The hollow roof refers to four-tie structures, the lines of this type of roof forms four slopes, two of which in the form of a trapezium are connected to their upper edges at the skate run, and the side skates form triangles. These triangular rates are called Walma.

The design of a holm roof is distinguished by a number of benefits:

• Convenience to create an attic floor;
• Efficiency (in terms of consumption of building materials);
• An interesting appearance.

At the same time, the arrangement of this type of roof is conjugate with a number of difficulties and requires special calculations when planning the rafters system.

In this article

Features of the rafter system

The lines of the hip roof involves a number of distinctive elements that determine its distinctive design. Knowledge of these features is necessary for the calculations of the rafter system and its construction.

Types of rafted holm roof

The rafters in the design of the holm roof are divided into several types:

• Corner rafters. One edge is on Mauerlat, others should rely on one of the tips of the skate bar.
• In the symmetric holm roof there are 4 angular rafters that form the valve. Corner rafters have the greatest length and therefore often need to be strengthened and support;
• Central rafters are mounted on Mauerlat and the edge of the skate run. The circuit of this roof uses 4 such elements, paired for each trapezoid roofing rod;
• The central hospital lines are separated by the roof hips into two equal parts. The device of the rafter system of the holm roof involves the presence of 2 similar elements.
• Intermediate rafting legs are similar to central and mounted to the same points of support. Their number varies from the size of the roof and the length of the skate. If the roof is small, they may be absent.
• Cropped rafting legs occupy their place in the corners of the roof. Relying on Mauerlat and corner rafters, they are smaller compared to other rafters, the size that becomes less to the corner.

Enhancement elements of the system

The hollow roof refers to complex roofing structures, its rafter system needs a special gain. The elements responsible for the strength of the roofing object are divided into several types:

• Of particular gain require long angular rafters. Their strengthening is possible by a shprengel - an angular beam, which represents the inverted letter "T" and the lower part is installed on Mauerlat, and the upper rests in the angular rafter. The sub-line of diagonal rafting legs is possible with a support on the ceiling beams or a central layer;
• Tightening bonded pairs of rafters. They can additionally carry the function of beams of overlapping or placed closer to the skate and be the basis for forming a caustic room;
• Racks strengthen the skate bar. The lower support of the racks may be a litter, if the center of the building has a capital wall for its laying, or they can be installed on the beams of overlapping;
• With the length of the intermediate rafters, more than 4 m are also strengthened with diagonal racks at an angle of 45-60 ° with a layer of rafters on the beams of overlapping;
• When the roof is erected in the region with a strong wind load, it is advisable to use a wind support that is stamped to rafters from the greatest wind strike.

Calculation of the rafter system

Installation of the hipper system should begin with calculations of the design and drawing parameters. The main purpose of this event is to choose the right materials capable of carrying the weight of all materials, the load of wind and precipitation. The main values \u200b\u200bthat need to be learn to build a holmic roofing is the corner of the rods and the height of the roof of the roof.

Calculation of the angle of slope and height of the skate

The angle of inclination of the rapid roof system can be in the range of 20-60 °. However, an angle is less than 35 ° will not allow the premises with sufficient ceiling height under the roof. Therefore, the inclination of the roof in 20-35 ° is suitable for household buildings.

Roofs of residential buildings It is advisable to arrange at an angle of 40-60 °. The choice of a specific value depends on the weather conditions of the region. With snowy winter, it is better to choose a sharper construction - snow from her slopes will be better to go. For large windy loads, the roof is better to do more commonly, to avoid its turning.

The greater the angle of inclination of the roof, the more complicated its scheme and more consumption of materials on its construction.

The calculation of the angle of inclination and height of the skate, which are directly dependent on each other, possibly in two ways:

• If the angle of inclination is selected in advance: the height of the skate is calculated as the value of the tangent of the angle multiplied by half the width of the roof;
• At a given height of the skating timber: the angle of inclination is equal to the height of the skate multiplied by 2 and divided into the width of the building.

Length of Stropil

The dimensions of all types of rafters are calculated using the Pythagores theorem: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the cathets. It remains to figure out what values \u200b\u200bof the elements of the rafter system in each case will be by categories, and which hypotenuses.

• Central rafters perform the role of hypotenuses in a triangle with customs equal to the height of the ski beam and half the width of the roof. Intermediate rafters located on a trapezoid rope have the same length;
• The magnitude of the central hollow rafters depends on the location of the skate. As a rule, the horse is equal to all three walls;
• To find the length of the angular rafter feet, it is necessary to choose a triangle in which this element is hypotenuse, and by catech of the central hip milling leg and half the size of the roof;
• To calculate the length of the shortened rafters, it is necessary to know the step of the rafter.

Calculation of the step of the rafter system

The distance between the rafters depends on the width of the house and plans for the underpants space.

The longer the rafter legs, the shorter and step.

When planning a warm room, the system step will depend on the selected insulation, as it is supplied in certain sizes:

• Mineral wool implies a distance of 58 cm;
• Polystyrene foam requires a step of 60 cm;
• Polyurethane foam can be used at any step.

The choice of steps also affects the presence of attic windows: the distance between the rafters should be 5-6 cm larger than the width of the window opening.

Selecting the cross section of the Stropil

Depending on the data obtained, the material is selected for rafters. In any case, it is preferable to select boards and bars from coniferous trees, with humidity no more than 22% without bitch and cracks. All wooden elements of the future roof should be treated with a special antiseptic to protect wood from rot and pests.

The cross section of the rafter is depending on the distance between them and the length of the spans. We give general information calculated for step 90 cm:

• Length of a rafter leg less than 3 m - cross section 50 * 150 mm;
• Less than 4 m - 50 * 200 mm;
• Less than 5 m - 75 * 175 mm;
• Less than 6 m - 75 * 200 mm.

With increasing step, these values \u200b\u200bwill increase. All enhancing elements are always taken more. Corner rafters are manufactured dual, as they carry much more load than the others.

Roof Square

The circuit of the roof with its creation requires and accounting for the roof area and the weight of the roofing material. The area of \u200b\u200bthe hip construction is made up of its simple figures (triangle and trapezium). To calculate the area, the latter is more convenient to smash it into components (square or rectangle and triangles adjacent to it).

The calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bfigures occurs on simple geometric formulas: the area of \u200b\u200bthe triangle as half the base, multiplied by the height of the shape, the area of \u200b\u200bthe rectangle as a product of its two sides. Since previously the sizes of all elements of the system were already found, this step will not cause any difficulty.

Data on the area will allow you to buy the required amount of roofing material (do not forget to add to the resulting number of 15% for the reserve) and the weight of the roof. From the last value will also depend on the cross section of the elements of the rafter design.

Sketch of the roof

Before starting the roofing design, we recommend it to perform its sketch on the scale. This sketch will be a kind of layout and instructions for creating a hip roof:

• We draw a house in two projection (fighting and profile) by observing all the proportions on the scale;
• We note on the projection of the face the height of the skate and the selected corner of the skates;
• We are determined with the length of the skate run on the projection of the house in the profile;
• In the schemes we apply a step of rafters, draw all the rafter legs;
• We supplement the sketch with the necessary marks for enhancing system elements.

This sketch will not only help visualize the future roof, but will also become a kind of instruction on its construction. In addition, this drawing will help determine the necessary number of building materials.

Complex hip roof

The schemes of complex hip structures involving the presence of additional elements of the type of mansard windows or the erker are not very different from the above. The main calculations and the procedure for the formation of the rafter design remains the same.

If there is an in the hollow roof of mansard windows, it is important to take into account the step of the rafter system and subtract the area of \u200b\u200bthe windows from the total area. When creating a roof with an erker, that is, the roof over the extension, the tower to the house, the buckling of the holm design is made with some other: duplex, tent, etc. To do this, the necessary additions are made to the rafter system in the form of additional supports for this extension.

Any complex multi-storey roof is designed and mounted as a connection of simple elements and this case is no exception. All additional elements of the adjoints to the holm roof should pay separately and be entered into the general plan.

The design of the holm roof with its design is based on sufficiently complex calculations. The success in its construction and operational characteristics depends on their accuracy. Therefore, it is so important not to neglect the creation of diagrams and drawings when contacting this type of roof.

It is difficult to name a more important part of the building than the roof. It is chosen taking into account weather conditions and materials that should provide her durability and reliability. It goes without saying that the attractiveness of the appearance of the roof also plays the last role. With all the diversity of today's selection, the unusualness of the rods of the Walm type deservedly put them on one of the first places to attach the attractiveness to any of the private houses.

What it is?

The hollow roof consists of two inclined surfaces that have forms of trapezium, plus a pair of slopes of smaller length, which are made in the form of an inclined triangle.

The main difficulties in the arrangement of traditional holmic roofs fall on the stage of the construction of rafting structures, which consist of a covered, ordinary and outdoor rafal.

Walp roofs perfectly resist wind load and in general have high performance characteristics.

At the design stage you need compliance:

• choosing the optimal material for the arrangement of roofing design;
• determining the intensity of precipitation characteristic of the place of construction;
• installation of medium and maximum resistance rates winds.

Given the above indicators, you can calculate the optimal value of the angle of slopes and the heights of the roofing structure.

To fulfill the calculations and make a project, you can use the services of a specialist or choose projects in the open source. Having proper skills, the mentioned events are carried out on their own.

Features

The roof is about which is in question, is constructed peculiar. A larger scat is used on any roof, but short makes such a design worthy of attention.

The design of the roofing system is such that the skates do not compensate for the vertical projection of the building in length, and the remaining free area is filled with two short valves.

If you try to make a scheme of a holmic roofing design yourself, you need to use the marking rail and Pythagore tables.

Supported by the so-called "Mauerlat" and skate beams.

The composition of the roofing "skeleton" is as follows:

• Support base (Mauerlat). It is made from a bar 100x150 mm or 150x150 mm. It depends on the structural features of the house. Maurelalat fasteners in horizontal is provided by four dashes, which give the entire structure of rigidity. Maurylalat is made of a thick bar and fasten to the upper end of the wall with a heel or braided.
• Standsmounted along the central axis of overlaps on their long sides and are strengthened using temporary supports. Subsequently, they are fixed by skate bars. The altitude is chosen depending on the angles of the slope of the skate. Accordingly, the racks are the higher, the fewer the corners between the rapid legs.
• Sking bar - These are the upper horizontal crossbars that lie on the rack and serve as a pilfer support. Skate brushes are attached to the rack, they serve as supports of the main rafter.
• Main rafylo It has a support on Mauerlate and the skating timber and is fixed on them with special steel galvanized plates.
• Diagonal, or the covered raftered comes from the end of the skatebouses to the corner of the buildings. The temporary mounting of the rack is cleaned when all diagonal rafters are installed.
• Narogenicbased on the bottom to Mauerlat, and from above - to the savory rafters. Used as a continuation of the plane of the main slope. Have intermediate distances, as between rafters.

• Shprengel.It comes from deposits of Mauerlat to the diagonal rafter and ensures the gain of the roof.
• Troop.Need to enhance the resistance of the roof of the wind. Theoretically sets from the windward side (from the "Rose of Winds"). Almost the bars is used on any side.
• Grubes. They are performed inside along the rafting leg and determine the base of the roofing "pie". Terminal system designs include some important elements with strictly defined features for each.

Pros and cons

Benefits:

• If we compare with the two-tie roof, the Walm resists the wind minimally. Because of all inclined rods, the wind does not prescribe on the frontoth.
• The design has a greater rigidity due to the presence of an angular edge connecting on the supporting beams of skates.
• There are protruding skes that additionally protect the walls.
• Big aesthetic appeal.

Disadvantages:

• complex calculations and installation;
• high cost;
• little attic room;
• no mansard;
• sunlight penetrates only through special windows.

Views

Considering the types of holm roofs, it is necessary to take into account their varieties, the choice of which affects the device of the rafter systems.

• Classic type. Diagonal ribs are based on the supporting beams of skates, the sinks are located at one level. The frontoth is triangular, skate trapezoid form.
• Tool type. The codpiece is missing. The diagonal edge is closed by the ends at one point, the edge short rafter is adjacent to the ribs. So the roofs are built if the building in the vertical projection is a square.
• Semi-haul type. Vertical frontones, window openings are installed in them. There are two varieties of a half-haired type - Dutch and Danish.
• Walm type (Mansard four-tight). It presents the greatest difficulty in construction, since the skates of different areas and have different angles of inclination. This type provides the possibility of a rational organization of the inner subcoase and allows you to give the roof an unusual appearance.

Also allocate several more types of roofs - one-story, two-storey, cuckoo, erker, g-shaped.

How to choose?

The question of choosing the type of holmic roof depends only on the preferences of the owner, or rather - from the thickness of his wallet. Let's say, the bantal windows will be no cheaper than ordinary, and metal tile on the roof of the veranda will be more expensive than another material.

Payment

Calculate the truss system, given the following prerequisites:

• Wind load. The stronger the wind - the topics they make skates, which, in turn, enhances the entire design.

• Precipitation.The more they fall out, the sharpening the rains are made, avoiding the excessive weight of the snow / rain, which is going on the roof and creates pressure on the rafted.

• Type of materials Of which the roof is made. This must be taken into account at the project stage.

• War insulation.Here, the distance between the rafters will depend on what the bandwidth of the materials with which isolation will be carried out.

The slopes of the corners of the rods determine the attachment of the rafter. Accordingly, the embedding of the intermediate rafters is calculated as follows:

• the top strapping of the end wall is marked with an axial line;
• then they calculate the colts of the skate beams and apply the definition line of the first central intermediate line;
• then they combine the end of the rail and the line of the marked center of the intermediate rafter;
• label the other end of the rail of the inner line of a third-party wall;
• get a point that will be the stopping of the intermediate rafter.

The proportion of the length of the rafter and its embezzlement is calculated using the coefficient, which is depending on the corners of the skates. The length of the rafter feet is determined by multiplying the bookmark on the coefficient.

Stages and installation subtleties

When buying a material for the roof, it is necessary to know its overall metrar. Usually for this, its total area is conditionally divided into parts in the form of simple geometric shapes and make calculations for each.

Thus, the financial costs of roofing material and construction are determined in advance and is determined by the need for arrangement and accurate configuration of the crates.

As a result - the scheme-drawing of the rafter will appear.

It is possible to develop a preliminary scheme with your own hands, but the drawings are preferable to trust the specialist. It should be borne in mind that the complex configuration of the roof requires the exact execution of the calculations of the rafted and material. All these details will greatly affect the price and time of installation.

The drawings should include indications of appointments of materials, places of their installations and fasteners. The most important fragments of the rafter should be made in separate drawings and describe them in detail.

Making a drawing scheme can be support for the manufacture of blanks and subsequent installation.

Preparation

The harvesting rafters is the most difficult and time-consuming stage, because there is:

• the need to provide a given angle of the rafter foot;
• different length of a narigin (short rafter);
• the presence of a diagonal rafyled (invoice), which is given a special attitude.

The covered rafter carries more significant loads than the main one for this reason requires manufacturing of higher quality material. Also, the lengths of the diagonal rafter exceed the standard.

In order to avoid buying a different lumber, a splicing (mating) of edged boards is used to get a predetermined length.

Splicing technology has the following advantages:

• receive continuous beams of a given length;
• increase the strength of diagonal rafters due to large (double) sections;
• the calculation and purchase of materials is simplified (dimensions of the length and section) are unified;
• there are opportunities to use boards that are intended to form ordinary rafters.

Mauerlat is called wooden bars with a large cross section (100x100 and 100x150 mm), which are mounted along the perimeter of the house. For him, use the wood of the highest quality.

The features of the Maurolalat mounting are that the timber is connected along the length of the mustache, and not jack, and it is attached to the wall using a plurality of connecting areas with the base of the walls. The locations of the compounds are enhanced by metal brackets.

Maurylalat serves as the base of the rafting leg and he needs protection against wetting. Therefore, the wall from the bar is separated by a hydrobarier (it is possible to use runneroid / only, etc.).

If the house is brick, (gas-concrete, foam concrete, arbular) Mauerlasts are placed on a pre-flooded reinforced concrete layer in which mounting studs are installed in advance. They have a diameter of 10 mm and above and should go beyond the Mauerlat level by 25-35 mm in increments of 1100-1300 mm.

The rank is called the beam, which is installed in parallel Mauerlat. It works as a base when installing an additional support for a rafter foot. The arrangement of the runs is an optional stage of work, and perform it during the construction of a large lifting of a large pattern or with a complex configuration.

Mount the horse is necessary, only accompanying it with the exact measurement. Roof relies on the skate beam, so it is necessary to properly install it and check in the level of height.

At the stage of installation of the rafter, there is a discrepancy between the opinions in relation to the sequence of operations. Therefore, it is possible to allocate two directions:

1. Mounted central raftered, and then diagonal. This is a simpler sequence.
2. Mounted diagonal raftered, then the rest.

The bottom of the rafter stands on Mauerlat. In order for the connection to be tough, it is the meaning of the enhancement of the connecting nodes with the help of metal elements (bracket, plate, corner).

The diagonal rafter is experiencing a significant load, so it is enhanced using such means as:

• Installing racks. Mounted on the overlap perpendicularly.
• Installation of podsov. Mounted at angles. Corners do not have a determining value. It is important that the scope reinforces diagonal rafters.
• Shprengels are called T-shaped short beams, deployed 180 degrees. Used with a significant length of the span and are established so that the bases of the shprengels are oriented across the diagonal rafters.

The rank raftered is installed in the same way as the central, which forms the edge of the trapezium. The lower parts are based on and attached to Mauerlat, and the top rests in the skate beams.

Net pedigree is manufactured strictly from a whole piece of material. Where it is adjacent to long rafters, the wrist is noted or set the support beam. The field of adjoining is enhanced by metal elements.

Net pedigree is installed only later formed roofing frames. This is the last installation element of the device rafters.

Instruments

The design of the roof and arrangement of the compounds cause a set of tools that need to be prepared before starting work.

• When working with wood, levels, hacksaws, hammers, roulettes, marking laces, staplers will be needed.
• When working with the metal, you will need electric drills, rivestiers, metal scissors.

Tools and consumables must be prepared before starting work, since the complex installation of the rafter systems suggest a lot of work on the cut of various materials.

To simplify measurements and the ability to unify the size of the parts, the replacement of the roulette on the measurement rack is recommended. Such a plywood design is most often offered to make a width of 50 mm.

Conducting work

Works produce a stage behind the stage and a hurry there is no place. It is necessary to thoroughly think through each step, since the designs of the hip roofs are complex. In this context, step-by-step instructions will also be brought hardly possible, since the views of the masters for those or another montage points are too different. Only general recommendations are available.

Walm roofing perfectly copes with tasks set before it. But its strength and reliability largely depends on the quality of installation, which cannot be made without a good scheme. And how is the drawing of the rafter system of the hip roof? What nuances and parameters should be considered? This will be discussed in the article.

What is Valma

Before you start talking about how the drawing of the rafter system of the hip roof is made, it is worth getting dead to get acquainted with the design itself. What is Walma and why is such a roof version enjoys greatly popularity?

Any design has its own "specific" elements. The same applies to the roof option under consideration in the article. Here the Walma is such a special detail. And what is it? Valma is a triangular part of the roof, located from the end of the building. In the usual four-tie roof all sides are triangular. In the case of a Valm option, the main two skates have a trapezoidal form.

Basic principles of creating a hip roof house

This option of the roof is not so often so often, but still he uses good glory. Walm roof has its pros and cons. The benefits of such a design, experts include the following:

• walma, unlike the front, has low wind resistance. Such a roof is able to withstand even hurricanes;
• the rafting system of such a roof is durable and resistant to external influences. This is achieved by installing angular ribs that play the role of rigidity ribs;
• the hollow roof makes it possible to create wide overwhelming from all sides of the house, which reliably protects the walls from atmospheric precipitation;
• do not forget about the appearance. A hollow roof is able to significantly decorate any structure.

But there are also their drawbacks. If we talk about minuses, first of all, experts resemble the complexity of the drawings of the rafter system of the holm roof. The design has many elements that need to be installed correctly. Make it without the presence of the necessary skills is quite difficult. In addition, a large number of elements significantly increases the entire design.

There are other difficulties. If you decide to make a native room, then you will definitely come across them. First, the attic room under the hollow roof is less than if the usual two-bucket use is used. Secondly, you will have to install special windows that can do quite expensive.

Types of Walm Sropling Systems

When the roof is erected, it is necessary to thoroughly consider all its elements and structures. But the most important thing is to determine the choice of the type of the rafter system. It is this part of the roof that will bear all the loads. In the case of a walm roof option, the following two types of rafter systems are applied:

Types of constructions of rafting systems roofs - schemes

1. Cover.
2. Hanging.

The first option is considered the most acceptable. This type of rafter system for the holmic roof implies the presence of an additional support for the skate. For this purpose there must be a carrier wall located in the middle of the structure. They set the support beams on which the skate span is mounted. This design is more durable. In it, the rafter pairs rests not only to Maurylalat, but also on the skate span.

In the event that there is no axial carrier wall, then a hanging system is used. Here rafters are mounted on top of each other, and from the bottom rest in Mauerlat. This type of system is used for small houses, when the length of one slope does not exceed six meters. But in the case of a holm roof, it is better to still use the rowing system. This will help avoid problems when installing and further operation.

Creating a drawing of a rapid system of a hip roof

Before starting the construction of any roof, you need to do a lot of pre-work. And, probably, the most important task will be the creation of a drawing of a hip roof system. It is from the correctness of this work that will depend on the speed and accuracy of the installation. To draw up the drawing, you must additionally find out the set of parameters and characteristics of the future design. And how to do it will be told just below.

Measure the overall data of the structure

The very first parameter from which all other calculations will be repelled are the size of the house itself. From this characteristic there will be much dependent, namely:

• the height of the skate;
• skate length;
• tilt angle;
• number of required material.

If you have a project of the house, then it will be easy to find out. To do this, just look at the drawing. If there is no project or the house is built with small deviations from it, then for the measurement you need to take yourself. For further calculations of the four-tight roof, you will need to find out the length and width of the structure, as well as the height of the walls.

Choosing the optimal height of the roof

After the dimensions of the house are known to you, you can proceed to the following calculations. The first of them is the choice of the optimal roof height. It must be considered as follows:

• will the attic room be used. If so, the height should be more so that the space is enough;
• dimensions of the house itself. Too high roof can significantly worsen the appearance of the entire structure;
• the desired angle of the slope of the skate. The higher the roof is, the one will be more.

It is best to produce such calculations after determining the angle of inclination of the skate. It is most often the builders come. In this case, the height of the roof will be equal to half the width of the house multiplied by the tanglex of the angle of the slope.

Selecting an angle of tilt of the hollow roofing scope

In the design of the roof, all parameters must be calculated and recovered. The same applies to the corner of the slope of the skate. Here specialists are advised to take into account the following factors:

How to calculate the corner of the roof of the roof and calculate its installation

• first of all, we need to take into account weather conditions in your region. If the angle of inclination is small, then a lot of snow will accumulate on it, but the roof will not experience large wind loads. With a large corner, all mirrored on the contrary;
• it is also taken into account, and which roofing material will be used. Each manufacturer determines its minimum angle of inclination at which its products will work most effectively.

The most optimal option is the value underlying from 20 to 45 degrees. In this case, the angle of inclination of the main rods and the hips may differ. Also, the slope is chosen depending on whether the attic room will be used. The cooler roof, the smaller the free space below it will remain.

Choose points (step) of the installation of Stropilin

After determining the angle of inclination of the skate and height of the entire design, you can move to the next planning step. The most important element of any roof is rafters. They will withstand all loads. In order for the entire weight of the rafter to withstand, you need to correctly select a step of their installation.

How to choose the setting step rafter

But here much will depend on another parameter, namely from the section used wooden bars or boards. Than this value is more, the stronger the rafted themselves. And this means that it is possible to install them less often.

To properly choose the cross section of the rafter, you need to consider the following types of loads:

1. Variables. Specialists include loads from precipitation and wind pressure. All this data can be found from special cards.
2. Permanent is the load on the weight of the roofing materials themselves, as well as the entire equipment installed on the roof.

It is best to take a segment with a margin so that there are no unforeseen situations. After the parameter has figured out, you can define the step of the rafter. As a rule, this value lies in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 meters.

To accurately calculate the cross section of the rafter and steps to install them, you can use special programs or online calculators. With their help, you can more accurately calculate all the parameters of the future roof, thereby avoiding errors.

Determine the length of the skate

To determine this parameter it is very important to understand where this item should be. Horse in the holm roof is strictly in the middle. Moreover, this refers to both the longitudinal and transverse axis.

As a rule, the calculation of the length of the skate is carried out in the following sequence:

• the width of the house is determined and this value is divided into half;
• the resulting value will be equal to the distance on which the bake of the pancakes will begin and end;
• from here you can calculate the desired parameter itself. The length of the skate is equal to the length of the whole house (roofs) minus its width.

This calculation is considered standard, but it can be changed. The most important thing is to follow the strictly middle arrangement of the skate.

Calculate the number of required material

A very important question that needs to be solved before the start of construction is how much money will need to invest. But it is possible to solve it only calculating the consumption of materials. There is a lot depends on the size of the house itself. The calculation itself can be carried out in the following sequence:

Calculation of the area of \u200b\u200bthe Walm Roof

1. Initially, we calculate the roof area. Knowing the angle of inclination and the height of the skate, it will make it easy.
2. Next, you can find out how much roofing material, waterproofing and insulation (if the roof is warm) you will need.
3. After that, knowing the installation step of the rafter, calculate their number.
4. Also do not forget about the additional elements. If the roof is big, then you will need backups, stretching, riglels, and so on.

It is very convenient to calculate the use of special programs. Some of them not only calculate how much and what material you need, but also help the sketch itself and the drawing of the rapid system and the whole roof. But even after that it is better to ask to check all the calculations of the holm roof, especially the scheme, a professional. The hollow roof is a rather complicated design and make a mistake in its design is easy. But such miscalculations may lead to serious consequences during operation.

Roofs of the Walm Design are becoming increasingly popular among owners of private houses. This is not surprising, since such a scheme differs in a whole number of indisputable advantages of the operational property, and besides, it looks very original, giving home a special aesthetics.

Some homeowners leading independent construction may be disconnected by the fact that the rafting system of the hip roof looks too complicated. Yes, it is definitely not so simple as the usual duplex pinch roof. However, this rafter system completely obeys the laws of geometry, and it is quite possible to produce its preliminary calculation. Installation, of course, will require a certain experience in carpentry work, but with good assistants, and even better - with a qualified consultant, you can take it for a large-scale event.

What are the advantages of a hip roof?

Specify the requested values \u200b\u200band click the "Calculate Help Him" \u200b\u200bbutton "

Half of the width of the house D (meters)

Planned angle of the edge of the roof α (degrees)

Length of the skate run

Once it is assumed that the angle of the slope on the side and hollow rods will be the same, then the length of the central rafters should also coincide. And this, in turn, means that the edges of the skate run should be located from the end walls of the house at the same distance as the run itself from the walls parallel to it.

1 - Mauerlat

2 - skate run.

3 - Central side rafters

4 - Central Valm raftered, equal to the length of the central side.

It means that the length of the skate timber is obtained equal to the length of the house less 2 d.and if you simplify, then the length of the house is minus its width D.. It should be located strictly in the center, on both, longitudinal and transverse, axes.

For the manufacture of the skate run, the same material is usually used as for central rafting legs. Vertical racks for its installation are cut into account taking into account the width of the bar so that in the assembled form of the top edge of the skate is located at the calculated height h..

It is desirable a skate frame based on a litter, strengthen the diagonal subproofs, as shown in the figure.

Central Sleeping Length

Kohl knows the height of the installation of the skate run and its distance from Maurolat (in the horizontal projection), it is quite possible to immediately calculate the length of the central rafters.

Here - everything is extremely simple. In two famous customs - height h. And the ground d.easy, applying Pythagore's theorem, to find a hypotenuse that will become a long-range leg L. From the skate to Mauerlat. Use for this built-in calculator:

Calculator calculating the length of hypotenuse (rafter foot) according to known categories

Enter the requested values \u200b\u200band click "Calculate the length of the hypotenuse (rafter foot)"

Watch 1 (height H), meters

Watch 2 (the base of the triangle D), meters

It is clear that intermediate rafters, based on the skate run, will have exactly the same dimensions.

To connect rafters at the skate run, they can trim the corner β, which is equal to:

Β \u003d 90 ° -α

The connection method, however, may be different, for example, the bracket of the rafter legs with the placement of the skate run from the bottom is taken into account when the rafter itself, and the height of the speeds under the skunk run. They come from the fact that the highest point of the skate in this case forms the upper intersection of the rafting boards.

The bottom of its edge of the rafter legs rest on Mauerlat. Here are also possible options, but we will not consider them in this publication, because it is well stated in other articles.

Maurylalat - reliable base for the rafter system

If Maurylalat can be mounted on a single-sided or forcep roof of Maurylalat only on the side of the roofing rods, then at the holm system it is necessarily a closed frame. - In a separate publication of our portal. And another article is devoted to the basic rules.

You can immediately decide how much it is necessary to lengthen the rafters, if they are to form an open-air sink. In the case when the eaves is created at the expense of the kills, the value obtained will become "useful" from the length, that is, it is useful in any case.

If the planned width of the carnisy sweep is known k. and roofing angle α , then parameter Δ L. It is easy to determine by the formula:

Δ L. = k. / cos. α

Calculator for calculating the elongation rafters on the ease

Specify the requested data and click the button "Calculate the elongation of the rafter (the working length of the kobetka)"

Planned width of the cornis sink k, meters

The magnitude of the steepness of the skate α, degrees

Now, in order to learn the total length of the rafter foot, it will only be able to sum up the obtained values. L. and Δ L..

This elongation will be the same for all rafters and nurses, with the exception of the diagonal rafters (s). For them, a special calculation is provided in the calculator.

Length of diagonal rafal

These rafting legs are the longest, and will experience maximum loads.

Determine their length - difficulties does not represent. You can again use the Pythagora theorem, that is, resort to the help of the calculator placed above. Diagonal raftered is a hypotenuze with a base equal to half of the width of the building d., and with a height equal to the length of the central Valm rafal L..

L.d \u003d √ (L.² + d²)

Some differs, as we have seen from the calculator presented above, and the elongation value of the rafter for the formation of the cornese swelling.

Setting step rafters and cross-section

Linear dimensions of central, intermediate and diagonal rafting legs are known. Now you should decide on the cross section of the board () for their manufacture and installation step. These are values \u200b\u200b- interrelated, and depend on the alleged loads on the roof design.

The total load expressed in kilograms per square meter is made up of several quantities. This is, above all, the weight of the roof structure itself, taking into account the roofing material, doomles, insulation, etc. Temporary loads are added to this - the pressure of the snow and wind exposure. In addition, a natural workload is also likely to be predicted - hurricane winds, seismic shocks and other forst sashing phenomena. On this account, a certain reserve of strength is made in the roof design.

The load falling onto the roof is distributed over the rapid feet. The more often they are mounted, that is, the smaller the step of their installation, the less falls on each traffic point meter of the rafter foot, and the smaller the lumber can be in the section. The second parameter affecting the material section is the span of a rafter foot, that is, the distance between the two points of the support.

Below is a table that will help determine the required cross-section of a bar for rafter feet. How to use it?

screwdriver

The initial value is the value of the distributed load on the rapid leg (when an intermediate value is taken next to the most side). In this column find a cell with a length of the span of rafters. This cell predetermines the string in which, in the right part of the table, the necessary cross sections of the bar are indicated for the manufacture of rafting legs. Please note that if you wish, you can use and rounded - the table indicates the values \u200b\u200bof the required diameter.

The calculated value of the distributed load on 1 mongon meter of the rafter foot, kg / m					Surface lumber for the manufacture of lumpy legs
75	100	125	150	175	from the board (timber)							from Kruglyuk
					board thickness (timber), mm							diameter, mm.
					40	50	60	70	80	90	100
The planned length of the rafted between points of support, m					board height (timber), mm
4.5	4	3.5	3	2.5	180	170	160	150	140	130	120	120
5	4.5	4	3.5	3	200	190	180	170	160	150	140	140
5.5	5	4.5	4	3.5	-	210	200	190	180	170	160	160
6	5.5	5	4.5	4	-	-	220	210	200	190	180	180
6.5	6	5.5	5	4.5	-	-	-	230	220	210	200	200
-	6.5	6	5.5	5	-	-	-	-	240	230	220	220

For example, with a distributed load on the rapid leg in 150 kg / m and the length of the span of 5 meters, a ram of one of the sections will be required: 70 × 230; 80 × 220; 90 × 210 or 100 × 20, or log in diameter 200 mm.

Now - how to calculate the distributed load on the rafyled. For this, there is a special algorithm that takes into account the main factors of impact on the solry system. I will not bring the entire cascade of formulas and coefficients in this publication, and we will offer to use the calculator in which these physico-mathematical ratios have already been laid.

Calculator calculating distributed load on rafting legs

To calculate, there will be several source values:

• The angle of the roof of the roof is already known to us.
• The planned type of roofing - on this depends on the constant weight load on the solry system.
• The value of snow load for this region - it is laid in the calculator in accordance with the zone that can be determined by the map-scheme presented:

• Wind exposure level. Also determined by the zone according to the map scheme below:

• The height of the building in the skates.
• The degree of openness of the construction site. The calculator indicates the main features for determining the zone, but it should be borne in mind that the presence of these natural or artificial obstacles may be taken into account only if they are not further than at a distance of 30 × n, where N is the height of the building in the skate

Finally, the setting step has rafters. This magnitude can be changed by selecting the optimal value of the distributed load. It is customary to take into account that if the roof is warming up, the installation step is recommended to coordinate with the size of the blocks (mats) of the thermal insulation material - it will be easier to carry out installation and less waste will remain.

After the value of the distributed load is obtained - one can enter the table placed above to select the secting of the material for central, intermediate and diagonal rafting legs.

The hollow roof is characterized by a large number of preferential moments, among which they allocate an attractive geometry, uniform heating and protection of the structure from precipitation. Even the strong gusts of the wind do not affect the design, as it does not have frontones. If you compare it with a bartal roof, it can be noted that the probability of deformation of the hip roof is much smaller. You can list the advantages of such a roof for a very long time, but we must not forget that the system of the rafter holmic roof is a rather complicated design. This fact may become a weighty cause when choosing a roof type. Despite this, private developers very often build a Valm design, due to its similarity with a four-piece.

Some features of a holm roof

When comparing the hip and double roof, it is possible to immediately notice that there are no vertical walls of the fronttones in the device of the holm roof. They are replaced by triangular rates located with the ends. Due to this, the visual and real volume of the roof is significantly reduced. From the economic side, the benefit from this is a controversial issue, since when cutting large sheets of roofing material on the hill, there is an increase in costs.

Like any construction, the hollow roof is conditionally divided into simple geometric shapes. The easiest option has symmetrical skates: two in the form of a trapezoid and two in the form of a triangle. That is, the whole design consists of four slopes, which served as the basis for a parallel name - a four-piece roof.

The side section of the holm roof is similar to the conventional duplex roof in the form of a triangle. With visual inspection, a trapezium can be seen in the profile, which is conditionally divided into a rectangle with unfolded triangles. The form of the trapezoid is determined directly by the developer and depends on the ratio of the length of the skate to the length of the cornese swell. A part of the structure that has a rectangle shape is raised on the basis of roofing standards on the construction of hanging and rolling rafting systems.

Walves that replace the frontones should be installed with a specific inclination, as the design involves connecting them to the inclined sides of the trapezium. It is the Valm device that is the most difficult stage of arranging a hipper system. Those who decide to perform work by analogy with the usual scope method can be said that nothing will come of it. The thing is that the length of the skate run does not correspond to the length of the skate, therefore, the rafter feet of the hollow in the upper part, as well as the triangular parts of large rods adjacent to them, remain without support.

As a support design, the installation of special emerging rafter legs, which connect the ski bar and the corners of the structure is provided. A look at the Walm roof from above makes it possible to note that the acute elements are diagonally, for this reason their second name is diagonal. In addition, the design of the holmic roof implies that the diagonal will become a support for the rafaline of different lengths, the installation of which is performed at a right angle to the scene. These multiple elements are called naturines.

Thus, the main elements of the hipper system are:

• Private rafters of a holm roof, the lower part of which relies on the beams of overlapping or Mauerlat. Depending on the type of solo support, it can be hanging or weed.
• Diagonal rafting feet required for connecting the roof corners and the edge of the skate bar. Such elements can be used both for convex corners of the hip structure and during the arrangement of concave end angles.
• Nonocents are elements that create the plane of the hollow and parts of the trapezoid rods, which are adjacent to the diagonal rafalines.

Description of diagonal timber

Considering the location of diagonal rafalines, it is possible to determine that their length will be greater than the similar parameter of ordinary rafaline. In addition, being a support for naschairs, they take on a rather large load. All this leads to the conclusion that diagonal rafting legs should become reinforced. Most often for this use boards intended for ordinary rafaline, but paired with each other.

Paired slaps allow solving three tasks at the same time:

• Increased load without risk of strain system.
• Obtaining a solid diagonal element (stringing increases leads to the weakening of individual sites).
• Reducing the installation costs of the rafter system (two boards will cost much cheaper than a solid timber).

The significant length of diagonal rafalines requires the installation of additional supports, the number of which is determined by the diagonal length.

Supports for diagonal elements

The design of the holmic rafter system, regardless of the size, assumes the mandatory presence of supports that reinforce diagonal rafting legs. With a short length of 9 meters, you need to install at least two supports. Sleeps of smaller length can rely on one support located at the top.

Support for diagonal rafting feet can be:

• Vertical racks installed directly to overlapping. If the overlap is reinforced concrete, then a piece of waterproofing material is necessarily put under the rack.
• The pump, which the bottom rests in the litter and are located at an angle of 45 degrees, and the magnitude of the angle of inclination does not play a special role.
• Shpregeli, which are made in the form of LEERS "T" in an inverted form. This item is used in cases where the diagonal needs two or more supports (read also: ""). When installed it is important to ensure that the base of the shprengel is located perpendicular to the NOS. In most cases, such supports are placed closer to the corner of the roof, that is, at the bottom of the covered rafters.

Additional supports are best made from paired boards and install in places where the highest load is supposed.

The design of the support points of the Schosov rafters

The upper part of the hosted rafter foot resumes in the ski bar. The design features of the holm roof allow you to do so in several ways:

• If the roof design has one ski run, then the nap is resting on the skate console.
• If the rafter system has two skate runs and ordinary rafyled rafters from boards, then the shorts should be restricted on Shprengel, the base of which lies with the skate runs.
• If the design provides for the presence of two runs, and the rafters are made of timber, then instead of Sprengel, use the seabo. This element is performed from the cutting of the board with a thickness of more than 5 cm and combines ordinary rafyled rafyled from the skate.

Depending on the planting method, the upper part of the wind is pumped. It is possible to mount the diagonals with nails, while it is allowed to enhance the wire with a wire or a metal clamp.

In the lower part, the diagonal rafylics of the holm roof with support on Mauerlat are fastened with metal brackets or corners directly to Mauerlat or to a specially installed angular beam.

The device of Narozhnikov

Through these narons, Valves and triangular parts of large skates are formed. At the top of the element, the element rests on the diagonal rafylic, downstairs to Maurylalat or overlap beams.

Nonocents are installed in two ways:

• With the help of wrist. In the diagonal rafylations, the nests are cut down at a distance of 20 cm from each other, and it should be remembered that the liveli of the narotes of adjacent skates should not be performed opposite each other.
• Installation of cranial bars that will act as a support for narunaries. To do this, take the bars of 5 * 5 cm and align them to the lower part of the wind. This option is considered to be more efficient, since the word can weaken the strength and stability of the wind. In addition, the use of such a method allows to have nurses opposite each other.

The fastening of narigines at the bottom is carried out by analogy of the installation of ordinary rafting legs.

Installation of a simple hip truly system

The easiest way to build a holm roof is to buy a finished rafter system and its installation. But the construction of a holmic rafter system will deliver more pleasure with their own hands and will create a design corresponding to the entire structure. To make sure of your own, you can practice on small buildings, for example, build a four-page roof over a gazebo or summer kitchen.

The creation of the simplest holm roof takes place in several stages.

Stage 1. Creating a roof model and project preparation.

The construction of any design is preceded by the design stage. It helps to determine the form of the design and purchase the desired amount of material. A simple hip roof does not require a compilation of a complex drawing, it is enough to draw an exemplary scheme of the rafted holmic roof.

To compile the simplest hip roof project, it is enough to perform the steps described in the following instructions:

• The parameters of the structure are determined according to which an exemplary roof drawing is compiled in profile and anfas. To make the drawing correspond to real parameters, you need to select the scale, most often choose 1:25. This means that the size in reality should be divided into 25.
• Choose the optimal height of the roof helps the roof circuit pattern, and in several options. The most suitable pattern measure the angle of inclination of the skates.
• Further in the figure mark the installation points of the utility of the rafter legs, while each side should be divided into equal sections. The step of the rafted holm roof should be optimal in order not to increase the consumption of the building material, but also not to strengthen the design with additional counterbalax.
• The next step is determined by the length of the skate. At the same time, it should be remembered that this part of the design must connect a whole number of rafting farms. On both sides of the long side you need to postpone the same segments.
• Based on the figure, the required amount of material is calculated.

The number of fastening elements is determined by the number of rafting legs, taking into account all the nodal fasteners. For each rafter, you need to purchase two corners. Boards are best to buy with a small margin so that there is an opportunity to eliminate random errors in construction. If the design is erected on a concrete or brick box, then you should take care of the purchase of a bar from which Mauerlat for a holm roof will be constructed.

Stage 2. Installation of the main part.

Installation of a holmic rafting system begins with the device of the skunk part:

• Directly in the middle of the walls to which the hollows will be brought, nailed on one board. Between them stretch the construction cord, which should pass strictly along the central axis.
• From one of the ends of the structure, two rafylics are applied, their intersection should pass under the cord. It is noted the line heap the upper heel of the rafter legs, taking into account the skate run with a thickness of about 5 cm. Spilizes the necessary part of the element so that the envelope roof is the necessary form.
• The rest of the rafyroids are written on the workpiece. At the same time, it should be remembered that when the hip-roof is erected with hanging rafters, the length of the cornice sweep is taken into account.
• Collect farms of two rafter feet and attach them to one nail.
• Through all farms, the ski bar is installed and the rafylics are naked.
• At the bottom of the removal rafyrs are attached to Mauerlat, hanging hip roof rafters - to the beams of overlapping. In both cases, the mount is performed using metal corners.
• Previously nailed auxiliary boards can be removed, since there are no more needs in their needs.

Stage 3. Construction of holm rods.

The rafters of the holmic part are attached by analogy of ordinary rafting legs: the top is fixed with nails, the bottom - through the corners to the Mauerlat or the top log.

Installation is performed as follows:

• Exhibit the first diagonal rafying and put a mark on the site of spike. In this case, the lower part of the element should be located in the corner of the roof.
• Disposable the element on the planned line and fix it: the top - with nails, bottoms - corners.
• The remaining diagonal rafters are installed in a similar scheme.
• To fill the Walm Skata, these people are trying and installed individually.
• After that, go to the installation of these focusing rods.

After installing all elements of the rafter system, the following are followed: With the help of a wire twist, each second rafylic is tied to a log of a second row or to wooden corks that have previously laid in the walls. In addition, the wire twist can be laid in a brickwork or between blocks during the construction of walls. In this case, it should be remembered that from the top to the location of the twist should be at least three rows of bricks or two rows of blocks.

The finished rafter system is closed by a crate. If the coating is mild, then the lamp should be solid from boards, plywood or OSB plates. Hard roofing materials can be laid on the crate from the bar bought up with a certain step.

Construction of a complex hospher

The frame of a complex hip roof is erected in a similar sequence, but with minor modifications. For example, diagonal rafylics must be fixed with a more durable way, with the installation of additional supports. The skating part is set after the installation of the support frame, which includes the under the bottom and the ski run from above.

It is much more difficult to build a rapid hip roof system than an ordinary batch design. However, the four-tight roof looks more attractive and above the house, and above the easy building.

Having experienced their strength when erecting a holm roof over a gazebo or other household structure, you can achieve a good result in the independent construction of a four-page roof over a residential building.