There is no such thing in life as the eternal peace of mind. Life - in itself there is a movement, and cannot exist without desires, fear, and feelings.
Thomas Hobbs

I found on YouTube video with the theory about the spiral movement of the solar system through our galaxy. It did not seem convincing, but I would like to hear it from you. Is it right from a scientific point of view?

Some statements in this video are true. For example:

• planets rotate around the sun approximately in the same plane
• Solar system moves along the galaxy with an angle of 60 ° between the galactic plane and the plane rotation plane
• The sun during his rotation around the Milky Way, moves up and down and inside the outside relative to the rest of the galaxy

All this is so, but in the video all these facts are shown incorrectly.

It is known that planets move around the Sun along the ellipses, according to the laws of Kepler, Newton and Einstein. But the picture on the left is incorrect from the point of view of the scale. It is incorrect in the sense of forms, sizes and eccentricity. And although the diagram on the right of the orbit less similar to the ellipses, the orbits of the planets look approximately so from the point of view of the scale.

Take another example - the orbit of the moon.

It is known that the moon revolves around the earth with a period of a little less than a month, and the Earth rotates around the Sun with a period of 12 months. Which of the pictures presented better demonstrates the movement of the moon around the sun? If we compare the distances from the sun to the ground and from the ground to the moon, as well as the speed of rotation of the moon around the earth, and the system of land / moon - around the sun, it turns out that the situation is best demonstrated by the option D. You can exaggerate them to achieve some effects , but quantitative variants A, B and C are incorrect.

Now let's turn to the movement of the solar system through the galaxy.

How many inaccuracies are contained in it. First, all the planets at any time are in the same plane. There is no lag that would be more remote from the sun of the planet demonstrated relative to less remote.

Secondly, remember real velocities planets. Mercury moves in our system faster than everyone else, rotating around the Sun at a speed of 47 km / s. It is 60% faster than the Earth's orbital velocity, approximately 4 times faster than Jupiter, and 9 times faster Neptune, which moves in orbit at a speed of 5.4 km / s. And the sun flies through the galaxy at a speed of 220 km / s.

During the time required by Mercury by one turn, the entire solar system flies 1.7 billion kilometers along its intragalactic elliptic orbit. At the same time, the radius of the orbit of Mercury is only 58 million kilometers, or only 3.4% of the distance that the entire solar system is moving.

If we built the movement of the solar system on the galaxy on the scale, and would look like the planets move - we would see the following:

Imagine that the whole system is the sun, the moon, all planets, asteroids, comets, move at high speed at an angle of about 60 ° relative to the plane of the solar system. Something like this:

If you connect all this together, we will get a more accurate picture:

What about precession? And also about oscillations down-up and inside out? All this is so, but on the video it is shown in an excessively exaggerated and incorrectly interpreted form.

Indeed, the precession of the solar system occurs with a period of 26,000 years. But there is no spiral movement, neither the sun, nor in the planets. Precession do not carry orbit planets, but the axis of rotation of the Earth.

The polar star is not constantly directly over North Pole. Most of the time we do not have a polar star. 3000 years ago, Kohab was closer to the pole than the polar star. After 5500, Alderine will become a polar star. And after 12,000 years of Vega, the second brightness of the star in the northern hemisphere will defend only 2 degrees from the pole. But this is exactly what changes with a frequency of every 26,000 years, and not the movement of the sun or planets.

What about the sunshine?

This is a radiation coming from the Sun (and all stars), and not that we crash, moving along the galaxy. Hot stars emit quickly moving charged particles. The border of the solar system passes where the sunny wind is no longer able to push the interior environment. There passes the border of the Heliosphere.

Now about movements up and down and inside and out with respect to the galaxy.

Since the sun and solar system are subject to gravity, it is it dominates over their movement. Now the sun is located at a distance of 25-27 thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy, and moves around it by ellipse. At the same time, all other stars, gas, dust are moving along the galaxy also by ellipses. And the ellipse of the Sun is different from all others.

With a period of 220 million years, the Sun makes a complete turn around the galaxy, passing slightly higher and below the center of the galactic plane. But since all the rest of the Material of the Galaxy moves the same, the orientation of the galactic plane changes over time. We can move along the ellipse, but the galaxy represents a rotating plate, so we are moving up and down on it with a period of 63 million years, although our movement is inward and outward occurs with a period of 220 million years.

But no "corkscrew" does not make planets, their movement is distorted beyond recognition, the video misunderstands about the precession and sunny wind, and the text is full of errors. Simulation is made very beautiful, but it would be much more beautiful if it were correct.

Since the most ancient times, humanity was interested in visible movements of heavenly bodies: the sun, the moon and stars. It is difficult to imagine our own solar system seems too big, stretching more than 4 trillion miles from the sun. Meanwhile, the Sun is just one hundredth billion from other stars that make up the galaxy Milky Way.

Milky Way

The galaxy itself is a hurriculous wheel that rotates from gas, dust and more than 200 billion stars. Between them, trillions of a mile of empty space are extended. The sun fastened on the outskirts of the galaxy, on the form of a spiral resembling: on top of the Milky Way looks like a huge rotating hurricane from the stars. Compared to the size of the galaxy, the solar system is extremely small. If you imagine that the Milky Path of the magnitude with Europe, the solar system will not be more in size than walnut.

solar system

The sun and its 9 planets - satellites are scattered in one direction from the center of the Galaxy. As the planets make turns around their stars, the stars also turn around the galaxies.

The Sun will need about 200 million years at a speed of 588,000 miles per hour in order to make a full turn around this galactic carousel. Nothing special is not different from other stars, except that he has a satellite, a planet called Earth, inhabited by life. Around the Sun in its orbits, planets and celestial bodies are smaller, which are called asteroids.

The first observations of Lampsy

A person observes visible movements of heavenly bodies and cosmic phenomena for at least 10,000 years. For the first time recording in the chronicles about heavenly bodies appeared in ancient Egypt And Sumer. The Egyptians were able to distinguish between three types of bodies in the sky: stars, planets and "stars with tails". At the same time, heavenly bodies were discovered: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Mercury and, of course, the sun, and the moon. The visible movements of the celestial bodies are contemplated from the ground the movement of these objects relative to the coordinate system, regardless of daily rotation. The present movement is the movement of them in the outer space, determined by the forces acting on these bodies.

Visible galaxies

Looking at the night sky, you can see our nearest neighbor - - in the form of a spiral. Milky Way, despite its size, just one of 100 billion galaxies in space. Without using a telescope, you can see three galaxies and part of ours. Two of them have the names of a large and small magtellane cloud. For the first time they were seen in southern waters in 1519 by the expedition of the Portuguese researcher Magellan. These small galaxies are rapid around the Milky Way, so they are our most close space neighbors.

The third visible galaxy, Andromeda, is distinguished from us about 2 million light years. This means that Andromeda's star light takes millions of years to get closer to our land. Thus, we contemplate this galaxy as it was 2 million years ago.

In addition to these three galaxies at night, you can see a part of the Milky Way represented by many stars. According to the ancient Greeks, this group of stars - milk from the chest of the goddess Gera, from here and the name is called.

Visible planets from the ground

Planets are heavenly bodies that appeal around the sun. When we observe the Venus, glowing in the sky, then this comes from the fact that it is illuminated by the sun and knocks off part sunlight. Venus is an evening star or morning star. People call it differently, because in the evening and in the morning it is in different places.

As the planet Venus revolves around the sun and changes its location. During the day there is a visible movement of celestial bodies. The system of celestial coordinates not only helps to figure out the location of the luminaire, but also allows you to make star cards, navigate the night sky on constellations and study the behavior of the celestial objects.

Laws of the Planet

Connecting together observations and theories about the movement of heavenly bodies, people led the patterns of our galaxy. The discovery of scientists helped to decipher the visible movements of the celestial bodies. Openings were one of the first astronomical laws.

The German mathematician and astronomer became the discoverer of this topic. Kepler, having studied the work of Copernicus, calculated the best form for orbits, clarifying the visible movements of the celestial bodies - ellipse, and brought the patterns of movement of the planets, known in the scientific world as the laws of Kepler. Two of them characterize the movement of the planet in orbit. They say:

Any planet rotates on an ellipse. In one of the focuss there is a sun.

Each of them moves in the plane passing through the middle of the Sun, while in the same periods of the radius-vector between the sun and the planet, outlines are equal to the square.

The third law connects the orbital data of the planets within the system.

Lower and top planets

Studying visible movements of celestial bodies, physics divides them into two groups: the lower, where Venus include Venus, Mercury, and the Upper - Saturn, Mars, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus and Pluto. The movement of these celestial bodies in the sphere is made differently. In the process of the observed movement of the lower planets, they have a shift of phases like the moon. When moving the upper planets, it can be noted that the change of phases does not occur, they are constantly addressed to people with their bright face.

Earth, along with Mercury, Venus, and Mars, belongs to the group of so-called internal planets. They are rapid around the Sun internal orbits, unlike large planets, which are rotating external orbits. For example, Mercury, which is 20 times less at extreme internal orbit.

Comets and meteorites

There is also a planets around the sun, there are still billions of ice blocks, consisting of frozen solid gas, small stone and dust, - comets that are filled with a solar system. Visible movements of the celestial bodies presented by comets can only be seen when they approach the sun. Then their tail begins to burn and shines in the sky.

The most famous of them - Comet Gallet. Every 76 years she comes off from his orbit and approaches the sun. At this time, it can be observed from the ground. In the night sky, you can contemplate meteorites in the form of flying stars - this is clots of matter, which move through the universe with a huge speed. When they fall into the field of attraction of the Earth, almost always burn. Due to emergency speed and friction with air shell, meteorites are split and disintegrate into small particles. The process of their combustion can be observed in the night sky in the form of a luminous tape.

The curriculum on astronomy describes the visible movements of the celestial bodies. 11th grade has already been familiar with the laws, according to which the complex movement of the planets is shifted lunar phases and the laws of eclipses.

You are sitting, standing or learn, reading this article, and do not feel that the Earth rotates around its axis with a mad speed - approximately 1,700 km / h at the equator. However, the speed of rotation does not seem so fast if we translate it into km / s. It turns out 0.5 km / s - barely noticeable flash on the radar, in comparison with other speeds around us.

Just like other planets of the solar system, the Earth rotates around the Sun. And to keep in your orbit, it moves at a speed of 30 km / s. Venus and Mercury, close to the Sun, are moving faster, Mars, whose orbit goes behind the Earth's orbit, moves much slower than it.

But even the sun is not standing in one place. Our Milky Way Galaxy is a huge, massive and mobile! All stars, planets, gas clouds, dust particles, black holes, dark matter - all this is moving relative to the common center of mass.

According to scientists, the sun is at a distance of 25,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and moves along an elliptical orbit, which takes full turn every 220-250 million years. It turns out that the speed of the Sun is about 200-220 km / s, which is hundreds of times higher than the speed of the earth around the axis and ten times higher than the speed of its movement around the Sun. This is how the movement of our solar system looks like.

Is the Galaxy stationary? No again. Gigantic space objects have a large mass, and therefore create strong gravitational fields. Give the universe a little time (and it was about 13.8 billion years old), and everything will start moving towards the greatest attraction. That is why the universe is not homogeneous, but is galaxies and groups of galaxies.

What does this mean for us?

This means that the Milky Way is pulled to themselves other galaxies and groups of galaxies located nearby. This means that massive objects dominate in this process. And this means that not only our galaxy, but all others experience the influence of these "tractors". We are getting closer to the understanding of what happens to us in outer space, but we still lack the facts, for example:

• what were the initial conditions in which the universe originated;
• as various masses in the galaxy move and change over time;
• how the Milky Way and the surrounding galaxies and clusters formed;
• and how it happens now.

However, there is a trick that will help us to figure it out.

The universe fills the relic radiation with a temperature of 2,725 K, which has been preserved from the time of the Big Explosion. Something there are tiny deviations - about 100 μC, but the total temperature is constant.

This is because the universe was formed as a result of a large explosion of 13.8 billion years ago and still expand and cooled.

After 380,000 years after a large explosion, the universe was cooled to such a temperature, which was the formation of hydrogen atoms. Prior to that, the photons constantly interacted with the rest of plasma particles: they encountered them and exchanged energy. As the universe charged particles are cooled, it has become less, and the spaces between them are more. Photons were able to move freely in space. Relic radiation is photons that were radiated by plasma towards the future location of the Earth, but the scattering was escaped, as recombination has already begun. They reach the land through the space of the universe, which continues to expand.

You yourself can "see" this radiation. Interferences that occur on an empty TV channel if you use a simple antenna, similar to the silent ears, is 1% caused by relict radiation.

Nevertheless, the temperature of the relict background is not the same in all directions. According to the results of the research of the Planck mission, the temperature is somewhat different in opposite hemispheres of the heavenly sphere: it is slightly higher in the sections of the sky south of ecliptic - about 2.728 K, and below the other half - about 2,722 K.

This difference is almost 100 times the remaining observed oscillations of the relic temperature, and it is misleading. Why is this happening? The answer is obvious - this difference does not happen due to the fluctuations of relict radiation, it appears, because there is a movement!

When you approach the light source or it approaches you, spectral lines in the source spectrum are shifted towards short waves (purple offset), when you are moving away from it or it is from you - the spectral lines are shifted toward long waves (red shift).

Relic radiation can not be more or less energetic, it means that we are moving through the space. The Doppler effect helps determine that our solar system moves relative to the relict radiation at a rate of 368 ± 2 km / s, and the local group of galaxies, which includes the Milky Way, the Galaxy Andromeda and the Galaxy of the Triangle, moves at a rate of 627 ± 22 km / s relative to the relict radiation. These are the so-called peculiar galaxies, which make up several hundred km / s. In addition to them, there are also cosmological velocities due to the expansion of the Universe and the Hubble law calculated.

Due to the residual radiation from the Big Explosion, we can observe that in the universe everything is constantly moving and varies. And our galaxy is only part of this process.

Even sitting on a chair in front of the computer screen and clicking on the links, we are physically involved in a variety of movements. Where are we moving? Where is the "vertex" of movement, his axEx?

First, we participate in the rotation of the Earth around the axis. it daily traffic Directed to the East point on the horizon. The speed of movement depends on the latitude; It is equal to 465 * Cos (φ) m / s. So, if you are in northern or southern Pole Earth, then you do not participate in this movement. And let's say in Moscow daily line speed Approximately 260 m / s. The angular speed of the daily movement appearance relative to the stars is easy to calculate: 360 ° / 24 hours \u003d 15 ° / hour.

Secondly, the Earth, and we are with her, moving around the sun. (We will neglect the small monthly swaying around the center of the mass of the earth-moon system.) Average speed anniversary Orbit - 30 km / s. In the perigelia in early January, it is slightly higher, in Aflia in early July - just below, but since the orbit of the Earth is almost an accurate circle, the speed difference is only 1 km / s. Apex orbital movement, naturally, shifts and makes a complete circle for the year. Its ecliptic latitude of 0 degrees, and the longitude is equal to the longitude of the Sun plus about 90 degrees - λ \u003d λ ☉ + 90 °, β \u003d 0. In other words, Apex lies on the ecliptic, ahead of the sun is 90 degrees. Accordingly, the angle speed of the apex is equal to the angular velocity of the sun movement: 360 ° / year, a little less than a degree per day.

We carry out more large-scale movements with our sun in the solar system.

First, the sun is moving relatively nearest stars (so-called local Standard Okoi). The speed of movement is approximately 20 km / s (a little more than 4 AE / year). Please note: it is even less than the Earth speed in orbit. The movement is directed towards the constellation of Hercules, and the equatorial coordinates of the apex α \u003d 270 °, δ \u003d 30 °. However, if we felt the speed of all bright stars, visible with the naked eye, then we obtain the standard movement of the Sun, it is somewhat different, less at a speed of 15 km / s ~ 3 AE. / year). This is also the constellation of Hercules, although the apex is slightly displaced (α \u003d 265 °, δ \u003d 21 °). But relative to the interstellar gas, the solar system moves slightly faster (22-25 km / s), but the apex will significantly shift and falls into the constellation a snakecar (α \u003d 258 °, δ \u003d -17 °). This appex shift is approximately 50 ° associated with the so-called. "Interstellar Wind", "revealed from the south" of the galaxy.

All three described movements are, so to speak, local movements, "walks in the yard". But the sun along with the closest and in general visible stars (after all, we practically do not see too far distant stars), together with the clouds of interstellar gas, turns around the center of the Galaxy - and these are completely different speeds!

Speed \u200b\u200bspeed of the solar system around center of Galaxy It is 200 km / s (more than 40 A. / year). However, the specified value is inaccurate, to determine the galactic speed of the Sun is difficult; After all, we do not even see, regarding what we measure movement: the center of the Galaxy is hidden with dense interstellar clouds of dust. The value is constantly clarified and prone to a decrease; Not so long ago, she was taken in 230 km / s (you can often find exactly this value), and recent studies give results even less than 200 km / s. The galactic movement occurs perpendicular to the direction to the center of the Galaxy and therefore the apex has galactic coordinates L \u003d 90 °, B \u003d 0 ° or in more familiar equatorial coordinates - α \u003d 318 °, δ \u003d 48 °; This point is in the Swan. Since this is the movement of circulation, apex shifts and makes a full circle for the "Galactic Year", about 250 million years; His angular speed of ~ 5 "/ 1000 years, one and a half degrees per million years.

Further movements include the movement of the whole galaxy. It is also not easy to measure such a movement, too large distances, and the error in numbers is still quite large.

Thus, our Galaxy and the Galaxy Andromeda, two massive objects of the local group of galaxies, gravitationally attract and move towards each other at a speed of about 100-150 km / s, and the main component of the speed belongs to our galaxy. The transverse component of the movement is definitely not known, and concern about the collision is premature. Additional contribution to this movement makes a massive M33 galaxy, which is in about the same direction as the Galaxy of Andromeda. In general, the speed of the movement of our galaxy relative to the barycenter Local group of galaxies About 100 km / s Approximately in the direction of Andromed / Lizard (L \u003d 100, B \u003d -4, α \u003d 333, δ \u003d 52), but this data is still very approximate. This is a very modest relative speed: the galaxy shifts to its own diameter in two or three hundred million years or, very about, for galactic year.

If you measure the speed of the galaxy relatively remote galaxy clustersWe will see a different picture: and our galaxy, and the rest of the galaxies of the local group together as some integer move towards a large cluster of the Virgin at about 400 km / s. This movement is also due to gravitational forces.

Background relic radiation Determines a certain dedicated reference system associated with the entire baryon matter in the observed part of the universe. In a sense, the movement relative to this microwave background is a movement relative to the universe as a whole (it is not necessary to confuse this movement with the galaxies' run!). Determine this movement is possible measuring dipole temperature anisotropy unevenness of relic radiation in different areas . Such measurements showed an unexpected and important thing: all the galaxies in the nearest part of the Universe, including not only our local group, but also the accumulation of Virgo and other clusters, moves relative to the background relict radiation with unexpectedly high speed. For the local group of galaxies, it is 600-650 km / s with a apex in the constellation of hydra (α \u003d 166, δ \u003d -27). It looks so that somewhere in the depths of the universe there is still a huge cluster of many ultrasound, attracting matter of our part of the universe. This hypothetical cluster has been named Great attractor.

How did the speed of the local group of galaxies determined? Of course, in fact, the astronomers measured the speed of the sun relative to the microwave relict background: it turned out to be ~ 390 km / s with apex with coordinates L \u003d 265 °, B \u003d 50 ° (α \u003d 168, Δ \u003d -7) on the border of the constellation lion and the bowl. Then they defined the speed of the Sun relative to the galaxies of the local group (300 km / s, the constellation of the lizard). Calculate the speed of the local group has not been difficult.

This is a system of planets, in the center of which is a bright star, the source of energy, heat and light is the sun.
According to one of theories, the Sun was formed together with the solar system of about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of an explosion of one or several supernovae. Initially, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which in motion and under the influence of their mass formed a disc in which a new star arose and our entire solar system.

In the center of the Solar System is the sun, around which nine large planets rotate in orbits. Since the sun is shifted from the center of planetary orbits, then behind the turnover cycle around the sun, the planet is approaching, they are moving away in their orbits.

Distinguish two groups of planets:

Planets of the earth group: and . These planets are small with a stony surface, they are closer to others to the sun.

Planets Giants: and . These are large planets consisting mainly of gas and they are characterized by the presence of rings consisting of ice dust and many rocky pieces.

And here It does not fall into any group, because, despite its stay in the solar system, too far away from the Sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is two times less than the diameter of Mercury.

Planets of the Solar System

Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the solar system in order of their location from the Sun, as well as consider their main satellites and some other space objects (comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the giant expanses of our planetary system.

Jupiter rings and satellites: Europe, Io, Gamornad, Callisto and others ...
The planet Jupiter surrounds a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features ...

Rings and satellites Saturn: Titan, Enceladud and others ...
The characteristic rings are not only in the planet Saturn, but also on other planet giants. The rings around Saturn is particularly clearly visible, because consist of billion of small particles that rotate around the planet, in addition to several rings, Saturn has 18 satellites, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000km, which makes it the largest satellite of the solar system ...

Rings and satellites uranium: Titania, Oberon and others ...
The planet uranium has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, slimming thin rings, which practically do not have the ability to reflect the light, so they were open not so long ago in 1977, quite by chance ...

Neptune Rings and Satellites: Triton, Neretide and others ...
Initially, before the study of Neptune, the Voyager-2 spacecraft was known about two satellites of the planet - Triton and Nerida. Interesting factthat the satellite Triton has the opposite direction of the orbital movement, and strange volcanoes were discovered on the satellite, which mowed gas nitrogen gas, as if geysers, spreading a lot of dark color (from liquid state to par) a lot of kilometers into the atmosphere. During his mission "Voyager-2" discovered six more satellites of the planet Neptune ...