Insects are a class of arthropods of invertebrate animals. According to the current classification today, they, along with multipurpses, are included in the subtype of the trachekids. The name of the class comes from the word "sch". With the French "Insecte" and the Latin Insectum, the concept of literally translates as a "animal with notches." Consider these fauna representatives in more detail. At the end of the article will be presented with the "Insect Troops" table.

General

On the body of insects there is a chitinized cuticle. It forms an evacko. The building of insects are sufficient. In it three departments: head, abdomen and chest. Considering the structure of insects, there are three pairs of legs. They are attached to the breast. In many groups, the second and third segments are joined in a pair of wings. The body size varies from 0.2 mm to 30 cm and more.

Life cycle

It includes the embryonic development of insects. It is called "Phase eggs". Also allocate post-mixed period. It is accompanied by metamorphosis. It happens two types. Depending on this, insect detachments are distinguished full transformation. They pass the phases of eggs, larvae and imago. Completed metamorphosis is characterized by four stages. In this case, the development of insects includes phases of eggs, larvae, dolls and imago. In the first larvae have external similarities with adult individuals. The difference between them is the body size, the infancy or complete absence of wings and genital organs. The larvae of animals passing four phases are drawn form. Only adult individuals appear all the necessary signs of the detachment. At the stage of imago, resettlement and reproduction occurs. The insect class includes a wide variety of creatures. Total described more than a million species. They are considered in nature and occupy all kinds of ecological zones. They are found everywhere, even in Antarctica.

Metamorphosis

Claps

Table "Insects" includes a variety of pests of crops in this category. One of the famous is the bug-turtle. It sues the contents of the grain of cereal plants. In residential premises you can meet Blop-Bloshitsa. This insect creates quite a lot of inconveniences for a person. In fresh water bodies, the bug-water meter lives. It feeds on insects that fall into the water. There are among bedbugs and predators, such as Klop-Gladun. He attacks fry fish and different invertebrate animals. All representatives of this group are called half-rowed insects.

Other categories

Pain insects prefer to eat plant juices. In this category, for example, relate to the TRU. It exists in nature in the most different types And causes significant damage to cultures. Pain insects are considered to be carriers of viral diseases dangerous for plants. For example, among them there are various cicadas that can reach large sizes (up to 5-6 cm). The detachment of rectally included mainly herbivorous insects. However, you can meet among them and predators. For example, such representatives like Kapoolenka, locusts are sufficiently well known. In the detachment of rectally included grasshopper. It lives in the grass, in the steppes and in the meadows. He has a mawed, long eggs. Kapoolenka swims well and flies, has digging legs. It causes great damage to the underground parts of plants, which grow in the garden (cucumbers, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, etc.). For some types of locusts, the mass reproduction is characteristic. In such cases, they, gathering in huge flocks, fly away for a long distance (up to several thousand kilometers). At the same time, they destroy all cultural plants on the way. The grandmother's detachment includes predatory insects. The names are quite interesting. For example, grandfather-rocker, grandmother and other. They are considered the best flyers. They are very maneuverable. They may hang in the air, to show exceptional mobility, develop high (up to 100 km / h) speed. They attack their victim right in flight.

Beetles

These are tough insects. They are considered the most numerous community of all. Their number reaches 300 thousand species. Beetles dwell in the most different conditions Fresh reservoirs and sushi. The size of their bodies range from 0.3 to 155 mm. Many harsh insects cause great harm to cultures. In the world are known, for example, colorado beetle. He was brought to Russia from America. Zhuk-Kuzka damages grain crops. Beetling weevil is damaged by sugar beet. The larvae of the May beetle damage potato tubers and wood roots. Also known to the croroede. He pulls in and the kore's moves, damages valuable breeds. Many squad representatives cause harm to food reserves. For example, such is a pea grain, a beetle, a beetle grinned. The detachment is also present a pipebel. In the spring, this beetle is a special way to cut a sheet to the main vein. Part of the plate fades and loses its elasticity. The beetle turns her down and puts the eggs there. So he cares about the offspring. There are among the beetles and useful insects. The names of such species are gloomy. For example, beetles-chobariki and splashing. Many individuals are very beautiful externally and can reach impressive sizes. Such, for example, is considered to be a deer and stag beetle, which are made to the Red Book.

A group of diverse species

Weching insects are bees, riders, wasps, bumblebees, sawers and others. All these animals lead a different lifestyle. Some representatives are roasting. Their larvae cause significant damage to grain and other plants. Such, for example, are pine and breadpiders. Their larvae looks very similar to the larvae of butterflies. In this regard, they are often referred to as false caterpillars. Pillers have a very specific ovydeklad. It is intended for drinking in the vegetable tissues of pockets, in which the females fold eggs.

Bumblebee

They are very good pollinators. These overflower insects are considered public. Their families exist only for one summer. They are satisfied with their nests in the wrappers, nests, birdhouses. The construction is engaged in the female. It seats wax cells to lay eggs. Food reserve is placed in each of them - flower pollen, mixed with honey. The emerging larvae eat the reserve, after 2-3 weeks begin to weave the cocoons and turn into dolls. Of these, workers are bumblebees, males and females. By the end of the season in a large nest can be up to 500 individuals. By the autumn, the old uterus, workers bumblebees and males die. Young females are hiding on the wintering.

Bee.

They bring the greatest benefit of all public Internet insects. Honey bees are considered great pollinators. They produce very useful products for humans: honey, royal Milk, wax, propolis. They are used in food, they are in demand of cosmetology, medicine, in the manufacture of perfumery, paints, varnishes and so on. In the bee family, all members closely interact with each other. It is impossible to prosperity without drone and uterus, work individuals.

Mosquitoes

it two insects. Distinguish between ordinary and malaria mosquitoes. Them a distinctive feature It is the presence of one transparent pair of wings. The second pair turned into a "buzz". The habitat of a simple mosquito is raw, swampy terrain. Especially numerous they become by the middle of summer. The rotter apparatus is equipped with a stitching trunk. With it, they pierce the skin and suck blood. Mosquito larvae have a drawing form. They live in standing water. There they are developing, feed on, gradually turning into a pupa. They, in turn, also remain in standing water. However, since they cannot eat, they will soon become adult individuals. The ordinary and malarious mosquitoes differ at landing. The first holds the Taurus parallel to the surface on which he sits. Malari Komar highly blows the back.

Mukhi

These are also double insects. They, unlike mosquitoes, short mustache. Their larvae is white, usually headless and legless. They have a drawing form. The larvae of the room flies live and develop in uncleanness, dungpots, kitchen trash. Here the female lays eggs. The larvae is performed from waste from waste, penetrated into the soil, where they turn into a pupa. Adults fly everywhere and looking for food. From cesspool, they fly to food products, carrying microbes and causative agents of hazardous gastrointestinal diseases.

Other groups

There are in the nature of the NET-MODE, relatively small group. It has about 6 thousand species. In such insects elongated to the body with soft cover. Their painting brown or gently green. Two pairs of their wings are covered with a network of residents. This group includes representatives such as ant lions, zlatgolazki, mantips. Most of the retina-predators. For the first time they arose in the Perm period. The subsequent formation of the group was influenced by geological and climatic changes in the mesozoic. Dragonfly insect is considered a very good fly. These animals have a relatively large body. Their head is movable, there are big eyes on it. The dragonfly insect dwells predominantly in wet subtropics and tropics. In the Russian Federation, it is distributed practically throughout the entire territory (except arid locality).

Scheme

	Representatives		Features of nutrition, vital activity
Straight	Medveda, grasshoppers, crickets	Incomplete transformation	Medveda - roast, crickets - omnivores, grasshoppers - predators.
Semi-rigid		Incomplete transformation
Czeshechy		Full transformation	Adults feed on floral nectar, caterpillars - leaves.
Dragonflies	Rocker, Labor, Pretty	Incomplete transformation
Horticulture		Full transformation	Predators and roasting. Food of some species - dead animals.
Refreadmill	Ants, bees, bumblebees, wasps	Full transformation	Ants are predators, bumblebees, wasps, bees - pollinators.
Twit-made	Flies, blind, mosquitoes	Full transformation	Flies are pollinators, predators, bloodshotists, mosquitoes, blindfold - bloodsuckers.
Cockroaches	Redhead, black cockroach	Without transformation	Feed on the remnants of human food, in nature - the remains of plants.

Natural enemies

The insect class has two subclass: primynyobeschryti and winged.

TO subclass Primychnobeschryl There are insects whose ancestors never had wings (scales of sugar, chokhvostka, etc.). Scappy dwells in the barn, Chulans. basements. It feeds on decompanying substances, harmless to humans. IN flower pots With the unlimited polyvka, there are often endless insects - insects. Feed overloading plants or their lower plants. Reliable struggle with them is a decrease in watering.

Conditions of winged divided into insects with incomplete transformation and insects S. full transformation.

The distribution of species for units are carried out taking into account such signs as the nature of the development, the characteristics of the structure of the wings, the structure of the mouth of the mouth of the main signs of some insect detachments are presented below.

Some signs of essential insect detachments

Odds	Type of Development	Number of pairs of wings	Rota apparatus	Feature of the development of wings	Some representatives
Taraakanova	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent	Naccryl	Red and black cockroaches
Termites	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent	Mesh	Termite
Straight	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent	Naccryl	Locust, grasshoppers, crickets
Wrench	With incomplete transformation	No wings	Cakes	Outless	Loading head, louse
Claps	Louse	Two pairs	Cakes	Naccryl	Klop-turtle, rop-gladn, bug-water meter
Raw	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	Cakes	Mesh	Cycada
Grandmas	With incomplete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent	Mesh	Grandmother and grandmother
Beetles, or tough	With complete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent	Overcrowders solid	Major Beetle, Colorado Beetle, Beetles-Mogilers, Coroesed Beetles
Butterflies, or scraping	With complete transformation	Two pairs	Sucking	Mesh with scales	Skabwoman-Belyanka, hawkerman, tuta silkworm
Refreadmill	With complete transformation	Two pairs	Rodent, lacquer	Mesh	Bees, bumblebees, wasps, ants
Twit-made	With complete transformation	1 pair	Spiny-sausage	Mesh	Mosquitoes, flies, wondes, midges
Flea	With complete transformation	Not	Spiny-sausage	Outless	Flea human, flea rat

Insects with incomplete transformation

The most common are: tarakanyi detachment - Typical representative - redhead cock. The appearance of cockroaches in housing is a sign of sludge. They come out of their shelters at night and feed on carelessly stored products, polluting them. Female cockroaches on the end of the abdomen wear a brown egg "suitcase" - ooteku. They are dumped into garbage. It develops eggs from which larvae appear - small white cockags, similar to adults. Then the cockroaches are black, they linked several times and gradually turn into adult cockroaches.

Detachment Termites - This includes public insects living in large families in which there is a division of labor: workers, soldiers, males and females (queens). The nests of termites are member, can be significant. Thus, in African savannas, the height of the fracthers reaches 10-12 m, and the diameter of their underground part - 60 m. Thermites feed on mostly wood, can damage wooden buildings, agricultural plants. About 2,500 types of termites are known.

Detachment straight - Most of the officials of the squad are roetters, but predators meet. These include grasshopes, kapoleninka, sarancha. Green grasshopper lives in the grass on the meadows, in the steppes. It has a long mawed eggs. Kapoolenka - has a swing leg, flies well and swims. Deals great harm underground parts Garden plants, such as cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, potatoes, etc. Some types of locusts are prone to mass reproduction, then they are going to huge flocks and fly to a considerable distance (up to several thousand kilometers), destroying all green vegetation on their way.

Squad Klop. - This includes well-known pests of agricultural crops - klop-turtle, sucking the contents of the grain of cereal plants. In dwellings meet klop-Bloshitsa - Very unpleasant insect for man. In fresh water bodies or on their surface, a bug-water meter that is fed by insects falling into the water. Predatory klop-Gladun. attacks various invertebrate animals and fry fish.

The detachment is relaxed - All of his representatives feed on plant juices. Many species tli cause great harm to cultural plants. Many were relying are carriers of viral diseases of plants. These include diverse cycada, the dimensions of which are from a few millimeters to 5-6 cm. Live in crowns of trees.

Detachment grandmother - Exceptional predatory insects. Adults are attacking the mining in flight. The best flyers. Their flight is distinguished by high maneuverability: they can hang in the air, be moving and can develop speed up to 100 km per hour. These include grandma-rogger, grandma-Dosoretsand etc.

Insects with complete transformation

Solid Zhuki., or severe, is the most numerous detachment of insects, up to 300,000 species. Beetles are common in a wide variety of sushi and fresh reservoirs. Their sizes range from 0.3 to 155 mm of length. Many beetles make great harm to cultural plants. One of the pests of potatoes and other plants is colorado beetlebrought to us from America. Zhuk-Kuzka. - grain pest; chafer - His larvae damage the roots of trees and potatoes; beetling weevil - Sugar beet affects. In addition, here are beetles-koroedyPulling the moves in the Core and Lubyany Fibers valuable breeds trees, and larvae zlatok And I live in dead wood, make great damage to forestry industrial farms.

Many beetles spoil food stocks: pea grain, bog-bread sharpened, beetle leatherdamaging leather, woolen products. To the detachment of the beetles includes another little beetle trubovert.. Very interesting biology of these beetles. In the spring, the tubrel is specially cuts off the sheet to the main vein. The outbreak part of the sheet fades and loses elasticity. Then the beetle rolls the Ce Celets and put eggs there. Something like cigar is formed. So the pipeberry is taking care of the offspring.

Separate beetles are powered by the residues of plants and animals and in nature are in nature the role of sanitation, for example: beetles-Gnetoviki and gobaariki. Some can be used to combat harmful insects. So, ladybug destroys Tlya and big green beetles-paintotele - Caterpillars.

Beetles are extremely beautiful, large sizes, for example beetle deer., or rogachListed in the Red Book reaches length up to 8 cm, the larvae develops in rotten hemps about five years and grow up to 14 cm long. In the reservoirs they live a variety of sizes and in the method of nutrition of the beetle - a beetle-planet, and a fuel oil black. Floor beetle - a predator, a black water - herbivor.

Detachment butterfly, or czeshechy- Representatives of this detachment are distinguished by a variety of painting their wings. These include hives, cabbage butterfly, silkworm et al. among species living on Far East, There are very large night butterflies, which in the wing in the wings correspond to the width of the expanded notebook. Wings in butterflies are covered with modified hairs - scales having the ability to refract light. This phenomenon depends the overflow color of the wings of many butterflies. Butterfly larvae are called caterpillars. They have a rodent apparatus, a long body. Their salivary glands, except saliva, also allocate silk threads, of which the cocoon can fly before pokucling. Adult butterflies are very good pollinators of plants. The caterpillars of most butterflies are roasting, sparing the leaves of plants, cause significant harm, for example, cabbage whitefish, apple mole, a goldenflake, neckline, and others. Room mole caterpillar feeds on wool products, damaging them, some caterpillars spoil flour and other foods.

Taut and oak silkworms - They have been breeding a person for the purpose of obtaining silk (from cocoons) for a long time. Lot big butterflies extraordinarily beautiful, for example mahaon., apollo et al. very interesting big butterfly night peacock eye, on the wings of which there are eye stains. Her caterpillar is a large, fleshy, green, in front of the punching cocoon cocoon with a chicken egg.

Large night butterflies with acute wings, distinguished by a very fast flight - brahniki- Named because you willingly feed on the trembling and fragile juice of trees, especially birch, speaking on wounds and stumps.

Sponden detachment detachment - combines a variety of insects: bee., bumblebee, oS., riders, pilliers and others. Lifestyle in these insects are diverse. Some of them are roasting, as their larvae (very similar to the caterpillars) make great harm to grain and other plants, for example bread and pine sawers. Feeding foliage of the larvae of peelers so acquire the traits of similarity with butterfly caterpillars, which they are called false caterpillars. The striking device is the eggs of the peelers, which serves to drink in the tissues of the pockets of pockets, in which the female sawers hide eggs, thereby showing the original care for the offspring.

Beautiful pollinators of plants are bumblebee. This is a public insect. Family bumblebees There is only one summer. The nests are built in mouse minks, dupes, sockets of proteins, in birdhouses. The nest is building a female, equipping wax cells in it to lay eggs. Food is placed in the cell - a mixture of flower pollen with honey. The larvae fell out of the egg eat food and after two or three weeks torture silk cocoons, turning into the dolls. Workers, females and males are out of the pupae. By the end of summer, in large nests there are up to 500 bumblebees. In the fall, an old uterus, males and workers die, and young uterus hide in wintering.

Lifestyle oS. Looks like a bumblebee. They also exist one summer. The wasps benefit, destroying harmful insects, and the damage from the damage by them is small. More harm from shershnei (One of the types of Rioi OS): They're flashing the bark of young trees and eat bees. Settling near the apiary, they destroy thousands of bees over the summer.

From public insects, the detachment of the reference will benefit honey bee. She is a wonderful pollinator of plants, and produces exclusively useful product Nutrition - honey, as well as wax, uterine milk, widely used by man in perfumery. medicine, for the manufacture of varnishes, paints, etc.

The bee family is an amazingly complex integer, in which all family members are very closely connected with another friend. Life and prosperity of all kinds are equally impossible without uterus and without drone, without working bees. Using knowledge of the life of all members of the bee family, specialists of the beekeepers learned to create specialized houses for bees - hives, conditions for nutrition of bees (exported to those fields where frost plants are grown) and not only honey good quality, but also quantities.

Repfillment detachment representatives are used as a biological method of combating harmful insects. These include various riders, as well as a trichogram, which is taken artificially

Squad docks. This includes all famous insects: mukhi., mosquitoes, midge, odd., blind And other insects similar to them, possessing one pair of transparent wings. The second pair of wings turned into the so-called buzz. Ordinary Komar dwells in swampy and raw local areas. Especially numerous mosquitoes are in the middle of summer. Residents of Taiga and tundra call them clusters gnus. The mosquitoes are easily punctured by the human skin and suck his blood. Drawing mosquito larvae live in standing water. Feeding, larvae grow, linen and turn into rolling dolls. Komarov dolls also live in water, they cannot eat, so they will soon turn into an adult individual.

Malari and ordinary mosquito distinguish landing.

Ordinary Komar (Piskun) keeps his body parallel to the surface on which sits, and malarial - At an angle to it, highly raising the rear end of the body. Malari Komar lays eggs in a pond one by one, ordinary - packs floating on the surfaces in the form of dams. Mushroom mosquito larvae live in fruit bodies of hat mushrooms.

Mukhi, unlike mosquitoes. Have short mustache. Their larvae is white, as a rule, legal and headless. In the room flies, the drawing larvae lives and develop in kitchen garbage, in a pile of manure and uncleanness, where the flies lay eggs. Before poking, the larvae crawled out of uncleanness, penetrate into the soil and turn into a pupa.

Adult flies hatched from dolls fly everywhere in search of bend. From restrooms and cesspools, they fly to openly lying food and pollute them. Flies are transferred to the food of the human bacteria of gastrointestinal diseases and eggs Askarid. Therefore, it is very important to fight flies. Foods are protected from flies of gauze or caps, vegetables and fruits before use washed.

Midge - Long blood circulats of small sizes, the larvae of which are developing at the bottom of the reservoirs with flowing water. In the tropics and subtropics, very small mosquitoes are found in Crimea - mosquito. Their larvae develop in wet soils, nonorah rodents, etc. Mosquitoes - carriers of many diseases (malaria, etc.). We live "Hessian Fly", destroying cereal plants.

Odd., blind They make great harm to human and pets with its bite, as well as the ability to transfer pathogens of such dangerous diseases as Tularemia, Siberian ulcer.

At the same time, flies are pollinators of many plants.

Rat flea It can transmit plague pathogens from sick rodents to a very dangerous disease, once who carried thousands of human lives.

Insect with complete transformation (with metamorphosis) Four stages are in its development: egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult Insect (Imago).

Pay attention!

Insect troops with complete transformation: butterflies (scratched), beetles (tough), double, refilled, fleas.

Most insect species are typical of complete transformation. In the insects with complete transformation (butterflies, beetles, flies, OS, ants) larvae are completely unlike adults. They have no complex eyes (there are only simple eyes, or there are no vision organs) often there are no mustols; no wings; The body is most often dark-like (for example, butterfly caterpillars).

In the insects with the complete transformation of the larvae often dwells completely in other places and feed on other food than adult insects. This eliminates the competition between different stages of the same species.

Insect larvae with a complete transformation of several times linen, grow and, reaching limit sizes, turn into pupa. The doll is usually fixed. An adult insect comes out of the doll.

See a video that demonstrates the outlet of the monarch butterfly from the pupa

Butterfly detachment, or scraped

Butterflies differ from other insects mainly by two signs: scaly cover wings and sucking mouth, twisted spiral.

Butterflies are called schellower because they have small chitinov scales. They refracted the falling light, creating a bizarre color game.

The coloring of the butterfly wings helps them recognize each other, masks in the grass and on the crust of trees or warns the enemies that the butterfly is insecured.

Rota apparatus in butterflies sucking - This is a rolled trot in the spiral. Feed butterflies nectar flowers.

In the larvae of butterflies (caterpillars), the rodes of the oral apparatus, they feed on the tissues of the plants (most often).

When the caterpillar of some butterflies, flush threads are distinguished. The flush thread is highlighted by a special silkotativative iron located on the lower lip of the caterpillars.

Solid Beetles, or Tough

Representatives of this group have dense rigid necroks, covering the second pair of leathery wings, with which they fly. Rotty apparatus rodent.

Among the beetles a lot of roasting, there are predators and potalads.

Beetles live in a ground-air environment (on plants, ground surface, in the soil) and in water.

The larvae of the beetles are very moving predators who are openly open, and low-propelled, similar to worms living in shelters and feeding plants, mushrooms, sometimes decompanying the remnants of organisms.

Squad docks

These insects have only one pair of wings. The second pair is strongly reduced and serves to stabilize the flight. This group includes mosquitoes and flies. They have a piercing-sucking or liding mouth. Some doubles feed on pollen and nectar of flowers (sirphoid flies), there are predators (ktyry) and bloodshots (mosquitoes, hoops, midges, blind). Their larvae dwells in decaying residues of cesspools, composts (bedroom flies), in water (mosquitoes and midges) or carry out a stray lifestyle and hunt for small insects.

Sponden detachment

The group includes such well-known insects, like bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants, peelers, riders. They have two pairs of confused wings (there are no wings).

There are insects, which in adult, and in the immature stages live in water, but most water insects - larvae. They inhabit any fresh reservoir. Wherever there is water, there is at least one type of insects: in cold glacial rivers, in hot springs with a temperature of up to 50 ° C, in brackish puddles, and even in lakes, where water is many times the salty of the ocean. Some species are content with a very small amount of water. Mosquito larvae often enough rainwater accumulated in a canning bank; Some tropical species flourish in a scarce moisture, held between the leaves of the epiphyte plants. Mosquito Aedes Sticticus puts eggs into the Il, remaining after the spill; Eggs do not develop until they fill with water again, even if it happens in only a few years.

The larvae and adult beetles of the overwhelming majority of the water species of the subephaga sublit - live in water and leave the reservoirs only for migrations and wintering. Representatives of the Polyphaga subdomain, having water larvae, are often common in terrestrial stations; Adult beetles of all quaggers live outside the water, and adult leafles and weevils although they can be in water, more often occur over its surface. Lichery development is usually accounted for in spring and summer, with a moral cycle, although the development of some of the female continues 2 years (for example, types of genes of Agabus and Ilybius). Winter larvae is found primarily among some booms, female and elmidae. Almost all the aqueous forms are pounded outside the water bodies, in which the larvae lives or above the surface of the water (Noteridae, Elmidae, Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae can be pounded in water). Most larvae make a pupaeel or even a coconut, and Gyrinidae larvae is usually picked up at the surface of the water on floating plants.

Breath In the water in adult beetles can be 2 types. Most of the representatives of the ADEPHAGA subdivide preserve air under the hollows and breathe atmospheric oxygen or bubbles released by algae in water. Other adult beetles hold the air film on the bottom surface of the abdomen, which functions like gills. The air film in these beetles is updated outside the water or is preserved due to the abdominal surface. The larvae never have air tanks on the body surface. Thanks to the larvae of the larvae of the pitchers and the waterblows of the genus Berosus are fully independent of the atmospheric air, the larvae of sheets, weedons and toustes are removed by air from the air paths of plants. Others are reserved by air at the surface of the water. The larvae of some species living near the water and sometimes immersed in water for a short time have no adaptation for breathing in water (Ptilodactylidae).

Water insect larvae

Motyl (Red mosquito larvae) - these are larvae mosquitoes. Usually they are in the clusters of the Derita at the bottom of the ponds or other reservoirs with standing or slowly current water, the bottom of which is covered with sludge or other organic, or densely threw algae (tina). These are the larvae of a blood-red value of approximately 1-2 ° C, which fully dedicated to such a hobby, as aquarium, can collect the moth in safe places, but for this he will have to choose individual larvae from Detritis with a tweezers. Therefore, the easiest and safest option is to buy a frozen product that has been disinfected.

Coretra (White mosquito larvae) is a transparent larvae of non-obvious mosquitoes ChaoBorus SPP. They have about the same dimensions as a moth, and sometimes they can be found among the raffs living in the ponds. However, they rarely meet in such large quantitiesTo compile a separate type of food. Fishes love them very much, but these larvae are predators and should not be used as feed in those aquariums where there are fry.

Devils (black mosquito larvae) in length can reach 1cm and are usually hanging in standing water directly below the surface. They breathe air using a small tube, with which the atmospheric air takes a little above the water surface. With the slightest sign of danger - even when the shadow falls on the water - they dive into the depth, so they need to move with a saccmother. Feeders for horses and livestock, ponds and even rainwater buckets can be rich sources of these larvae. They can be caught and transporting the same way as Daphnia, etc. Fishes love this feed very much, and there is no data that he can hire any danger. However, be sure to take care that all the larvae be eaten - otherwise in the tropical conditions of the aquarium, they will quickly turn into mosquitoes!

Watch - the larvae of the hollow beekeeping, grayish worms; The length of their body is about 1 cm, diameter 3mm. They have a long air tube ("tail"). They can sometimes be found in ponds and other reservoirs with standing water. For fish that have a sufficiently big mouth, they are a favorite food.

Dragonfly larvae There are everywhere in standing and slow flowing water. Most often they are on aquatic plants Or on the bottom, where they sit motionless, sometimes slowly move. There are species that break into il.

All larvae can be divided, in general, into three groups:

a) type larvae dragonflies-rocker (Aeschna) with an elongated body and a flat mask. These include the very following large species, similar to each other. In the northern regions there are representatives of childbirth: Gomphus - Dage, Onychogomphus, GorduleGaster, etc.

b) type larvae ordinary, or real dragonfly (Libellula) with a shorter and wide body than previous ones. The mask have helmet. It is mainly on the bottom, often in the layer of Slah. For the northern regions, childbirth is characteristic: Libellula is a real dragonfly, Cordulla - grandfather, Leucorrhinia, Epitheca (Fig. 206), Sympetrum, etc.

c) type larvae lutki. (Agrion) with a very long elongated body, which at the rear end has leaf-shaped gill plates. We have found representatives of childbirth: agrion - arrows, lests - Lutka, Erythromma (Fig. 207), Calopteryx - Beauty, etc.

Dragonflies type dragonflies of rocker:

The rocker is great (Aeschna Grandis), blue rocker (Aeschna Cyanea) and rubberry green (Aeschna Viridls).

(Eats. Led)

Moving larvae or swimming, or crawling. In general, they are very little moving. If the larva is lightly disturbed, it slowly moves to another place, clumsily rearring the legs. With a stronger push, the larva rapidly breaks away from the place and, pressing his legs to the body, floats with strong allocuous movements, the reason of which is sometimes not immediately detected. Under the immediate observation it turns out that the larva gains water through the anal hole in the rear, and then with big powers throws it from there. At the same time, the "water shot" of the insect body, by virtue of the return, is repelled in the opposite direction, completely by the same principle, as the burning rocket flies, from the rear hole of which gases are broken. This method of movement is already because it is rarely found in the world of animals (for example, in challenges of mollusks).

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Borders of the larval phase. Hatching larvae.

First phase life cycle Insects are always; Throughout its existence, it gradually turns into a larva. As the body develops, germinal sheets, the separation of organs, the formation of body parts, occurs.

There are other mechanisms that facilitate the yield of the insect. Some embryos (dragonflies, straight, plastics) are additionally covered with embryonic with sharp teeth that tear down the outer shells, and the caterpillars simply thrash the chorion by the jaws. A very interesting mechanism exists in grasshoppers of the genus melanoplus. The embryo on the first segment has special paired glands - playups. They allocate a special secret dissolving a dense wall.

Immediately after hatching the larva, it is often still deprived of its normal, usually it is colorless or whitish and has soft covers. But at openly living insects, the painting and hardening of the cover occurs very quickly, and the larva acquires a normal look. Power incentives are created, in some - after digesting the residues of the embryonic yolk and the outlet of excrement.

Throughout its existence, the larva is most often intensively eats, gaining resources for the subsequent transformation into an adult individual. During the larch stage, it stops at the time of the occuilt, and with an incomplete boundary between the impaired phase and the phase of more, the larva ceases to be such at the end of the main development processes and the transition to a state of puberty. In some cases, young at first glance is difficult to distinguish from the larvae of recent ages.

Insect may exist in the form of a larva over a different period of time. So, duration lichwater phase Most mosquitoes are no more than a week; Unlike them, there are cicadas, the larvae of which live 13 and even 17 years old, all this time is underground.

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Insect larvae with different types of transformation

There are several ways of metamorphosis, however, most insects belong to individuals or with full, or with. The features of the larval phase in these cases differ from each other.

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the scheme of the development of the body with looks like this:

That is, between the larvae stage (the purpose of existence is growth and development) and imaginal (the goal - the resettlement and) is inclined by a short phase. This determines the dissimilarity of the larvae on. For example, the caterpillar absolutely does not resemble a butterfly, and a heart-shaped larva - an adult beetle. The larvae of these insects is always deprived of the facetful eyes, outdoor adversaries, are often distinguished by a different type of oral organs, in some cases there are abdominal, silicatelistic or web glands and so on. They are called secondary, true or nonimagum.

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Development scheme shorter:

Since adult individuals are a "direct continuation" of the larvae, these two phases of development are usually similar. The larvae have the same type of oral organs, and, and often a similar lifestyle, differing from adult insects with smaller body sizes, wing gains instead and underdeveloped organs. Due to the large similarity with the phase, such larvae is called primary, nymphs or imago-like. (Photo) The special group includes dragonfly larvae, daving and spring, which inhabit the water and have; For them there is a special definition - niaja.

Throughout his life, the larvae with externally change much stronger than the individuals with full. The latter "leave" final transformations for the stage, so they themselves often remain almost unchanged in morphology. Unlike them, imago-like larvae undergo more significant changes. Initially, they resemble adults, but quite different from them by the proportions of the body. As it is developed, with each subsequent, the proportions of the larvae are changing due to uneven growth rate different parts their bodies.

As it grows, with each skin reset, the insect usually increases in the mass halve in comparison with the previous age. But this is an exemplary and averaged value that is not always traced. For example, the intensively feed caterpillar of the mulk silkworm grows by the end of the last, the fifth age is 10,000 times in comparison with the state in which it was out of exit. However, the size and weight of the body is not reliable criteria in determining the age of the larva. To determine it, consider the number of segments in the mustache, look at the degree of development of wing appendages and estimate others morphological features insect.

Types of larvae

Insect larvae with full transformation have little similarity with, they have no complex eyes and wing gains, and their body is not divided into clear departments. Nevertheless, they are very diverse in appearance, and, depending on the structure, are divided into three types.

Campodews

Looks like insects Campodea with two-dimensional detachment. As a rule, they are dark, movable, with dense skin. The density of the cover and is usually due to the presence in pigments from the melanin and melanin-like substances. They are well allocated, and on the back of the body often there are bundles or hairs. Campodes-shaped larvae are observed in the grip, female and other beetles, as well as in the netting and some of the swirls.

Draw-shaped

Ruthless (twisted, riders, bees, ants) or three chest pairs (beetles), often bright, lowactive, often live under the ground.

Caterpillary (Erukovoid)

These include all caterpillars of butterflies, larvae of flies of scorpinents and false-satellites of peelers. They are distinguished by medium mobility, a variety of body and the presence of 3 pairs of pectoral and 2-8 pairs of abdominal. (Photo)

There is another classification of larvae by type. In it, an embryo development stage is set as the main criterion, during which the larva comes out. In accordance with this, the larvae are four types:

Lifestyle and habitat larvae

The larvae can live under the ground, in water or have an overhead lifestyle, depending on the species, the method of nutrition or other factors. In any case, throughout its existence in the larvae stage, the insect is actively powered in order to ensure the processes of growth and development.

For the most part, the larvae are vulnerable and defenseless before predators, so they often live hidden: in the forest litter, inside the leaves, kidneys, fruits and other parts of plants; Many have special nests, cocoons or cavalries, inside which are all, almost all their lives or for a short period (before pokucling).

Most widely famous example - these are the caterpillars of a mulk silkworm, producing silk threads and cocoons flying out of it; In addition, it is possible to recall the streams that highlight the adhesive liquid that attracts the sands, small seashells and pebbles, gradually forming a cable larvae around the body. Usually, the cavalries are open at both ends, which allows the larch to release and the back of the body to move from place to place. Almost the same cavalers form on land caterpillar butterflies, only for their construction they use pieces of leaves, fragments of the cortex and another affordable Material, bonding his silk thread. Interestingly, women's individuals of such butterflies remain in a cavalry not only in a state of larvae, but also when switching to phase

Independent names of some larvae

"Larvae" is the generally accepted name of the second stage of insect development. However, for some families, childbirth, species of insects, as well as for organisms that have certain features of development, there are their own definitions. Here are some examples.