The road trail network serves as a direction of the way, while connecting the area zones, and also serves as an additional drainage for the entire site.

When creating tracks and platforms, it is necessary to take into account the following points:

Tracks and platforms must be safe at any time of the year, under all weather conditions;
- the width must be at least 60 cm;
- the type of paving depends on their purpose;
- drainage should be organized from the ground cover;
- the back of the paving must have a side focus;
- The construction of a road triplic network should be made according to the developed project and in compliance with the general construction norms and rules.

Tracks and playgrounds may not have a rigid and hard coating.

No rigid coating have tracks and platforms, in which the finish coating is made of bulk materials. Such materials include: Crushed stone FR. 5-20 mm, screening, stone and granite crumb, pebbles, decorative chips. The paths and platforms with no hard coating require constant repair and care. They are made mainly in forest areas, parks, squares, in playgrounds, in the zones of decorative vegetable garden.
Hard coating have paths and platforms made from natural or artificial stone, concrete, asphalt concrete, rubber crumb, paving slabs, wooden flooring. Such tracks are more practical in operation, require less care for themselves, more durable, but in this case, there are features in care and content.

All tracks and playgrounds must have a longitudinal and transverse profile. It serves for natural water flow. The track profile must be convex in relation to the surface of the soil. Tracks and playgrounds can be two-profile (having a raised middle and slopes to the right and left) or single-profile (with a bias in one direction, when one edge is higher than the other). The longitudinal and transverse bias should be 1 cm per 1 m, allowed to use minimum slopes that make up 0.5 cm per 1 m.

Works on the device tracks and sites can be divided into 2 stages: Preparation of the base and device of the finish coating. Preparation of the foundation includes a sample of soil to a solid base, if the sample must be made more than the height of the projected cake, then in this case it is necessary to increase the layer of snowflows in the sand. A geotextile is stacked on the bottom of the trough, then a sand-chicken pillow is made, with a layer-by-layer seal of the vibropilet. The height of the sand-chicken pillow depends on the type of soils on the site and destination track or platform. In this case, the width of the trough and the sandy-chicken pillow must be 10 cm more on each side than the finish coating.

The finishing device includes filling of a bulk material on tracks with no hard coating and styling of stone, tiles, concrete, etc. Materials intended for hard coating.
All tracks and platforms on functional purpose are divided into: pedestrian, automobile, sports and children. They are different between themselves mainly appointment, degree of load, pog thickness, as well as finishing coating. Technologies for the production of work in the device of pedestrian, sports and playgrounds are the same.

Device pedestrian tracks and sites

Technology for the production of work on the device of pedestrian tracks and platforms from bulk materials:

1. Sewage of the territory.









11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam
12. The device of the finishing layer from the bulk material - 5-10 cm.
13. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 220 kg or the tumbler.

Technology for the production of work on the device of pedestrian tracks and platforms from paving slabs or blocks:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal by vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarser-grained) -20 cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).


13. The device of the cement-sand layer is 3-7 cm.
14. Laying of paving slabs or paving slabs (tile or paving a thickness of 4-8 cm thick).

Technology for the production of work on the device of pedestrian tracks and sites from granite paving or clinker bricks:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal by vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarser-grained) -20cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.

13. Laying of clinker brick or granite blocking (clinker brick or granite blocking - thickness 4-8 cm).

15. Promoting of seams of sand (sand coarser-grained).

Technology for the production of work on the device of pedestrian tracks and platforms from natural or artificial stone for a solution:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal by vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarser-grained) -20 cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
12. Preparation of the solution (M400 cement, sand coarse-grained, water in a ratio of 1: 3: 1-1.5, depending on the humidity of the sand).
13. Laying a natural or artificial stone for a solution (stone thickness 4 cm - 10 cm).

Technology for the production of work on the device of step-by-step pedestrian walkways and platforms made of cobblestones and concrete slabs:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Laying plates or cumen sleeps.
4. Spotting torch to a solid base (for each spice or plate separately).
5. Sealing the base of the vibropilet m \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
6. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
7. Sand base device (sand coarse wicked) -15cm.
8. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
9. The device of a chicken base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
10. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
11. Overflowing crushed stone with sand or sand (granite, sand coarse sand) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
12. Laying of cobble sleeps or concrete slabs.
13. The lawn device in the seams between the plates.

Technology manufacturing work on the device of step-by-step pedestrian walkways and sites from Indian sandstone and concrete slabs per solution:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal by vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse bed) -15cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Preparation of the solution (M400 cement, sand coarse-grained, water in a ratio of 1: 3: 1-1.5, depending on the humidity of the sand).
11. Laying of Indian sandstone or concrete slabs per solution.
12. Selection of rubble from seams between sandstone and plates - 10-12 cm.
13. Floating of fertile soil in the tracks of the track or platform - 10-12 cm.
14. Sealing of fertile soil using a manual tamper.
15. Stirring of the seeds of lawn herbs with fertile soil in a 1: 1 ratio.
16. Failure of seeds with a soil in the seams of the track canvas - 1 cm.
17. Seal seal with a soil manual traam.
18. Watering.

Technology for the production of works on the device of pedestrian tracks and playgrounds from rubber crumbs:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal by vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarser-grained) -20 cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Overflowing of the rubbed layer (granite dropout) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
12. The device of the finishing layer made of rubber crumb - 3-5 cm.

The device of car tracks and sites.

Technology for the production of works on the device and vehicles under cars weighing up to 1.5 tons of bulk materials:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.



7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.


10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).

12. The device of the finishing layer from the dropout is 5-10 cm.
13. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.

Technology manufacturing work on the device tracks and vessels under cars weighing up to 1.5 tons of paving slabs or paving slabs:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Sealing the base of vibrating m \u003d 320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse-grained) -30 cm.


9. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 320 kg or manual tamper.
12. Preparation of cement-sand mix (sand is coarse-grained, cement M400, in a 1: 4 ratio).
13. The device of the cement-sand layer or layer from the dropout is 5-7 cm.
14. Stackings of paving slabs or paving slabs (tile or paving a thickness of 8-10 cm thick).
15. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 20 kg.
16. Promotations of seams of sand or CPS (sand coarse-grained, cement M 400).

Technology for the production of works on the device and sites under cars weighing up to 1.5 tons of granite blocks or clinker bricks:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Sealing the base of vibrating m \u003d 320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarser-grained naming) -30cm.
7. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 30cm.
9. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 320 kg.
12. The device of the underlying layer from the dropout of 5-8 cm.
13. Stacked clinker bricks or granite pavers (clinker brick or granite blocking - 6-10 cm thickness).
14. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 20 kg.
15. Sand seams grade (sand coarse sand).

Technology for the production of works on the device tracks and vessels under cars weighing up to 1.5 tons of natural or artificial stone for mortar:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Sealing the base of vibrating m \u003d 320 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse-grained) -30 cm.
7. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.
8. The device of a rubbed base (crushed stone granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 15 cm.
9. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 320 kg.
10. Overlooking the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone Granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account)
11. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 320 kg.
12. Preparation of a solution (cement M400, sand coarse-grained, water in a 1: 3 ratio: 1-1.5, depending on the humidity of the sand)
13. Laying a natural or artificial stone for a solution (stone thickness is 8 cm - 10 cm).
14. Grouting or seams (grout for stone or sand coarse-grained wicked).

Technology for the production of works on the device tracks and sites under cars weighing up to 3 tons of paving slabs or paving concrete paving:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.

5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse-grained) -30 cm.

8. Device of a rubble base (crushed stone Granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 30 cm.

10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).

12. Reinforcement (reinforcement D \u003d 12 mm takes, a volumetric grid with cell sizes 12 * 12 cm).
13. Installing formwork.
14. Device seams.
15. Pouring concrete M300.
16. Demonstorming.
17. Preparation of cement-sand mixture (sand coarse-grained wicked, cement M400, in a 1: 4 ratio).
18. The device of the cement-sand layer or layer from the dropout is 5-7 cm.
19. Stackings of paving slabs or paving slabs (tile or paving a thickness of 8-10 cm thick).
20. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 20 kg.
21. Promienting seams of sand or CPS (sand coarse-grained, cement M 400).

Technology for the production of works on the device tracks and sites under cars weighing up to 3 tons of asphalt concrete:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Foundation seal with vibrating tape M \u003d 600 kg.
5. Laying geotextiles with a density of 160 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse-grained) -30 cm.
7. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 600 kg.
8. Device of a rubble base (crushed stone Granite FR. 20-40 mm) - 30 cm.
9. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 600 kg.
10. Overflowing of the rubble layer (sewing or crushed stone granite FR. 2-5 mm) - 5 cm (as a layer in the thickness of the cake is not taken into account).
11. The seal of the vibropilet M \u003d 600 kg.
12. Safety of the rubble base of the bituminous emulsion.
13. Laying the porous asphalt concrete from the coarse rubberous mixture - 7 cm.
14. Singing roller.
15. Laying a dense asphalt concrete from fine-grained chicken mixtures - 5 cm.
16. Cutting roller.

Installation of curbstone

A curb stone serves as a restrictive line between the lawn and the track paths and sites, as well as protects the edge of the road canvase from destruction. It is made of natural stone rocks, granite, concrete and reinforced concrete.
By appointment, conditionally the curb stone is divided into a garden curb and onboard stone. The garden curb is used in the device of pedestrian tracks and sites, and the onboard stone is designed for the device of the roadway and sites under the car cover. They differ from each other with dimensions and degree of load that they can withstand.
When installing a curb stone, it is necessary to make a sand-chicken pillow with all the slopes. Borf must repeat the design profile of the coating. The ledges in the joints of stones in the plan and the profile are not allowed. The seams between the stones should be no more than 1 cm. The curb itself should be installed on the concrete of the brand not lower than M 250. After installing a curb stone, concrete locks need to be made, and on the back side of the border side stop from the soil. Installation of border stone comes in parallel with the preparation of the base under the path or the pad.

Technology manufacturing work on the installation of curbstone:

1. Sewage of the territory.
2. Bringing vertical marks.
3. Ground removal to a solid base.
4. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamping.
5. Laying geotextile density 120 gr. / M2.
6. Sand base device (sand coarse-grained) -10 cm.
7. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual tamper.
8. Device of a rubbed base (crushed stone Granite FR. 20-40 mm) -10 cm.
9. Sealing vibrating plates M \u003d 220 kg or manual traam.
10. Installation of border stone on concrete (concrete M250, thickness of the concrete layer 10 cm).
11. Device of concrete locks.
12. Grout of seams with solution.

Plastic curbs, border from the board and timber from the board and timber, can be plastic borders in the rollers of restrictive sides in zones with a pedestrian load. They, in turn, are installed on a compacted sandy base with a thickness of 10 cm and fixed with special studs or reinforcement D \u003d 6-10 mm.

This material is an excerpt from the Ready of the Book of Elena Rus "Landscape work leadership. Desktop Book of Proba Landscaping and Improvement."

Elena Rusa is the head of the company

Construction of cycling tracks

Kurshova Ekaterina Yurevna

student 4 Course, Department of Urban Construction, Urthi, Yekaterinburg

Belyakov Vladimir Alexandrovich

scientific Director, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor URFU,

yekaterinburg city

The bike path is a separate road strip or part of the road intended for the passage of bicycles and marked with markup and corresponding signs. The cycleway is constructively separated from other elements of improvement (elements of the streets).

The first country in which in 1885 appeared, and became quite popular cycling paths can be considered Holland. Already at that time there were conflicts between cyclists and other participants in the movement, and therefore it was decided to separate the strips for cycling. A little more than 100 years ago, the cycling ride became popular in the United States and was opened the first paid strollers for bicycles. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the period of global motorization, the number of cyclists at times has decreased, but already in the 80s of the last century in Holland, a bicycle movement was a priority. Following the Holland in England, Germany and Denmark, in many other European countries there were bicycle paths, and the United States followed them, Canada and some Asian countries.

Cycling and in our country has recently become quite relevant, especially in the warm season, many residents leave for cycling.

With the development of the cycling infrastructure of the city of the administration, it is necessary to attract members of cycling communities. These people have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe possible difficulties and problems in the implementation of the project.

Construction in the cities of cycling tracks will lead to a solution to a certain list of important issues:

1. The elimination of most problems of moving cyclists, a decrease in the number of road traffic accidents;
2. Acquisition of a wide opportunity to residents of the city safely moving around the bike;
3. The opportunity to benefit their health and environment, in contrast to movement by car;
4. The possibility of developing bicycle tourism in cities;
5. Reducing the automotive load on the transport network of the city, a decrease in the duration of "traffic jams" on the roads;
6. Improving the environmental condition of the environment;
7. An increase in sales of various retail outlets located near the bikes;

All of the above contributes to the formation by the population of the desire to move on bicycles, to prior to its free time on the street, to the exercise of physical culture and sports in the fresh air, and calls on the citizens to a healthy lifestyle.

In addition to the advantages from the development of cycling infrastructure, there is also a number of obstacles to the mass use of bicycles: for example, the climate on the greater territory of Russia does not allow to use the bicycle year-round; Quite long distances necessary to overcome in everyday life (path from work to home); Mentality and attitude to the equalization of people on the roadway.

The main complexity of the gasket of cycling trace is a large number of narrow streets that were not designed for bicycle paths or streets, with various objects on lawns or sidewalks.

To develop cycling networking routes, it should be pre-conducted a questionnaire for collecting opinions of citizens about choosing ways of movement and problem areas.

The design of the cycling should be combined with the development of the overall transportation scheme. Working documentation for a bicycle infrastructure, includes: cycling routes; bicycle stripes; bicycle paths; zones of slowing down traffic or installation of road restriction zones; Bicycle rack or bicycle storage platform or protected parking.

When working out the project for the reconstruction and improvement of the city, it is necessary: \u200b\u200bcarefully to work the routes of cyclists, both a tourist option and sports, more extended, meet modern standards, standards and trends; device of specialized signs and road signposts; The device of bicycle rental, maintenance and repair points of bicycles. To eliminate the problem with the storage of bicycles, it is necessary to equip public buildings, residential buildings, shopping centers, educational institutions, lots of mass recreation by cycling places with surveillance cameras and designate them with appropriate signs.

There are several varieties of cycles, for example, one-sided, most compact. After the reconstruction of the street, one-sided bicycle paths are easier to designate and place, and, of course, the main plus of one-sided tracks, this psychological tranquility and the possibility of cyclists do not worry about the oncoming movement.

Double-sided cycles in large cities are quite rare, they can be seen rather outside the city. Actually build such paths on the streets with one-way movement, for the convenience of moving cyclists.

According to the cycling paths belong to the category of streets and roads; Their main appointment is the passage of bicycles on free from other types of traffic tracks to rest areas, public centers, and in the largest and large cities - communication within the planning areas. Bicycle paths are isolated and isolated.

Independent, that is, isolated, bicycle movies with a double-sided movement. Such cycleheads are not tied to the car movement, but in most cases there is a nearby pavement, in case there is no, pedestrians can use the cyclehead itself.

All cycling paths when adjacent to passing parts are separated by onboard stone (groove, border). He serves as a kind of limiter between the driving parts of a different type of transport. For the visual difference in the vehicles and the carriage of the car, the materials from which drives are made may differ.

When comparing the standards for the design of cycling tracks in different countries, it can be noted that the minimum width of the monitoring of a one-sided cycleway in countries such as the United States, England and Russia is the same and equal to 1.5 meters. Value for double-sided motion is noticeably different: the minimum strip width in Russia is 1.5m, in England - recommended 3M, minimum 2m, in the US, the minimum width of cycling -3,6m, but 2.4 m are allowed in separate areas.

A list of Russian cities in which there are cycles are published. If you calculate the approximate number of Russian cities for 2015 with a number of more than 100 thousand people, it will be a little more than 150 cities, if you take cities, with a number of more than 500 thousand, then about 40 cities, and in the list given in, total 28 cities Russia have cycles. The percentage of cities with bicycle paths is incomparably small.

In the city of Yekaterinburg there is a huge potential for the development of cycling, the city has relatively small sizes, it is compact, with a sufficiently dense building. The city has not developed a target program for the development of mass use of bicycle transport. The administration receives various projects and suggestions that are made to discussion, but so far the cycleheads appear only on the reconstructed streets, separately taken, which is inappropriate, since these tracks are not closed, not extended, and do not have a conditional beginning and end. In the new residential area "Academic" on all the streets there are cycling paths, the coating of which is asphalt. Bicycle faces are marked with appropriate markup, they are especially successful in warm weather. At the Department of Urban Construction in the Ural Federal University, scientific research under this topic is conducted, and I have chosen the topic: "Designing cycling routes in the city of Pervouralsk".

Bibliography:

1. Bicycle lane. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velbikenaya_VEZHKA (date of appeal 01/17/2016)
2. Bicycle lane. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://alex-maisky.livejournal.com/12202.html (date of appeal 01/17/2016)
3. Live streets. Blog about urban environment. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://www.livestreets.ru/ (reference date 01/17/2016)
4. The best proposal for the development of mass sports. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://pandia.ru/text/77/292/1540.php (reference date 01/17/2016)
5. On approval of the concept of developing cycling in the city of Evpatoria. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. - URL: http://pandia.ru/text/77/153/15120.php (date of appeal 01/17/2016)
6. SP 42.13330.2011 urban planning. Planning and building of urban and rural settlements. Actualized Edition Snip 2.07.01-89 *

The comfort on the country area is an important thing. On Earth, we not only work, but also rest. And you can decorate any plot. But first of all, this is a matter of purity and security (who has never fallen, slipping on the risky earth, does not know what I say)). So today I want to tell you about 9 Popular Materials for Garden Track Device, as well as about their advantages and disadvantages. If I miss something, write in the comments.

Comfort on the country- It is important

Preparatory work

It is not necessary to be a landscape designer or builder to build beautiful, durable and safe tracks in its plot. Some information, efforts and fantasies - and the "dream track" is ready. The only thing I advise you before starting work. place tracks, planning their location So that it is convenient to get to any point of the site.

Tracks can be straight or winding. Designers know that the winding track is capable. But most of the gardeners prefer not to be wondering and make straight.

Special attention is paid preparation of soil. After marking tracks (and it is easiest to do with the help of a cord and pegs), remove the shovel of the jam.

In fact, you need to dig a small trench, the height of which depends on the height of the sandy pillow. Yes, in most cases it will take sand, which you should not just pour, but align and catch up. For greater reliability, the bottom of the trench must be filled with rubble or.

Materials for a garden track device

When choosing a material, consider relief and design Plot. Well, if in your garden it is not a place for the design "pieces", proceed first from the operational properties of the materialI will tell about below.

1. Natural stone

Color and noble material that will fit well into any landscape style. But in our gardens it is not so often. What can be used for a garden track device? Most different. From expensive breeds - basalt, Granite, Porphyr and Marble. More affordable - sandstone and limestone. All of them differ in color (gray, dark red, greenish gray, black), surface, processing.

You can put into deal unprocessed stonecollected in mountainous terrain. And you can take sawn a rockwho in itself is almost a tile. Stone plates put a lot easier, but they are more expensive.

From other breeds diabases, Gabbro, all types of pebbles, tuff, slates and dolomite.

Dignity natural stone:

• durability: It will serve in the literal sense of centuries;
• environmental friendliness;
• beauty.

Disadvantages of natural stone:

• heavy weight (physically hard to make such a track);
• horregious, even if you take simple limestone.
• icing. Alas, but on most stone breeds in the cold season, ice crust is formed, and therefore walking on such a path is unsafe. Salvation is, but not everyone will decide on him. This is the installation of the heating system right under the track)). I am seriously, so they do.

What you need to know:

• Porous stones, for example, limestone and tuff, abupit moistureTherefore, it is preferably every 3 years to treat them with water-repellent solution.

• When laying a natural stone, remember that at least one side should be smooth. Trench you need to do enough deep enough, so that the stone fit well and the track was smooth. At the same time, half the height of the trench is desirable to fall asleep with rubble. And already on the rammed crushed the sand and put stones. And do not forget to buy a rubber Cyans for styling stone. However, if the stone is solid, you can do and the hammer.

2. Wood in a variety of species

The material is also colorful, but unfortunately, not so durable like a stone. If you do not want to change the garden path every 3-4 season, think immediately on the processing of the track by antiseptic and water-repellent compositions. I think it is quite suitable that is used for processing.

Choose a suitable path for processing tracks to you will help our market. And compare the offers of different online stores.

Dufa impregnation for wood dufa woodtex pine 10 l 2,549 rubles
OBI.

Neomid Antiseptic Neomid Stopzhuk 100 5 l 1 329 rubles
OBI.

Dufa impregnation for wood dufa woodtex colorless 10 l 2,549 rubles
OBI.

Tikkurila Antiseptic Tikkurila Valtti EXPERT AKVA Oregon 9 l 3,899 rub
OBI.

Wooden garden paths are the most different:

• from the board (like Mostki - the easiest and most familiar option);
• from special wooden tiles;
• from wooden spils. Very, by the way, an interesting idea. It looks amazing, especially if you use spears of different sizes and arrange them beautifully.

What rocks are best suited for a garden path? Of course, oak. True, it will be weekly. Dubs are generally appreciated in the farm. I know vintage houses that still stand on oak pillars. also does not rot for a long time. Well, if so, there are no, take any wood, what will find). You can even cut garden trees.

Dignity of wood:

• environmental friendliness;
• beauty;
• variability of solutions. You can come up with anything, would be a fantasy;
• fast drying. Wood - the material is very warm, so in the spring quickly pulls out and becomes a favorite place for cat solar baths \u003d))

Disadvantages of a wooden garden track:

• a short service life (if it is not oak, larch and similar breeds).

What you need to know:

• Before laying the same sleeps, they can treat Olifebrought to boil. After drying, this processing should be repeated again.
• On a sand pillow some advise putting polyethylene filmy Wood will not contact the Earth and, as a result, will rot. On the other hand, the likelihood that moisture will accumulate there. In order to avoid this land under the future track, you need to form in the form of a gentle arch. Then the water will not accumulate exactly.
• Empties between smoke You can float chip, sand, rubble or gravel. To your taste. If we fall asleep with sand, over time, the grass is trying there and it will be very beautiful.
• Bringing Mosts, leave between the boards small gap. First, wood will "be heard" from moisture, and secondly, water will go into the gap.

3. Special materials for road surfaces

Such can be attributed to the processed stone, asphalt, in the end - that is, all those materials that are traditionally used in the construction of roads and sidewalks.

The advantages of such materials:

• simplicity laying;
• beauty;
• strength: They are not afraid of moisture and temperature drops, withstand the load.

Disadvantages:

• horregious (for example, a pavement is on average 400 rubles per 1 m²). If the plot is large, such a garden track can "fly to a penny".
• by blocking, it's inconvenient to walk on the hairpins (so, just in case)).

What you need to know:

• Garden tracks from such materials have a finished look only with borders. Although, if you put them in the evening with the earth, you can do without borders.
• Important follow the adjacent tiles to each other And constantly check with the level, otherwise there is a chance to get a peasive track.
• Noticing any marriage (for example, a crack), do not use such a tile, because in the future it will quickly come into disrepair.

4. Brick as an alternative to a blocking

Quite often used to arrange garden tracks. You can combine bricks of different colors, create ornaments, lay them both plastics and on the edge.

Advantages of a brick garden path:

• beauty;
• strength;
• long service life.

Disadvantages:

• horification (1 clinker bricks worth an average of 30-40 rubles.)

What is important to know:

• Garden track of bricks better lay per mortal. On the sand, too, it is also possible, but there is a possibility that once bricks will simply break.
• Bricks for borders in any case need to put on the solution.
• On the sides of the track, on the site of the junction with a lawn, you can drive the board. It will additionally hold the path from the "scattering". This reception is applicable to the device of any garden path.
• It is not suitable for every brick, but only clinker. It is more expensive, but stronger construction. Construction quickly crushes.

5. Concrete

Actually, why not?

Advantages of a concrete garden track:

• strength and durability;
• resistance to humidity and temperature drops;
• the possibility of subsequent laying on the concrete base of tiles or stone.

What you need to know:

• The more cement in the solution, the stronger the track. Optimal ratio: 1:2:3 (cement, sand and rubble, respectively).
• Opal From the boards on the edges obligatory. Otherwise, the solution is blown.
• There is an interesting solution for the decor of the concrete path: while the concrete is not frozen, scab the colorful glass and press large windows into the surface. There may be a very nice ornament. Similarly, you can use pebbles, small pebbles.

6. Gravel

Excellent material for creating winding paths. No need to recover and align. Enough to pour and catch. This is the so-called bulk track. Also, by the way, it happens different. Can be used clay gravel or any other, stone crumbs, crushed stone, etc.

Advantages of Gravel:

• the cheapness ("KAMAZ" gravel costs about 1.5 thousand rubles.). Amendment: The price depends on the region, the type of gravel, faction, tonnage, in the end ... and depending on whom you will buy)). On average, the ton is asked from 500 to 700 rubles. There are prices and above. But there is also lower. Ideally: buy KAMAZ together with neighbors. So that extra gravel did not lie near the house and was not consumed.
• environmental friendliness;
• simplicity and speed laying;
• decorativeness.

Gravel flaws:

• It does not withstand large loads. But for hiking, it is quite suitable.
• Gradually overcomes, "grows" to the ground and clogs. Such a track can not be suitable, for example.
• It is still not very comfortable on it. Particularly at first, when gravel has not yet tumbled finally.

What you need to know:

• Before falling down gravel, proceed the soil So that the track does not bother weeds (for the same purpose, agriched or polyethylene film is used).
• If you do not carry out processing, the track will periodically need a weeding.
• You have to plunge a new gravel.
• Without borders, such a track will become a formless. In addition, very soon gravel will be lying around the site (especially if there are children)

7. Plastic

And where only this material is not used! It turns out that in the store you can buy a special plastic tile for a garden path. Any color, forms, etc.

Advantages of plastic:

• does not rot;
• it is easy to install (as a rule, special flooring is easily bonded with each other);
• a variety of colors, shapes, sizes, etc. are available. And plastic track can be quite beautiful;
• easy.

Disadvantages of plastic:

• does not withstand large loads;
• burns out in the sun;
• it is quite quickly wearing, although plastic is also different;
• it does not boast of special aesthetics.

What you need to know:

There are no special instructions for installing plastic tracks. And if there is - read on the package when buying.

I wonder what even special plastic sidewalk tile. Do you know how it is installed? Sticks into the ground! The ideal option for arranging temporary tracks, for example, for the time of spring squad. Yes, and not temporary too.

Plastic modular coating for garden tracks. Photos from Alm-faza.ru

But a funny example of a garden track

Technology device tracks and playgrounds

The service life of the paving slabs, and even more so natural stone is very long, so how long the track will last you, largely depends on the technology of the device and the quality of work. No matter what the tile is stacked on a dry mixture, a solution or sand, the base serves as a cushion from rubble and sand. In some cases, to enhance the base, a concrete screed is satisfied with a sandy-gravel cushion.

1. Marking tracks and sites

First you need to place tracks and playgrounds according to the plan. Marking is made with the help of roulette, pegs and construction twine. After the markup is completed, it is necessary to go through the future track to check the convenience of use and, if necessary, adjust its location and sizes.

2. Preparation of the foundation

Laying tracks starts with their bases. Depending on the functional purpose of the track and the nature of the soil, you need a device or a sandy-gravel pillow, or a concrete base. The correct base will not allow the track or site "Square" and will provide longevity. The track is a "sandwich" from consistently laid layers. At the bottom: rubble - 15 cm, then sand - 10 cm, geotextiles are usually paved between them. Next, the layer layer of the dry mixture is 3 cm, and the pavement tiles - 7 cm.

Dropping profile under the track

When digging a profile, it is necessary to correctly calculate its depth, in order to rationally use crushed stone and sand. If the track is laid in the developed garden on the existing lawn or other surface, which will remain unchanged, the depth of the profile will be: crushed stone 15 cm + sand 10 cm + dry mix 3 cm + tile 7 cm \u003d 35 cm

If the track laying is carried out within the framework of the complex development of the site, the level of the future lawn should be taken into account (when the removal of fertile soil is assumed, which will raise the overall level of the site.) In this case, the profile depth will be: crushed stone 15 cm + sand 10 cm + dry mix 3 cm + Tile 7 cm - the thickness of the fertile layer under the lawn 15 cm \u003d 20 cm.

When digging a profile for one square meter of the track in the first case, 0.35 cube is formed. m. Sleepless soil, in the second 0.2 cubic meters. m, and you should think about how to dispose of them. The export of the site will require certain costs, so it is better to use it to plan the relief or backfilling of unnecessary pits on the site.

Formation of the base of the track

After the profile is formed, fill it with rubble - 15 cm. And sand is 10 cm., Carefully tamping each layer.

Between the layer of rubble and sand stacked geotextiles. This will prevent the sand sprinkling in the rubble layer and will make the basis more durable.

3. Laying of paving slabs

on dry mix

As a laying mixture, a ready dry mixture, or cement and sand is used. Of these, the mixture is prepared independently (as a ratio of 1: 4) immediately before laying the tile. The layer thickness of the laying mixture is usually 3 cm. With the help of the level, we constantly check the surface of the tile, if necessary, sedimentary bricks, if necessary, be satisfied with additional portions of the dry mixture.

After the end of the laying, we fall asleep the surface of the tile sand and trambra to fill the sand in the seams. We are sweeping excess sand and shed the surface with water. If necessary, repeat the procedure. It is necessary to wait a couple of days before starting to use the track.

on cement mortar

Cement mortar (2 cm thick) is usually used when laying a tile on a concrete base (cesspost around the house, a platform for machines, etc.). For one reception, the laying is carried out on the square of no more than half of the square meter. Setting the tile, check and correct its surface in terms of level.

The solution must be seized within a few hours, and you can walk on such a track no earlier than three days later.

Based on materials CD "Landscap architecture" 2004

Topic 4. Construction and maintenance of garden-park

roads and sites

Plan lectures

1. Classification of tracks and sites

Roads, tracks, trails, platforms - one of the most important planning elements of the object of landscape architecture. Analysis of project decisions and natural examinations of garden-park territories show that the road network and platforms occupy from 10 ... 15 and, in some cases, up to 20% of the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe object, and the relative length of roads is 300 ... 400 m per 1 hectare. The length of the road network is played by the length of the road network, the dimensions of the platforms in various parts of the territory, their design, strength, durability and decorativeness of coatings. Road clothing design is shown in Fig. 29.

Coatings of tracks and sites in gardens and parks, at the facilities of the landscape architecture of urban centers, residential and industrial buildings are given very important due to the common composite solution of the object. Coatings should be diverse in its drawing, painting, materials. Observations in the gardens and parks showed that when walking, the visitor spends up to 30% of the time perception and inspecting what he is under his feet or on horizontal planes under the clue. The surface of the tracks and sites is perceived by the visitor from different points - from the species platform, with flat roofs of buildings or from the terraces. Coatings carry substantial information to the visitor of the object; For example, a large ornament of color plates on the entrance site in the square or the park creates a special "mood", as if prepares the visitor to the perception of the territory of the object, its landscapes and structures. Picture of the coating of the main alley of the park can "direct" the movement of visitors, cause interest, create a mood. A variety of types of coatings on a small object can create an illusion of scale and how to increase its area. The magnitude, dimensions of the alley, roads, trail, platforms, drawing of their coatings, form and proportions of their elements, the material itself, from which coatings made should correspond to the overall composite solution of the object and the laws of the construction of the landscape. Road traverse network, platforms, alleys are usually divided into classes depending on their functions and are classified by coating types. 6th grades of roads, tracks, alley are highlighted:

I class - the main roads and alleys, which are distributed by the main flow of object visitors; They are usually envisaged as the main routes of movement on the object and perceive heavy loads from visitors. Thus, the main alley in the city park should provide bandwidth to 400 ... 600 people / h on weekends; The width of the alley should be at least 30 m, and its design is very durable, made of little wearing materials; Coatings of the main allests and roads are arranged durable and decorative - from plates, stone, etc.

Class II - minor roads, tracks, alleys, intended
To connect various nodes of the object and more uniform distribution of visitors, summing up them to the main routes of movement, the rootcakes of recreation and sports, species points of the object and other elements of the planning. The intensity of the movement in secondary tracks, their throughput is lower than on the main ones. However, covering such paths should be decorative, as they perform an important planning role in their functions.

III Class - additional roads, tracks, trails, serve to connect the secondary planning elements of the object, play the role of transitions, approaches to facilities, to flower beds are "branches" from the main and minor movement routes. The intensity of movement on additional tracks is reduced in comparison with the tracks of the first two classes. Constructions and coating such paths are made simplified.

IV class - bicycle walking roads and trails, usually envisaged in parks and forest parks in separate stripes of major allests and roads on special routes of movement for walking, sightseeing, in some cases, sports competitions; Bicycle faces must have durable stable designs.

V class - roads for horse ride, in crews, on sleigh, riding, are provided on specially laid movement routes; Designed for walks, sightseeing, horse-drawn sports; Designed in large parks, forest parks, sports commits; Must have special types of coatings.
VI Class - Household roads and drives intended for a limited movement of vehicles, means of mechanization, polywetic machines, for the transport of materials and equipment for the current and overhaul of the park, for carrying goods to sales points, etc. Constructions and coatings of such roads are arranged from Sturdy solid materials withstanding heavy loads. For large areas of objects, all 6 classes of allery and roads are characterized. For small objects - squares, landscaped sections in front of public buildings and other people are usually provided for the garden-park tracks of the first three classes. By major and secondary roads, an episodic passage of vehicles and minor deposition mechanisms is allowed. Each class of roads correspond to their dimensions and widths. The width of the gardening road plays a significant role, because it is associated with the attendance of the object and the intensity of the movement of visitors. For calculations, the width of the road is taken into account:

The width of the monitoring of one person, which is according to the estimated data of 0.75m with an average walking speed of the movement at 35 ... 4 5 m / min;
- "Flow density" visitors.

On the main alleles, in the parks, the density of the virtual flux on average is up to 0.5 hours / m2. For sidewalks on the streets and drives, pedestrian debris is up to 0.7 people / m (threshold). At density to 1,15 cell / m2, the pedestrian flow qualifies as a crowd, and more - 1.5 hours / m2, as a crush. In the separation stripes of major alleys in parks, flower beds or vegetable groups of decorative shrubs framed by the lawn sites are design. According to the external borders of the Park Alley provide for "west" to install benches, urns, lamps. In some cases, the "west" designers do not provide for designers, and then the equipment for the placement of equipment is designed to take into account the overall width of the road: its running part increases in accordance with the strip width for the equipment. The magnitude of the bandwidth of garden-park alleys and roads, especially the I and II classes, is important, due to the intensity of the motion of visitors. Roads and platforms must accommodate the estimated number of site visitors. Therefore, it is important to calculate the dimensions of roads and platforms. The throughput of roads and alleys is determined based on the one-time capacity of the object, which is calculated on attendance at the weekend per hour of peak - 11 ... 12 hours of day. The total width of the road is calculated by the formula

Attendance of the object at rush hour is calculated on the basis of the established standards for the use of the object, the number of living people in the residential area (city) .1 Playgrounds in gardens and parks Have a certain purpose, are used by visitors for various purposes and are divided into the following categories (classes):
- Pacific sites, group, single, for quiet games of visitors from different ages, including for contemplation of landscapes;
- platforms of active, "noisy", relaxation - family or collective, group, playgrounds for games, for picnics, spectacles, mass events;
- playgrounds of various age composition: primary, for preschoolers, for younger students, for senior school age and youth;
- sports grounds: football fields, golf, for volleyball and basketball, tennis, handball, towns, special playgrounds for playing chess and checkers;
- housekeeping platforms intended for the installation of mobile office space, cabins, locker rooms, storage of equipment and inventory; platforms for garbage containers; compost, fertilizer storage sites; platforms for the jicial of planting material; venues occupied by greenans, etc.
All platforms have different types of structures and coatings depending on the loads on the surface, attendance, traffic intensity, frequencies of the events.

2. Basic materials used in the construction of tracks and platforms

Materials and properties

During the construction of garden and park tracks and sites, both natural, natural, materials and artificial, mainly waste industry are used. The construction of tracks and sites requires high labor and materials. So, on 1 hectare of roads in the park requires up to 3 thousand cubic meters of sand, rubble and other components. It is of great importance to finding local resources for the construction of tracks and sites, the use of construction waste residues, excess grounds from earthworks. To select and apply materials for road construction in gardens and parks, it is necessary to take into account their physicochemical properties. Mountain breeds in strength, or ability to resist mechanical effects, differ in five strength classes:
-1 and II classes are strong and very strong - quartzites, granites, porphyres, basalts, dolomites, dense limestone; the limit of their strength from 6 to 100 MPa; applicable for all types of road clothing;

III class - the middle fortress - the same breeds, but affected by weathelation, as well as such as stony shale, limestones, sandstones. These species are widely used in the device of road grounds, the strength limit is 60 ... 80 MPa;
- IV class - soft - porous limestone, dolomites, limestone, ferrous, thin-film sandstones; Used in the form of rubble when the base of the bases and platforms is applied; strength-40 MPa;

V Class - very soft, weathered erupted rocks, mild, earthy limestones, weak sandstones, clay shale; Applied only with knitting materials for the base device under ground and gravel coatings; The strength is 30 MPa.

The volumetric mass of dense erupted rocks is 2.5 and higher, which means a mass of 1 m3 of rock in 2.5 tons. Crushed stone from this stone has a bulk mass of 1.7, and rubble from limestone stone - 1.6. The density is the mass of the volume of absolutely dense material without the presence of pores. Water absorption is the ability of the material to absorb water at normal atmospheric pressure. The water absorption of strong rocks is 0.5 ... 1%; Stone breeds of the second class - 1.5 ... 3%; third class - 3.5 ... 8%; Fourth and fifth classes - 9 ... 15%. Materials with high water-absorbing ability in pure form are not applicable to construction and require stabilization by impregnating bitumen. Frost resistance - this is the ability of the material to withstand sharp drops of temperatures, marveling and thawing without any signs of destruction. Stone rocks are considered frost-resistant if they lose weight to 5% of the initial value; medium frost resistance - if losses are up to 10%; low - more than 10%; The breed of the fourth and fifth strength classes lose more than 15% of the initial mass. Compression resistance is the resistance of the material that is determined by the limit voltage arising in the sample with the destructive load, or the strength limit; Measured in MPa. Resistance to erasure is the ability of material - rubble, gravel - not to change its parameters at maximum loads. In strong breeds, wear does not exceed 5% of the volume; in sedimentary-6 ... 7%; Soft-15 ... 20%. If gravel has an extension of 15%, then it is considered durable; If over 20% is soft and over 30% - weak.

Natural materials

Natural materials include stone mined from rock rocks by appropriate mechanical processing - to give the appropriate form and size, cleaning, grinding, polishing, producing rubble and extinguishing of various fractions. Mountain breeds are divided into the erupted and sedimentary, the erupted rocks turned out as a result of a slow cooling of the molten magma inside the earth's crust or the rapid frost on the surface of the Earth. In the first case, granite, shenitis, dioritis - crystalline; In the second case - liparite, fuchitis, andhesite, basalt, diabases - vitreous. Sedimentary rocks are destroyable erupted rocks under the active influence of environmental factors. The sedimentary rocks include:

Loose chip, such as boulders, pebbles, natural crushed stone, sand;
- crawled chip, such as limestones, dolomites, sandstones, limestone tuff and various conglomerates.

Stone materials for tracks and platforms are presented by the following species.
- a stone brown is a rough grouse stone having a truncated cone or pyramid, or a stone with two treated parallel planes (top and bottom); Apply for paving tracks in combination with tiles, strengthening of slopes, walls of cuvettes, trays.

Parishing - a brown stone, close in shape to a parallelepiped, having bevelled side sides (SCOS - 5 cm); It is used in the device coating tracks and sites in combination with tiles, as well as for fastening the slopes, borders on the boundaries of platforms, open trays along the tracks.

Onboard granite bars in the form of parallelepiped, in length 70 ... 100 cm and in section - 10x20, 15x30, 20x30 cm, having a vertical or inclined facial line; Applicable for the device pairing tracks and lawn sites.

Stone tile - flat rectangular or other geometric forms of bars thick from 5 to 15 cm, various widths and lengths. The tile is obtained from strong stone rocks by machine sawing and applies as coatings of various types.

The brownstone - pieces of the threshold of the third class of strength up to 40 ... 50 cm long, with a mass of 10 ... 20 kg; Apply for masonry of retaining walls, strengthening gentle slopes, rocarium devices; It can be recycled to the tile with uneven edges and a smooth bottom surface, as well as in a checker and crushed stone.

Current stone - a roughly retrocated sedimentary breed of a third strength class. Dimensions of boulders - 10 ... 30 cm and more. Boulders are found in the northwest and in the Middle Eastern part of Russia, in the fields and forests, where they were listed in the Ice Age. Close-up stones are applicable to decorating the areas of lawn, the creation of rocaries, strengthening the shores of water bodies; 10 ... 30 cm cobblestones in diameter are applicable to strengthen slopes, open trays.
- Talknik Talencias and gravel - cycling throats of rocks in size of 10 cm and less, are found in the valleys of rivers, on the shores of the lakes and seas, in places of development of glacial deposits; There are gravel and sand deposits containing more than 50% of sandy particles; Gravel can be very small (gravel trifle) - up to 1 cm; Small - 1 ... 1.5 cm; Middle - 2 ... 4 cm; large - 4 ... 7 cm; very large - 7 ... 10 cm (pebbles); These materials are used for various types of road works.
- Sand - small returned rock fragments, 0.1 ... 5 mm, clean from clay impurities; According to the grainometric composition, the sand is divided into thin - 0.1 ... 0.05 mm; small - 0.25 ... 0.1 mm; Mid-0.5 ... 0.25mm; large and very large- 2 ... 1mm; Clean large and medium-trimmed sands are widely applicable in road construction.
- Crushed stone - angular (acute-angled) pieces of rocks of various strength classes. Rubble is obtained as a result of the destruction of such breeds or special crushing in stone coins; By grainometric composition, crushed stone is divided into: extinguishing - 0.3 ... 0.5 cm; Stone trifle - 0.5 ... 1 cm; Klitberry Crubebon - 1 ... 7.5 cm; small- 1.5 ... 2.5 cm; Mid-2.5 ... 4 cm; Large- 4 ... 7cm. Crushed stone solid rocks (M-1200 ... 800 grades) are used for base main roads; Crushed stone less durable (M-400 ... 100 brands) - for other different classes of roads, including sports type sites.

Artificial materials

Artificial materials include waste industrial enterprises or specially manufactured products - brick and other waste are represented by the following species. Dominal Izhaki - By-products formed during the smelting of cast iron and steel, in the form of large pieces, breaking on the crushed stone of various fractions. Materials have thermal insulation properties and contribute to a decrease in the primer of the soil under the base of the road. In road construction, slags with an acidic reaction are applicable, that is, poor lime that protects the material from decay and blur with water. Boiler slags, or greed, - waste from the combustion of stone coal in the fireboxes of boiler rooms; The best GAR is formed from burning fatty coal; It has porosity and hardness, has a black color; Applicable for the bases of roads and sites, football fields. Brick battle, or crushed stone - waste of brick factories, defective brick, formed with unfinished or facing, and processed in crushed stone stone; The most applied red brick of homogeneous firing, which includes up to 30% of the so-called "Zheleznyak"; The inexpensive brick, "unclean", easily turns and destroys; In brick crushed, it is allowed to preserve up to 15% "untruth"; A brick crushed stone is used in garden-park construction (fraction 1 ... 2 cm) and brick crumb (fraction 0.01 ... 0.05 cm). Brick clinker and construction: a) Brick clinker is obtained from clay by firing at high temperatures and blowing, has high strength and applied to road surfaces; b) construction brick, also obtained from clay by firing less strength; Applicable in limited sizes in the device of support walls, tracks. Tile - Waste roofing, is used in a hammer form (grain to 1.5 cm) in the bases of sports grounds and for coatings (grains up to 0.5 cm). Pyrite dishes - waste industry in the processing of iron and sulfur sulfur; They have dark purple color with a pink shade, consist of iron oxide at 95 ... 97% and sulfur for 2 ... 2.5%; Includes fractions 1 ... 2mm, applicable as additives (5 ... 10%) into special coating mixtures, as well as elastically moisture bases in a mixture with sawdust in the construction of sports grounds. Coal ash - waste from the combustion of coal in the furnaces of power plants; Powered a dark gray powder containing small sandy and dusty particles; Used as additives in special mixtures for coatings, which is well filtered by moisture. Large importance are binding materials for giving inert materials in special mixtures of the necessary adhesiveness of particles and convert the coating into a single mass.

Binding materials

The binding materials of natural origin include: clay - kaolin and powdered, comprising respectively from 1 to 0.5 mm of clay particles by volume from the entire mass to 40 ... 50%; added to special mixtures for upper coatings;
Suglink is heavy, containing up to 30% of clay particles;

suglink medium containing up to 20% of clay particles;

suglink is lightweight, containing up to 10 ... 15% clay particles.
The composition of special mixtures are introduced heavy and medium loam, when there is no clay;

air lime (fluff) - the material obtained by firing limestone, dolomite, chalk, while not adjacent to sintering, followed by quenching with a limited amount of water; used as a powder (particles 0.5 mm and less) as an additive into special mixtures to 65% of the volume; When the pulp in the mixture, the upper coating does not swell, the stickiness is eliminated, the resistance to mechanical and atmospheric influences increases. The binding materials of artificial origin include:

portland cement - a product of thorough grinding of brick-clinker in a mixture with limestone, clays, Mergel, formed by their firing before sintering; Apply in road construction and for other construction work related to styling walls, foundations, supports, etc.;

cement is a binding material that manifests its properties only when interacting with water; Apply as an additive into special mixtures and to the upper coating of soil tracks to stabilize it; is the active part of the concrete; sand, crushed stone, gravel - its inert aggregates;

bitumen - binding material obtained from oil; applicable to the preparation of asphalt concrete, as well as for surface stabilizing processing of bases and upper road coatings;

asphalt concrete is an artificial material consisting of sand, fine rubble or gravel, mineral powder and bitumen; We apply when arranging road surfaces in hot or cold condition according to special road work technology. The asphalt concrete is divided into coarse-grained, mediterranean, fine-grained and sandy-particles from 30 to 5 mm.

During the construction of the simplest sports facilities - sites in the neighborhoods and in the territory of a small sports commission, in some cases, elastic-in-law materials are used, which, when they are making them the base layers, the surfaces of structures and elasticity are applied. The materials of this kind include peat, sawdust, lignin, cotton husks, etc. In the garden construction, the fibrous peat with a low degree of decomposition in a mixture with pyrite dishes. Owls are used as an elastic layer with a sports field device. Lignin - waste of hydrolysis plants - is used for upper coatings and as an elastic layer at the bases of treadmills, football fields. Cotton husk - waste in the production of cotton - is also suitable for the elastic layer and the upper insulating layer of road clothing.

3. Types of coatings for tracks and sites

Concrete tiles coatings

The coating of paths and platforms from concrete slabs is one of the most common in gardening construction, concrete slabs are manufactured by the industrial method in the factory conditions and therefore are the cheapest material for coating tracks and sites. Concrete tiles are manufactured by methods:

Pressing;

Vibropressive;

Vibrating rolling;

Vibration.

It is possible to produce slabs by manually in special formworks by tamping concrete mass, but this leads to an increase in the cost of 60% of the cost. The shape of concrete tiles and their dimensions are extremely diverse. They are made in the form square, round, hexagon, trapezoidal, triangular, incorrect polyhedra. Tiles sizes range from 25x25 to 90\u003e<90 см и более. Российским стандартом (ГОСТ-17608) установлены следующие размеры плит: 25x25; 37,5x37,5; 50x50; 37,5x25; 50x25; 50x37,5; 70x37,5; 75x50 и др. Толщина плит колеблется от 4 до 6 см. Допускается изготовление плиток 20x20 см толщиной в 3,5 см. В настоящее время в московской практике получили распространение блоки (брусчатка) размером 20 х 10х Ю см (московский завод-изготовитель ЖБИ-17 и др.) разного цвета и оттенков, от красного и розового до серого. Ряд "фирм выпускает элементы мощения в виде брусчатки размером 20x10x7, 10x10x7; 16x10x7 - квадратные, прямоугольные, пятиугольные; различных цветов - серый, красный, желтый, коричневый. Помимо разнообразия форм и размеров плитки изготавливаются разных цветов и оттенков, что достигается введением в бетон красителей или добавок в виде цветных цементов или цветного песка (рис. 30). Цветные цементы получаются искусственно. В цементные порошки вводятся красители по установленным нормам. Цветной песок получается путем размельчения всевозможных пород гранита. Поверхность плиток может быть обработана специальными матрицами, с помощью которых наносится декоративный орнамент. Фактура плиток становится чрезвычайно разнообразной.

Large variety are distinguished tiles with naked aggregate, which uses pebbles, gravel various fractions. Such tiles are manufactured at the factories and are widely used in gardening and park construction. In the manufacture of tiles on vibropressive machines, as a rule, they are not reinforced, regardless of their size. The tiles strength is achieved by the use of cement stamps 300 ... 600 kg / cm when sealing a mixture with vibropress (or under vacuum).

Monolithic concrete coatings

Coatings from monolithic concrete are applicable to gardening and parking to a lesser extent than tile coatings. The curvilinear paths in the gardens and parks in small sites are beneficial to perform from the monolithic coating of this type. From concrete, it is easy to obtain curvilinear outlines of the track, change its width, to give the necessary scale of space by applying a pattern by the surface of the pattern, simulating the tile of the desired size and with naked aggregate. The coating from the monolithic concrete is applicable in small areas, in small gardens, with curvilinear outlines of paths and sites. Concrete can easily give any shape and outlines, color and texture. Thanks to this, the monolithic concrete was widely used in the combined coatings of tracks and platforms. Monolith coatings are a binding element between surfaces with coatings from other materials. The main disadvantage is the complexity of the production of works at the construction site, especially when the upper, decorative layer device and cutting on the surface of the pattern in the form of squares, hexagon, circles and other figures. The coatings of the monolithium, being destroyed, are difficult to be repaired, while tiled, piece coatings can easily be replaced and restored. In a monolithic coating of concrete, it is possible to "enter" a different kind of insert in the form of a circle or hexagon, where plants are planted, or decorative reservoirs are arranged in the recesses. To obtain a decorative effect in a monolith, large gravel fractions can be inserted, which are laid manually in the process of surface treatment of concrete. The upper layer can be made of decorative colored pebbles. In addition, it is possible to obtain a color and monolithic coating by applying a colored dye on a mineral base, which includes:

Oxide dye;

White Portland cement;

Specially sorted silicon sand, or other small aggregate.

Natural Stone Coatings

Coatings of roads and sites in gardens and parks, on urban objects of streets and squares from natural stone - one of the oldest types of coatings. This is the most decorative and attractive type of coatings used in cities and towns of Europe and America, especially in areas where stone rock is underway. Stone coatings can be extremely diverse on the surface texture, in drawing, color, form and executed in the form of blocks-bars, such as "blocks". Laming stacked in different ways:

- "fan";

- "grid";

- "Fading".

The shape of stones of the blocks should approach the parallelepiped with a slightly reduced support plane ("bedding"). Stones stones are sizes: 15 ... 30 cm long; width 12. "15 cm; Height - 10 ... 15 cm. Stones paving stones for laying the coating in the form of a mosaic on the surface of the playgrounds and roads should be in the form of a cube with sides of 7 ... 10 cm. Stones are cut from stone rocks, usually from granite, diabase , basalt in the form of blocks-plates of large sizes, in the diameter 40 ... 80 cm. Blocks plates are cut into small pieces of free configuration and dimensions, as a rule, in 8 ... 15 cm. Stone tiles can be of different colors depending From the breed of stone. Forms are given a variety. We often use the tested correct shape of the stove from the treated stones, different in size and form. The tiles of the irregular shape made of granite, seven, sandstone form a picturesque drawing. The seams between the tiles are filled with pebbles, gravel or falling by the seeds of lawn herbs, settled in the so-borrowed plants (see applications 17,18). The platforms or their individual sections with bowls and fountains can be packed with a fine cobblestone laid on a cement solution ("tie"). Between large stone plates, you can place the "inserts" of small colored tiles in combination with cobblestone inserts and large pebbles, etc.

Brick and wood coatings

Brick coatings are one of the oldest types used in European countries, in cities in towns, as a mixing of sidewalks, courtyards, in small areas of individual gardens, as well as on areas in parks before facilities, small architectural forms, in rosary, etc. P. Brick coatings are more worn than stone and concrete. In addition, they are more expensive and labor consuming in their execution. Coatings of this type are arranged from clinker brick size 220x110x65 (75) mm. Clinker tracks and sites are made mainly on sandy grounds with styling bricks on the edge, transverse rows, in the "Christmas tree" diagonally. You can achieve a lot of diversity in the styling patterns: "Grid", "Braided", combined method. With the help of bricks, concentric circles with alternating vegetation stripes can be performed. Brick is applicable in combination coatings with other types - with stoves, with a stone. Wood coatings are different in operation and are used very limited. Boards are used as materials; Wooden thick blocks; Brucks, butchers, busions of logs. Perhaps on small sites for recreation, the device of wooden flooring from boards, from large in the form of a square of platform blocks in combination with benches. 5.3.5. Coating from special mixtures of coating tracks and platforms made of special mixtures are made of gravel, powder cement, sand, stone evidence. Such covers are applied on a variety of class tracks and sites in gardens and parks. Special mixtures of various materials are prepared for the device. In practice, coatings are used:

Gravel-cement;

Sand-gravel;

From the existers of various types of stone breeds.

As a base, such bulk materials such as sand, gravel, domain slag are applicable as the basis for the device and platforms; Brick, granite, limestone crushed black small fractions. The thickness of the base on which the coating layer is preserved is usually 10 ... 12 cm in a dense body. On clay poorly drainage soils, the sand layer is thick with a thickness of at least 10 cm. The base is usually two layers of rubble:

Layer from rubbing large fractions - 3.5 ... 4 cm, no more;

Over - layer of smaller fractions, in 1.5 ... 0.5 cm, the so-called "propagating"

layer. The thickness of the upper coating is up to 4 ... 5 cm.
As materials for the top coating, lime-puff can be used, the garb slag (fractions up to 6 mm) can be used. The best result in the device with a coated coating of bulk materials is obtained using granite evidence - granite crumbs. When drawing up a mixture with a granite crumb and a uniform distribution and a surface punch, a decorative coating of calm tones is obtained. During the device of tracks and a trail in forestarks, coatings from sand, soil and gravel with the addition of cement or clay-puffs are applied. The ratio of components are as follows:

Gravel mountain (fraction up to 2 cm) - 25%; -Glin - 15 ... 20%;

Sand range - up to 60%.

In some cases, the paths and trails from the soil with the addition of sand and cement in the ratio are suitable: soil - 60 ... 70%; Sand - 25 ... 30%; Cement (powder) - up to 5%. It is possible to the top covering the soil trail with the addition of clay-pills and sand. Mixtures for coatings are prepared in advance on specially designated places with special machine concrete mixers or manually. Sand gravel mixtures are harvested in natural careers. At the same time, the analysis of the granulometric composition of the mixture, which must correspond to the following ratios:

Gravel particles, 5 ... 20mm, - 50 ... 70%;

Sand particles, fractions 5 ... 2 mm, - 10 ... 20%;

Clay particles, up to 1 mm, - 20 ... 40%.

4. Technology device tracks and playgrounds

In the device of gardening lanes and sites with various types of coatings, a number of general construction norms and rules are observed. At first, the entire road-track network with platforms is made in nature in accordance with the project and a centering drawing of the planning on generally accepted techniques using geodesic instruments and instruments (Fig. 31, 32). The tracks of the main roads are taken on their axes with reference, to the main basis lines along the centering drawing. Then the longitudinal slopes are checked in accordance with the project of vertical layout, and are fixed in the nature of the intersection points of paths, turns and radii of roundings, as well as relief fractures. Further there is a complex of earthworks on the cutting "trough" and layout of the track of the track in accordance with the required slopes. After preparing the road linen and trough for sites, it is necessary to check the longitudinal slopes of the surface. Then the boundaries of structures are captured, placed in nature by pegs and stretched twine. An important point is the creation of a transverse profile of roads. The transverse profile of small tracks is created manually using a specially cut pattern from thick plywood with a given profile. On large roads and alleys, the profile is created usingmagted or bulldozer With a profile knife on the dump. The transverse two-piece profile of the design is given the corresponding slope. For example, when the surface is biased, 2% of the ground rise by 1 m surface of the road section will be 2 cm. All microrelief changes on the surface of the web are aligned, the construction trash is selected or can be partially used when the base device is selected. The field of travel is sealing motor rollers with a passage from the edge to the middle of 5-6 times one trace. Before sealing, the cloth is irrigated with water with an impregnation layer on 5 ... 6 cm. The ground surface of the road or the site is considered ready and well-rolled, if thin round items - nails, wire, etc. - are pulled out of the soil without a violation of its integrity.

After preparing the canvas of roads and platforms, work is carried out on the basis of the base and coating.

Concrete tiles coated tracks and platforms

The design of tracks and plates with plates can be:

Improved;

Simplified.

Advanced structures include strong structures including

next elements:

Aligned and tumped base, rubble layer, thick. in 5 cm - fractions 2 ... 3 cm;

Aligning layer of stone evits - fractions 0.5 ... 1 cm;

Dry mixture of cement, sand, granite evidence - fractions up to 0.5 cm, - thickness up to 2 cm or liquid cement mortar - cement screed;

Tile distributed over the surface of the mixture or solution.

Simplified structures include coatings from the plates stacked on the sand layer - the "sand pillow" - a thickness of 6 ... 10 cm. Plate layout, the drawing of the coating is determined by the designer and are depicted on the project's working drawings. The layouts can be quite diverse and depend on the compositional solution of the territory. The tiles can be stacked with the latch of the seams, which are filled with small concrete blocks, in some cases the seams are filled with vegetable ground and sowed with the seeds of lawn herbs, it turns out a peculiar "lawn-tile" coating. When the device of gardening lanes and platforms from tiles take into account the class and type of structures base is made from rubble or pure sand (see above). According to the prepared canvase, the main alley is lined with a layer of rubble, which is planned on slopes, is rolled with rollers. On the rolled base, the layer of skinny concrete or the cable-sandy mixture is lined up, and the tiles are stacked along this layer (Fig. 34). When laying the tiles by hand, the lower side of the tile is wetted with water and is superimposed on the surface of the concrete, then carefully driven into the desired position of the hammer handle. The surface of the laid stove is checked by a special template. Special attention is paid to the sealing of the seams. As a rule, they are poured with a solution of cement or be covered with cement-sandy mixture. The residues of the solution and the mixture must be removed immediately from the surface of the tiles. The tiles of small sizes are stacked manually, large slabs weighing more than 50 kg fit with the help of special devices and mechanisms - "captures". When the minor tracks on the tile lawn are stacked on a sandy pillow with a thickness of 10 ... 15 cm. The tile is inserted into the sand on 2/3 of its thickness and "deposits" with a wooden hammer-inquark. The seams between the tiles are covered with vegetable earth and fall on the seeds of lawn herbs. The vertical displacement of the tiles should not exceed 1.5 cm; The precipitate of tiles is made by rubbing through an overlay board. The sandy base should have side stops from an earthen tightly rammed browing or garden concrete wetting. It is necessary to ensure a tight fit of tiles when laying to the brow and to each other. Tiles, as a rule, are stacked by 2 cm above the adjacent surface of the lawn (or lying with it).

Tracks and plated areas of stone, brick and wood

Laying coatings on the finished base of stone plates, sawed by a machine, bricks, wood-butchers are not fundamentally different from laying concrete tiles.

Laying is performed manually on a leveled base. The base, in turn, is placed on a well-raised soil of the track or platform. The material for the base is, as mentioned above, sand or crushed slag.
In some cases, the cement-sand mixture is applicable. The thickness of the "pillows" should be at least 10 cm. The seams between the tiles fall asleep with sand or mixture. Between the tiles it is possible to gasket from brick-clinker stacked on the edge. When coating devices on large sites, it is necessary to carefully stick to design slopes and follow the correctness of laying tiles, behind them fit, sediment, seal, surface leveling. The pavement coating is made in the same sequence, but according to the drawing - the "fan", "grid" and others. The brick coating is created on a sandy pillow-base that is thoroughly aligned and planned; A small bias is done for water flow. Bricks are laid by different pattern. When laying bricks, tamper. If necessary, cut the brick for fitting it is necessary to chisel: the brick is cut from all four sides, and the necessary part is chosen. Seams between bricks are filled with slightly wet sand; Excess sand is removed from the surface of the broom. In the joints of the sand is rambling under one level with the surface. All completed covers are recommended to withstand for 3-4 days. Coatings are arranged in the form of "oke" granite stones of various sizes, shapes, colors and the name "breccia". Breeding from Bracchia is widely used on tracks and sites in separate sites of gardens and parks. With large loads of the plate, blocks, bars, the windows are fitted on a well-planned base from sand, fine rubble: fractions of at least 1 ... 2 cm; The thickness of the layer is 10 cm. On the planned surface of the layer of rubble, layer of cement-sand mixture with a thickness of 3 ... 5 cm. At low loads, the stone coating is placed on a sandy "pillow" with a thickness of 12 ... 15 cm. The top layer of the pillow is aligned Cement-sand mix 1:10. The coating is arranged from the pebble, which is distributed through a layer of cement mortar; The thickness of the sandy pillow 20 cm, a layer of concrete 5 ... 6 cm, a layer of cement solution 2, see in practice various options for platforms and paths from natural materials are known. Garden paths can be laid out by face bribes of rectangular shapes and various values; Checkers are placed at different levels in the gravel coating on the cement solution. The ending sections of the logs can also be used as an original coating in small areas of the garden. Such sections can be different diameters. The gaps between large ends are tightly filled with small and medium ends. The ends are usually stacked for cement training. Between the ends there are free gaps. Wooden sheath coatings are made on the raven and smooth layer of rubble; In some cases, a cement screed is used, a split thin layer of cement mortar over the surface. Based on the base checkers pre-impregnated with antiseptic. Sews width in 3 ... 6 mm fill with sand. The sand pillow is arranged on a well-planned surface of the earth cannut with a thickness of at least 20 cm, a layer of concrete is 5 ... 6 cm with a brand of 300 kg / cm2, a decorative layer of gravel or pebbles - 2 ... 3 cm. 5.4.3. The tracks and platforms coated with monolithic concrete The technological process of the device of tracks and plated platforms from the monolithic concrete in principle does not differ from ordinary road works using monolithic concrete.

The basic requirements are:

Ensuring clear styling surface contours by installing a special formwork from a tree or border from concrete;

Preparation of rubber base and alignment, laying of concrete mass, its distribution over the surface of the base;

Alignment with a special shovel, a trowel or a special board.

After leveling, the surface is treated with a roller with two horizontal drums having a mesh texture. With a rope of roughly aligned concrete, large grains of the aggregate are pressed down, and small particles remain on the surface. Currently, various engine mechanisms that align both the rubbing surface of the concrete are used. The drawing is applied to the surface after moisture evaporates with it and while concrete retains its plasticity. Different devices are used to apply the drawing. After a sufficient grasp of concrete, the surface and seams are processed with a soft brush. The drawing can be applied using various devices and get patterns in the form of combinations of circles, squares, waves, etc. In some cases, the monolithic concrete is applicable to the naked aggregate, which uses color grain with grains in 1 ... 2 cm in diameter. Gravel is applied to the surface of concrete, which is previously smoothed by a shovel and a trowel. As soon as concrete solidifies, the surface is watched by a special board of magnesium or aluminum alloy (or the same trowel). The solution must fully envelop individual grains of the aggregate, without leaving the holes on the surface. After that, the solution is removed with a brush or a jet of water from the hose; Strong exposion of gravel grains is not recommended. Then the surface of the coating is polished and polished; Temperature and decorative seams are applied on the surface of a saw to a depth of 2 ... 3 cm. In temperature seams, wooden rails can be laid, which are placed before laying concrete based on the base. Laying of the RECEAs imitates tile coating. The decorative surface can be created by a simple pressing of the color pebble in the yet hardened concrete, but such a coating is not always durable and stable. Color pebbles can be alternating with gravel, getting a variety of sections. The simplest platforms of the cryvilinear coated configuration from the monolithic concrete are made by breaking the site (or tracks) according to the drawing, the ground removal to the predetermined depth, layout, and the loss of the web (trough) and filling the resulting "shape" with a concrete solution. In the future, all the above operations are performed.

Tracks and platforms with special mixtures

When the device and fields with bulk (printed) designs of "clothes" are of great importance attached to the device of supporting rods on the boundaries and contours. The reference brows arrange strictly over the cord. The brow is arrange along the rods of the track by adding a roller from plant land. The height of the roller should be at least 15 cm and can be increased depending on the thickness of the clothing of 5 cm and more. The roller of the Earth is tightly tampled, and the tape of the turna tape is spread along its surface towards the track or site. Instead of the reference brow, the border is arranged, or a garden welking, from stone, concrete. To install the curb, the groove is 10 cm deep, 12 cm wide; The bed of the groove is planned. The cord is determined by the altitude of the curb and then the curb itself is installed. The sinuses of the grooves fall asleep with soil, watered and carefully tamped. The seams between the grooves are poured with cement mortar. The reference line from the wobble should be straightforward in horizontal and vertical positions. Roundings of roads and playgrounds smoothly rescue the grease, filling at the same time the resulting angles with cement mortar. On the main tracks and platforms, a stationary installation of a curb - onboard stone is produced. First, it is satisfied with the groove of a depth of 25 cm. In the prepared groove laid a concrete mixture - "pillow" - a thickness of 10 cm, to which the curb is installed, inserting it into the concrete mass and aligning with wooden rubbing manually. The seams between curbs are poured with cement mortar, and a concrete mass is added to the base, it is added. After installing the curb and the preparation of the web (see above) on the surface, a layer of rubble is scattered. The crushed stone layer is aligned according to the transverse and longitudinal profile of the track. The planned surface is moisturized with water, - 10 l / m2 surfaces - and rolled with a rink weighing at least 1.0 tons 5-7 times one trace from the edges to the middle with the overlap of each trace by 1/3. The first rainfall is reached "crimp", and a stable position of rubble is provided. The second tool gives the base to the rigidity due to the mutual "encoding" of the rubbank. With a third drop, the formation of a dense crust on the surface: the small fractions of the rubble "are crushed" and the holes and pores are closed. The thickness of the sealing layer of the rubble should not exceed 15 cm. The rubble base is considered to be prepared when there is no mobility of rubble particles over the surface, and the abandoned piece of rubbank under the roller rollers is crushed. The prepared base is applied with a layer of a special mixture on the prescribed prescription and smoothes over templates in accordance with the transverse profile and the longitudinal slope of the track; The coating is moistened with water, - 10 l / m2 of the surface, and then, after drying the moisture, rolled up to 1.5 tons weighing 5-7 times one trace until the density of the coating, the elasticity and the elasticity of its surface is reached. Sand-gravel and soil-cement mixtures are stacked by a predetermined and planned soil base. The base web is preliminarily subject to small looser, or milling, and the specified mixtures are scattered. After these operations, the web profiling and the subsequent radiation are manufactured. Operation of finished tracks and platforms are recommended to begin 3-5 days.

Tracks and platforms with combined coatings

The device of tracks and sites with combined types of coatings requires the knowledge of the structural and mechanical qualities of materials from which these coverage consist. In accordance with their features, the base device and laying of the coating elements are manufactured. It is necessary to strive for such a selection of materials that make up a combined coating at which one could take the overall design of the base and the same laying method. For coating from stone and concrete slabs, with the correct selection of technical characteristics and sizes, you can make one base and use one installation technique. For each type of coating, it is necessary to observe the appropriate technology or for the overall basis to choose the design that has the highest strength indicators; Otherwise, the coating is quickly deformed and destroyed.

Sports platforms

Related to sports grounds:

Football field;

Platforms for volleyball, basketball;

Tennis;

Towns;

Gymnastics classes.

The choice of coatings for sports fields depends on their size and destination. Silent, ventilated and insulated areas are removed under the platforms. All surface biases should contribute to the unimpeded discharge of surface precipitation. So that the upper soft cover of the sports grounds is dust and contained constantly in the optimal wet state, it is necessary to lay a water supply for watering the surface of the platforms. To fill the rink for winter, the plumbing is laid below the depth of the soil freezing. The placement of sports facilities in gardens and parks should correspond to their purpose, location and contribute to the formation of the architectural appearance of the entire object, taking into account climatic and local conditions. Places and fields for sports games are usually located in accordance with the orientation on the sides of the light. The long axis of the site is placed on the meridian or with a deviation of 15 ... 20 °. The design of sports grounds consist of multilayer "clothing" and special equipment. Clothing consists of an earthen canvase, the bases of several bearing layers of various materials on the purpose of materials or combinations of them and the top cover from a special mixture of inert, binders and neutral materials (Fig. 36). Mandatory for sports planny structures are engineering networks, contributing to the right operation and rapid restoration of the upper cover under any climatic conditions. This is, first of all, drainage with storm sewage elements, watering water supply and lighting. Coatings should have a smooth and non-slip surface, which is not watered during the dispensing, not dusting in a dry season. Under conditions of low-breakeed underlying soils along the boundaries of platforms and fields, the ring drainage is layered, consisting of collective drains and water-driven wells. The "body" of collective drains can be tubular with the filling of the canvas inert materials or simply filled with inert materials of various fractions. The water intake wells can be concrete with the transfer of water into the sewer network or simply filled with materials absorbing and moving water through aquifer. The construction technology of the simplest sites in gardens and parks includes the following main questions:

1) definition of construction sizes;

2) a base device - trough with a device of surface drainage and ring collector drainage;

3) with low-rotating soils - the preparation of the underlying layer of drainage and filtering medium-trusted materials or an elastic layer, which can not only be delayed moisture, but also to transport it by drainage marks;

4) layer-by-layer device of the middle intermediate layer of inert materials;

5) applying an insulating layer of elastic materials;

6) laying the top cover from a special mixture;

7) Installing special equipment and horizontal marking of the sports field.

Such a sequence of work and the choice of materials are characteristic of mass objects in residential building and conducting outdoor physical education. The construction of sports grounds start with the removal of the sizes of platforms using a center drawing and levels, designations in nature corners or characteristic points, a driving of metal tubes to a depth of up to 80 cm. After that, the base is arranged - "trough" and organize a surface drainage with an obligatory consideration of the maintenance of the base soils . In the presence, in the base of sandy or light lungs, which are good moisture conductors, the territory drainage is not provided. The presence of a waterproof layer at the base - clay, heavy or medium-sized luggings, creates a need for a device of water drinning drain and absorbing wells. In this case, the underlying soils are pre-loosened with a cutter to give them porosity. The lower elastic layer gets moisture through the underlying seams of clothing and part of it accumulates, and the part sends to a slope into the in-presing drenne and subsequently into absorbing wells. The body of the drain drain and the absorbing well consists of inert materials of different majority. Materials are placed in layers, with a decrease in the fractions of each material from the bottom to the top. The more complex body of the ring drainage can consist of pipeline drains and reinforced concrete precast wells: without duplication; With bottom-collective

The removal of water from collective wells is performed through pipelines into a storm sewer (see Fig. 22). Stacking the elastic layer is starting after performing all the work on the drainage device and the preparation of the base. A lightweight concrete berebar or a wooden formwork with a size of 10x15 cm with a height of all layers of all layers of design is installed on the site boundaries. Clearance is installed on cement mortar. The formwork is arranged from edged antiseptic boards with a size of 20 x 120 cm and a thickness of 4 cm. The boards are laid down "on the edge" and nailed to the jackets, which are pre-clogged into the ground at a distance of at least 1 m from each other. The length of the climb is 30 ... 40 cm, the thickness is 8 ... 10 cm, the lower part must be pointed. The jackets are clogged into the ground along the outside of the site, after which they are attached to the board. A formwork or welboratory on the boundaries of the site allows you to save clear lines of boundaries and keep the layers of clothing from the spreading. On a carefully planned and rolled base laid the elastic layer with a thickness of 8 ... 10 cm (in a dense orthanized state) in two receptions. The elastic layer is poured and rolled with a roller weighing up to 2 tons. Retail is produced with a roller passage of at least 5-6 passes on one trace. In order for the moistened material when the ridicule does not stick to the roller rollers, it is placed on it in 1 ... 2 cm of inert materials (fine rubble, fraction in 2 mm) of the middle intermediate layer. When calculating the need for materials for the elastic layer, take into account their significant seal - up to 50 ... 55%. The average intermediate layer of inert materials is folded by an elastic layer. It consists of rubble M-800 brand. Layer thickness 10 ... 12 cm, grain fraction 20 ... 35 mm. The layer is thoroughly smash with the giving to it design slopes. The surface is abundantly watered with water at the rate of 10 ... 12 l / m and seal rollers weighing 3 ... 5 tons with a passage of 5 ~ 7 times one place. The layer is considered prepared if there are no "waves" on the surface of the layer on the surface of the layer and the crushed stone of softer rocks is given to the roller. The next layer is insulating. The insulating layer is placed in a thickness of 4 cm in a dense body of elastic materials. Its components are special mixtures for the upper coatings of sports fields. Recommended structures for tennis courts (experience of St. Petersburg) Court base - compacted primer; Upper coating, 4 cm thick, from special mixes: Powder -45% clay; Ground clinker - 45%; lime-puffer - 10; Elastic layer of lignin, 1 cm thickness; Limestone crushed stone (fraction 10. ..20 mm), thickness 2 cm; Granite crushed stone (fraction 20 ... 40 cm), thickness 13 cm; Sand is coarse-grained, thickness 5 cm. The fillet is watered by "sprinkling", they rolling with a roller weighing 2 tons with a passage at one place 2-3 times. To prevent sticking to the rollers, the surface surface sprinkled with a thin layer of stone crumbs. Laying the upper coating layer (special mixture) is the responsible part of the creation of the site. Cover must have high quality, so the materials for it are selected according to one of the recommended recipes, taking into account the granulometric composition of the mixture.

Currently, artificial types of coatings from synthetic materials are developed for football fields, replacing sports lawns from cereal herbs.

5. Content tracks and sites

The road-path network and special planar structures of the garden-park object must constantly carry a sanitary and hygienic, architectural and artistic and utilitarian principle. This is possible only with constant preservation and correct content - cleaning, watering and washing coatings, the removal of weeds, the removal of rods and curbs, the addition of the inert of the upper layer with the rope of facility, current and overhaul. In the winter period, the tracks and platforms should be constantly removed from snow and sleep. Such measures make it possible to safely use their passersby, as well as maintain the top cover of road clothing. Loose snow on the tracks up to 2.5 ... 3 m wider with special machines. On wide alleys and sites, snow is cleaned with small-sized tractors with brushes. The compacted or occasional snow is cleaned with the help of a front bucket, a loader with removal on small-sized dump trucks or self-propelled carts. Daily tracks are cleaned from various domestic garbage, which is folded into the garbage containers. Spring work. With strong warming and melting of snow, the movement along paths and playgrounds with a soft (rubble) coating becomes impossible, as it leads to a sparrel of the upper layer. Therefore, such paths are temporarily closed and preventive inscriptions are made about them, pointers and aggregates, fencing. After cleaning from snow and ice and drying the coatings of the track and platforms, open for visitors. On places with surface floats or streams temporarily removing melt water, temporary shield bridges, wooden or metal, which can be used after drying the tracks and for other purposes or in the autumn-spring time of the next period. To accelerate melting, the snow loosen on the side of the tracks and platforms and scatter on the lawn. The resulting ice is climbing, freeing the caps of the storm wells of the sewage or drainage and allow the free flow of melt water. In the absence of a sewer or drainage network, the water flow facility is provided by surface slopes with a time groove device to the nearest urban, storm well or water drive - pond, lake, river - inside the object. Summer work. The road path of the network is cleaned from domestic garbage, fallen leaves, small stones, glass packages 1-2 times a day. The arrangement of garbage boxes and containers depends on the intensity of the object of the visiting, the medium vestivation of the object per unit area, for example, by 100 m2, and the distance of the garbage movement in different ways. All this must be taken into account when planning the acquisition of equipment and its arrangement. Cleaning wide alleys, water-coated parking roads are made by special cleaning machines. Small paths are cleaned with the help of brushes on small tractors or manually with steel brooms from the edge of the tracks or sites to the middle with the capture and moving only garbage. During the summer, the track and platforms are systematically watered to create comfortable conditions for recreation and movement. Roadwear with a soft top coating is watered in a hot time moderately, so as not to blur the surface of the coating, daily at the rate of 3 .. .5 l / m2, which allows you to bring down dust. Alleys and drips with solid coating are watered frompolishing machines 1-2 times a day with a washed of dust and removing it into a storm network. Children's and sports grounds with a soft coating are watered daily 2--3 times out of hoses with sprayers, the means of "sprinkling" at the rate of 5 ... 8 l / m2. The fight against grown weeds on tracks and platforms is carried out by mechanical or chemical methods. The mechanical method consists in a weeding and trimming with special scrapers and hoses of unpretentious, quick-making herbs, such as bird buckwheat, dandelion, plantain, etc. These works are very laborious, ineffective, in addition, destroy the upper road cover. A chemical method is more efficient - the introduction of various chemicals by sprinkling or watering the solution to the growing weeding. The parks use a 1% aqueous solution of bertolet salt in the amount of 20 ... 30 g per 1 m2 area. Effective and various herbicides that should quickly decompose in plants and soil and be non-toxic for humans and animals. The herbicides are diluted in water - 5 liters of the active substance of the drug on 80 liters of water - and then spray the tracks from the sprayer, 3 times every 20 days, without applying a solution on the brought and the border portion of the lawns. Processing the surface of the tracks should be in warm weatherless weather at an outdoor temperature of 18 ... 24 ° C. The recommended mixture of symazine and arc-zin1 in equal volumes with optimal applications - early spring, before shoots or on weed shoots. The organization of the movement of visitors and transport, as well as the appearance of tracks and platforms depend on the state and definition of borders - grooves or earthworkers. Borders (wipers) of artificial or natural stones carefully examine, the shifted parts set to the line with the line. Separate, losing decorative, the wipers are replaced by the technology of the initial installation. Earthy browing during the season is cut off 1-2 times with a mechanical method-grinding machine or manually, rectangular sharply shovel - on the cord. The cord is stretched by pegs installed on the design (or installed by the industrial places in several places) boundaries of road structures. Cut the turf browch needed with a small slope to the track, observing its transverse profile. The deformed browes are seeded after loosening or turre on the tape. Sowing is produced by the double rate of the seeds of lawn herbs, identical to growing in the existing lawn. Odering the browing in the tape is preferable to sowing seeds, but it is difficult to be lack of high-quality turf, which can be obtained either from specially suitable nurseries or with good meadows

Practical experience shows that Oderovka allows you to keep an earthen browing in the normal state for 5-6 years. As the territory of the garden-park object has been burned, proceed to the correction or current repair of tracks and sites. The repairs are made in the event that as a result of intensive exploitation of roads of vehicles or mechanisms for not established in spring or autumn coating, etc. - road clothes with a soft top coating are damaged by significant recesses and pits. To identify all irregularities and note the contours of microplations is best at that time when the existing depressions are filled with water. After removing the water and drying, such places are loose, they are aligned manually and fall asleep with a rubble-clinic layer of 3 ... 3.5 cm, which is either riveted or seal a tamper. The top view is applied with a layer of a special mixture composed of materials available in the original top layer of coating. This layer is twisted by hand, shed and rolled flush with the overall surface of the adjacent path of the track. For better preservation of the upper cover, 1 ... 2 cm of crumbs of an inert material included in the composition of a special mixture should be added every year, and rolling 5-6 times in 4-5 traces to create a wear layer. Tile coatings are repaired by the replacement of individual damaged tiles; Aligned and compact the base, then the tiles are placed on concrete solution or sand, tightly driving them with each other and sealing the tamper through a milking gasket. Overhaul produced depending on the limitation period of the current repairs and the degree of wear of road clothing: the absence of top cover up to 70%, the presence of numerous holes with knocked out all layers or earthworms. The minimum life of the tracks for the assignment of overhaul - 10 years; Under special circumstances, the laying of engineering networks, etc. - not less than 5 years after capital construction or regular overhaul. When repairing, it is necessary to strictly carry out all the technological operations in the determined sequence, observing the longitudinal and transverse slopes of tracks and sites. The overhaul of gardening roads and playgrounds consists of the following operations:
1) the dip (with the possibility) of the upper layer of evidence of the bulldoz rum - after removing the layer of contamination and the storage of them outside the canvas to the horns; removal of destroyed tiles;
2) loosening the rubble base for the entire depth of the bristle in the hitch with the tractor;

3) alignment of the bulldozer raised to the surface of rubble;

4) renovation of border-fetrement or earth browing manually;

5) adding a new rubble in the amount of more than 50% of project roads with careful profiling on slopes and rollers.

6) Laying the mixture or tiles, available and brought up again evidence, with all the operations described in the device tracks and sites.

At each independent technological operation, acts on hidden works are drawn up, in which it is necessary to especially accurately indicate the degree of wear of each constructive element - the upper coating, rubbed base, other layers, curb border, and so on, - as the amount of new added Material and estimated cost of major repairs. Before repairing plane sports facilities, carefully inspect and check the drainage system to determine the need for partial improvement or complete replacement. All layers of playgrounds are gradually removed and exported to the place of storage. Practical experience shows that the overhaul of the entire design of the playground in the parks is carried out after 20-30 years of its operation. To check the stability of the top coating of sites take at least 10 samples of the cover mixture in different places of platforms and analyze the particle size distribution composition. The most exploited parts of the platforms, the covers of which need to be determined more carefully and separately. First, analyzes are analyzed by the granulometric composition of the upper coating layer. Comparing the results of analyzes with the granulometric composition of the optimal mixture, determine the missing or excess fractions by groups of materials. Then the mixture is selected, which, when adding to the existing cover, adjusts it and leads to the optimal composition. The top cover must be thoroughly loosen with the cutter, break large lumps and eliminate uncomfortable places to introduce the missing volume of the found new mixture. After laying a new mixture, it is necessary to mix very well with rakes, planted at the points of slopes, shed and rot, using the technology of work on the device of the top cover of sports planny structures.