Complex sentence with attributive clause: examples. Types of subordinate clauses in complex sentences Subordinate attributive examples with whose
Subordinate clauses indicate the attribute of the subject named in the main clause; answer the question Which?; refer to one word in the main sentence - a noun (sometimes to the phrase “noun + demonstrative word”); are joined by conjunctive words: who, what, whose, which, which, where, where, from, when. At the same time, demonstrative words are often found in the main sentence: that (that, that, those), such, everyone, everyone, any and etc.
For example: The forest we entered was extremely old(I. Turgenev); Once again I visited that corner of the earth where I spent two unnoticed years as an exile(A. Pushkin).
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express a characteristic of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through a situation that is somehow connected with the object.
Subordinate clauses are added using allied words - relative pronouns which, which, whose, what and pronominal adverbs where, where, from, when. In the subordinate clause they replace the noun from the main clause.
For example: I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object, which (= object) immediately and began to move towards us(A.S. Pushkin) - union word which is subject.
I love the people I'm with(= with people) easy to communicate (With which is an addition).
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with attributive clauses can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-core (what, where, where, where, when).
Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign of attributive clauses.
For example: The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, it was a lovely corner.(A. Pushkin) - [noun, ( Where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was my youth friend(S. Yesenin) - [noun ( What).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) Night fell on the whole city.(F. Tyutchev) - [noun], ( When).
Union word which can be found not only at the beginning, but also in the middle of the subordinate clause.
For example: We approached a river, the right bank of which was overgrown with dense thorny bushes.
Word which may even appear at the end of a subordinate clause, as in the epigram of D.D. Minaeva: That field gives a generous harvest, for which they do not spare manure...
Subordinate clause usually appears immediately after the noun it modifies, but may be separated from it by one or two members of the main clause.
For example: They were simply peasant children from a neighboring village who were guarding the herd.(I. Turgenev.)
You cannot place a noun and the subordinate clause associated with it far from each other, you cannot break them apart with members of a sentence that do not depend on this noun.
You can't say: We ran to swim in the river every day after work, which was very close to our house. .
Correct option: Every day in the evening after work we ran to swim in the river, which was very close to our house.
The subordinate clause can break the main part, being in the middle of it.
For example: The mill bridge, from which I had caught minnows more than once, was already visible.(V. Kaverin.) The small house where I live in Meshchera deserves a description.(K. Paustovsky.)
The word being defined in the main part may have demonstrative words that one, For example: There is almost never sun in the room where I live. However, such a demonstrative word can be omitted and is therefore not required in the sentence structure; a subordinate clause refers to a noun even if it has an indicative word.
In addition, there are subordinate attributive clauses that relate specifically to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, every etc., which cannot be omitted. Such subordinate clauses are called pronominal attributives . The means of communication in them are relative pronouns who, what, which, which, which.
For example: Who lives without sadness and anger, he does not love his homeland(N. A. Nekrasov) - means of communication - union word Who, acting as the subject.
He's not what we wanted him to be.- means of communication - allied word what, which is the definition.
Everything seems good What it happened before(L.N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - allied words What, which is the subject.
pronominal attributives subordinate clauses Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Compare: The man who came yesterday didn't show up today- subordinate clause. [indicative word + noun, ( which), ]. The one who came yesterday did not appear today- subordinate pronominal attributive. [pronoun, ( Who), ].
Unlike the actual attributive clauses, which always appear after the noun to which they refer, pronominal attributive clauses can also appear before the word being defined.
For example: He who lived and thought cannot help but despise people in his soul.(A. Pushkin) - ( Who), [pronoun].
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Subordinate clauses German language
Relative pronouns are used to connect German attributive clauses to main clauses. In attributive clauses, the conjugated form of the verb goes to the end of the sentence. Attributive clauses in German are those subordinate clauses that act as a definition (attribute) to a noun and occupy a position after it. Such sentences give the name additional characteristics and provide it with various explanations. As a rule, such subordinate clauses refer to the name and immediately follow it. That is why they can occupy a place in any part of the sentence, depending on where the corresponding name appears.
Relative pronouns introducing attributive clauses in German are inflected as follows:
Case
Neutrum (average)
Maskulinum (male)
Femininum (female)
Plural (plural)
Nominative /Genitive
Dativ / Akkusativ
In order to correctly compose a attributive clause, you must first decide on a relative pronoun, which is determined by two parameters: number and gender corresponding to the defined (characterized) name. The case in which the relative pronoun must be placed follows from the information contained in the subordinate clause. That is, if the reference word is in Nominativ, the relative pronoun will also be in the same case. The same goes for Akkusativ and Dativ.
Nominative:
Support word (number and gender) in the main = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Nominativ
Subordinate clauses – German Akkusativ
Support word in the main word (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Akkusativ
- Der Zauberstab, den der Weihnachtsmann unserem Kind geschenkt hat, hat ihn total fasziniert. – The magic wand that Santa Claus gave to our child completely enchanted him.
- Das ganze Vermögen, das er erben wollte, war weg. “All the property he wanted to inherit has disappeared.
- Die letzte Seite seines Heftes, die für seine Notizen vorgesehen war, wurde ausgerissen. – The last page of his notebook, which was intended for his notes, was torn out.
- Unsere letzten Errungenschaften, die alle anerkannt haben, haben jetzt keinen Sinn. – Our latest achievements, which everyone recognized, now make no sense.
Subordinate clauses – German Dativ
Support word in the main word (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Dativ
Subordinate clauses – German Genitiv
Support word in the main (number and gender) = grammatical categories of the support word in the subordinate clause ® Genitiv
Subordinate clauses in German can be attached to the main clause using relative pronouns with prepositions. In such cases, the case in which the relative pronoun should appear is determined by the control of the corresponding preposition, which always precedes the relative pronoun, for example:
Subordinate clauses in German can also be connected to the main clause using relative pronoun in Genitiv with a pretext. In this case, the pronoun is in Genitiv, and the case of the name is determined by the corresponding preposition. For example:
Subordinate clauses can also be introduced by the relative pronoun “which - welcher”, which, however, happens much less frequently and is, as a rule, intended to help avoid unnecessary repetitions. For example:
Subordinate clauses in German can also be attached to the main clause using relative adverbs “where - wo” and “where - wohin”. If the reference word expresses any spatial or temporal concept, then instead of a preposition the relative adverb “where - wo” and “where - wohin” can be used. If the reference word implies a change of place, then instead of the corresponding preposition the relative adverb “where - wohin” can be used. For example:
Subordinate modifiers can refer not only to the noun, but also, in some cases, to the pronoun of the main clause. Pronouns that can act as supporting words include inanimate demonstrative and indefinite pronouns (all - alles, many - manches, this - das, something - etwas, then - dasjenige, nothing - nichts, the same - dasselbe, a lot - vieles, etc.). If such a pronoun is associated with a word in the main clause, which is also a pronoun, then such a pronoun refers to the entire subordinate clause and conveys its entire meaning in general. In this case, the pronoun “what - was” is used, for example:
In German, attributive clauses can also appear after a substantivized superlative (superlative adjective). For example:
- Subordinate clauses in German can refer to the entire main clause as a whole. In some cases, when a relative pronoun refers to a whole sentence, the pronoun “that - was” is used. For example:
- EinigeSchü lerhabensehrguteKenntnissegezeigt, was die Schulleitung und deren Eltern sehr erfreut hat. – Some students showed very good knowledge, which greatly pleased the school management and their parents.
- UnserePartnerhabenunsvielezusä tzlicheUnterlagenü bergeben, was uns bei unseren Untersuchungen unterstützt hat. – Our partners provided us with a lot of additional documentation, which supported us in carrying out our research.
- EndeMaifahrenwiransMeer, worauf unser kleiner Sohn sich schon lange freut. – At the end of May we are going to the sea, which (in anticipation of which) our little son has been enjoying for a long time.
- Sie verspricht morgen um 14:00 hier zu sein, woran keiner von ihren Familienmitgliedern glaubt. – She promises to be here tomorrow at 14:00, which none of her family members believe.
If a relative pronoun in a subordinate attributive clause, relating to the entire main clause, comes after a preposition, the need for the use of which is dictated by the control feature of the semantic verb, then it merges with “wo”. For example:
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They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses. They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me not leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what think those you), nature]. (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, pronominal clauses reveal the attribute of the object (therefore it is better to ask them a question too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower not beforestare of people] . (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
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2.2.1. Subordinate clauses
2.2. Complex sentence. Subordinate clauses that relate one word in the main clause
1. Questions: attributive clauses answer the questions of definition: which one? whose?
2. Main word: attributive clauses refer to the member in the main clause expressed noun.
3. Communications: subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using allied words which, which, whose, who, what, where, where, from, when. The main clause may (but does not have to) demonstrative words: that, this, such, etc., performing the function of definition in the main sentence.
4. Place of subordinate clause: attributive clauses always come after the noun they refer to.
Room[which?], which Ivan Ivanovich entered was completely empty(Gogol).
[noun, ( in which– union. word), ].
Let's dream, for example, about that life[about which one?], what will happen after us, in two or three hundred years(Chekhov).
[noun + decree word], ( which– union. word)
In Andersen's complex biography it is not easy to establish that time[which?], when he began to write his first charming fairy tales(Paustovsky).
[noun + decree word], ( When– union. word)
Slobodkin had the feeling that he was frozen in infinite space(Telpugov) – from a noun feeling you can ask two questions: what does it feel like? And feeling of what?; in this case, the subordinate clause is not attributive, but additional precisely because the means of communication is the conjunction if.
2) In the attributive clause, the conjunctive words when, where, where, from, who, what can be replaced with the conjunctive word which.
Not All gold, What glitters.[everything...], (v. the word that...).
Not That old, to whom turned sixty and That, Who turned sour at thirty.[not that..., (who...), but that], (who...).
Whatgarden, these are and apples.(What is...), [is...].
Whohe will ride on a greyhound horse to get married, That will cry soon.(Who...), [that...].
Sentences of this type often convey a generalized thought, aphorism, or maxim.
The one whodevoted himself to science, and is not free from it even on days of rest.
Those who havewe learn are correctly called our teachers, but not anyone who teaches us, deserves this name(Goethe).
The one wholoves, must share the fate the one whom He loves(M. Bulgakov).
SPP with explanatory text That 2
In NGN with an explanatory clause, the demonstrative pronominal word in the main part, as a rule, is optional.
He said that he would be back soon.
He did not deny that he was guilty.
I am convinced that this man is honest.[... verb. + _ then 2], (p. what...).
The type of connection is conventional, the mechanism is allied.
Correlative word then 2 in the IPP with an explanatory clause is compulsory in the following cases:
1) with verbs to begin, to begin, to end, to end, to consist, to come down, to conclude.
All started with that, that I missed the lesson on syntax.
A it's over All those that I didn't pass the exam.[... verb. + then 2], (p. that ...).
The type of connection is correlational, the mechanism is pronominal-conjunctive.
2) in combinations the thing is, the question is, the problem is.
The thing is, that you need to understand the intricacies of the structure of the SPP.
My the problem is that there is no time to do this.
3) with verbs of emotional state and correlative participles ( amazed by that, embarrassed by that, offended by that).
Her old morality was offended by that that her daughter allowed herself to be kissed before marriage(Pomyalovsky).
4) with adjectives with a qualitative-characterizing meaning ( wonderful in that, good in that, amazing in that, terrible in that).
Razumikhin was still so wonderful that no failures ever bothered him(F. Dostoevsky).
Faculty of Philology famous for that that the most beautiful girls study here.
5) if the explanatory clause occupies the position of one of the members of a homogeneous series.
He said about summer and that that it is absurd for a woman to be a poet
(A. Akhmatova).
6) if the reference word has a negation with further opposition.
Glad wrong that the lecture is over, and that that there are two more pairs ahead.
7) if the correlative pronoun is accented by an intensifying particle or an introductory word.
I'm happy exactly that that there are two more pairs ahead.
SPP from subordinate clause
Subordinate clauses are called parts of the SPP that contain an indication of the place of action or manifestation of the characteristic expressed in the main part and answer questions where?, where?, from where?.
Means of communication
Subordinate clauses are connected to the main part using allied words where, where, where . Pronominal adverbs act as correlative words in the main part there, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere, from everywhere, everywhere .
Brave there will find Where the timid will lose.[… where…).
Wherewho was born there and it came in handy. Where love and advice there and there is no grief.(Where exactly …].
Whereneedle, there and thread.(Where to go …]
Everywhere, Where The pleasant is replaced by the useful, the pleasant almost always wins
(J. J. Rousseau).[Everywhere, (where...),...].
SPPs with subordinate clauses are characterized by the presence of a correlation pair:
there - where, there - where, there - where, there - from, everywhere - where, everywhere - where, everywhere - where.
The place of the subordinate clause is not fixed: it can be in postposition, in interposition, in preposition.
Conjunctive words where, where, where may be complicated by an intensifying particle neither . In the main part, an adverb with a generalized meaning is used - everywhere, everywhere. Thanks to this, SPP gets places generalized-amplifying shade.
Everywhere, Where I neither I contacted them and they helped me.[Everywhere, (wherever...),...].
NB! Underwater rocks!
1. Sometimes the index word in the main part may be missing.
Where the cheerful sickle walked and the ear fell, now everything is empty(F. Tyutchev).(Where...) and (...), .
In the RG such structures are considered as SPP dismembered structures.
2. Subordinate clauses can be used to clarify adverbs of place.
In front, where the thicket ended, there were birch trees.[The setting of the place, (where...),...]. Ahead(where exactly?)
We went down where the sign “Gym” led.[...situation of place], (where...). Down(where exactly?)
The structure is dissected, the connection is determinant (a member of the sentence is extended), the subordinate clause specifies places.
Everyone looked where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked to the left, where tables were posted.[...location], (where...).
Everyone looked to the left, to where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked on the board, where tables were posted.[ …where…).
Everyone looked to the board where tables were posted.[...noun], (where...).
Many subordinate clauses have turned into stable combinations:
wherever you want, wherever you order, wherever you want, wherever your eyes look, where the crows did not carry away the bones, where Makar did not drive the calves.
Graduates of the Faculty of Philology can be met anywhere.
They are traveling according to distribution wherever the eyes look.
I ordered to go to an unfamiliar object, which (= object) immediately and began to move towards us(A.S. Pushkin) - union word which is subject.
I like people, With which (= with people) easy to communicate (With which is an addition).
Conjunctive words what, where, where, where, when are non-basic for subordinate modifiers and can always be replaced by the main allied word which in a certain form:
A park, Where (= in which / = in the park) we loved to walk, it was more like a forest.
The word being defined in the main part may have demonstrative words that one, For example: IN that the room where I live almost never gets sun. However, such a demonstrative word can be omitted and is therefore not required in the sentence structure; a subordinate clause refers to a noun even if it has an indicative word.
In addition, there are subordinate attributive clauses that relate specifically to demonstrative or attributive pronouns that, that, such, such, each, all, every etc., which cannot be omitted. Such subordinate clauses are called pronominal attributives. The means of communication in them are relative pronouns who, what, which, which, which:
Who lives without sadness and anger, he does not love his homeland(N. A. Nekrasov) - means of communication - union word Who, acting as the subject.
He's not like that what we wanted to see him- means of communication - allied word what, which is the definition.
Everything seems good What it happened before(L.N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - allied words What, which is the subject.
The difference between subordinate pronominal and attributive clauses and attributive clauses proper lies in their ability to be located before the main part.
Complex sentences with explanatory clauses (task B6)
Subordinate clauses answer case questions and join the main part unions (that, as if, as if, as if, so that, whether, not - whether, whether - or, whether - or etc.) and in allied words (what, who, how, which, why, where, where, from, why and etc.):
I want, so that a feather was compared to a bayonet(V. Mayakovsky) - means of communication - union so that.
I don't know, I want whether I'll go with them- means of communication - union whether, which, like coordinating conjunctions same, too, also, is not at the beginning of the part.
They said that it seems he became addicted to collecting smoking pipes. (A. N. Tolstoy) - means of communication - compound union that it seems.
I asked if it was coming whether he is with me, or should I go alone- means of communication - double union whether - or.
How could God alone say what was it like Manilov's character(N.V. Gogol) - means of communication - union word Which, part of the predicate.
It's sad to see When the young man loses his best hopes and dreams... (M. Yu. Lermontov) - means of communication - union When.
Subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part - a verb, a short adjective, an adverb, a verbal noun with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling, perception:
I rejoiced / expressed surprise / Was glad that he came.
Finethat he came.
The main part may contain index word That in different case forms: I was happy that that he came. In this sentence the word that can be omitted, so the clause refers to an adjective glad.
However, in some SPPs with explanatory clauses, the demonstrative word in the main part is an obligatory component of the sentence structure; eg: It all started since then that father has returned. Such subordinate clauses refer specifically to the demonstrative word, which can only be the word That. This feature brings such sentences closer to pronominal-definitive ones, while the use of a conjunction rather than a conjunctive word allows them to be classified as explanatory.
An explanatory subordinate clause is usually located after the word in the main part to which it refers, but occasionally, mainly in colloquial speech, it can be located before the main part:
Whathe won't come, it was clear to me right away.
Subordinate adverbial clauses (task B6)
Subordinate adverbial clauses replace the position of circumstances of various kinds and answer questions specific to the circumstances. The following types of adverbial subordinate clauses are presented in the Russian language: time, place, cause, effect, condition, concession, comparison, manner of action, measure and degree.
The means of connecting sentences are all syntax of the Russian language. The attributive clause is an example of one of the most difficult topics in studying Russian syntax.
Subordinate clause: definition
An integral part of a complex sentence is the subordinate clause. A subordinate clause is a part that is dependent on the main one. There was white snow in the fields when they went to the village. Here is the main offer There was snow on the fields. It asks a question to the dependent part: lay (when?) when they went to the village. The subordinate clause is a separate sentence because it has a predicative basis. However, being associated with the main member semantically and grammatically, it cannot exist independently. This distinguishes the main part of a complex sentence from a subordinate clause. Thus, a subordinate clause is part of a complex sentence, dependent on the main part.
Subordinate clause: types
There are four types of subordinate clauses. The type of dependent part is determined by the question asked from the main clause.
| Name | Meaning | Example |
| Definitive | One word in the main sentence asks a question Which? | At that time he led the ensemble where Ilyin played. (ensemble (which?) where Ilyin played) |
| Explanatory | From one word in the main sentence the question of the indirect case is asked: what? what? how? about what? whom? to whom? by whom? about whom? | Imagine how happy she will be! (can you imagine (what?) how happy she will be) |
| Circumstantial | From one word in the main sentence the question of circumstance is asked: Where? When? where? How? For what? and others | He did what cowards do. (acted (how?) as cowards act) |
| Connection | Any question is asked from the entire main sentence. | There was a strong wind, which is why the flights were cancelled. (flights were canceled (why?) because there was a strong wind) |
Correctly determining the type of subordinate clause is the task facing the student.
Subordinate clause
Definitives, examples of which are given in the table, consist of two or more parts, where the main part is characterized by a subordinate clause. The attributive clause refers to one word from the main clause. It is either a noun or a pronoun.
A attributive clause is an example of the formation of attributive relations between the main and dependent parts. One word from the main part agrees with the whole subordinate clause. For example, Victor looked at the sea, in the vastness of which a ship appeared. (The sea (which one?), in the vastness of which a ship appeared).
Subordinate clause: features
There are some peculiarities in IPPs with attributive clauses. Examples from the table will help you understand.
| Peculiarities | Examples |
| A subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, usually with a conjunctive word ( whose, which, what, where, which and others). | He was shocked by the picture (what?) that hung in the living room. The city (which one?) where magnolias grow, he remembered forever. |
| In the main part of the dictionary there may be demonstrative pronouns associated with allied words that, that, such and others. | In the city (which one?) where we were vacationing, there are many historical monuments. The apple orchard gave off such an aroma (what?) that only happens on warm May days. |
| The attributive clauses must follow immediately after the word being defined. | The photograph (which one?) that is in his notebook was given to him by Olga. Everyone remembered the day (what?) when they met. |
| Subordinate clause (examples of sentences with a conjunction word which) can be separated from the main word by other parts of sentences. | The room within which the gallery was located was well lit. In the evenings in the resort town you could hear the sound of the sea, with seagulls screaming in the background. |
Correlative clauses
Complex sentences with a subordinate clause have one more feature. If in the main part of the SPP the subject or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by a defining or demonstrative pronoun on which the subordinate attributive part depends, then such a part is called correlative (pronominal-definitive). That is, sentences in which there is a relationship between a pronoun in the main part and in the dependent part are sentences where there are pronominal-defining clauses.
Examples: They only told him what happenednecessary(ratio that+what). The woman swore so loudly that the whole square could hear(the ratio so + that). The answer was the same as the question itself(ratio such + as). The captain's voice was so loud and stern that the entire unit immediately heard and formed(the ratio such + that). A distinctive feature of pronominal clauses is that they can precede the main clause: Anyone who has not been to Lake Baikal has not seen the true beauty of nature.
Subordinate clause: examples from fiction
There are many options for complex sentences with a subordinate clause.
Writers actively use them in their works. For example, I.A Bunin: The northern provincial town (which one?), where my family remained,... was far from me. At early dawn (what?), when the roosters are still crowing and the huts are smoking black, you might open the window...
A.S. Pushkin: In one minute the road skidded, the surroundings disappeared into the darkness (what?)..., through which white flakes of snow flew... Berestov answered with the same zeal (what?) with which a chained bear bows to his masters on the orders of his leader.
T. Dreiser: We can only console ourselves with the thought (what?) that human evolution will never stop... The feelings (what?) that an outcast experiences came flooded into her.
The subordinate attributive clause (examples from the literature illustrate this) introduces an additional shade of meaning to the main word, having a broad descriptive ability, allowing the author of the work to colorfully and reliably describe this or that object.
Impaired construction of sentences with attributive clauses
In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where the attributive clause is used incorrectly. An example of a similar task: H An investor came to the city who was responsible for financing the project. In this sentence, due to the separation of the subordinate part from the main part, a semantic shift occurred.
It is necessary to see the mistake and use the attributive clause correctly. Example: The official who was responsible for financing the project came to the city. An error has been corrected in the proposal. In the speech of native speakers and in the creative works of students, there are other errors when using sentences with attributive clauses. Examples and characteristics of errors are given in the table.
| Example | Characteristics of errors | Corrected version |
| She was helped out by someone she had helped in the past. | Unreasonable omission of the demonstrative pronoun | She was rescued by someone she had helped in the past. |
| Narwhal is a unique mammal that lives in the Kara Sea. | Incorrect agreement of the allied word with the main word | Narwhal is a unique animal that lives in the Kara Sea. |
| People opened their mouths in surprise, amazed at the action taking place. | Logical and semantic connections are not observed | People who were amazed by the action taking place opened their mouths in surprise. |
Determinative clause and participle phrase
Sentences containing a participial clause are semantically similar to a complex sentence containing a subordinate clause. Examples: The oak planted by my great-grandfather turned into a huge tree. - The oak tree that my great-grandfather planted turned into a huge tree. Two similar sentences have different shades of meaning. In the artistic style, preference is given to the participial phrase, which is more descriptive and expressive. In colloquial speech, the attributive clause is used more often than the participial phrase.
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (verbal subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)),].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(wherein) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (that).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(in which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
This was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Eugene), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday Today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer and etc.; think, know, remember and etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud and etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation and etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when and etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she goes along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (what).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses or explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the defined noun, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? in what degree? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree can be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? how long? since when? How long?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary Not only be in love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [U.S. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers causes reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? from what?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (thanks to), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let be), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (although).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [As time went slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why and etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theatre], (from whatshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (from what).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Make a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (from what).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word from what.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which in this world there is no consonance or echo No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.