Botany - science of plants.

• What does biology studies?

• What is the "kingdom"?

• What kind of origins are plants?

• Features of wildlife and its diversity studies science biology.

Reference:

• The first living creatures appeared on Earth more than 3.5 billion years ago. Gradually went to their development. Since then, the world of living organisms has reached a lot of variety. Therefore, all living organisms are divided into the kingdom of wildlife.

Kingdom -

• A very large group of organisms with similar signs of building, nutrition and life in nature.

The main signs of the kingdom of plants:

• Almost everyone leads a fixed lifestyle.

• They have chlorophyll.

• Capable in the light to form organic matter.

Botany -

• science studying the kingdom of plants.

Historical reference:

• In antiquity in Russia, people still did not know the words "nerd", and the plant itself was called the word "stagnation" due to the fact that the plant is always cold. Therefore, the kingdom of plants called the "staurest kingdom".

It is known that

• Cultural plants are called plants specifically derived and grown by a person to meet their needs.

It is known that

• Cultural plants occur from wild plants.

• Warming - these are such plants that grow, develop and settle without human help.

Historical reference:

• The beginning of the study of plants laid an ancient Greek scientist theophrast. He combined his observations with practical knowledge about the use of plants accumulated by farmers, henching, with judgments of scientists about the plant world and created a system of botanical concepts. Therefore, in the history of the science of the phrastructure, they call the "father of botany".

Modern botany studies:

• Laws of the Life of Plants.

• The external and internal structure of plants.

• Processes of breeding and vital activity.

• Spread on the ground.

• Growing conditions.

• Relationships with other organisms and the environment.

Output:

• Understanding the great importance of plants, we must very carefully treat them to maintain all their varieties and wealth on Earth. To do this, everyone needs to know the botany well.

Check, what did you know today?

• What is the name of the science of plants?

• Why are some plants called cultural, and other wilderness?

• Is it possible about school to see the wild plant?

• Why do you need to study science on plants?

• What does modern nerd study?

Science of Plants - Botany

Each person comes into contact with wildlife - organic world. it various plants, animals, mushrooms, bacteria. And people themselves are representatives of the organic world.

Features of wildlife and its diversity studies science biology (from Greek. bIOS - "a life", logos. - "Teaching").

The first living organisms appeared on Earth for a very long time, more than 3.5 billion years ago. They had a simple structure and were single small cells. Later, more complex unicellular, and then multicellular organisms arose. Since then, their descendants have achieved a huge variety. Among them are large, and microscopically small organisms: all sorts of animals, plants, mushrooms, bacteria and viruses.

All of them are living beings, very different in their properties. That is why they are all divided into large groups that scientists call kingdoms . The kingdoms combine organisms similar to each other by the main properties.

The kingdom is a very large group of organisms that have similar signs of building, nutrition and life in nature.

To preserve a living nature in all its diversity, you need to know how different organisms are arranged and as they are interrelated in nature; Study, in what conditions, representatives of all kingdoms live and develop, as they are common in the earth's surface, what role is played in nature, what is their value for people and for what signs they differ among themselves. To do this, you need to study biology.

Acquaintance with science biology at school begins with learning kingdom of plants .

Plants are found throughout ground Shar.: on land, in water, forests, swamps, in the meadows, in steppes, gardens, parks. Everywhere you can see a variety of plants - these are wild and cultural species. There are many common signs in plants: almost all of them lead a fixed lifestyle, have chlorophyll and are capable of forming organic substances. That is why they belong to one kingdom of wildlife - the kingdom of plants.

The science studying the kingdom of plants is called Botanica (from Greek. botan - "Grass", "Plant").

Cultural plants call plants specifically derived and grown by man to meet their needs. They are very diverse, many of them created by man, but they all occur from wild plants (Fig. 4).

Wild plants (see also § 48) are plants that grow, develop and settle without human help.

Botany scientists find out the features of the structure of different plants, are studying how they grow, feed on, multiply, what environmental conditions are needed. They also find out how such a large variety of plants appeared on Earth, which were the first plants, which of the ancient plants were preserved to the present days, which properties of plants are useful or harmful to the person and how to preserve the plant world of the Earth.

The beginning of the study of plants was laid in IV century. BC e. Ancient Greek scientist theophrat. He combined his observations with practical knowledge about the use of plants accumulated by farmers and leaders, with judgments of scientists about the plant world and created the first system of botanical concepts. Therefore, in the history of the science of the theophra store they call the father of Botany (Fig. 5).

Its real name is Tirtamos (Tirts), and the name of the theophrast, that is, the "divine speaker", gave him his teacher Aristotle for the outstanding gift of eloquence.

The story of Botany shows how science originated from the generalization of a person's practical knowledge on the cultivation of plants and using them for various purposes, as well as from observations of scientists for wild plants.

Currently, Botany study the laws of the life of plants, their external and internal structure, processes of breeding and livelihoods, the spread of the earth's surface, the conditions of cultivation, the relationship with other alive organisms and the environment.

Now plants say both about the life of the entire organic world. In fact, living plants and their opposite and fallen parts are leaves, fruits, branches, trunks - give food not only to person, but also animals, mushrooms and bacteria. It is plants that create the conditions for the existence of everything alive on Earth.

Botany - (from Greek. Botane - vegetable, greens, grass, plant). This is one of the sections of biology, comprehensively exploring the world of plants. Flora Earth is millions of species. Botany studies and systematizes the types of plants, examines their physiology and anatomy, explores heredity (genetics), adaptability to environment, Geographical resettlement. Considers the problems of ecology.

As a system of knowledge about plants, botany was formed during Ancient Greece and Egypt. It originated and developed together with the economic activity of man, medicine. The writings of the ancient authors reached this day: Ibn Sina (Aviane), the Indian teaching "Ayurveda" - the science of life, the legendary Chinese book about Ben Tsao herbs. These books not only described the plant, but indicated their utility for a person. The period of great geographical discoveries gave impetus to the development of all natural sciences, and Botany - no exception. An outstanding botanist and the naturalist, the Swedish scientist Karl Linney created and legalized the classification of the Botanical World. Each plant in Latin received two names: genus and species. Such systematics exists now. The invention of the microscope led to the opening of the cellular structure of plants and the rapid development of experimental directions for the development of science. To this day, the plants are an object of study, since they are an integral part of our life.

Traditionally, all plants are divided into two large groups:

1. Lower or non-flowered (algae, lichens). They are also called layers. The layer is the body of the lower plants.
2. Higher - or flowering, leafy plants. These include moughen-shaped, ferns, chests and planes, orchids, gleoty and covered bridge.

Lichens, mushrooms and bacteria did not hit the generally accepted classification. Currently, lichens studies science - Lichenology, mushrooms - mycology, bacteria - bacteriology.

Modern plant science includes a number of sections. The main section is systematics. It is engaged in the natural classification of plants in similar signs and combines them into species. This is the basis of any branch of botany. Systematics can be divided into two parts: floristic and geographical nerd. Florism considers the patterns of propagation of plant species in various territories, distribution ranges. Botanical geography answers the question: "Why in one region there are certain plants, and in the other - no." It studies the geographical laws of plant propagation on the planet. Considering development separate species Plants B. historical development, their genetic relationships are established. This is engaged in a special section - phylogens. From the history of the development of Botany, it is known that the initial plants were systematized on external signs - morphological. Nowadays, the knowledge of the cellular structure of plants is used. Morphology is divided into macro and micro levels. Macromorphology studies the external structure of the plant as a whole. Microfology is studied by a plant with a microscope. This is cytology, embryology, histology. In the morphology of plants, these were allocated as:

• Organography - described and compared external structure Plants
• Palinology is the structure of pollen plants or its dispute, their dispersion and application
• Carpology - the structure and shape of plant seeds are studied, their fruits are classified.
• Teratology - anomalies in the structure of plants, the causes of their manifestations, methods of treatment and prevention
• Anatomy - the structure of the plant, including at the cellular level
• Physiology - examines the processes of growth and development, nutrition, fruiting and reproduction of the plant, their patterns
• Biochemistry - the object of study are viruses and bacteria, higher and lower plants and chemical processes occurring inside the plant
• Genetics - heredity and variability, features of the development of one or another type, dependence of changes from human intervention
• Phytocenology - sometimes equated to the geobotanic and examines the vegetation cover as a totality of plant communities, the relationship between them and among themselves
• Geobotanic - section at the junction of sciences: botany, geography and ecology
• Ecology of plants - plant relationships with the outside world, the creation of ideal cultivation conditions
• Paleobotanic - studies extinct organisms and the history of plant development

The science of plants can be classified according to the objects of study:

• Algology - (from Lat. alga. - Sea grass, algae and Greek. λογοσ - doctrine) - section of biology studying algae. In modern sense, algae is heterogeneous ecological Group. It includes rubs, bacteria and plants.
• Briology - (from Greek. Βύύύν "Moss" and ... logic) - section Botany, studying mossy plants. Briologists are studying morphological, biochemical. Genetic, physiological features of moss and the possibility of their use in domestic and medical purposes.
• Microbiology - bottom of young and dynamically developing sciences. The subject of its study is a micro-resident - all that is not apparently naked eye. This is the study of bacteria, single-celled algae. Methods for the survival of plants in extreme conditions and their influence on human life.
• Phytopathology - explores plant diseases, is looking for means of their protection and develops methods of prevention, studying conditions for the occurrence and distribution of mass outbreaks of plant disease - epiphota.

In the 18th century, German scientists Gumboldt A. substantiated the emergence of certain plant species, their development from the geographical growing environment. This was the development of such branches of Botany as a brothelology, tundrovod, megalia, forest studies, etc.

IN modern world The most important tasks of Botany are:

• Opening of new plant species and the possibility of their use in a person's life.
• The study of the properties of plants, their stability and endurance to diseases, an increase in crop yields.
• Study of the actions of plants on the human body and animal world.
• The influence of a person on the formation of ecosystems, protection and preservation of the vegetation cover of our planet.
• The study of heredity and variability of plants - as the basis of growing gennomified plants. Identify the positive and negative effects of such plants per person and the world around.

Botany as any science uses various methods Research:

1. Observation is a traditional method - observation of the lecturer of the object in real conditions, without intervention. Used and macroscopic, and in microscopic levels.
2. Comparative - comparison of the source object with similar to identifying similar and distinctive features.
3. Experimental - artificially created process to determine the influence of various factors on the vital activity of plants. It can be used both in a natural habitat and in the laboratory.
4. Monitoring is a regular integrated observation of a certain object, assessment and prediction of the state of plant communities, an assessment of the impact on natural and anthropogenic factors.
5. Statistical - mathematical processing of materials collected by other methods of research. Establishing on their basis laws of development, predicting situations.

Botany is a modern diversified science that studies the flora of the planet Earth. It uses as traditional methodsand modern chemical, physical, molecular research methods. The global problem of modernity was the production of food. Various sciences solve this task. Botany occupies first place. The subject of its research is a plant, all aspects of its livelihoods and utility for a person. No less global is the problem of preserving a favorable climate on the planet. Modern botany is designed to develop scientific foundations for protecting natural ecosystems. Much attention is given to the protection of rare and endangered species of plants listed in the Red Book.

Each person closely interacts with the world of wildlife and itself is part of it. And if in general the laws of the existence of the living world examines biology, then plant is in the field of nerds as an integral part.

Why the science of plants is called nerd

Plants included in the sphere of people's interests long before the formation of botany as science, from the most ancient times. The study of the flora was directly related to the issue of survival: plants are food, construction Materials, Material for making clothes, medicine and (about what no way forget) dangerous poisons. Accumulated knowledge and surveillance required systematization. So there was a need to form science on plants.

In search of a response to the question why the science of plants is called Botany, we need to be transferred to the depths of the centuries, because this teaching is one of the world's oldest natural sciences. The form of a slim system of knowledge of the botany (science of plants) finally acquired during the second half of the XVII - the beginning of the XVIII centuries.

The name of science, like many others, has Greek roots. Comes from ancient Greek "botane". This word had several values, in the meaning of the "pasture", the "food" was used no less often than the value "plant", "grass". It included everything that could be considered a plant: flowers, mushrooms, algae, trees, mosses and lichens. The word "botany" is derived from "Botane", it marked everything related to plants. That is, literally: Botany - science of plants. Therefore, asking for a question, why the science of plants is called Botanic, the answer must be sought in the Greek sources of systematization of knowledge about the plant world in the form of science.

Botany's origin as science

An aristotle in his big labor about animals announced and similar scientific work on plants. It is not known for certain, he is finished or not. Only some of his fragments reached this day. Therefore, by law, the founder of Botany as a science is considered to be theophrast - the author of two fundamental work, which became the basis of Botany for the next 1500 years. And in the modern world the value of the knowledge set forth by the theophrast in his works is undeniable. This lies the answer to the question why the science of plants is called Botanic. Greek philosopher Could not call it otherwise.

But research in the field of botany is not limited to the achievements of Western civilization. China also made a significant contribution, perhaps even was the exchange of scientific achievements, given the functioning of the silk path.

The story of Botany

The science of Botany in a modern presentation originated in the era of colonialism as a field of study by the agrarians of herbs and trees common in the region, as well as plants that people brought with them from distant wanderings. But the deep interest of man to Flore begins his story since the times of Neolith. People not only tried to determine medicinal properties Plants, the growing season, edibility, resistance to low-temperature climate regime, yield and nutritional properties, but also save these knowledge.

Before the appearance of Botany as a science, a person has already studied the plants from a scientific point of view. This circumstance explains not only the widespread use of people from ancient times. medical properties Plants grown in wildlife. Since the bronze era, the practice of cultivating cultivated plants was widely used.

A new stage of development of science - new knowledge

At the end of the 16th century, a microscope was invented, which determined the beginning of a special stage in the development of Botany, opened unknown earlier opportunities in the study of plants, disputes and even pollen. Then science stepped even further, repaid a veil in reproduction issues, metabolism, previously closed for humans.

Botany developed in close connection with the development of biology as a whole. As a result of scientific research, the entire living world was divided into kingdoms:

• bacteria;
• mushrooms;
• plants;
• animals.

Botany studies the kingdom of bacteria, mushrooms and plants. The development of nerds as science was tremended. But at the dawn of her origin, people engaged in plants themselves, and most of the botanical gardens that received special distribution in the Western world were devoted to classification, labeling and trafficking seeds. And only a century later, they became essential research centers.

The kingdom of plants

Plants can be found everywhere: on land (meadows, steppes, fields, forests, mountains), in water (in fresh reservoirs, lakes and rivers, in swampy locations, in the seas and oceans). Almost all plants differ in motionless lifestyle, ability sunny energy Transform B. organic compounds, have rich in reserves of chlorophil, process carbon dioxide for oxygen, for which plant cover planets is called light earth.

Unfortunately, by virtue of different circumstances, many plants are among rare or disappearing, and this list is only replenished with each year. Many representatives paid for their beauty: People, without thinking about what tremendous harm is applied by nature, blasphemously destroy plants for the sake of a one-day bouquet. Such a bitter fate has suffered the valley forests, pita, sleep-grass.

To save rare species Plants from the disappearance, they are entered into the Red Book and are protected at the legislative level. The science studying plants is the basis of knowledge for this document. And now this is our overall task - to keep the flora for future generations, so that both our children and grandchildren can see the unique beauty of the plant world, which was lucky to see us.

Botany - This is a science that is studying plants. It is a section of a more extensive science of biology, which studies all living organisms on Earth. The subject of the study of botany is the external and internal structure of plants, their livelihoods at various levels (cellular, organisman, etc.), evolution, systematics, growing conditions, the dependence of plants from ecology, their role in human life and much more. In other words, botanyit is complex disciplineconsisting of subsections.

Botany is quite ancient science. The human life is highly dependent on the plants, and, therefore, he since ancient times was interested in the peculiarities of their growth and development. Back in ancient Greece, Aristotle was introduced to Botany, but much more is his student theophrast. In the Middle Ages of Botany, like other sciences, almost did not develop. Her new flourishing began in the XVI-XVII centuries. A visit to Europeans of various continents led to the accumulation of extensive information about the wildlife. Description of organisms, knowledge systematization has become relevant. In addition, appear technical means (Microscopes), allowing to study the internal structure of plants and processes of their livelihoods.

Previously, the Botany believed not only plants, but also mushrooms. However, later they were allocated to a separate kingdom, and the science, which studies them, called the micrology. Mushrooms differ from plants primarily their inability to photosynthesis. At the same time, mushrooms, like plants, lead an attached lifestyle and grow throughout life. That is why Botany has always had a desire to attract them to plants.

In the wildlife there are very unique organisms, attributed to those or another kingdom of living difficult. An example of such organisms are lichens. It can be said that they are a close symbiosis of mushrooms and single-cell algae or symbiosis of mushroom and synnelen bacteria. What science should study them? They are studying lichenology. However, it is a section of botany. Thus, due to the complexity of the living world, scientists have to admit a number of conventions.

To date, more than 300 thousand species of plants grow on Earth (sometimes their quantity is estimated to 500 thousand). A variety of plants is huge. These are unicellular and multicellular forms with a simpler or sophisticated internal structurediffering in habitats, breeding methods, life forms. TO modern plants These are algae, mosses, cheers, planes, ferns, gym and flowering plants. Systematics of plants is complex, for a long time, was formed and unambiguously not formed until now. Some groups allocate that in one taxon, then in another. In modern nerd, genetic methods of studying the kinship of plants, their evolution play a major role. This leads to the revision of the previously consolidated systematics and classification, and, it means, a change in the sections of botany.

Until now, usually dividing plants to the lower and higher. Lower plants include algae, since their body does not have organs and tissues and is represented by Talomom. Algae studies science al.bhologywhich is a section of botany.

Despite the variety of plants, everyone has them general signs. It is precisely the combination of these signs that allows one or another organism to plants. But each individual sign may be present in other groups of organisms, which are not the subject of studying botany. Even photosynthesis, which is the main characteristic sign Plants are also observed in sil-green algae, which relate to bacteria, i.e. prokaryotam (their cells do not have nuclei). However, a pair of signs - the presence of the core cells and the ability to photosynthesis - already allow you to unambiguously attribute the body to plants.

Botany studies not only individual systematic groups of plants and their livelihoods, but also the meaning of the plant world. The role of planets for the planet is huge. They create organicThe habitats for other organisms have changed the composition of the atmosphere. Although plants are not the first organisms on Earth, it is their appearance that contributed to the development of the kingdom of animals.