude residential complexes of Moscow", "Avok", 2005, No. 2, p. 8-18).

The wiring to the apartments and the apartment is performed, as well as for the heating system, from PEX-pipes, placed, as a rule, behind a tail ceiling (maybe in the floor). Since the wiring from the disconnecting reinforcement is performed without breaking, "one pipe", this scheme is characterized by very high reliability, leakage resistance. In turn, the smooth inner surface of the crosslied polyethylene pipe makes it possible to avoid "overgrowth" pipes even in the case of using very hard water. The water supply system is also divided into zones in height, and in the described systems of risers of systems, they are parallel in the above-mentioned niches of the ladder-lift node, have convenient access for maintenance and repair. By analogy with heating systems, all DHW stands are equipped with compensators and fixed supports. Calculated circulation is displayed using regulating and balancing reinforcement. The use of modern regulators allows you to use in the ITP one group of DHW heat exchangers for 2-3 zones, which is successfully implemented on the objects built according to our projects.

Automatic balancing valves in heating systems

Modern building heating systems are systems that have increased requirements for reliability and adjustability, especially in high-altitude and extended buildings. In such conditions, the provision of hydraulic stability is the main task of both the design and operation of the heating system. Systems must be manageable in all modes and not go beyond efficient operation. Traditionally, such controllability is achieved by increasing the resistance of the heating devices (radiator and thermostat) and hydraulic linking of circulating rings. For this purpose, RTD-N radiator thermostators are used on the objects with an increased hydraulic resistance on the strapping of heating devices, and on risers or instrument branches of the system - automatic balancing valves of the ASV-P series (PV and PV PLUS) and ASV-M ( I). The question arises - how justified the use of automatic balancing valves in a two-pipe heating system, because manual balancing valves are cheaper. This is not quite so. In fact, with this approach, those costs that are needed for adjustment and launch of a two-pipe heating system with manual balancing valves are not taken into account. Adjusting systems with manual balancing valves is usually carried out according to one of the three most common methods: proportional, compensatory or computer (using a specialized PFM 3,000 device). The description of these techniques is the topic for a separate article, and in this case it is necessary to touch only the preparatory stage, one for all techniques. Before adjusting the system, it is necessary to carry out the following activities: to test the system for tightness, rinse and clean the filters, remove air from the system, output the pump (100% load). All thermostatic valves are set to the position corresponding to the project configuration (only so you can define overheats and preheophes of rooms). To do this, the cap of the thermostatic valve should not be restricted into the rod. Caps protect the rod from dirt and breakdowns. Replacing the caps on thermostatic elements is carried out only at the end of the setup. The holding of all these activities is possible, in fact, only when adjusting the heating system of a new undue home. After the settlement, when those or other alterations substantially change the system hydraulics, conducting even preparatory activities can be significantly difficult.

And one more fact - on average, the setup of one balancing valve takes 20 minutes. Thus, in branched systems of heating of high-rise buildings, adjusting only one zone can take up to 12 hours. At the same time, when using the first two methods (proportional and compensatory), two PFM instruments are needed 3,000. The heating systems with radiator thermostators are systems with variable hydraulic characteristics, circulation rings are constantly changing. Calculated on the basis of 100% system load, manual balancing valves are simply not able to respond to a change in hydraulic parameters when reduced costs. This leads to noise on radiator thermostat, the absence of thermal comfort in rooms, an increase in heat consumption. The operation of thermostat can be transformed from smooth regulation into a two-position. The cause of all these problems is the excessive pressure drops in individual rings and risers of the system, which may differ to a large extent from the calculated one. Radiator thermostators are often simply not designed for such excess pressure drops. In addition, a large number of stages of linking the heating system significantly affects its adjustability.

The ASV-P or ASV-PV valves installed on the return pipeline are binding to a pulse tube with ASV-M valves mounted on the feed and form a pressure drop control (direct effect), or in conjunction with the ASV-I valve - the pressure drop control with the pressure regulator The ability to limit flow.

Automatic balancing valves divide the heating system into several independent subsystems. Subsystems can be floor, apartment branches or risers. In the subsystem, the hydraulic mode is peculiar only to it, within which hydraulic stability should be provided. The number of stages of linking circulating rings in this case depends on the installation site of the automatic pressure regulator of the pressure and the branchiness of the system regulated by it. The closer the automatic balancing valve to heating devices, the easier the hydraulic linking of the system. The absence of a large number of manual balancing valves reduces the hydraulic resistance of the system and saves the cost of energy to pump the coolant and improves the thermal comfort in the room. In the presence of automatic pressure drop regulators on unbranched branches, the linking of circulation rings is reduced to a single-stage procedure. The number of circulating rings in such a subsystem is equal to the number of heating devices.

With the consumer wiring, the optimal solution is the use of automatic Balancing valves ASV-P (PV) on the reverse pipeline and the ASV-I-I-I-valve shut-off valves. The use of this particular pair of valves makes it possible not only to compensate for the influence of the gravitational component, but also limit the flow rate per apartment in accordance with the calculated parameters.

Valves are usually selected on the diameter of pipelines and are configured to maintain pressure drop at 10 kPa. This value of the valve settings is selected based on the value of the required pressure loss on radiator thermostators to ensure their optimal operation.

The restriction of the flow rate is set by the setting on the ASV-I valves. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that in this case the pressure loss on these valves must be included in the pressure drop supported by the ASV-PV regulator.

Based on the foregoing, you can draw the following conclusions.

The horizontal consumption of the two-pipe heating system is:

Most protected from unauthorized alterations;

Convenient in terms of operation;

Optimal to organize commercial metering consumption of thermal energy.

Automatic balancing valves:

Separated the heating system to independent subsystems with a stabilized pressure drop;

Eliminate the influence of natural pressure to an adjustable area;

Stabilize the operation of the system for a long time;

Provide optimal conditions for the operation of thermostat;

Simplify hydraulic calculations of the heating system;

Do not require expensive system setup;

Prevent noise formation;

Allow you to gradually launch the heating system.

I would like to hope that the materials of this article will contribute to the transition to the consumer heating systems, new materials and equipment. Ready to answer any questions that have arisen on this topic.

1 See Articles "Engineering solutions of a high-rise residential complex", "Avok", 2004, No. 5, p. 12-18, and "Experience in the design and operation of engineering systems of new high-altitude residential complexes of Moscow", "Avok", 2005, No. 2, p. 8-18.

Fighter heating system. Apartment heating

Memory heating system

Heating systems

Heating devices, fittings, pipelines

Consumption consumption of thermal energy

conclusions

Positive sides

Real value

The possibility of heating even in the absence of a centralized connection to the heating network

Significant resource savings

The quality of heating is significantly improved.

Cons system

Operation of consumer heating

Popular boilers

Pros of an individual heating system in an apartment building

Features of the heating device in an apartment building

Heating system

Basement

Fighter heating

Important advantages and consumer heating

Heating systems

Heating devices, fittings, pipelines

Consumption consumption of thermal energy

conclusions

Advantages and disadvantages of autonomous heating in the apartment

Package of necessary documents for "autonomization"

Preliminary coordination and permission

Draft autonomous heating

Gas boiler for autonomous heating Apartments

Rooms in the apartment where the gas boiler can be installed

Autonomous electric heating

Heating using an electric boiler

Direct heating room with electrical devices

Installation of the autonomous heating system

Video: Advantages and disadvantages of the autonomous apartment heating system

Experience in the design and operation of the consuming heating systems of high-rise residential buildings

Advantages of the quarter heating systems

Features of the use of pipes from heat-resistant polymeric materials

Types of consumption of consuming heating

Hot water supply system with horizontal welded wiring

Automatic balancing valves in heating systems