Interjections are peculiar signs indicating certain feelings. What distinguishes them from significant parts of speech is that they express emotions and expressions of will, but do not name them.

“Bah! All the faces are familiar!” - Chatsky exclaims, seeing the whole company in full force. Interjection “Bah!” expresses the surprise of the hero who, many years later, finds the same people with the same views on life and the same attitude.

Interjections - examples

Most often, interjections are morphologically unchangeable complexes of sounds, which are short cries (or screams) pronounced by a person involuntarily: ah! Ouch! O! eh! etc. It is the nature of these words that allows us to attribute their appearance in people’s speech to the earliest periods in the history of mankind, when our ancestors, having united in a certain group, decided to exchange opinions. Numerous studies by linguists indicate this.

So, Vinogradov V.V. in his fundamental work “Russian Language”, he argues that interjections, although they do not have the function of naming, have “a semantic content realized by the collective.” This means that each interjection in a given language community has a strictly defined meaning. Each interjection has its own lexical meaning and expresses a certain feeling or expression of will.

For example, the word “Tsyts!” expresses a prohibition, an order to stop something, and “wow!” - astonishment. In addition, the “antiquity” of the origin of interjections is indicated by the fact that they are not included in the system of parts of speech and there are no syntactic connections between them and other words in sentences.

Tatyana ah! And he roars. (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”).

It is very interesting to trace the appearance of interjections in works of ancient Russian literature: in the “Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh” there is a “Letter to Oleg Svyatoslavich”, which begins with the words: “O I, long-suffering and sad!” But this is the 11th century! In “The Tale of the Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky,” during the murder itself, Bogolyubsky, addressing his enemies, exclaims: “Oh, woe to you, dishonest!...”. In “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (translation by D.S. Likhachev), both the author of the chronicle, Prince Igor, and Yaroslavna use the same interjection “Oh!” in various situations.

And Igor said to his squad:
“Oh my squad and brothers!
It’s better to be killed..."
O Boyan, nightingale of old!
O Russian land! You're already over the hill!..
Oh, moan to the Russian Land,
Remembering the first times
And the first princes!..

Yaroslavna cries early in Putivl on her visor, saying:

“Oh wind, sail!..”

Consequently, we are dealing with quite ancient linguistic units when talking about interjections, as ancient as the first chronicles in which interjections were used. The following examples can be given.

1. By meaning, three main groups of interjections can be distinguished: emotional, imperative, interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech. Let's consider them in accordance with this classification.

Emotional interjections express the speaker’s emotional reaction to what is happening or to the speech of his interlocutors, his attitude to perceived impressions and their assessment. In the story “Men” by Chekhov A.P.: “My fathers!” - Olga was amazed when they both entered the hut.” This group of interjections is the most numerous; it is accessible even to the smallest (in height and age) native speakers. A child who has barely learned to pronounce sounds will say, “Ew!” if there is an unpleasant smell; when he feels pain, he will say: “Oh!” The hero of the famous comedy “The Diamond Arm” on a narrow street in the Turkish capital had to fall and say the password: “Damn it.” This is also an emotional interjection. How often do we use the following phrase: “Ugh, I wish I could jinx it!”, where the word “ugh” is an emotional interjection. This group of interjections represents the most primitive linguistic construction.

Imperative interjections express an expression of will, a call or encouragement to action. As a rule, this is an appeal to the interlocutor with a proposal to perform this or that action, used in the imperative mood:

Here, take this (hands him a cap and cane) - Khlestakov in N.V. Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General.”

Tsits! - Grandfather Grishak knocked. (Sholokhov M.A. “Quiet Don”).

Only the call denotes the imperative interjection “Hey!” And the interjection “well” in combination with the accusative case of the pronoun you expresses disdain and the desire to get rid of something: “Come on!” This type of impulse is used in relation to animals: kitty-kiss, chick-chick, atu, which indicates the primitiveness and some kind of primitiveness of interjections.

The third group of interjections associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech includes remarks containing generally accepted greetings, formulas of gratitude, apologies: thank you, hello, goodbye, sorry, etc.

"She ran to the gate
- Goodbye! - she shouted. (Chekhov “House with a Mezzanine”).

2. The last group of interjections is of particular interest in connection with compliance and non-compliance with the norms of speech etiquette. In everyday life, in the school environment, in virtual communication and when using mobile communications, the norms of speech etiquette are changing imperceptibly but surely.
In order to prove this, I conducted a survey among my peers - ninth graders, in which 32 people participated.

To the first question of the questionnaire, “Do you often use interjections in your speech such as “oh”, “hey”, “Lord”, “fu”, “damn it” and others?” The absolute number of respondents answered: “Often” (18 people – 56%);

The use of emotional interjections in the speech of my peers is associated with various school situations. So, I invited the guys to play up the situation of getting a good grade - such a pleasant event! How do ninth graders react to it?

In first place in terms of frequency of use is the interjection “hurray!”, used by 11 people (34%);

In second place is the English “yes!”, this barbarism is very popular in expressing Russian emotions (4 people - 12%).

In third place is our native “wow!” (3 students - 9%).

But below the “prize pedestal” are the words “nice”, “wow!”, about which Mikhail Zadornov makes satirical comments. Quite often you can hear these words from the lips of students. I asked the English teacher what they mean, it turned out that this is a statement with special agreement.

The words “cool”, “cool”, “super”, which are heard, including on TV screens, are also included in the vocabulary of my peers. But this is already a bias towards slang; I have a negative attitude towards such words.

But the answers to the next question smack of our local flavor; the typical Transbaikal word “but” sounds like a positive answer to any question.

Have you prepared your homework?
- But…
-Have you cleaned the room?
- But…

12 people answer this way, although they know that they should say “yes” in this case; both “yes” and “but” - 3 people; only “yes” - 16 people.

Imperative interjection “Hello!” (meaning “speak, I’m listening to you”) is often used in oral speech, but many do not know how to write it: at my request, the guys had to write “hello”: 9 people made mistakes (that’s 28%). Therefore, you must be able not only to pronounce interjections, but also to write them correctly.

Of particular interest to me was the use by my peers of interjections associated with the use of etiquette norms in speech. These words, together with gestures, are like windows through which we can not only hear each other, but also see each other. It’s easy to see how difficult it is to vigorously stamp your foot on the floor and say a friendly “hello” or, waving your hand hopelessly, to say an enthusiastic “ah!”

Thus, gesture as a means of communication is of interest to the researcher. We can often determine a person’s mood by the intonation of a greeting.

So, coming to school in a good mood, our ninth-graders say “hello” - in 29 cases (out of 32), “where necessary, I always say” - 1 person, “rarely” - 2 people. In the same question, other interjections of this group were also mentioned: “thank you”, “goodbye”. As follows from our survey, the norms of speech etiquette are fully used by my peers.

And one more, in my opinion, interesting fact - along with observing the norms of etiquette, the guys use the interjection “hey!” — 4 people without explanation of the situation; 7 people do not speak or speak rarely; but the majority (21 people! 66%) readily describe situations when they use this interjection. “The interjection hey!, which we hear from a person who knows you, but does not want to call you by name, already sounds like an insult,” wrote theater theorist N.V. Kasatkin. This is exactly how this interjection is used when addressing their friends, relatives, acquaintances who did not catch their name, 14 people. (Therefore, after processing the questionnaires, I had to explain to the guys that they were doing the wrong thing). When addressing a stranger their age, 7 guys say “hey”.

Thus, when conducting such a survey, I was able to verify that it is impossible to imagine live speech without intonation. The role of intonation is especially enhanced in interjections, which are devoid of lexical meaning.

F. Delsarte argued that in terms of richness of intonation, interjection ranks first among all parts of speech. It is precisely the underestimation of the role of intonation that explains the fact that for a long time interjections were confused by some linguists with reflexive cries (reaction to pain, fear, surprise, etc.).

3. And the real treasury of interjections, in addition to living (everyday) speech, is, of course, literature. Works of fiction are replete with interjections, which are a fact of direct live communication and are therefore short and concentrated. They give the characters’ speech emotionality, naturalness and national flavor.

Even the great Cicero said: “Every movement of the soul has its natural expression in the voice...” The space of interjections in the works of Gogol N.V., Tolstoy L.N., Chekhov A.P., Ostrovsky A.I., Gorky A. is infinitely rich. M. - you can’t count them all.

I decided to analyze the use of interjections in a comedy that I recently studied and which I really liked - “The Minor” by D.I. Fonvizin.

The ambiguous interjection “ah” adorns almost every page of the comedy. Having learned that Mitrofan “languished” until the morning, Prostakova, blinded by maternal love, exclaims: “Ah, Mother of God!” And during the lesson, when Mitrofan insults Tsyfirkin, Prostakova remarks: “Oh, Lord, my God!” In the mouth of this “despicable fury”, a man without a soul and heart, these interjections sound blasphemous.

Having learned that the serf girl is sick and is lying down, the same Prostakova conveys her indignation with the same interjection: “Lying down! Oh, she’s a beast!” Having rushed at Mitrofan as a rival in the acquisition of Sophia’s capital, his uncle Skotinin growls: “Oh, you damn pig!” The interjection “ah,” as old as the world, in this context, conveying all of Skotinin’s indignation, gives his phrase a completely bestial connotation.

Interjection “Oh! Ouch! Ouch!" and “ah! ah! ah!” flashes in the speech of the foreigner Vralman, who is not strong in the Russian language.

The outdated interjection “ba” is pronounced by Skotinin quite often: “Bah! What does this one equal?”, “Bah! Bah! Bah! Don’t I have enough light rooms?” In the mouth of the arrogant and arrogant Skotinin, this word sounds denoting bewilderment, with a tinge of sarcasm on the part of the author.

Mitrofan, as befits a darling to whom everything is allowed, often uses imperative interjections that contain the command: “Well! And then what?" - Mitrofan answers his mother, who asks him to learn “at least for show.” In the speech of Sophia, Starodum, Pravdin, Milon, the interjection “a” is often found in different meanings: “Ah! you are already here, my dear friend!” - says Starodum, seeing Sophia who is waiting for him. And the interjection expresses the joy of meeting. Having received a letter from Count Chestan, Starodum again pronounces the interjection “a” in the sense of “it’s interesting what he writes.” In a dialogue with Pravdin, he says: “Oh, how great a soul should be in the state...”, conveying with this interjection wisdom in understanding the role of the tsar to improve the lives of his subjects.

We managed to count 102 interjections in a comedy so small in volume. In general, in the Russian language, interjections constitute a large and very rich layer of words in terms of the range of sensations, experiences, volitional impulses, and moods they express.

According to the “Reverse Dictionary of the Russian Language”, in the modern Russian language there are 341 interjections - more than prepositions (141), conjunctions (110), particles (149). This intonation wealth must be used skillfully, because the interjection can not only be heard, but also... seen.

So, in the painting by Petrov V.G. “Hunters at a Rest”, an attentive person can hear the intonations of the drawn people, even guess the interjections they use, expressing the surprise of the young hunter; distrust, skepticism, irony of the mean; enthusiastic, boastful exclamations of a hunter - an old man.

In the same way, paintings by Repin, Kramskoy, Surikov and other masters show us certain life situations.

An amazing part of speech is the interjection, if you can even draw it. And even in the artificial language of the future Esperanto there are interjections - they are not superfluous in the vocabulary of a well-mannered person: bonan tagon! (good afternoon!), bonan vesperon (good evening!), bonvenon! (welcome!), bonvolu (please!) All people at all times in everyday life, on the stage, at school and in the army, in a large audience and in private will use interjections. After all, they are part of our life. And it is impossible to exist without interjections.

Petrukhina Oksana Vladimirovna,
Priezhikh Tatyana Pavlovna

Literature:

1. Vartanyan E.A. "Journey into the Word", M., 1980.
2. Gvozdev A.N. “Modern Russian literary language”, M., “Prosveshchenie”, 1973.
3. Collection of “Tales of Ancient Rus'”, M., “Fiction”, 1986.
4. Sereda E.V. Article “Ah, intonation!”, Journal “Russian Literature” 6, 2006.
5. “Modern Russian literary language”, edited by Lekant P.A., M., “Higher School”, 1982.
6. Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N. “Modern Russian language”, part 2, M., “Enlightenment”, 1987.

Interjection is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like auxiliary parts of speech, interjections do not change.

Are not interjections the following words:

- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-tweet.

Indicating instant actions: stomp, slap, jump.

Types of interjections.

Interjections vary in composition, origin and meaning.

According to the composition of the interjection there are:

• Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
• Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, here you go, pray tell;
• Complex interjections- consisting of two or more bases: Ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh.

By origin distinguish:

• Derivative interjections- formed from other words and phrases (syntactic constructions): come on, just think, pipes, pray tell and etc.
• Non-derivative interjections- first-born, having no genetic connections with other parts of speech: oh, ah, uh and etc.

• Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into the Russian language from other languages: bravo, that's it, guard, wow and etc.

By value distinguish:

1. Incentive interjections: hey, come on, chick, but-but, bye-bye and others.
2. Emotional Interjections: great, bravo, wow and etc.
3. Etiquette interjections: hello, please be kind, goodbye, thank you and others.

The syntactic role of interjections.

Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of that sentence. Let's consider, what parts of a sentence can an interjection be used in?, replacing other parts of speech:

• An endless “ow” came in response from the darkness. In this sentence “ay” replaces the noun and acts as subject.
• Hey girl! In this sentence, the interjection “ah yes” replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?).

Interjections and punctuation marks.

Consider the following Rules for placing punctuation marks for interjections:

• Exclamatory interjections are marked with an exclamation mark if pronounced with pronounced intonation: Ba! Who came to us! Yeah! Gotcha!
• The same exclamatory interjections can be separated by commas if pronounced with normal intonation: Oh, something squeezed in my chest! Ba, how smart!
• Onomatopoeic words and imperative interjections are also used with a comma or exclamation mark: Stop! The passage is closed! - Stop, car! Knock Knock! Can I come to you? - Ay, Is there anyone alive?
• Interjective expressions expressing the author’s attitude to the facts expressed are also separated by commas: Fortunately, the injury was not serious. To my joy, Mom answered the phone call.

How to distinguish interjection from particles?

Some interjections may have homonyms, which are spelled the same but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of the sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh, ah, oh, well and others from homonymous particles?

1) The particle “o” is usually used in addresses and exclamatory sentences before the words “yes” or no”: Oh yes, this is what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)

2) The particle “well” is used in sentences with an intensifying meaning: Well, how you have grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)

3) The particle “ah” is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you cunning fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this garden is!)

In cases where we are faced with not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not used. Interjections in a sentence are always marked with punctuation. Exceptions are the phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “oh yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.

Hello! Today I want to tell you about little words, which are called interjections. Interjection - This Part of speech, which expresses feelings speaker, but not calls their. If you read literature in Russian, then you’ve probably already noticed that Russians really like to use various little words (interjections): oh, a, ah, oh, eh, well, wow, fie, alas, na, etc.

There are so many interjections in the Russian language that I don’tI dare you all of them list, it will take a lot of time. After all, I not only need to list them, but also explain what emotions they express and how to use them correctly, and this is not so simple, because the same interjection can express the mostvariousemotions. For example, the interjection “Oh!” can expressdelight, astonishment, disturbance, regret, joy etc.

I I'll share interjections by groups depending on the what feelings they express and I will only name most interjections used and I will also try to give at least a few examples so that it would be easier for you to understand in what situation you can use certain interjections.

1 group. admiration, satisfaction, joy, fun, approval, delight (positive feelings): Hurray! Bravo! That's it! Oh! A! Wow! God! God bless!

Examples:
Oh, how good.
Hooray! Our Goal scored.
Bravo!- he shouted in delight.
God! What a beauty!
A! It's you! I `ve been waiting for you for so long.

2nd group. Interjections expressing grief, melancholy, sadness, regret: Alas! Oh! Eh! Oh oh oh!

Examples:
I should have finished work but- Alas!- It was impossible.
Eh, there is no truth in this world.
Oh, I was wrong!

3rd group. Interjections that help express feelings surprise, scared, bewilderment, mistrust: A! ABOUT! Wow! Well well! Bah! Oh! Fathers! Mother! God!

Examples:
Fathers! What happened to your face?
Bah! What people! What are you doing here?
Wow, How is he sang!

4th group. annoyance, anger, displeasure, protest: A! Oh! Oh you! Damn it! Hell no! What the hell! Here you go!

Examples:
Oh you, scoundrel!
Hell no! You won't get anything, I won't give you anything!
Here you go! Again everything failed b!
What the hell! What is happening?

5 group. Interjections that express gloat, sarcasm, contempt, irony, disgust: Ugh! Fi! Ugh! Look!

Examples:
Fi, abomination! And how I was before all this nasty things did not notice.
Ugh, tired of it!
Ugh, I don’t even want to look at you.
Look, Which impudent!

I could go on and on, because there really are a lot of interjections. But I think that's enough, I don't want you upload unnecessary information.

In parting, I want to demonstrate the effectiveness of interjections and how they simplify our everyday life. For example, if you met your friend in some place where you did not expect to meet him, then you can express your surprise in sentences: Who do I see! Are you here too? What people! , or you can use one interjection: Bah!

10th grade

"Unfortunate misunderstanding",
or Interjections

Lesson objectives: to awaken students' interest in interjections, to teach the appropriate use of interjections in speech, to form an attentive and thoughtful attitude to ongoing linguistic processes, and the ability to analyze linguistic phenomena.

DURING THE CLASSES

Teacher's opening speech.

Interjections are the least studied class of words in the modern Russian language. Academician L.V. Shcherba called the interjection “an unclear and foggy category”, “an unfortunate misunderstanding,” meaning the confusion of views on this part of speech. In the history of the study of interjections, two opposing concepts can be distinguished. The first concept is associated with the name M.V. Lomonosov. It was she who laid the foundation for the scientific interpretation of interjections. A.Kh. subsequently worked in this direction. Vostokov, F.I. Buslaev, A.A. Shakhmatov, V.V. Vinogradov. These scientists consider interjections to be words, recognize these words as part of speech, study their structure, functions in speech, and the history of education. Academician V.V. made a great contribution to the study of interjections. Vinogradov. He believed that the study of interjections is important in terms of studying the syntax of living oral speech. The originality of interjections by V.V. Vinogradov saw that they serve as a subjective means of expressing emotions, feelings and are functionally close to different classes of words, occupying a special place in the system of parts of speech: this is neither a significant nor an auxiliary part of speech.

N.I. Grech, D.N. Kudryavsky, D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, A.M. Peshkovsky are supporters of the opposite concept, who do not consider interjections to be words and exclude them from parts of speech.

In the school course of the Russian language, interjections are considered as a special part of speech.

Updating basic knowledge.

– What is the name of the section of grammar in which words are studied as parts of speech? (Morphology.)

– What does the concept mean? parts of speech? (Parts of speech are the main lexical and grammatical categories into which words of a language are distributed based on certain characteristics.)

– What are these signs? (Firstly, this is a semantic feature (generalized meaning of an object, action, state, attribute, etc.); secondly, morphological features (morphological categories of a word); thirdly, syntactic features (syntactic functions of a word).)

– What two groups are parts of speech divided into? (Parts of speech are divided into independent (significant) and auxiliary.)

– Which part of speech occupies a special place, not relating to either independent parts of speech or auxiliary ones? (This is an interjection. Interjections do not name objects, signs, or actions and do not serve to connect words. They convey our feelings.)

Studying the topic of the lesson.

- So, what is an interjection? (An interjection is a part of speech that includes sound complexes that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. Interjections are on the periphery of the grammatical and lexical systems of the language and differ significantly from both independent and auxiliary parts of speech in their semantic, morphological and syntactic features.)

– How do you understand the expression sound complexes? (An interjection is a class of grammatically unchangeable words and phrases, which is why the concept uses the expression sound complexes.)

– So, interjections are devoid of nominative meaning. However, Academician V.V. Vinogradov noted that interjections “have a semantic content realized by the collective.” How do you understand the words of V.V. Vinogradova? (This means that each interjection expresses certain feelings and emotions, which, with the support of intonation, facial expressions and gestures, are understandable to both the speaker and the listener. For example, an interjection fi expresses contempt, disgust (Fee, what disgusting!), interjection ugh expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust (Ugh, I'm tired of it!), interjection hey expresses disbelief, ridicule (Hey, how tired of you!).)

– Right. The attachment of a certain content to one or another interjection is convincingly expressed in M. Tsvetaeva’s poem “Rumor”:

More powerful than an organ and louder than a tambourine
Word of mouth - and one for everyone:
Oh - when it’s difficult and ah - when it’s wonderful,
But it’s not given - oh!

What is the difference between interjections and functional parts of speech? (Unlike conjunctions, interjections do not perform the function of connecting members of a sentence or parts of a complex sentence. Unlike prepositions, they do not express the dependence of one word on another. Unlike particles, they do not add additional semantic shades to words or sentences.)

– Name the morphological and syntactic features of interjections. (From a morphological point of view, interjections are lexical units that do not have inflectional forms. The main syntactic feature of interjections is that they do not interact with other words in a sentence, but can act as independent sentences. As part of a sentence, interjections always remain separately, which is emphasized by placing a comma or exclamation point on the letter.)

– Analyze the following two groups of interjections: ah, eh, oh, ha; Fathers, that's it, however. What do you think: what is their difference? (The first group of interjections are non-derivative lexemes, and the second are derivatives, i.e. formed on the basis of other parts of speech.)

– Give linguistic commentary to the following examples:

1) Oh oh oh; Oh well;
2) wow, ege-ge;
3) ooh-ho-ho;
4) wow, wow, come on.

1) Repetitions are an important grammatical means of forming interjections.

2) The repetition may be incomplete.

3) In the first part of the interjection, there may be a reversal of the vowel and consonant.

4) Individual interjections can be combined with a pronominal you, imperative plural ending those, with a verb particle -ka.)

– What phonetic features of interjections are evidenced by the following examples: yeah, wow, shoo, kys-kys, um, shh, whoa. (In interjections yeah, wow pronounced alien to the literary language [] fricative. In interjections shoo, kys-kys there is a combination alien to the Russian language ky. In interjections hmm, shh there are no vowel sounds. In interjection Whoa there is a combination of three consonants.)

– Although interjections occupy a separate position in the language system, they retain a connection with other elements of this system. How is it shown? Give examples. (Interjections can arise on the basis of significant and functional words. And on the basis of interjections significant words can be formed: gasp, akanye, gasp, nook, nook etc.)

– According to semantics, scientists distinguish two categories of interjections. Try dividing the interjections below into two groups and establishing a certain pattern: encore, oh, ah, damn, ba, oh, wow, down, bravo, brr, march, let's go, fie, hurray, fathers, hello, Lord, shhh, fi, away. (Interjections oh, ah, oh, wow, ah, ugh, fathers, Lord, phi, damn, bravo, hurray, brr, ba express various emotions, both positive and negative, and serve to identify a person’s attitude to reality and to the speech of the interlocutor.

Interjections bis, down, march, let's go, hello, shh, away express various types and shades of motivation to action.)

- Right. Interjections belonging to the first group are emotional interjections; those belonging to the second group are motivating interjections. Incentive interjections also have other names: imperative, imperative. Try comparing two emotional interjections: Ouch And ba. (Interjection ba unambiguous, but interjection Ouch ambiguous. Depending on the situation of speech and intonation, the interjection Ouch can express a complex range of feelings: pain, fear, surprise, admiration, regret, warning, grief, joy. Interjection ba expresses surprise.)

– Determine which category the following interjections belong to: That's enough, well, let's go, march. (These are incentive interjections.)

– Try to guess whether the same interjection can express both emotion and motivation. Try to include interjection in various speech situations Well.(Yes maybe. Well, get out of here! Well, flowers! In the first example, the interjection expresses motivation, in the second - surprise, admiration.)

– Some linguists identify well-known sound complexes as a special category of interjections – etiquette ones: hello, goodbye, thank you, goodbye, good night, happy holidays, good health, all the best etc. The main argument of these scientists: these sound complexes convey the corresponding content in the most general, undivided form. Let's try to challenge this point of view. Let's start by thinking about whether these expressions have the semantics inherent in interjections. (These sound complexes do not express feelings and motives, which means they do not have the semantics inherent in interjections.

The main feature of interjections is the absence of a nominative meaning. Expressions of the same type see you, all the best, good night, good morning retain the direct nominative meanings of their components.

Expressions goodbye (those), forgive (those), sorry (those), hello (those) are verbs in the imperative mood. Only in special cases, for example, the word Hello expresses surprise, dissatisfaction:

– I won’t go to the cinema today.

- Hello, you promised.

Let's take the floor Sorry). This word can express protest or disagreement: Should I go to the store again? No, sorry.)

- Well done! And now I will name several verbal complexes. You've certainly heard them: Lord my God, Mother Queen of Heaven, please tell me... What do they express? (Feelings and emotions.)

– Scientists note their structural dismemberment, phraseology, and semantic integrity. Try to continue this series of examples. (My father, my God, the devil knows what, that’s it, it’s a waste of time, that’s a miracle, damn it, pray tell, that’s a pound, etc.)

– Make up sentences using these examples.

Prove that interjections serve the purpose of saving linguistic resources. (For example, you did not expect to see or meet your friend in some place. Surprise about this can be expressed in sentences: And are you here?, How did you get here? You didn't intend to come here. Who do I see?!, or maybe with one interjection: Bah!

You can call for silence and calm down with the following sentences: Quiet please, I can't hear anything or maybe with one interjection: Shh!)

Practical part of the lesson.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary dictation crossword puzzle on the topic “Feelings”. The teacher reads the lexical meaning of the word, students write down the word corresponding to this lexical meaning.

Supreme satisfaction, delight. – Delight.

Feeling of strong indignation, indignation. – Anger.

The impression of something unexpected and strange, incomprehensible. – Astonishment.

A state of doubt, hesitation due to the inability to understand what is going on. – Confusion.

Feeling of irritation, displeasure due to failure, resentment. – Annoyance.

A feeling of annoyance caused by the well-being or success of another. – Envy.

A feeling of joy from pleasant sensations, experiences, thoughts. – Pleasure.

A strong objection to something. – Protest.

Expression of disapproval, condemnation. – Condemnation.

Task 2 . Insert suitable interjections into the table opposite the indicated values. Students were given sheets of paper with a table in which the second and fourth columns were not filled in. Interjections to choose from: ehma, chur, uh, fu, uf, oh, sha, chu, uh, uh, hy, chick, eh. Come up with examples of using interjections in speech.

When finished, the table will look like this:

No.	Interjection	Expressed interjection meaning	Examples use in speech
1	Sha	An exclamation meaning “it’s time to finish, that’s enough”	Let's run - and sha!
2	Hey	Expresses distrust and ridicule	Hey, what did you want!
3	Chu	Expresses a call to pay attention to a low, unclear or distant sound	Chu! Something crackled in the garden.
4	E	Expresses bewilderment, surprise, distrust and other various feelings	Eh, how did you end up here? Eh, I don't agree.
5	Wow	Expresses surprise, appreciation, admiration and other similar feelings	Wow, fidget! Wow, you'll get it from your grandmother!
6	Chur	1. An exclamation that demands compliance with some condition. 2. An exclamation (usually in children's games), which is forbidden to touch something or go beyond some limit.	Just don't touch me! It's not me!
7	U	Expresses reproach or threat, as well as surprise, fear and other emotions	Wow, how tanned you are! Ooh, shameless!
8	Tsyts	A shout expressing a prohibition, an order to stop something or be silent	Tsits, Valentin!
9	Eh	Expresses regret, reproach, concern	Eh, what can I tell you after everything!
10	Ugh	Expresses tiredness, weariness, or relief	Phew, how hard!
11	Ehma	Expresses regret, surprise, determination and other similar feelings	Ehma, I didn't expect this.
12	Ugh	Expresses reproach, annoyance, contempt, disgust	Ugh, I'm tired of it!
13	Oh	Expresses regret, sadness, pain and other feelings	Oh, I can't stand it anymore!

Task 3. Determine the part-speech affiliation of the highlighted words. Justify your answer.

1) AND I won't give you a penny. 2) AND, full! 3) Hopes arose And he became cheerful again.

1) Write with a pen, A not with a pencil. 2) A, Gotcha! 3) Let's go for a walk, A?

Task 4. In offer Hurt! try inserting various interjections.

(Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts! Oh, it hurts!)

Task 5. Make a linguistic commentary on the following examples: Come on, come on, let's go to the river, go to the room.

Many motivating interjections are close to forms of the imperative mood; this closeness is confirmed by the fact that interjections can acquire a plural indicator -those(completeness). Interjections can be combined with a particle -ka(take that), able to manipulate other words (come on, let's go to the river, go to the room).

Task 6. Remember proverbs that contain interjections.

It’s too much for one to give it to anyone.

Ay-ay, the month of May is warm but cold.

Oh, oh, but there’s nothing to help with.

Oh, what melancholy! I wouldn’t let go of a piece of food, I would eat everything and sing songs.

Oh-ho-ho-ho-honnyushki, it’s bad for Afonushka to live.

Task 7. Determine what syntactic functions interjections perform in the following sentences. Comment on your answer.

2) If the guy in the mountains doesn’t Oh, if you immediately become limp and down, step onto the glacier and wilt... (V. Vysotsky)

3) All these hee hee, ha ha, singing, cowardly talk - an abomination! (A. Tolstoy)

4) He could not remain silent, could not smile condescendingly or get away with his disgusting "A!"– he had to say something. (Yu. Kazakov)

5) What happened to the people - ah-ah! (D. Furmanov)

Answer. The interjection is not syntactically related to other elements of the sentence. But in these examples, interjections act as various members of the sentence. Examples 1, 2 – predicate, example 3 – subject, example 4 – object, example 5 – adverbial. If the interjection acts as a subject and an object (examples 3, 4), then it gains the ability to have a definition.

Task 8. Linguistic scientists distinguish three groups of interjections among emotional ones:

a) interjections expressing satisfaction - approval, pleasure, joy, admiration, etc., a positive assessment of the facts of reality;

b) interjections expressing dissatisfaction - reproach, censure, protest, annoyance, anger, anger, etc., a negative assessment of the facts of reality;

c) interjections expressing surprise, bewilderment, fear, doubt, etc.

Try to give as many examples as possible for each group of interjections.

A) Aha!, ay!, ah!, bravo!, oh!, hurray! etc.;

b) a!, ah!, here's another!, brr!, fie!, fu!, eh! etc.;

V) bah!, fathers!, mothers!, well, well!, so cranberry!, just think!, alas!, hmm! etc.

The same interjections, depending on the expression of emotions, are included in different groups. These are interjections a!, ah!, ay!, oh!, oh!, fu!, eh! and etc.

Find interjections in the following sentences and determine their belonging to one group or another.

1) Someone, driving her, said over her ear: “Oh, my eyes!” (A. Tolstoy)

2) Oh, turn them back! – the nervous lady moaned. - Ugh, how stupid you all are! (A. Kuprin)

3) Fathers! – the thin one was amazed. - Misha! Childhood friend! (A. Chekhov)

4) Panteley Prokofievich busily looked at the black head sticking out of a heap of diapers, and not without pride he confirmed: “Our blood... Ek-hm. Look!" (M. Sholokhov)

5) - That's it! – Romashov widened his eyes and sat down slightly. (A. Kuprin)

Sentences 1, 4 – interjections ah, ek-um express satisfaction (admiration, pleasure) - which means they belong to the first group.

Sentence 2 – interjections ah, ugh express dissatisfaction (annoyance, anger, anger) - therefore, they belong to the second group.

Sentences 3, 5 – interjections fathers, just like that express surprise and bewilderment, therefore they belong to the third group.

Task 9. Read the interjections: ay!, let's go!, scatter!, hello!, hey!, hop!, out!, but!, guard!, shh!, well!, chick!, choo!, shh! What are these interjections? Try grouping them. What do you think: is this possible?

Incentive (imperative). These interjections can be combined into two groups: interjections expressing a command, an order, a call to some action, etc. (come on!, scatter!, hop!, out!, but!, shh!, well!, chick!, chu!, shh!), and interjections expressing a call to respond, serving as a means of attracting attention, etc. (ay!, hello!, guard!, hey!).

Determine what the interjections in the following sentences express.

1) – Don’t play! - the elders waved to the musicians. – Shh... Yegor Nilych is sleeping. (A. Chekhov)

2) – Guard! They're cutting! - he shouted. (A. Chekhov)

3) Guys! It's so warm, let's go for a swim. (Vs. Ivanov)

4) – Hey! - Grigoriev shouted and waved. The cart turned into a field road and soon arrived. (V. Ketlinskaya)

5) “Well,” I said, “tell me what you need?” (K. Paustovsky)

In examples 2, 4, interjections express a call to respond and serve as a means of attracting attention. In examples 1, 3, 5, interjections express a call to some action.

Task 10. Match the following examples: Well, ball! Well, Famusov! He knew how to name guests.(A. Griboyedov). Rewrite! Quickly, come on!(Vs. Ivanov)

Answer. In the first example, the interjection Well! is emotional, in the second – motivating.

Answer. Interjections are widely used in colloquial and artistic speech. They serve as a means of conveying a person’s varied feelings and his attitude to the facts of reality. In addition, in works of fiction they enhance the emotionality of the statement. Often interjections seem to absorb the meaning of several words, which increases the laconicism of the phrase, for example: Let it not succeed, let nothing come of it, nothing. If it succeeds - Wow! (D. Furmanov) The use of interjections conveys the characteristics of lively speech, rich in emotions, gives the text liveliness, ease, and expression. Interjections play an important role in characterizing a character.

Task 12. Have you all read the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Why do you think Repetilov’s speech is full of interjections?

Repetilov, as follows from his own words, is only capable of “making noise.” His empty enthusiasm naturally results in exclamations interspersed with interjections. (Oh! Meet him; Oh! Marvel!; ...Ah! Skalozub, my soul...)

Remember the famous Ellochka Shchukina from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”. How many interjections does her vocabulary include? What does this indicate?

Answer. Ellochka easily managed thirty words, of which three were interjections. (ho-ho!, big deal!, wow!). This indicates the character's linguistic and mental wretchedness.

Task 13. Comment on punctuation marks. Students receive a table consisting of two columns. The first column contains examples. The second column is empty. In the second column, students write a comment.

Examples

In the 18th century, French philosopher and writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau said: “To exist is to feel.” There are special words in the language that express a wide variety of feelings. These are interjections. In this lesson you will learn all about interjections as a special part of speech. You will also learn how interjections are written and what punctuation marks are used to distinguish them.

Topic: Interjections

Lesson: Interjection as a part of speech. Hyphen in interjections

Interjection- a special part of speech, not included in either the independent or auxiliary parts of speech, which expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.

For example: oh, ah, hurray, ba, my God, etc.

Features of interjections:

· are not grammatically related to other words;

· do not answer questions;

· do not change;

· are not members of the proposal;

Unlike functional parts of speech, interjections serve neither to connect words in a sentence nor to connect parts of a sentence.

Based on their origin, interjections are divided into non-derivative and derivative

· Non-derivative interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds: a, oh, uh, ah, oh, oh, wow, alas. This group also includes complex interjections like ah-ah-ah, oh-oh-oh and so on.

· Derivative interjections formed from words of other parts of speech:

a) verbs ( hello, goodbye, guess what?);

b) nouns ( Fathers, guard, Lord);

c) adverb ( quite, full);

d) pronouns ( same thing).

Derived interjections also include words of foreign origin ( hello, bravo, bis, kaput).

According to the structure, interjections can be:

· simple, that is, consist of one word (a, oh, oh, alas);

· complex, i.e. formed by combining two or three interjections ( ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh, fathers of light);

· composite, that is, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).

Types of interjections by meaning:

· emotional interjections express, but do not name feelings, moods (joy, fear, doubt, surprise, etc.): oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, my God, fathers, those times, thank God, as if it were not so, ugh and etc.;

interjections that express motivation to action, commands, orders: well, hey, guard, kitty-kiss, out, shoo, march, whoa, come on, sh-sh, ow;

· etiquette interjections are the formulas of speech etiquette: hello(those), hi, thank you, please forgive me, all the best.

Interjections include, but do not include, words denoting instant actions ( bang, clap, slap, etc.), as well as words imitating various sounds and voices of animals and birds ( tra-ta-ta; boom Boom Boom; Meow meow; Bow-wow; ha-ha-ha, etc.).

Interjections are used in colloquial speech and in artistic style to express the author's emotions or convey the mood of the hero of the work.

Sometimes interjections become independent parts of speech, and they take on a specific lexical meaning and become a part of a sentence.

For example: There was a thunderous sound in the distance hooray».

Fee – Alas And Oh.

Homework

Exercises No. 415–418. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task No. 1. Read it. Pay attention to the intonation with which interjections are pronounced. Write down the sentences in the following sequence: 1) sentences with emotional interjections; 2) sentences with incentive interjections. Indicate shades of emotions and motivations.

1. Ah! Damn Cupid! And they hear, they don’t want to understand... 2. Well! Guilty! What a deal I gave to the hook. 3. Oh, the human race! it has become forgotten that everyone must climb there himself, into that little box where one can neither stand nor sit. 4. I'm sorry; I was in a hurry to see you as soon as possible, I didn’t stop by home. Farewell! I'll be there in an hour... 5. Ah! Alexander Andreich, please, sit down. 6. Eh, Alexander Andreich, it’s bad, brother! 7. Hey, tie a knot for memory; I asked to be silent... 8. The women shouted: hurray! and they threw caps into the air! 9. Ah! My God! He fell and died! 10. He tightened the reins. Well, what a miserable rider. 11. Ah! Evil tongues are worse than a gun. 12. Hey! Filka, Fomka, well, catchers! 13. Eh! Brother! It was a nice life back then. 14. Hello, Chatsky, brother! 15. Well, I cleared away the cloud. 16. Wow! I definitely got rid of the noose: after all, your father is crazy... (A. Griboyedov)

Task No. 2. In the examples from A. S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit,” highlight the words, phrases and sentences that act as interjections.

1. God be with you, I remain again with my riddle. 2. Have mercy, you and I are not guys: why are other people’s opinions only sacred? 3. Prince Peter Ilyich, princess, my God! 4. And a gift for me, God bless him! 5. “I’ve finished it.” - “Good! I covered my ears." 6. And the ladies?.. May God grant you patience - after all, I myself was married.

Didactic materials. Section "Interjection"

Didactic materials. Section “Onomatopoeic words”

3. Culture of written speech ().

Culture of writing. Interjection.

Interjection. Encyclopedia Around the World.

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. – M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.