In the galaxy, the Milky Way is a solar system, land and all stars that are visible to the naked eye. Together with the galaxy of the triangle, Andromeda and dwarf galaxies and satellites, she forms a local group of galaxies included in the supercountability of the Virgin.

According to ancient legend, when Zeus decided to make his son Hercules Immortal, he posted him to his wife's chest to drink milk. But the spouse woke up and seeing that he feeds a non-rigid child, pushed him off. The jet of milk splashed and appealed to the Milky Way. In the Soviet Astronomical school he was called simply "Milky Way" or "Our Galaxy". Outside Western culture, there are many names of this galaxy. The word "Milky" is replaced by other epithets. The galaxy consists of about 200 billion stars. The main amount is in the form of a disc. Most of the mass of the Milky Way is contained in a dark matter halo.

In 1980, scientists put forward the opinion that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy with a jumper. The hypothesis was confirmed in 2005 using the Spitzer telescope. It turned out that the central jumper of the galaxy more than was previously thought. The diameter of the galactic disk is approximately 100 thousand light years. In comparison with halo, it rotates much faster. At different distances from the center, its speed is unequal. The study of the rotation of the disk helped to evaluate its mass, which is 150 billion more than the mass of the Sun. Nearby disc plane contains young starklocks and stars, which form a flat component. Scientists suggest that many galaxies have black holes in their kernel.

In the central sites of the galaxy, a large number of stars were collected. The distance between them is much less than in the surroundings of the sun. The length of the galactic jumper by counting scientists is 27 thousand light years. It passes through the center of the Milky Way at an angle of 44 degrees ± 10 degrees to the line between the center of the Galaxy and the Sun. Its component is predominantly red stars. The jumper is surrounded by a ring called "Ring in 5 kiloparsk". It contains a large amount of molecular hydrogen. This is also an active region of star formation in the galaxy. If you observe Andromeda's galaxy, then the Milky Way jumper would be a bright part.

Since the Milky Way Galaxy is considered spiral, it has spiral sleeves, which are located in the plane of the disk. Around the disk is a spherical crown. The solar system is 8.5 thousand parses from the center of the Galaxy. According to the latest observations, it can be said that our galaxy has 2 sleeves and a couple of hoses in the inside. They go to a quadruck structure, which is observed in the line of neutral hydrogen.

Galo Galaxy has a spherical shape that goes beyond the Milky Way to 5-10 thousand light years. Its temperature is approximately 5 * 10 5 K. Galo consists of old, low-mass non-silent stars. They can be found in the form of ball clusters, and one by one. The main mass of the galaxy is dark matter, forming halo dark matter. Its mass is about 600-3000 billion of the mass of the Sun. Star clusters and halo stars move around the galactic center of elongated orbits. Galo rotates very slowly.

History of the Galaxy Milky Way

Lots of heavenly Tel Combined in a variety of rotating systems. Thus, the moon rotates around the earth, and the satellites of the big planets form their systems. Earth and other planet rotate around the sun. Scientists had a fully logical question: is the sun in even greater system in size?

For the first time, William Herschel was trying to answer this question. He calculated the number of stars in different parts of the sky and found out that there is a large circle in the sky - a galactic equator that divides the sky into two parts. Here the number of stars turned out to be the greatest. The closer one or another section of the sky is located to this circle, the more stars on it. It was ultimately found that it was at the Galaxy Equator that the Milky Way is located. Herschel came to the conclusion that all the stars form one star system.

It was originally considered, everything that is in the universe is part of our galaxy. But another Kant argued that some nebulae can be separate galaxies, like the Milky Way. Only when Edwin Hubble measured the distance to some spiral nebulae and showed that they could not enter the galaxy, Kant's hypothesis was proven.

The future of galaxies

In the future, the collisions of our galaxy with others are possible, including with Andromeda. But there are no specific predictions yet. It is believed that after 4 billion years old, the Milky Way will absorb small and large magnesium clouds, and after 5 billion years, the nebula of Andromeda will absorb.

Milky Way planets

Despite the fact that the stars are constantly born and dying, their number is clearly calculated. Scientists believe that at least one planet rotates around each star. So, in the universe there is from 100 to 200 billion planets. Scientists who worked on this statement were studied the stars "Red Dwarfs". They are less than the sun and make up 75% of all the stars of the galaxy Milky Way. Special attention It was licensed by the Kepler-32 star, which "sheltered" 5 planets.

Detect planets much more difficult than stars, because they do not emit light. We can confidently say about the existence of the planet only when it departs the light of the stars.

There are planets that are similar to our land, but they are not so much. There are many types of planets, such as planets-pulsars, gas giants, brown dwarfs ... If the planet consists of stone rocks, it will be little similar to the ground.

Recent studies argue that in the galaxy there is from 11 to 40 billion planets, similar to the Earth. Scientists investigated 42 stars, similar to the sun and found 603 exoplanets, 10 of which corresponded to the search criteria. It was proved that all planets similar to the Earth can maintain the desired temperature for the existence of liquid water, which, in turn, will help arise.

The outer edge of the Milky Ways found stars that are moving in a special way. They drift at the edge. Scientists suggest that this is all that remained from galaxies that swallowed the Milky Way. Their clash happened many years ago.

Galaxy satellites

As we said, the Milky Way galaxy is spiral. It is a spiral of a nonideal form. For many years, scientists could not find an explanation of the convexity of the Galaxy. Now everyone came to the conclusion that this is due to the galaxies-satellites and dark matter. They are very small and cannot affect the Milky Way. But when dark matter is moving through Magelane clouds, waves are created. They affect gravitational attractions. Under this action, hydrogen is destroyed from the Galactic Center. Clouds are addressed around the Milky Way.

Although the Milky Way is called for many parameters unique, it is not a big rarity. If we consider the fact that there is approximately 170 billion galaxies in the field of view, it can be argued about the existence of galaxies similar to our. In 2012, astronomers found an accurate copy of the Milky Way. It even has two satellites that correspond to Magelane clouds. By the way, it is assumed that after a couple of billion years they will dissolve. The find of such a galaxy was incredible luck. It was called NGC 1073. She is so much like the Milky Way that astronomers learn it in order to learn more about our galaxy.

Galactic year

Earth year is the time for which the planet makes the full turn around the sun. In the same way, the solar system rotates around a black hole, which is located in the center of the Galaxy. Its full turnover is 250 million years. When describes the solar system, it is rarely mentioned that it moves in outer space, like everything in the world. The speed of its movement is 792000 km per hour relative to the center of the Galaxy Milky Way. If we compare, then we, moving at a similar rate, could get around the whole world in 3 minutes. The galactic year is the time for which the sun makes a full turn around the Milky Way. According to the last estimates, the Sun has lived 18 galactic years.

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The Milky Way is a galaxy in which the land is located, the solar system and all individual stars visible to the naked eye. Refers to spiral galaxies with a jumper.

Milky Way Together with Andromeda Galaxy (M31), a triangle galaxy (M33) and more than 40 dwarf galaxies-satellites - their and Andromeda - form a local group of galaxies, which is included in the local supercountability (the supercountability of the Virgin).

History opening

Opening Galilee.

The Milky Way route was opened only in 1610. It was then that the first telescope was invented that Galileo Galilee was invented. The famous scientist saw in the device that the Milky Way is a real accopriety of stars, which, when considering the naked eye, merged into a solid weakly flickering band. Galileo even managed to explain the inhomogeneity of the structure of this strip. It was caused by the presence in the heavenly phenomenon not only star clusters. There are dark clouds there. The combination of these two elements and creates an amazing image of the night phenomenon.

Opening of William Herschel

The study of the Milky Way continued in the 18th century. During this period, his most active researcher was William Herschel. The famous composer and musician engaged in the manufacture of telescopes and studied the science of the stars. The great plan of the universe was the most important discovery of Herschel. This scientist watched the planet's telescope and made them counting on different sections of the sky. Studies made it possible to conclude that the Milky Way is a kind of star island in which our sun is located. Herschel even drew a schematic plan of his discovery. In the picture, the star system was depicted in the form of millstones and had an elongated wrong shape. The sun was inside this ring surrounding our world. That is how our galaxy was represented by all scholars until the beginning of the last century.

Only in the 1920s, the light saw the work of the Karttein Jacobus, in which the Milky Way was described in the most detailed. At the same time, the author was given a Star Island scheme, as much as possible to the one that is currently known to us. Today we know that the Milky Way is a galaxy, which contains a solar system, land and those separate stars, which are visible to man with a naked eye.

What form does the Milky Way have?

When studying galaxies, Edwin Hubble classified them on different kinds Elliptical and spiral. Spiral galaxies have a disk shape, inside which are spiral sleeves. Since the Milky Way has a disc shape along with spiral galaxies, it is logical to assume that it is probably a spiral galaxy.

In the 1930s, R. J. Trewmpler realized that estimates of the galaxy size Milky Way, perfect by dripping and other scientists, were erroneous because the measurements were based on observations using radiation waves in the visible region of the spectrum. Triumpler came to the conclusion that great amount Dust in the plane of the Milky Way absorbs the light of visible radiation. Therefore, distant stars and their clusters seem more ghostly than they really are. In this regard, to obtain an exact image of stars and star clusters inside the Milky Way, astronomers had to find a way to see through dust.

In the 1950s, the first radio telescopes were invented. Astronomers found that hydrogen atoms emit radiation in radio waves, and that such radio waves can penetrate the dust in the Milky Way. Thus, it became possible to see the spiral sleeves of this galaxy. To do this, a margin of stars is used by analogy with marks when measuring distances. Astronomers understood that the stars of the spectral class O and B could serve to achieve this goal.

Such stars have several features:

• brightness- they are very noticeable and often found in small groups or associations;
• heat- They emit waves different lengths (visible, infrared, radio waves);
• short time of life- They live about 100 million years. Given the speed with which the stars rotate in the center of the Galaxy, they do not move away from the place of birth.

Astronomers can use radio telescopes to accurately compare the positions of the stars of the spectral class O and B, and, guided by the Doppler displacements of the radio spectrum, determine the speed of their movement. After conducting such operations with many stars, scientists were able to release the combined radio and optical cards of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way. Each sleeve is named by the name of the constellation that exists in it.

Astronomers believe that the movement of matter around the center of the Galaxy creates the density waves (high and low density areas), the same as you see, stirring the dough to the cake by an electric mixer. It is assumed that these density waves caused the spiral nature of the galaxy.

Thus, considering the sky in waves of different lengths (radio, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray) with the help of various terrestrial and space telescopes, you can get different images of the Milky Way.

Doppler effect. Just as the high sound of the fireman's siren becomes lower when the car is removed, the movement of stars affects the wavelength of light, which comes from them to the ground. This phenomenon is referred to as the Doppler effect. We can measure this effect by measuring lines in the star spectrum and comparing them with a standard lamp spectrum. The degree of Doppler displacement shows how fast the star moves relative to us. In addition, the direction of the Doppler displacement can show us the direction of movement of the star. If the spectrum of the star shifts into a blue end, the star moves to us; If in the red face - removed.

Milky Way Structure

If you carefully consider the structure of the Milky Way, then we will see the following:

1. Galactic disk. Most of the Milky Way Stars are concentrated here.

The disc itself is divided into the following parts:

• The kernel is a disk center;
• Arcs - areas around the kernel, including directly area above and below the disc plane.
• Spiral sleeves are areas that protrude outside the center. Our solar system is located in one of the spiral sleeves of the Milky Way.

1. Ball clusters. Several hundreds of them are scattered above and below the disc plane.
2. Halo. This is a big, dull area that surrounds the entire galaxy. Galo consists of a large gas gas and possibly dark matter.

Radius halo significantly more sizes Disc and according to some data reaches several hundred thousand light years. The center of symmetry halo Milky Way coincides with the center of the galactic disk. Galo is mostly from very old, inappropriate stars. The age of the spherical component of the galaxy exceeds 12 billion years. Central, the most dense part of halo within several thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy is called balja (Translated from English "Thickening"). Galo rotates very slowly.

Compared to halo disk rotates noticeably faster. It is like two plates folded plates. The diameter of the galaxy disk about 30 PDAs (100,000 light years). Thickness - about 1000 light years. The speed of rotation is not the same at different distances from the center. It raises rapidly from zero in the center to 200-240 km / s at a distance of 2 thousand light years from it. The mass of the disk is 150 billion times more than the mass of the Sun (1.99 * 10 30 kg). Young stars and star clusters are concentrated in the disk. Among them are many bright and hot stars. Gas in the disk of the galaxy is uneven, forming giant clouds. Basic chemical element In our galaxy is hydrogen. Approximately 1/4 it consists of helium.

One of the most interesting areas of the Galaxy is its center, or corelocated in the direction of the Sagittar constellation. The visible radiation of the central regions of the galaxies is completely hidden from us with powerful layers of absorbing matter. Therefore, it began to be studied only after creating receivers of infrared and radio emission, which is absorbed to a lesser extent. For the central regions of the galaxy is characterized by a strong concentration of stars: in every cubic part of their many thousands. Closer to the center are the areas of ionized hydrogen and numerous sources of infrared radiation, indicating the star formation there. In the very center of the Galaxy, the existence of a massive compact object is a black hole with a mass of about a million sun.

One of the most notable formations are spiral branches (or sleeves). They gave the name of this type of objects - spiral galaxies. Along the sleeves mostly focused the youngest stars, many scattered star clusters, as well as chains of tight clouds of interstellar gas, in which stars continue to form. Unlike halo, where any manifestations of stellar activity are extremely rare, a stormy life continues in the branches, associated with a continuous transition of a substance from interstellar space in the stars and back. The spiral sleeves of the Milky Way are largely hidden from us by absorbing matter. Their detailed research began after the appearance of radio telescope. They allowed to study the structure of the galaxy on observations of radio emission of interstellar hydrogen atoms, concentrating along long spirals. According to modern ideas, spiral sleeves are associated with compression waves propagating the galaxy disk. Passing through the compression area, the disk substance is compacted, and the formation of gas stars becomes more intense. The causes of the occurrence of spiral galaxies in the disks such a kind of wave structure is not quite clear. Many astrophysics work on this problem.

Sun in the Galaxy

In the vicinity of the Sun, it is possible to trace the sections of two spiral branches removed from us about 3 thousand light years. According to the constellations, where these sections are found, they are called Sleeve for Sleeve and Sleeve Perseus. The sun is almost in the middle between these spiral branches. True, relatively close (for galactic standards) from us, in the constellation Orion, one more, not such a clearly pronounced branch, which is considered a branch of one of the main spiral sleeves of the galaxy.

The distance from the Sun to the center of the Galaxy is 23-28 thousand light years, or 7-9 thousand parses. This suggests that the sun is located closer to the outskirts of the disk than to its center.

Together with all close stars, the Sun rotates around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 220-240 km / s, committing one turnover for about 200 million years. So, in all the time of existence, the earth was shielded around the center of the Galaxy no more than 30 times.

The speed of rotation of the sun around the center of the galaxy almost coincides with the speed with which the seal wave is moving in this area that formulates a spiral sleeve. This situation is generally extraordinary for the Galaxy: Spiral branches rotate with a constant angular speed, as the wheel spokes, and the movement of the stars, as we have seen, obeys completely different patterns. Therefore, almost all the star population of the disk then falls inside the spiral branch, it comes out of it. The only place where the speeds of the stars and the spiral branches are the same - this is the so-called corotional circle, and it is on it that the sun is located!

For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely favorable. Indeed, in the spiral branches, violent processes occur, generating powerful radiation, destructive for all living things. And no atmosphere could protect from him. But our planet exists in a relatively peaceful place of the Galaxy and for hundreds of millions and billions of years have not experienced the influence of these cosmic cataclysms. Maybe that's why life could be born on Earth.

For a long time, the position of the Sun among the stars was considered the most ordinary. Today we know that this is not the case: in a certain sense it is privileged. And it must be considered, arguing about the possibility of living in other parts of our galaxy.

Location of Star

On the cloudless night sky, the Milky Way is visible from any point of our planet. However, only a part of the galaxy is available to the look of man, which is a system of stars located inside Orion sleeves. What is the Milky Way? The definition in the space of all its parts becomes most understandable if we consider the star card. In this case, it becomes clear that the sun illuminating the earth is located almost on the disk. This is almost the edge of the galaxies, where the distance from the nucleus is 26-28 thousand light years. Moving at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour, the shovel spends on one turn around the core of 200 million years, so for all the time of its existence it traveled through the disk, encroaching the kernel, just thirty times. Our planet is in the so-called cornist circle. This is a place in which the speed of rotation of the sleeves and stars is identical. For this circle is characteristic elevated level radiation. That is why life, as scientists believe, could only arise on that planet, near which there is a small number of stars. Such a planet and appeared our land. It is located on the periphery of the galaxy, in her calm place. That is why on our planet for several billion years there were no global cataclysms, which often occur in the universe.

What will the death of the Milky Way?

Space history of the death of our galaxy begins here and now. We can blindly look around, thinking that the Milky Way, Andromeda (our older sister) and a handful of unknowns - our space neighbors are our home, but in fact, much more. It's time to learn what else is around us. Go.

• Galaxy triangle. With a mass of about 5% of the mass of the Milky Way, this is the third largest galaxy in the local group. It has a spiral structure, its own satellites and may be an Andromeda galaxy satellite.
• Large Magellanovo cloud. This galaxy is only 1% of the mass of the Milky Way, but is the fourth largest in our local group. It is very close to our Milky Way - less than 200,000 light years from us - and it continues the process of active star formation, since tidal interactions with our galaxy lead to a collapse of gas and generate new, hot and large stars in the universe.
• Small Magellanovo Cloud, NGC 3190 and NGC 6822. All of them have a lot of 0.1% to 0.6% of the Milky Way (and it is not clear which one more) and all three are independent galaxies. Each of them contains more than a billion solar masses.
• Elliptical galaxies M32 and M110.They can be "just" by Andromeda satellites, but in each of them more than a billion stars, and by weight they can even exceed the number 5, 6 and 7.

In addition, there are at least 45 other well-known galaxies - the smaller - the components of our local group. Each of them has a shage of dark matter surrounding it; Each of them gravitationally tied to another, located at a distance of 3 million light years. Despite their size, mass and magnitude, no one will remain in several billion years.

So, the main thing

As the time flows, the galaxies interact gravitational. They are not only tightened by gravitational attraction, but also interact tidal. Usually we are talking about tides in the context of the moon, attracting the earth's oceans and creating tides and flow, and it is partly true. But from the point of view of the galaxy riding is a less noticeable process. Part of a small galaxy, which is close to big, will be attracted with more gravitational power, and a part that is next will experience less thanks. As a result, a small galaxy stretches and ultimately breaks under the influence of attraction.

Small galaxies that are part of our local group, including both Magellanov clouds and dwarf elliptical galaxies, will be broken in this way, and their substance will be included in large galaxies with which they merge. "Well, and that" you say. After all, this is not completely death, because large galaxies will remain alive. But even they will not exist forever in such a state. After 4 billion years, the mutual gravitational attraction of the Milky Way and Andromeda will drag out the galaxy in the gravitational dance, which will lead to a large merger. Although this process will take billions of years, the spiral structure of both galaxies will be destroyed, which will lead to the creation of a single, giant elliptical galaxy in the kernel of our local group: Malkomeda.

A small percentage of stars will be thrown during such a merger, but the majority will remain unharmed, while a large surge of star formation will happen. In the end, the rest of the galaxies in our local group will also be awesome, and one big giant galaxy will remain, the rest of them. This process will flow in all related groups and clusters of galaxies throughout the universe until the dark energy fell separate groups and clusters from each other. But after all, it is impossible to call death, because the galaxy will remain. And for some time it will be so. But the galaxy consists of stars, dust and gas, and everything will ever come to an end.

In the entire Universe, galactic mergers will be held tens of billions of years. During the same time, dark energy will remove them throughout the universe to the state of complete privacy and inaccessibility. And although the last galaxies outside our local group will not disappear until hundreds of billions of years, the stars will live in them. The most long-lived stars existing today will continue to burn their fuel tens of trillion years, and from gas, dust and star corpses that inhabit each galaxy will appear new stars - although less and less and less often.

When the last stars are burned, only their corpses will remain - white dwarfs and neutron stars. They will shine hundreds of trillion or even quadrillion years before being rowed. When this inevitability happens, we will stay brown dwarfs (failed stars), which accidentally merge, re-light nuclear synthesis and create star light over tens of trillion years.

When, after tens of quadrillion years, the last star will go out in the future, there will still be some weight in the galaxy. It means that it is impossible to call "true death."

All masses gravitational interact with each other, and gravitational objects of different masses show strange properties when interacting:

• Repeated "approaches" and close passes cause speed exchanges and pulses between them.
• Low mass objects are discharged from the galaxy, and the objects with a higher mass are immersed in the center, losing speed.
• For a sufficiently long period of time, most of the mass is thrown out, and only a small part of the remaining masses will be tightly tied.

In the very center of these galactic remains there will be a supermassive black hole, in each galaxy, and the rest of the galactic objects will rotate around the increased version of our own Solar system. Of course, this structure will be the last, and since the black hole will be the most as much as possible, it will eat everything, how can it be reached. In the center of Malkomeda there will be an object of hundreds of millions of times the massive of our Sun.

But after all and her will come to the end?

Thanks to the phenomenon of the radiation of Hawking, even these objects will once be sprinkled. It will take about 10 80 - 10,100 years, depending on how much the black hole is our supermassive black hole in the process of growth, but the end is coming. After that, the remains rotating around the Galactic Center will unleash and leave only halo dark matter, which can also be arbitrarily dissociated, depending on the properties of this matter itself. Without any matter, there will no longer be anything that we once called the local group, Milky path and other cute heart names.

Mythology

Armenian, Arab, Valah, Jewish, Persian, Turkish, Kyrgyz

According to one of the Armenian myths about the Milky Way, the God of Vaagn, the ancestor of Armenians, the harsh in winter stole the Assyrians of the Barsham Soloma, and disappeared in the sky. When he walked with his prey on the sky, he dropped on his way of straws; Of these, a bright track for the sky (in Armenian "Road Solomocrad") was formed. Arab, Jewish, Persian, Turkish and Kyrgyz names (Kyrgysts are also spoken about the myth of scattered straw. Samachynn Zholu - The way of the strawer) of this phenomenon. The inhabitants of Valahia believed that Venus stole this Solool from St. Peter.

Buryat

According to Buryat mythology, the good forces create the world, modify the universe. So, the Milky Way arose from the milk, which Manzan Gourme was hit from his chest and splash out after deceying her Abai Georere. According to another version, the Milky Way is the "seam of the sky", which is engaged after the stars satisfied from it; On him, like on the bridge, Tengri go.

Hungarian

According to the Hungarian legend, Attila will come down on the Milky Way, if the pieces will threaten the danger; Stars are sparks from hoofs. Milky Way. Accordingly, it is called "dear warriors."

Ancient Greek

Etymology words Galaxias (γαλαξίας) And its connection with milk (γάλα) reveal two similar ancient Greek myths. One of the legends tells about the mother's milk of the goddess of the gee, who fed Hercules. When Gera learned that the baby she would breastfeed, not her own child, but the illegal son of Zeus and the earthly woman, she pushed him out, and the spilled milk became the milky way. Another legend suggests that spilled milk is a milk of Rei, the wife of the Kronos, and the baby was Zeus himself. Kronos devoured her children, as he was predicted that he would overthrow his own son. Rei had a plan, as to save his sixth child, a newborn zeus. She wrapped stone into infant clothes and slipped his Kronos. Kronos asked her to feed her son again, before he swallows him. The milk spilled out of the breast of Rii on a bare stone, later began to call the milky way.

Indian

Ancient Indians considered the Milky Way of the milk of the evening cow passing through the sky. In the Rigveda, the Milky Way is called Trone Dear Ariaman. Bhagavata-Purana contains a version by which the Milky Way is the stomach of the heavenly dolphin.

Incanian

The main objects of observation in the astronomy of the Incas (which was reflected in their mythology) in the sky was the dark sections of the Milky Way - peculiar "constellations" in the terminology of the Andean cultures: Lama, cubs, shepherd, shepherd, cord, partridge, toad, snake, fox; And also stars: South Cross, Pleiads, Lira and many others.

Ketskaya

In Kat's myths, similar to Selkup, the Milky Way is described as the road of one of the three mythological characters: the son of the sky (Yes), who went to hunt on the western side of the sky and there is a frost, the hero of Albe, who pursued the evil goddess, or the first Daha Shaman, raised this expensive to the sun.

Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese

In the mythologies of Sinofer, the Milky Way is called and compared with the river (in Vietnamese, Chinese, Korean and Japanese, the name "Silver River" is preserved. The Chinese also sometimes called the Milky Way of "Yellow Dear", in the color of straw.

Indigenous peoples of North America

Hidats and Eskimos call the Milky Way of "ash". Their myths talk about a girl who scattered across the sky as people could find the road home at night. Chayenna believed that the Milky Way was dirt and Il lifted by the turtle sailing in the sky. Eskimos with Bering Strait - what is the traces of the Creator Creator, who went across the sky. The Cherokee was believed that the Milky Way was formed when one hunter stole a wife of another of jealousy, and her dog became a corn flour, which remained unattended, and scattered her in the sky (the same myth meets from the Kalahari Koisan population). Another myth of the same people suggests that the Milky Way is a trail of a dog that has dragged something in the sky. Khunayha called the Milky Way of the "doggy tail", the black-related called him "Wolf Dear". The Wyandot myth says that the Milky Way is a place where the souls of dead people and dogs are going together and dance.

Maori

In Mythology, Maori Milky Way is considered a boat Tama-Reret. The nose of the boat - the Constellation of Orion and Scorpio, Anchor - South Cross, Alpha Centaur and Hadar - Rope. According to the legend, one day Tama-Reret sailed on his canoe and saw that it was too late, and he was far from home. There were no stars in the sky, and, fearing that the tanifa could attack, Tama Rerette began to throw a sparkling pebbles into the sky. The Heavenly Deity of Rangini liked what he did, and he placed the boat Tama-Reret on the sky, and he turned the pebbles into the stars.

Finnish, Lithuanian, Estonian, Erzyanskaya, Kazakh

Finnish name - Fin. Linnunrata. - means "the path of birds"; Similar etymology and the Lithuanian name. The Estonian myth also links Milky ("bird") path with bird flying.

Erziang name - "Kargon Ki" ("Crane Road").

The Kazakh name is "ұұz Zholy" ("The Path of Birds").

Interesting facts about the Galaxy Milky Way

• The Milky Way began the formation as a cluster of dense regions after a large explosion. The first stars appeared in the ball clusters that continue to exist. This is the oldest galaxy stars;
• The galaxy increased its parameters by absorption and merging with others. Now she takes the stars in the dwarf galaxy of Sagittarius and Magellan clouds;
• The Milky Way moves in space with an acceleration of 550 km / s relative to the relic emission;
• In the galactic center, the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A * is hidden. By weight of 4.3 million times the solar;
• Gas, dust and stars rotate around the center at a speed of 220 km / s. This is a stable indicator that implies the presence of a shell of dark matter;
• After 5 billion years, a collision is expected to the Galaxy Andromeda.

Planet Earth, solar system, billions of other stars and celestial bodies - all this is our galaxy Milky Way - a huge intergalactic education, where everything obeys the laws of gravity. Data on what is the true dimensions of the galaxy are only approximate. And the most interesting thing is that such formations, large or smaller, in the Universe hundreds, may even be thousands.

Galaxy Milky Way and what surrounds it

All heavenly bodies, including planets of the Milky Way, satellites, asteroids, comets and stars, are constantly in motion. Born in the cosmic vortex of a large explosion, all these objects are in the way of their development. Some have more ancient age, others are clearly younger.

Gravitational education rotates around the center, while individual parts of the galaxy rotate at different speeds. If the center of rotation speed of the galactic disk is moderate enough, then on the periphery, this parameter reaches the values \u200b\u200bof 200-250 km / s. On one of these sites, closer to the center of the galactic disk, the sun is located. The distance from it to the center of the Galaxy is 25-28 thousand light years. Full turn around the central axis of gravitational education Sun and the solar system are committed for 225-250 million years. Accordingly, in the entire history of its existence, the solar system has pasted around the center only 30 times.

Place of galaxy in the universe

One remarkable feature should be noted. The position of the Sun and, accordingly, the planet Earth is very convenient. The galactic disk constantly occurs the seal process. Caused by this mechanism by inconsistency of the rotation speed of the spiral branches and the movement of stars, which move within the galactic disk according to their laws. During the seal, violent processes occur, accompanied by powerful ultraviolet radiation. The sun and the ground cozy are located in the corotation circle, where such violent activity is absent: between two spiral branches on the border of the Milky Way sleeves - Sagittarius and Persea. This explains the calm in which we are as long as a long time. Already more than 4.5 billion years we do not affect cosmic cataclysms.

Milky Way Galaxy Build

The galactic disk is not uniform in its composition. Like other spiral gravitational systems, the Milky Way has three distinguished areas:

• the kernel formed by a dense stellar cluster, which has a billion stars of different ages;
• the galactic disk itself formed from the clusters of stars, star gas and dust;
• the crown, spherical halo - the area in which the ball clusters are located, dwarf galaxies, separate groups of stars, cosmic dust and gas.

Near the plane of the galactic disk are young stars collected in clusters. The density of stellar clusters in the center of the disk is higher. Near the center, the density is 10,000 stars per cubic parse. In the area where the solar system is located, the density of stars is already 1-2 shining on 16 cubic parseca. As a rule, the age of these celestial bodies no more than a few billion years.

The interstellar gas also concentrates around the disc plane, obeying the centrifugal forces. Despite the constant speed of rotation of the spiral branches, the interstellar gas is distributed unevenly, forming large and small cloud zones, nebula. However, the main galactic building material is dark matter. Its mass prevails over the aggregate mass of all the celestial bodies that are part of the Galaxy Milky Way.

If the structure of the galaxy is clearly clear and transparent in the structure, then in reality, it is almost impossible to consider the central regions of the galactic disk. Gauper clouds and clusters of stellar gas hide from our gaze from the center of the Milky Way, in which the real cosmic monster lives - a supermassive black hole. The mass of this supergiant is approximately 4.3 million m☉. Next to supergiant is a black hole smaller sizes. Complement this gloomy company hundreds of dwarf black holes. The black holes of the Milky Way are not only the Eaters of Star Matter, but also perform the function of the maternity hospital, throwing huge bushings of protons, neutrons and electrons into the space. One of them is formed atomic hydrogen - the main fuel of the stellar tribe.

Jumper - bar is located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe galaxy kernel. Its length is 27 thousand light years. The old stars, the red giants, which feed black holes are reigning here. In this area, the main part of molecular hydrogen is concentrated, which acts as the main building material of the star formation process.

Geometrically the structure of the galaxy looks simple enough. Every spiral sleeve, and the Milky Way of Four Four, originates from the Gas Ring. The sleeves diverge at an angle of 20⁰. At the external borders of the galactic disk, the main element is atomic hydrogen, which extends from the center of the Galaxy to the periphery. The thickness of the hydrogen layer on the outskirts of the Milky Way is much wider than in the center, while its density is extremely low. The decompression of the hydrogen layer contributes to the effects of dwarf galaxies, which are non-extent followed by our galaxy for tens of billions of years.

Theoretical models of our galaxy

More ancient astronomers tried to prove that the visible strip in the sky is part of a huge star disk rotating around his center. This statement contributed to the ongoing mathematical calculations. It was possible to obtain an idea of \u200b\u200bour galaxy only a thousand years old when instrumental methods of research of space were sent to help science. The work of the Englishman William Gershel was a breakthrough in the nature study of the Milky Way. In 1700, he managed to prove that our galaxy had a disk form.

Already in our time, the study took another turn. Scientists did a bid on the comparison of the movement of stars, between which was different distance. The parallax method of Jacob Karttein managed to approximately determine the diameter of the galaxy, which according to its calculations is 60-70 thousand light years. Accordingly, the place of the sun was determined. It turned out that it is relatively far from the raging center of the Galaxy and on a decent distance from the periphery of the Milky Way.

The fundamental theory of the existence of galaxies is the theory of American astrophysics Edwina Hubble. It belongs to the idea of \u200b\u200bclassifying all gravitational formations, making them on the elliptic galaxies and the formation of a spiral type. The last, spiral galaxies represent the most extensive group in which education includes different sizes. The largest of the recently open spiral galaxies is NGC 6872, the diameter of which exceeds 552 thousand light years.

Expected future and forecasts

Galaxy Milky Way looks compact and ordered gravitational education. Unlike its neighbors, in our intergalactic house quite calm. Black holes systematically affect the galactic disk, reducing it in size. This process already lasts tens of billions of years and how much will continue - unknown. The only threat that hangs over our galaxy comes from its closest neighbor. Andromeda galaxy is rapidly moving away with us. Scientists suggest that the collision of two gravitational systems can occur in 4.5 billion years.

Such a merger meeting will mean the end of the world in which we are accustomed to live. The Milky Way, smaller in size, will be absorbed in larger formation. Instead of two large spiral formations, a new elliptical galaxy will appear in the universe. Until that time, our galaxy will be able to deal with their companions. Two dwarf galaxies - a large and small Magellan clouds - the Milky Way will absorb in 4 billion years.

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

The science

Every person has its own idea of \u200b\u200bwhat is a house. For some it is a roof over your head, for the other house is planet Earth, rocky ball, which compensates the outer space in his closed path around the sun.

No matter how big our planet seemed to us, she is just the grave in giant star system, The dimensions of which are difficult to imagine. This star system is a Milky Way Galaxy, which can also be called our hometown.

Galaxy sleeves

Milky Way - Spiral galaxy with a jumper, which passes in the center of the spiral. Approximately two thirds of all known galaxies are spiral, and two thirds of them have a jumper. That is the Milky Way enters the list the most common galactic.

Spiral galaxies have sleeves that extend from the center, like the wheels, which twist the spirals. Our solar system is located in the central part of one of the sleeves called sleeve Orion.

Orion's sleeve was once considered a small "process" of larger sleeves, such as sleeve Perseus or Sleeve Shield-Centaur. Not so long ago there was a suggestion that Orion's sleeve is indeed branch of Sleeves Perseus And it does not come from the center of the Galaxy.

The problem is that we cannot see our galaxy from. We can observe only those things that are around us, and judge what form the galaxy is, being inside it. However, scientists managed to calculate that this sleeve has a length of approximately 11 thousand light years and thick 3500 light years.

Heavymissive black hole

The smallest supermassive black holes that scientists managed to open, approximately in 200 thousand times Heavy sun. For comparison: ordinary black holes have a lot of everything at 10 timesexceeding the mass of the sun. In the center of the Milky Way there is an incredibly massive black hole, the mass of which is difficult to imagine itself.

The last 10 years of astronomers watched the activity of the stars in the orbit around the star Sagittarius A., dense region in the center of the spiral of our galaxy. Based on the movement of these stars, it was determined that in the center Sagittarius A *, which is hidden behind a dense cloud of dust and gas,is a supermassive black hole, the mass of which 4.1 million times More Sun Mass!

Animation, presented below, demonstrates the real movement of stars around the black hole from 1997 to 2011 In the area of \u200b\u200bone cubic parseca in the center of our galaxy. When the stars approach the black hole, they make a loop around her at an incredible speed. For example, one of these stars, S 0-2. Moves with speed 18 million kilometers per hour: black hole first attracts it, and then sharply repels.

Most recently, scientists observed how the Gaza cloud approached the black hole and was boring into pieces Its massive gravitational field. Parts of this clouds were absorbed by the hole, and the remaining parts began to resemble long thin macaronins longer than 160 billion kilometers.

Magneticparticles

In addition to the presence of a supermissive all-consuming black hole, the center of our galaxy can boast incredible activity: Old stars die, and new people appear with enviable constancy.

Not so long ago, scientists noticed something else in the Galactic Center - the stream of high-energy particles that extend to the distance 15 thousand Parsek through the galaxy. This distance is approximately half the diameter of the Milky Way.

Particles are invisible to the naked eye, however, with the help of a magnetic image, it can be noted that geasers from particles occupy about two thirds of the visible part of the sky:

What is behind this phenomenon? One million years old stars appeared and disappeared never stoppingaimed at external galaxy sleeves. The total amount of geyser energy is large than the energy of supernova.

Particles move with an incredible speed. Based on the structure of the Astronomer's particle structure built model magnetic field which prevails in our galaxy.

Newstars

How often in our galaxy formed new stars? This issue, researchers were asked for many years. Managed to drive the regions of our galaxy, where there is aluminum-26, Aluminum isotope, which appears in the place where stars are born or dying. Thus, it was possible to find out that every year in the Galaxy Milky Way is born 7 new stars and approximately twice a hundred years A major star explodes, forming a supernova.

Galaxy Milky Way is not a manufacturer of the most large number stars. When a star dies, she highlights such raw materials into space, like hydrogen and helium. Hundreds of thousands of years, these particles are connected to molecular clouds, which ultimately become so dense that their center is destroyed under their own gravity, thus forming a new star.

It looks like a peculiar eco-system: death feeds new life . Particles of some particular star in the future will be part of a billion new stars. In our galaxy, things are so, so it evolves. This leads to the formation of new conditions under which the likelihood of planets similar to the Earth increases.

Planets Galaxies Milky Way

Despite the constant death and the birth of new stars in our galaxy, their number is calculated: the Milky Way is home to about for 100 billion stars. Based on new studies, scientists suggest that around each star rotates at least one planet or more. That is, in our corner of the universe there is from 100 to 200 billion planets.

Scientists who came to this conclusion were studied the stars of the type red dwarfs spectral class m. These stars are less than our sun. They make up 75 percentof all the stars of the Milky Way. In particular, the researchers paid attention to the star KEPLER -32, Which shelted five planets.

How do astronomers open new planets?

Planets, unlike stars, it is difficult to detect, as they do not emit their own light. We can say with confidence that there is a planet around the star, only when she it becomes before his star and overshadows its light.

Kepler -32 star planets behave in the same way as exoplans rotating around other dwarf stars m. They are located about one distance and are similar sizes. That is, the KEPLER -32 system is typical system for our galaxy.

If there are more than 100 billion planets in our galaxy, how many of them are planets, similar to Earth? It turns out, not so much. There are dozens of different types of planets: gas giants, pulsary planets, brown dwarfs and planets, on which rain drops from molten metal from the sky. Those planets that consist of stone breeds can be located too far or too close To the star, so they are hardly similar to Earth.

The results of the latest studies have shown that in our galaxy, it turns out, more planets of the earthly type, which was supposed to be early, namely: from 11 to 40 billion. Scientists were taken as an example 42 thousand stars, similar to our sun, and began to look for exoplanets that can rotate around them in the zone where it is not too hot and not too cold. Was found 603 exoplanets, among which 10 Complied search criteria.

Analyzing the stars data, scientists have proven the existence of billions of planets similar to Earth, which they only have to officially open. Theoretically, these planets are able to maintain the temperature for existence on them liquid waterwhich, in turn, will allow you to arise.

Collision of galactic

Even if in the galaxy the Milky Way will constantly form new stars, it will not be able to increase in size, if not getting new Material From somewhere else. And the Milky Way really expands.

Earlier we were not exactly sure how exactly the Galaxy manage to grow, but recent discoveries allowed us to assume that the Milky Way is galaxy-Cannibalom, That is, in the past, she absorbed other galaxies and is likely to do it again, at least as long as any larger galaxy will absorb it.

Using a cosmic telescope "Hubble" and information obtained thanks to the photo taken for seven years, scientists discovered the stars from the outer edge of the Milky Way, which moving special way. Instead of moving to the center or from the center of the Galaxy, like other stars, they seem to be drifting at the edge. It is assumed that this star bar is all that remained from another galaxy, which was absorbed by the Milky Way Galaxy.

This clash, apparently, happened several billion years ago And, most likely, it is not the last. Considering the speed with which we are moving, our galaxy through 4.5 billion years old Faced with Andromeda Galaxy.

Influence of galaxies of satellites

Although the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, it is not a completely perfect spiral. In his center there is peculiar bulgewhich appeared as a result of the fact that the molecules of hydrogen gaseous are pulled out of a flat disk of the spiral.

For many years, astronomers broke their heads over why the galaxy has such bulges. It is logical to assume that the gas is drawn into the disk itself, and does not break out. The longer they studied this question, the more confused: the convexity molecules are not only pushed out, but also vibrate at their own frequency.

What can cause such an effect? Today, scientists believe that all wines are dark matter and galaxies - satellites - Magellanovy clouds. These two galaxies are very small: they are combined together. total 2 percent from total mass Milky Way. This is not enough to have an impact on it.

However, when dark matter moves through the clouds, it creates waves, which obviously affect the gravitational attraction, reinforcing it, and hydrogen under the action of this attraction disappears from the center of the Galaxy.

Magellanov are clustered around the Milky Way. The spiral sleeves of the Milky Way under the influence of these galaxies, as it were, pegs in the place where they swim.

Galaxy twins

Although the Milky Way galaxy can be called unique in many respects, it is not a big rarity. In the universe, spiral galaxies prevail. Given the fact that only in the field of our vision is about 170 billion galaxies, It can be assumed that somewhere there are galaxies very similar to our.

And what if somewhere there is a galaxy - an accurate copy of the Milky Way? In 2012, astronomers discovered such a galaxy. She even has two small satellites that rotate around it and exactly match our magtellated clouds. By the way, total 3 percent Spiral galaxies have similar companions whose eyelids are relatively underwrites. Magellanov's clouds most likely dissolve a couple of billion years.

Detect so similar galaxy having satellites, a supermassive black hole in the center and the same dimensions - incredible luck. This galaxy was named NGC 1073. And she is so similar to the Milky Way that astronomers learn her to learn more about our own galaxy. For example, we can see it from the side and thus better imagine what the Milky Way looks like.

Galactic year

On earth a year is the time for which the earth has time to do full turn. Every 365 days we return to the same point. Our solar system rotates around the black hole located in the center of the Galaxy. However, it makes full turn 250 million years. That is, since dinosaurs disappeared, we made only a quarter of full turnover.

In the descriptions of the solar system, it is rarely mentioned that it moves in outer space, like everything in our world. Regarding the center of the Milky Way, the solar system is moving at speeds 792 thousand kilometers per hour. For comparison: if you were moving at the same speed, we could take a round-the-world journey for 3 minutes.

The period of time for which the sun has time to make a complete turn around the center of the Milky Way is called galactic year. It is estimated that the sun has lived only 18 Galactic years.

Milky Way (MP) - This is a huge gravitational bound system, containing at least 200 billion stars, thousands of giant gas and dust clouds, clusters and nebulae. Refers to the class of spiral galaxies with a jumper. The MP is compressed in the plane and the profile is similar to the "Flying Plate".

The Milky Way with Andromeda Galaxy (M31), the Galaxy of the Triangle (M33), and more than 40 dwarf galaxies-satellites - their and Andromeda - all together form a local group of galaxies, which is included in the local supercountability (super-secureness of the Virgin).

Our galaxy has the following structure: a kernel consisting of billion stars, with a black hole in the center; Disk from stars, gas and dust with a diameter of 100,000 light years and a thickness of 1000 light years, in the middle part of the disk Balja thickness 3000 s. years; sleeves; Spherical halo (crown) containing dwarf galaxies, balllocks of stellar clusters, individual stars, stars, dust and gas.

For central portions of the Galaxy, a strong concentration of stars is characterized: in each cubic parties near the center they contain many thousands. Distances between stars in tens and hundreds of times less than in the vicinity of the sun.

The galaxy rotates, but not evenly all disk. With the approach to the center, the angular speed of the stars around the center of the Galaxy is growing.

In the plane of the galaxy, in addition to the elevated concentration of stars, an increased concentration of dust and gas is also observed. Between the center of the galaxy and spiral sleeves (branches) is a gas ring - a mixture of gas and dust, which is heavily radiating in the radio and infrared range. The width of this rings is about 6 thousand light years. It is located in the zone between 10,000 and 16,000 light years from the center. The gas ring contains billions of solar masses of gas and dust and is the place of active star formation.

The galaxy has a crown that contains ball clusters and dwarf galaxies (large and small magtellane clouds and other clusters). The galactic crown also has stars and groups of stars. Some of these groups interact with ballcases and dwarf galaxies.

The plane of the galaxy and the plane of the solar system do not coincide, but are at an angle to each other, and the planetary system of the Sun makes a turn around the center of the Galaxy about 180-220 million of the Earth years - so much lasts one galactic year for us.

In the vicinity of the Sun, it is possible to track the sections of two spiral sleeves, which are removed from us about 3 thousand light years. According to the constellations, where these sites are observed, they were given the name of the Sleeve for Sagittarius and Sleeve Perseus. The sun is located almost in the middle between these spiral branches. But relatively close from us (for galactic standards), in the constellation of Orion, there is another one, not very clearly pronounced sleeve - the nose-sleeve of Orion, which is considered to be a branch of one of the main spiral sleeves of the galaxy.

The speed of rotation of the sun around the center of the galaxy almost coincides with the speed of the seal wave forming the spiral sleeve. This situation is atypical for the galaxy as a whole: the spiral sleeves rotate with a constant angular velocity, like knitting needles, and the movement of the stars occurs with another pattern, so almost all the stellar population of the disk comes inside the spiral sleeves, it falls out of them. The only place where the speeds of stars and spiral sleeves coincide - this is the so-called corotional circle, and it is on it that the sun is located.

For the Earth, this circumstance is extremely important, since in spiral sleeves there are rapid processes that form powerful radiation, destructive for all living things. And no atmosphere could protect from him. But our planet exists in a relatively peaceful place of the Galaxy and for hundreds of millions (or even billion) years has not been exposed to these cosmic cataclysms. Perhaps that is why life was able to be born on Earth and continue.

The analysis of the rotation of the galaxy showed that it has large masses of the unhapping (inconsider) substance called "hidden mass", or "dark halo". The mass of the galaxy, taking into account this hidden mass, is estimated at about 10 trillion masses of the Sun. According to one of the hypotheses, part of the hidden mass can be in brown dwarfs, in the planets of gas giants that occupy an intermediate position between stars and planets, and in dense and cold molecular clouds that have low temperature And unavailable for ordinary observations. In addition, in our and other galaxies there are many bodies with a planet, which do not enter into any of the near-the-road systems and therefore are not visible to telescopes. Part of the hidden mass of galaxies can belong to the "extended" stars. On another hypothesis, the galactic space (vacuum) also contributes to the amount of dark matter. Hidden mass is not only in our galaxy, it is in all galaxies.

The problem of the dark substance in astrophysics arose when it turned out that the rotation of the galaxies (including our own Milky Way) cannot be described correctly if the usual visible (luminous) matter contained in them was considered. All galaxy stars in this case would have to operate and dispel in the universes of the universe. In order not to happen (and this does not happen), the presence of additional invisible matter has large weight. The effect of this invisible mass is manifested exclusively with gravitational interaction with visible matter. At the same time, the number of invisible matter should be about six times to exceed the number of visible (information about this is published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters scientific journal). The nature of the dark substance, as well as dark energy, the presence of which is assumed in the observed universe, remains not yet clear.