Origin

Participation in civil war

Wrangel Politics in Crimea

Head of White Movement

Fall of the White Crimea

Sevastopol evacuation

Emigration

Baron Peter Nikolaevich Vrangel (15 (27) August 1878, Novoaleksandrovsk, Koven Province, Russian Empire - April 25, 1928, Brussels, Belgium) - Russian military leader, participant in the Russian-Japanese and First World War, one of the main leaders (1918? 1920) of white traffic during the years Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff, Lieutenant General (1918). St. George Cavalier.

He got the nickname "Black Baron" for his traditional (since September 1918) the casual shape of the clothes - the Black Cossack Cherkysku with gazery.

Origin

Coming from home Tolsburg-Ellistherte The genus Wrangel is an old nobility family, which leads its pedigree from the beginning of the XIII century. The motto of the Wrangel kind was: "Frangas, Non Flecs" (break, but you will not bend). The leaving from the Petersburg intelligentsia.

The name of one of the ancestors of Peter Nikolayevich is among the wounded on the fifteenth wall of the christ of Christ the Savior in Moscow, where the names of Russian officers who died and wounded during Patriotic War 1812. The removed relative of Peter Wrangel - Baron A. E. Wrangel - Plenil Shamil. The name of an even more distant relative of Peter Nikolayevich is a famous Russian navigator and a polar researcher Admiral Baron F. P. Vrangel - Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean, as well as other geographic facilities in the Northern Arctic and the Pacific Oceans.

Father - Baron Nikolai Egorovich Wrangel (1847-1923) - art historian scientist, writer and famous antiques collector. Mother - Maria Dmitrievna Dementieva-Maikova (1856-1944) - All civil war lived in Petrograd under his last name. After Peter Nikolaevich became commander-in-chief Armed Forces The south of Russia, friends helped her move to a refugee hostel, where she was spelled out as Veronelli Widow, but he continued to go to work in the Soviet Museum under his real last name. At the end of October 1920, with the help of Savinkle, friends arranged her escape to Finland.

The grand brothers grandfather Peter Wrangel - Hiruy Yermolaevich (1803-1868) - Egor Vasilyevich was accounted for, and Admiral Vasily Vasilyevich.

Study

He graduated from the Rostov Real School (1896) and the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg (1901). Was on education engineer.

He entered the equestrian regiment in the Life Guards in 1901, and in 1902, passing the exam in the Nikolaev Cavalry School, was produced in the guard of the guard with a reserve enrollment. After that, he left the ranks of the army and went to Irkutsk an official of special orders under the Governor-General.

Participation in the Russian-Japanese War

After the start of the Russian-Japanese war, he again enters military service, this time - already forever. Baron joined the volunteer in the current army and was defined in the 2nd Upperudinsky regiment of the Trans-Baikal Cossack troops. In December 1904, he was produced in the Chin of the Centnik - with the wording in the order "for the difference in cases against the Japanese" and was awarded the orders of St. Anne 4th degree with the inscription on cold weapons "for courage" and St. Stanislav with swords and a bow. On January 6, 1906, he received a appointment in the 55th Dragun Finnish regiment and was produced in the rank of Rothmistra. On March 26, 1907, she again received an appointment in the Life Guard Equestrian Regiment in the rank of Lieutenant.

Participation in the First World War

He graduated from the Nikolaev Imperial Academy of the General Staff, in 1911 - the course of the officer cavalry school. First world War Metsky squadron commander in Rothmister. On October 13, 1914, one of the first Russian officers was awarded the Order of St. George 4th degree. In December 1914, the Colonel rank receives. In June 1915, Heorgiyevsky golden weapon was awarded.

In October 1915, it was translated into the South-West Front and on October 8, 1915 received the appointment by the commander of the 1st Nerchinsky Regiment of the Trans-Baikal Cossack troops. When transferring it, he was given the following characteristic of its former commander: "Outstanding courage. It disassembles in the situation perfectly and quickly, very found in a heavy setting. " The commander of the specified regiment, Baron Wrangel fought against the Austrians in Galicia, participated in the famous Lutsk breakthrough of 1916, then in defensive positional battles. In the head of the corner, he put the combat valor, military discipline, honor and mind of the commander. If an officer gave orders, spoke Wrangel, and it was not fulfilled, "he is no longer an officer, there is no officer's pursuit." New steps in the military career of Peter Nikolayevich became the rank of General-Major, "for a combat difference", in January 1917 and the appointment by his commander of the 2nd brigade of the Ussuri Equestrian Division, then in July 1917 - the commander of the 7th Cavalry Division, and after - Commander of the consolidated cavalry case.

For a successfully conducted surgery on the Zbroch River in the summer of 1917, General Wrangel was awarded the soldier St. George Cross IV degree.

Participation in civil war

From the end of 1917, he lived at the cottage in Yalta, where he was arrested by the Bolsheviks. After a short conclusion, the general, going to freedom, hidden in the Crimea until joined him the German army, after which he went to Kiev, where he decided to cooperate with the hetman government of P. P. Scoropadsky. Unsured in the weakness of the new Ukrainian government, who kept exclusively on the German bays, the Baron leaves Ukraine and arrives at the Ekaterinodar-busy volunteer army, where he accepts the command of the 1st equestrian division. From this point on, the service of Baron Wrangel in the White Army begins.

In August 1918, he entered the voluntary army, having a major general-general and being Georgievsky cavalier by this time. During the 2nd Kuban campaign, he commanded the 1st equestrian division, and then the 1st equestrian case. In November 1918, he was produced in Chin Lieutenant General.

Peter Nikolayevich was an opponent of making cavities on the whole front. General Wrangel sought to collect the Connection in his fist and throw it into a breakthrough. It was the brilliant attacks of the Webhelian cavalry that determined the final result of the battle in Kuban and the North Caucasus.

In January 1919, he commanded the volunteer army for some time, from January 1919 - the Caucasian Volunteer Army. It was in stretched relations with the Commander-in-Chief of the German General A. I. Denikin, since he demanded a speedy offensive in the Tsaritsynsky direction to comply with the army of Admiral A. V. Kolchak (Denikin insisted in the early attack on Moscow). The Tsaritsyn's major military victory was the capture of Tsaritsyn on June 30, 1919, before that, for three times, Ataman PN Krasnova was unsuccessfully stormed by the troops during 1918. It was in Tsaritsyn who arrived there soon Denikin signed his famous "Moscow Directive", which, according to Wrangel, "was the death sentence of the troops of the south of Russia." In November 1919, he was appointed commander of the volunteer army operating in the Moscow direction. December 20, 1919 due to disagreements and conflict with the commander-in-chief V. S. Yu. R. was removed from the command of the troops, and on February 8, 1920 dismissed and departed in Constantinople.

On March 20, the Commander-in-Chief of the German General Denikin decided to resign from his post. On March 21, a military council was convened in Sevastopol under the chairmanship of General Dragomirov on which the commander-in-chief was chosen by Wrangel. According to the memoirs of P. S. Makhrova on the Council, the first name of Wrangel called the head of the fleet, the captain of the 1st rank Ryabinin. On March 22, Wrangel arrived in Sevastopol in the English ship "Emperor India" and entered into command.

Wrangel Politics in Crimea

For six months of 1920, P. N. Wrangel, the ruler of the South of Russia and the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, tried to take into account the mistakes of his predecessors, boldly went to the inconvenient compromises, tried to attract various layers of the population to his side, but by the time of his arrival The white struggle was actually already played both in international and internal aspects.

He played for a federated device of future Russia. Included to the recognition of the political independence of Ukraine (in particular, according to a special decree adopted in the fall of 1920, the Ukrainian language was recognized as a nationwide partner with Russian). However, all these actions were targeting only the conclusion of the military union with the army of the UNR directory led by Simon Petlura, by that time almost lost control over the territory of Ukraine.

Recognized the independence of the Gorso Federation of the North Caucasus. I tried to establish contacts with the leaders of the rebel formations of Ukraine, including Makhno, but did not achieve success, and the Parliaments of Wrangel were shot by Makhnoves. However, the commanders of the smallest formations of "green" willingly entered the union with the baron.

With the support of the head of the Government of the South of Russia of the prominent economist and reformer A. V. Krivoshein developed a number of legislative acts on agricultural reform, among which the main state is the "Earth Law", adopted by the Government on May 25, 1920.

At the heart of its land politics lay the provision on the belonging of most of the land to the peasants. He recognized the legitimate seizure of the peasants in the first years after the revolution (though, for a certain monetary or natural contribution in favor of the state). There have been a number of administrative reforms in the Crimea, as well as the reform of local self-government ("The Law on Taxes and Rural Communities"). It sought to attract Cossacks to his side, published a number of decrees on the regional autonomy of Cossack lands. Patronized workers, adopting a number of provisions on working legislation. Despite all the progressive measures, the confidence of the population is white in the person of the commander-in-chief did not acquire, and the material and human resources of the Crimea were exhausted. In addition, the UK actually refused to further support White, offering to contact "to the Soviet government, meaning to achieve amnesty," and notify that the British government will refuse any support and assistance in the event that the White Guide again refuses negotiations. It is clear that the proposal proposal itself was absolutely unacceptable and even offensive to the White Command, so Britain's actions regarded as blackmail did not affect the decision to continue to fight to the end.

Head of White Movement

Upon joining the position of Commander-in-Chief V. S. Yu. R. Wrangel saw his main task not to fight red, but the task " with honor to bring an army from a heavy situation" At that moment, few of the White Warluggers could assume the possibility of active hostilities, and the combat capability of troops after the disaster band was questioned. A very difficult blow to the moral state of the troops of the nano and British ultimatum about " termination of unequal struggle" This Message of the British became the first international document received by Wrangel in the rank of the head of the White Movement. General Baron Wrangel writes later in his memoirs:

In this regard, it is not surprising that General Baron Wrangel at the entry into his office by the Commander-in-Chief V. S. Yu. R., realizing the entire degree of vulnerability of the Crimea, immediately took a number of preparatory measures in case of the army evacuation - to avoid repetition of the catastrophe of Novorossiysk and Odessa evacuation . Baron also perfectly understood that the economic resources of the Crimea are negligible and incomparable with the resources of Kuban, Don, Siberia, served as the bases for the occurrence of white movement and the stay of the area in isolation can lead to hunger.

A few days later, after the entry of Baron Wrangel, they received information about the preparation of the red new storming of the Crimea, for which the Bolshevik command was consistent with a significant amount of artillery, aviation, 4 rifle and cavalry divisions. Among these forces were also selected troops of Bolsheviks - Latvian Division, 3rd Rifle Division, which consisted of internationalists - Latvian, Hungarians, etc.

On April 13, 1920, Latvians attacked and overturned the advanced parts of General Ya. A. Slasty, and had already begun to move in the southern direction from the rear in Crimea. The chattering counterattacked and drove the enemy back, but the Latvians who received reinforcements from the rear for reinforcements, managed to hook for the Turkish shaft. The volunteer corps approached the outcome of the battle, as a result of which the red were knocked out of the rebound and were partially cut down, partially expelled by the Connection of General Morozov under TJU-Gianco.

On April 14, General Baron Wrangel Nanomed Red Consturdar, having previously grouped to Kornilovtsev, Markovtsy and Slaztov, and amplifying their squad and armored vehicles. The reds were cried, but the 8th Red Cavdivia approached the on the eve of Wranghelians from Chongara, as a result of his attack restored the situation, and the Red Infantry had again led the attack on the pin - however, this time the storm was not successful, and their offensive was stopped The approaches to the step. In an effort to consolidate success, General Wrangel decided to strike the Bolsheviks flank strikes, disembarking two papers (Alekseevtsy on ships were sent to the Kirillovka area, and the Drozdovian division - to the village of Khlles 20 km west of revenue). Both asians were noticed by Red Aviation before disembarking, so 800 people Alekseevtsev after a heavy unequal battle with the entire 46th Estonian Red Loss Division with large losses broke away to the genusk and were evacuated under the cover of the ship's artillery. Drozdovtsy, despite the fact that their landing also did not become unexpected for the enemy, were able to fulfill the initial plan of the operation (the landing operation is Perekop - Khorla): landed in the rear in red, in Khorlah, from where the enemy passes over 60 worst with the battles to Packet, distracting the forces of the Bolsheviks from him. For Khlles, the commander of the first (of two Drozdovsky) shelf Colonel A. V. Turkul was produced by commander-in-chief in major generals. As a result, the storms of the redepar turned out to be in general, and the Bolshevik command was forced to postpone the next attempt to assign the perack on May to transfer more of the biggest strength and then to act for sure. In the meantime, the Red Command decided to locate V. S. Yu. R. in the Crimea, for which they began to actively construct the lines of the barriers, large forces of artillery (including heavy) and armored vehicles were concentrated.

V. E. Shambarov writes on the pages of his research on how the first battles under the command of General Wrangel reflected on the moral state of the military:

General Wrangel quickly and strongly produces the reorganization of the army and renames it on April 28, 1920 in Russian. Cavalry shelves are replenished with horses. Hard measures are trying to strengthen the discipline. Equipment begins to flow. The coal delivered on April 12 allows to ride the White Guard ships that stood before this without fuel. And Wrangel in orders for the army speaks of the exit of a heavy position " not only with honor, but also victory».

The offensive of the "Russian Army" in Northern Tavria

After breaking several red divisions, trying to prevent the offensive of the White, "Russian Army", it was possible to escape from the Crimea and take the fertile territories of Novorossia, vital to replenish the food reserves of the army.

In September 1920, Wranghelevtsi were broken in red near Kakhovka. On the night of November 8, the Red Army began a general offensive, the purpose of which was to take reaches and Chongar and a breakthrough in the Crimea. In the offensive, parts of the 1st and 2nd horse armies were involved, as well as the 51st Division of Blucher and the Army N. Makhno.

Fall of the White Crimea

In November 1920, General A. P. Kutepov commanded the defense of Crimea, and part of the Red Army under the general command of M. V. Frunze broke through the territory of the Crimea.

Residues of white parts (approximately 100 thousand people) were in organized manner Evacuated to Constantinople with the support of the Entente.

Sevastopol evacuation

Having accepted the voluntary army in the situation when the whole white case was already played by his predecessors, General Baron Wrangel, however, did everything possible to save the situation, and, in the end, was forced to take the remnants of the army and civilians who did not want to remain under The power of the Bolsheviks. And did it flawless: the evacuation of the Russian army from the Crimea, much more complicated than Novorossiysk evacuation, passed almost perfect - in all ports, the order reigned and everyone could take a steamer and, although to go to full unknown, but save themselves from red violence . Peter Nikolayevich personally traveled at the Russian Fleet destroyer, but before leaving the coast of Russia himself, he traveled all Russian ports and was convinced that steamboats, jugging refugees, are ready to touch the open sea.

Emigration

From November 1920 - in emigration. After arriving at Constantinople, Wrangel lived on the Lukull yacht. On October 15, 1921, near the Embankment of Galati Yacht rammed the Italian steamer "Adria", which was sown from the Soviet Batum, and she instantly sank. Wrangel and members of his family on board at that moment were absent. Most crew members managed to be saved, killed the Watched head of the ship Michman P. P. Sapunov, who refused to leave the yacht, the ship's craft and sailor Efim Arshinov. The strange circumstances of the death of Lukulla caused suspicion of the deliberate taran of yachts, which are confirmed by modern researchers of the Soviet special services. The Lukulla Taran participated in the RKKKA Olga Golubovskaya, known in the Russian emigration of the early 1920s as Pheetess Elena Ferrari.

In 1922, with his headquarters, he moved from Constantinople to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, in Sremski-Karlovtsi.

In 1924, Wrangel created the Russian Peace Union (Ross), which united the majority of participants in the white movement in emigration. In November 1924, Wrangel acknowledged the Supreme Guide to RUSS for the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich (in the past - the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Army in the First World War).

In September 1927, Wrangel moved with his family to Brussels. He worked as an engineer in one of the Brussels firms.

Successingly died in Brussels after an unexpected illness in 1928. Under the assumptions of his relatives, he was poisoned by his brother of his servant, which was the Bolshevik agent.

Was buried in Brussels. Subsequently, Prahi Wrangel was transferred to Belgrade, where it was solemnly reburied on October 6, 1929 in the Russian Church of the Holy Trinity.

Awards

• Order of St. Anne 4 degrees "for courage" (4.07.1904)
• Order of St. Stanislav 3 degrees with swords and a bow (6.01.1906)
• Order of St. Anna 3 degree (9.05.1906)
• Order of St. Stanislav 2 degrees (December 6, 1912)
• Order of St. George 4 degrees. (13.10.1914)
• Order of St. Vladimir 4 degrees with swords and a bow (10/24/1914)
• Gold weapon "For courage" (06/10/1915)
• Order of St. Vladimir 3 degrees with swords (8.12.1915)
• Soldier's St. George Cross 4 degrees (07.24.1917)
• Order of St. Nicholas Wonderworker 2 degrees

Peter Nikolaevich Wrangel - White General, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, and then the Russian Army. Wrangel was born on August 15, 1878 in Novoaleksandrovsk, the Koven province (now Zarasai, Lithuania), and died on April 25, 1928 in Brussels.

Peter Wrangel to the Civil War - briefly

Wrangel came from the Baltic Germans family who lived in Estonia from the thirteenth century and had, possibly, Lower Saxon origin. Other branches of this surname settled in the XVI-XVIII centuries in Sweden, Prussia and Russia, and after 1920 - in the USA, France and Belgium. Several representatives of the clan of Weavers distinguished themselves in the service of the Swedish, Prussian kings and Russian kings.

Wrangel first studied by the St. Petersburg Mountain Institute, where in 1901 he received an engineer diploma. But he refused the engineering profession and in 1902 passed the exam at the Nikolaev Cavalry School (St. Petersburg), receiving the title of Cornet. In 1904-1905, Wrangel took part in russian-Japanese war.

In 1910 Peter Nikolaevich graduated from the Nikolaev Guards Academy. In 1914, at the beginning World War IIHe was the Rothmist of the horse guard and distinguished himself in the first battles, capturing a fierce attack on August 23 under the causing German battery. October 12, 1914 Wrangel was produced in Colonels and one of the first officers received the Order of St. George 4 degrees.

In October 1915, Peter Nikolaevich was sent to the southwest front. He accepted the command of the 1st nonsense regiment of the Trans-Baikal Cossacks, with whom he participated in Brusilovsky breakthrough 1916.

Peter Nikolaevich Vrangel

In 1917, Wrangel became the commander of the 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cossack Division. In March 1917, he was one of the few warlords who spoke for sending troops to Petrograd to restore the disturbed February Revolution order. Wrangel rightly thought that nicholas renunciationII. Not only will not improve the situation in the country, but worsen it.

But Wrangel did not belong to the Higher Army Command, and nobody listened to him. Temporary governmentwho did not like the mood of Peter Nikolayevich, achieved his resignation. Wrangel went with his family in Crimea.

Wrangel in the Civil War - briefly

At his dacha in Yalta, Wrangel was soon arrested by the Bolsheviks. Peter Nikolayevich was obliged to rescue the life of Life, who blew up the communists to spare him. Having received freedom, Wrangel remained in the Crimea before the arrival german troopswhich at the time stopped the Bolshevik terror. Learning about the desire of hetman Skopadsky Restore state power, Peter Nikolaevich went to Kiev to meet him. Frustrated by the surrounding scorpin Ukrainian nationalists and his addiction from the Germans, Wrangel went to Kuban, where in September 1918 he joined General Denikin. He instructed him to lead to the order of one who was on the verge of rebellion of the Cossack Division. Wrangell managed not only to calm these Cossacks, but also create a highly special part of them.

Wrangel. The path of the Russian general. Film first

In winter, 1918-1919, he at the head of the Caucasian Army took the entire pool of Kuban and Terek, Rostov-on-Don, and in June 1919 he took Tsaritsyn. Fast victories of Wrangel confirmed his dating in the conduct of civil war. He strongly tried to limit violence inevitable in her conditions, severely punish in his parts of robbers and marauders. Despite the severity, he enjoyed great respect among the soldiers.

In March 1920, the White Army suffered new losses and hardly managed to cross the Kuban in the Crimea. On Denikina, he was now loudly liable for defeat, and he had no other choice except retired. On April 4, Wrangel participated in Sevastopol in the Council of White Generals, who presented him with the powers of the Command. White forces received a new name - "Russian Army". Headpeled Sheragel continued to fight the Bolsheviks in the south of Russia.

Wrangel, tried to find a decision not only to the military, but also the political problems of Russia. He believed in the republic with strong executive authorities and the competent ruling class. He created a temporary republican government in the Crimea, trying to attract the people of the whole country disappointed by the Bolshevik regime on his side. The political program of Wrangel included slogans of the transfer of land to those who processes it, and ensuring employment guarantees for the poor.

White Government of the South of Russia, 1920 in the center Sits Peter Wrangel

Although the British ceased to help with white movement, Wrangel reorganized his army, which at that moment had no more than 25,000 armed soldiers. Bolshevitsky Sovvrkkom joined the war with Poland Pilsudsky, and Peter Nikolaevich expected that this distraction of the red forces would help him strengthen in the Crimea and go to counteroffensive.

On April 13, the first attack of red on Perekopsky, it was easily chopped white. Wrangel himself arranged an attack, managed to walk to Melitopol and capture Tavric (the area adjacent to the Crimea from the north).

White lesion and evacuation from Crimea - briefly

In July 1920, Wrangel reflected a new Bolshevik offensive, but in September the end of active hostilities with Poland allowed the Communists to move huge reinforcements to the Crimea. The number of red troops was 100,000 infantry and 33.600 cavalry. The ratio of forces was four to one in favor of the Bolsheviks, and Wrangel knew that. White left the Tavric and moved over the Perekop's stakes.

The first onset of the Red Army was stopped on October 28, but Wrangel understood that it would soon resume with more power. He began to prepare for the evacuation of troops and civilians who were ready to go to a foreign land. On November 7, 1920, Frunze's red forces broke into the Crimea. While the army of general Alexandra Kutepova Somehow restrained the enemy pressure, Wrangel began to landing people on ships in five ports of the Black Sea. For three days, he managed to evacuate 146 thousand people, including 70 thousand soldiers disabled at 126 ships. The French Mediterranean Fleet sent to the aid of the evacuation of the battleship "Valdek-Rousseau". Refugees went to Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and Bulgaria. Among the evacuated there were many public figures, intellectuals, scientists. Most of the soldiers found temporary refuge in Turkish GallipoliAnd then in Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. Among those Russian emigrants that France chose, many settled in Boulogne Biyankour. There they worked on the conveyors of the Renault plant and lived in the barracks that were previously engaged in the Chinese.

Wrangel himself settled in Belgrade. He initially remained at the head of the emigrating participants of the White Movement and organized them in Russian Promotional Union (RISS). In November 1924, Wrangel refused to the Supreme Directorate of Rivans in favor of the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolayevich.

Wrangel with Olga's wife, Russian spiritual, civil and military figures in Yugoslavia, 1927

Wrangel's death - briefly

In September 1927, Wrangel moved to Brussels, where he worked as an engineer. He died suddenly on April 25, 1928 due to strange infection with tuberculosis. Peter Nikolayevich's family believed that he was poisoned by his brother of his servant who was an agent GPU.

At the urgent request of Russian emigrants in Serbia and Voivodina, Wrangel was reburied in the Russian church of the Holy Trinity in Belgrade (October 6, 1929). He left memoirs.

Peter Nikolaevich Wrangel was married to Olga Mikhailovna Ivanenko (1886, St. Petersburg - 1968 New York). They had four children (Natalia, Elena, Peter Alexey).

Peter Wrangel was born in 1878 in the noble family. Wrangel's race went down in history back in the XIII century - in those days Henrikus de Wrangel, the Teutonic Knight, famous for the exploits on a military field. The future "White" commander-in-chief was a direct descendant of Hermann Senior - Military, who lived in the XVII century. Almost all relatives of Peter Wrangel on the men's line were associated with military affairs - they participated in almost all the wars who led Russia. Representatives of the clan of Wrangels became famous public figures, civil servants, had extensive related ties.

The estate of the Weegel was located in Rostov. Nikolai Wrangel - the Father of the Future of the White Commander - worked in the Society of Shipping Company and Trade. Children's years, Peter Wrangel passed in Rostov - Boy with early age He showed interest in the hunt, perfectly shot, distinguished dexterity, good reaction, force.

In 1895, the family occurred in misfortune - the tragic death of the younger son, which forced Wrangels to move to St. Petersburg. There, the famous genus was also connections - Nikolai Wrangel began to work in the financial circles of the city, and Peter entered the Mountain Institute. At that time, this educational institution was considered one of the most prestigious. Wrangel stand out from total mass Students with their views and upbringing, possessed an extraordinary aristocratic appearance - was quickly accepted into the highest society of the city. In 1901, Peter Wrangel finally graduated from studying at the Institute. In student years, his political views finally took shape - Wrangel was a convinced monarchist.

After studying, Wrangel got into an equestrian regiment, which was traditionally for men of his kind - this regiment was considered one of the elite, because the commander-in-chief was the Russian emperor himself. A year later, the future commander-in-chief received the title of Cornet. However, the character played with him a cruel joke. The drunken trial of the Wrangel aroused the interest among the officers of the regiment, since the witness was the commander of Trubetskoy himself. Prank closed for the young Wrangel all the ways for the development and career growth in the horse shelf.

Wrangel becomes an official with Governor-General A.Pateleev. However, in two years it begins - Peter Nikolaevich is sent by a volunteer in the Manchurian army. Here Wrangel will lead many useful dating that will help in his future career.

In the course of hostilities, Wrangel has repeatedly distinguished himself, manifesting courage and valor. During the war, there was a rank of Cossack Cossack troops, and after the fighting - he became cap.

After russian-Japanese war He entered the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff, which she graduated brilliantly in 1910, but the headquarters did not want to develop as an employee, so he went to the cavalry school, and after two years he entered his service in his regiment.

During the First World War, he showed himself as a valiant warrior - a famous feat of Wrangel, when he managed to attack the enemy with an equestrian army and capture their guns. It happened in Kaushensky battle - maneuver was not only heroic, but also the only horse battle during the war. For his feat, Wrangel received the Order of St. George. In 1915, he was marked by St. George weapons.

After the First World War, Major General received for merit. Wrangel was appointed commander of the equestrian building, but as a result of the revolution in the country did not entered the command. Wrangel considered the revolutionaries-Bolshevik enemies of the Motherland and refused to serve them.

Wrangel was offered to join the service of the Scopadan - the leader of the Ukrainian Power. In fact, the Board of Scoropads was completely subordinated by the German administration, which belonged to real power in the Ukrainian territories. Wrangel refused to serve the Germans against which he fought during the First World War. In 1918 he went to Don, where at that time a volunteer army was formed.

Wrangel is one of the most famous white motion leaders - he personified the ideals of most "white" officers: nobleman, a monarchist who received excellent education and a vast experience of hostilities. At the second stage of the Civil War, Wrangel was headed by the Caucasian army. It is thanks to the decisive actions of Wrangel in 1919, Tsaritsin was taken.

Wrangel was the commander of equestrian detachments. Initially, he had a difficult relationship with Denikin - their views on the conduct of battle were fundamentally different. Wrangel criticized Denikin's "Moscow Directive", considering her destructive for troops. He believed that the volunteer army of the South should be connected with the detachments of Kolchak. In 1919, for some time he commanded the troops operating in the Moscow direction, but disagreements with the command did not stop and was removed from the command.

In 1920, A. Denikin left the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, and Wrangel was chosen in his place, which at that time was in Constantinople.

Wrangel became commander-in-chief in a difficult period - "white" lost not only on the fronts, but also in foreign and domestic politics. Peter Nikolaevich tried to strengthen the support of the "White" among the population. I tried to conclude a peaceful agreement and get support from the leader of the Directory of UNR - S. Petlyura, promising recognition of the independence of Ukraine. However, by that time, Petlyra himself lost control over the territories. To establish contacts with the rebel compounds also failed - the Makhnovtsy shot the negotiators sent by Wrangel. During the leadership of the White Army, Wrangel attempted to create public education in the Crimea, but in 1920 the Bolsheviks knocked out "white" from the Crimea.

Like many other "white" commanders, Wrangel was in emigration. He lived in Belgium, Yugoslavia, Turkey. He died in Brussels in 1928.

The people of the older generation remember well the famous Bolshevik Hit - "White Army, Black Baron", but not everyone knows that it was so gloomy in him Wrangel Peter Nikolayevich, whose biography was based on this article. And few people know that he received this nickname after his lifetime for some dark things, but only because of his addiction to the black-colored Cherkysk, which the usual uniform preferred.

Eminent graduate of the Mining Institute

Wrangel Peter Nikolaevich was born on August 15, 1878 in the city of Novoaleksandrovsk Koven province. He inherited his Baron title from the ancestors, the names of which are found in the chronicles dating back to the XIII century. Representatives of the clan of Wrangels also occupied a worthy place among state husbands and science figures of the next centuries.

In the young years, Peter Nikolayevich hardly thought about a military career, in any case, in 1896 he entered the St. Petersburg Mountain Institute, graduating which, became an engineer. However, belonging to the highest aristocratic circle implied the presence of an officer's rank, and in order not to violate the tradition, he served two years as the solo-definite Life Guard of the horse shelf, after which, successfully passing the exam, was produced in the corps.

Career official and happy marriage

Submitting, Wrangel Peter Nikolayevich went to Irkutsk, where he was offered a very promising position of the official for special instructions at the Governor-General. So he lived, rising in set time According to the stairs of the service staircase, if not the Russian-Japanese war. Not considering himself entitled to stay away from the events that were playing on Far EastPeter Nikolayevich returns to the army and takes part in the battles, where a series of awards is obtained for the manifestized heroism and is produced in Lieutenants. From now on, military service becomes the matter of his life.

Soon another happens significant event - He marries Olga Mikhailovna Ivanhenko - the daughter of one of the dignitaries of the highest yard. This is a marriage, the fruit of which was four children, was for both the true gift of heaven, and, having passed together through the trials of the greatest years, the spouses did not part up to Peter Nikolayevich's death.

New War and New Differences

Returning to the capital, Wrangel Peter Nikolaevich continued his education, this time in the walls of the Nikolaev Military Academy, who graduated from the first world war by the Esquard Regiment squadron commander. The next three years have become a period of amazing takeoff of his officer career. Departing at the front of the Rothmistrome, in 1917 he returned to the rank of major general - Kavalera most of the highest military awards of Russia. So noted the birthplace of the combat path of his loyal soldier.

Way to Voluntary Army

The seizure of power by the Bolsheviks and the violence created by them, he perceived as a crime, and, not wanting to participate in them, he left with his wife in Yalta, where she was soon arrested by local security officers. The red terror was then not yet been unleashed, and for one belonging to the noble class did not have been shot, so, not finding a reason for further detention, he was soon released.

When German units entered in Crimea, Wrangel Peter Nikolayevich received relative freedom of movement, and, taking advantage of her, went to Kiev, where he expected to establish cooperation with the hetman Scoropadian. However, arriving there and familiarizing himself with the situation, soon he was convinced of the weaknesses and unvisability of his proper government and, leaving Ukraine, was serving in Ekaterinodar, busy at the time of the Volunteer Army.

In August 1918, Lieutenant General Wrangel accepted the command of the 1st equestrian division of the Volunteer Army. In battles with the red parts, he showed such an extraordinary regimental talent as once on the fronts of the First World War, only now his opponents became compatriots, which could not not affect the general moral setting of the commander.

Nevertheless, puts above all the debt of the soldier who gave the oath to the loyalty to the king and the Fatherland, he only gives his struggle itself, and soon his root works receive a proper rating - a new increase in the rank, this time he becomes Lieutenant-General and New Martial Commercial Awards

The history of military art entered the tactics developed by him, in which the horse parts are not dispersed along the front line, and collected into a single fist cause an enemy a crushing blow, which in most cases solves the outcome of all the fight. That way he managed to win a number of major victories in the North Caucasus and Kuban.

The owner of the south of Russia

Despite the success, invariably accompanied his parts, Wrangel was forced to resign in the midst of war. The reason for this was his disagreement with the commander of the South Front, by General A. I. Denikin, only after whose care he again continued his activities, taking his place.

From now on, Wrangel Peter Nikolaevich became the full owner of the south of Russia. White movement that has previously engulfed before the whole country was practically suppressed by the beginning of 1920, and the seizure of the Red Army in the Crimea was essentially only time. Nevertheless, even in such an environment, when the outcome of war was already predetermined, he holds this last stronghold of the former Russia for six months in his hands.

Recent effort

Petr Nikolayevich is trying to reject the course of events by attracting the most different layers of the population of the southern regions of the country. To this end, they developed an agrarian reform, in the case of which the main part of the agricultural land went to the possession of the peasants. Amendments were also made to labor legislation that provided the workers in the wage. However, the time was missed, nothing could be changed.

In the situation created by the only actual fulfillment of the task, ensuring the evacuation of military units, as well as the civilian population, who did not wish to be ruled by the Bolsheviks. With this task, the Wrangel coped brilliantly. Under his leadership in November 1920, more than 146 thousand refugees were shipped from Crimea to Constantinople. Together with them left his homeland and Wrangel Peter Nikolaevich.

They deserve special attention, After all, it suggests that, being abroad, Wrangel did not fall from the field of view of the Russian special services, a real hunt was organized for him. The first link in this chain of events was the incident that occurred on the raid of Constantinople, where the Lukull yacht was stood, on which Peter Nikolayevich lived with his family. In one day, she was sulking embarrassed in it without a visible cause of the vessel who came from Batum. Then, fortunately, the spouses were not injured, as they were on the shore.

Having moved to Europe and heading the Union created by him, which united more than 100 thousand former participants in the White Movement, Peter Nikolayevich began to submit real danger to the Bolsheviks, and on April 25, 1927, was poisoned by a specially alienated agent of the OGPU. The death of His death in Brussels, where he worked as an engineer at one of the firms. It was also betrayed by the Earth his body.

About how the development of this and a number of other special operations on the elimination of Wrangel occurred, it became known only during the years of restructuring after the declassification of the part of the archives of the special services. In subsequent years, the descendants of Wrangel Peter Nikolayevich suffered his dust in Belgrade, where he was reburied in a fence orthodox church Holy Trinity.

His children Elena (1909 - 1999), Natalia (1913 - 2013), Alexey (1922 - 2005) and Peter (1911 - 1999), unlike the Father, were long-lived, but none of them returned to Russia. The current generation of Wrangels also has no connection with its historic homeland.

Wrangel Peter Nikolaevich (1878-1928), Baron, one of the leaders of the White Movement, Lieutenant-General (1917).

Born on August 28, 1878 in the city of Novo-Alexandrovsk (Lithuania). Soon the family moved to Rostov-on-Don. Son director of insurance society. After graduating from the Mining Institute (1901), he entered the equestrian regiment in the Life Guard. A year later, she passed the exams on the Chin of the Guard officer at the Nikolaev Cavalry School and was produced in the Cornets.

During the Russian-Japanese war 1904-1905. Commanded the hundreds of the 2nd Argun Cossack Regiment. The big personal courage was distinguished, in two years he increased twice in rank. In 1910, he graduated from the Imperial Nikolaev Military Academy.

From 1912 he commanded a squadron of an equestrian regiment.

In the First World War, Wrangel became one of the first Russian officers awarded for the courage to the Order of St. George.

In January 1917, he commanded the equestrian division. Wrangel's glory as a talented cavalry commander grew, and in July he was already headed by the cavalry corps. In the summer of 1917, he was awarded to the soldier's St. George Cross of the 4th degree for covering the infantry waste to the River Break.

After the October Revolution, Wrangel went to the Crimea, and then to Don, where he joined Ataman A. M. Kaluedin, who helped in the formation of the Don Army.

After the Kaltedin Suicide in August 1918 entered into the ranks of the volunteer army and soon became the commander of the 1st equestrian division, and from November - the 1st equestrian building. On December 27, 1918, he headed the Volunteer Army - the most combal connection of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (Emergency).

After the resignation of A. I. Denikin, by decision of most senior teams, on March 22, 1920, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the NEW. Wrangel tried to attract the wide masses of the peasants to the movement, adopting a new agrarian program. On it, the peasants received the ownership of the land. But the time was already missed - under the control of the Russian army, as the troops were called whites, almost only Crimea remained.

In May, Wrangel, having gathered the remnants of the army, made an offensive in Northern Tavria. On the night of November 8, on November 9, a red price of huge losses managed to break through the defense of Wrangel's troops at a silence and break into the Crimea. On November 14, Wrangel was forced together with the army to be evacuated to Turkey. About 150 thousand people moved to Istanbul to 120 with excess ships. Since 1921, the former commander lived in Serbsky-Karlovtsy (Yugoslavia), and since 1927 - in Brussels.

In 1924, the Baron was created by the Russian Communist Party, uniting white military emigration. The Union intended to continue the war with the Bolsheviks, to conduct sabotage actions.

Wrangel died suddenly on April 25, 1928 in Brussels; There is a version that it was poisoned by NKVD agents. In October 1929, the dust was transferred to the Russian Church of the Holy Trinity in Belgrade