Introduction

During the period of the XIV-XVIII centuries. In Western Europe, there is a formation of modern national states. These states, won in the war with the church, focused their power within their territory. The state as a centralized structure of power bodies becomes the subject of study. It is at this time that the concept of "state" is developing and the theories of state sovereignty are being developed. In this regard, the legislative activities of the state attracts increasing attention of thinkers.

At the same time there are two directions in political and legal thought: liberal-individualistic and ethnic collectivist. John Locke is one of the founders of classic political liberalism. The formation of liberal political and legal concepts is associated with the awareness of the nasty conflict between the absolutist state and the developing civil society. In line with this tradition, there is a search for funds, with the help of which one could provide a private sphere of life from arbitrary interference in it. Therefore, we are talking about the constraints imposed on state power, on the procedure for its organization and functioning, methods of legitimation, etc. I.Yu. Kozswichin, A.V. Polyakov, E.V. Timin, history of political and legal exercises, St. Petersburg, 2007, p. 128 ..

The purpose of my work is to show the effect of the freightness of this thinker to the political situation of England in the XVII and subsequent centuries, which role was played by his ideas in the development of legal and political theories of other philosophers and educators.

John Lokk

Brief biography of John Locke

John Locke (1632-1704) - British teacher and philosopher, representative of empiricism and liberalism. His theory of knowledge and social philosophy had a profound impact on the history of culture and society, in particular to the development of the American Constitution. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Rington (County Somerset) in the family of a judicial officer. Thanks to the victory of parliament in civil WarAt which his father fought in the rank of Captain Cavalry, Locke was adopted at the age of 15 in the Westminster School - at that time the country's leading educational institution. In 1652, Locke entered the Kraist-Church College of Oxford University. By the time of restoration of Stuarts, his political views could be called right-armor and in many ways close to Hobbes.

At the age of 34, he met a man who influenced his subsequent life - Lord Ashley, subsequently the first graphic of Schaftsbury, who was not yet the opposition leader. Sheptsbury was a lawyer of freedom while Locke still shared the absolutist goggles of Hobbes, but by 1666 his position changed and became closer to the views of the future patron. Schaftsbury and Locke saw a relative soul in each other. A year later, Locke left Oxford and took the place of home physician, adviser and teacher in the family of Schaftsbury, who lived in London (among his pupils was Antoni Shertsbury).

Under the roof of the House of Shertsbury, Locke found his true vocation - he became a philosopher. Discussions with Schaftsbury and his friends prompted Locke to write the first sketch of the future masterpiece in London for the fourth year - "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding). Sidenhem introduced him to new methods of clinical medicine. In 1668, Locke became a member of the Royal Society London. Schaftsbury himself introduced him to politics and the economy and gave him the opportunity to get the first experience in public administration.

After the events of 1688, Locke returns to his homeland after a long stay in France and Holland. Soon he published the work "Two Treatises of Government, 1689, in the book, the Year of Edition 1690 was affixed), setting out the theory of revolutionary liberalism in it. Becoming classic labor in the history of political thought, this book also played an important role, according to its author, in the "justification of the Right of King Wilhelm to be our ruler." In this book, Locke put forward the concept of a public contract, in which the only true basis of the power of sovereign is the consent of the people. If the ruler does not justify confidence, people are eligible and even obliged to stop it. In other words, people have the right to the uprising.

Locke noted his return to England in 1689 by the publication of another work, close in content to treatises, namely the first "letter for toleration" (Letter for Toleration is written mainly in 1685). In it, Locke spoke out against a traditional look, according to which secular power is entitled to impose true faith and true morality. He wrote that it was possible to force people only to pretend, but not to believe in any way. And the strengthening of morality (in that not affecting the security of the country and the preservation of the world) is the responsibility of the state, but the church.

I can no exaggeration say that John Locke was the first modern thinker. His reasoning method was sharply different from thinking of medieval philosophers. The mind of Locke was distinguished by practicality and empiricism. His political philosophy has had a significant impact on French Enlightenment.

Scientific works Locke

John Locke K. Marx put in a series of comprehensively educated people of the XVII-XVIII centuries, see C. Marx and F. Engels, Op., Vol. 3, p. 413 .. In addition to its main essay of "Human Experience", in which The materialistic principles of Bekon, Hobbes and Gassendi on the origin of human knowledge and ideas from the world of feelings and caused a crushing blow to scholasticism and theology, Locke wrote a number of valuable work on political economy, politics, rights, pedagogy, "two treatises about the state rule", Several letters about kindness, "some considerations about the consequences of a decline in interest and increase the value of money by the state", "thoughts about education" - this is not a complete list of these works.

As well as his philosophical works, these works of Locke were the subject of close attention of the founders of Marxism. In the "German ideology" K. Marx and F. Engels are called Locke "One of Doyens (Elders) of modern political economy" K. Marx and F. Engels, Op., Vol. 3, p. 527 .. Also Marx emphasized great importance His legal views. Finally, in the review of the Book of GIZO, noting the progressive nature of the defense of the Lockey of the principle of violepability, K. Marx calls him by the Father of freedomiff, see C. Marx and F. Engels, Op., Vol. 7, p. 220 ..

lOK philosopher political power

ru.wikipedia.org.

Theoretical constructions of Locke noted later philosophers, such as David Yum and Immanuel Kant. Locke was the first philosopher who expressed a person through the continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind is a "clean board", i.e. Contrary to Cartesian philosophy, Locke argued that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge instead is defined only by experience gained by sensory perception.

Biography

Born on August 29, 1632 in the small town of Ringtone in the west of England, near Bristol, in the family of a provincial lawyer.

In 1652, one of the best students of the school, Locke enters the University of Oxford. In 1656, he receives a bachelor's degree, and in 1658 - Master of this university.

1667 - Locke accepts the proposal of Lord Ashley (subsequently Count Shertsbury) to take the place of the home physician and the teacher of his son and then actively attacked political activities. Starts with the creation of "Messages about Valopeility" (Published: 1st - in 1689, 2nd and 3rd - in 1692 (these three - anonymously), 4th - in 1706, after Locke's death).

1668 - Locke choose a member of the Royal Society, and in 1669 a member of his advice. The main areas of the interests of Locke were natural science, medicine, politics, economics, pedagogy, the attitude of the state to the Church, the problem of violepability and freedom of conscience.

1671 - decides to make a thorough study of the cognitive abilities of the human mind. It was the idea of \u200b\u200bthe main work of a scientist - "experience about human understanding", over which he worked for 16 years.

1672 and 1679 - Locke receives various prominent positions in the highest government agencies of England. But Locke's career was directly depended on the takeoffs and falls of Schaftsbury. From the end of 1675 to mid-1679, due to the worsening of health, Locke was in France.

1683 - Locke after Chartesbury emigrates to Holland.

1688-1689 - An isolation occurred, which put the end of the smoke wrap. A glorious revolution was accomplished, Wilhelm III Orange was proclaimed by the king of England. Locke participated in the preparation of the coup of 1688, was closely in close contact with Wilhelm Orange and had a great ideological influence on him; In early 1689, he returns to his homeland.

The 1690th - again, along with the government service, it leads wide scientific and literary activities. In 1690, "experience about human understanding", "Two treatise on the Management Board", in 1693 - "Thoughts of Education", in 1695 - "The Razuness of Christianity".

1704, October 28 - In the country house of his friend, Lady Demeris Mashem, Lok, whose forces were ascended by Asthma, died.

Philosophy

The basis of our knowledge is the experience that consists of isolated perceptions. Perceptions are divided into sensations (the actions of the subject to our senses) and reflection. Ideas arise in the mind as a result of abstraction of perceptions. The principle of constructing reason as "Tabula Rasa", on which information from the senses is gradually reflected. The principle of empiricia: the primacy of the feeling before the mind.

Politics

Natural condition is a state of complete freedom and equality when disposing by your property and their lives. This is the state of peace and goodwill. The law of nature prescribes peace and security.
- Natural law - the right to private property; The right to actions, on your work and its results.
- Supporter of constitutional monarchy and the theory of public contract.
- Locke - theorist of civil society and the legal democratic state (for the accountability of the king and the Lords law).
- The first suggested the principle of separation of the authorities: legislative, executive and allied or federal.
- The state was established to guarantee natural rights (freedom, equality, property) and laws (peace and security), it should not encroach on these rights, should be organized so that natural rights are securely guaranteed.
- Developed the ideas of a democratic revolution. Locke considered legitimate and necessary the uprising of the people against tyranny power, encroaching on the natural rights and freedom of the people.

The most famous for the development of the principles of the democratic revolution. "The right of the people to the uprising against tyranny" is most consistently developed by the Lockey in the work "Reflections on the glorious revolution of 1688".

Bibliography

Thoughts about education. 1691 ... What to explore Gentlemen.1703.
The same "thoughts about upbringing" with rear. seen typos and working footnotes
Study of the opinion of Father Malbrancha ... 1694.The presence to the books of Norris ... 1693.
Letters.1697-1699.
Censor death speech. 1664.
Experiments on the law of nature. 1664.
Validity experience. 1667.
Epistle of violence. 1686.
Two treatise on the board. 1689.
Experience about human understanding (1689) (translation: A. N. Savina)
Elements of genuine philosophy. 698.
Miracles argument.1701.
State

Major Works

LETTER CONCERNING TOLERATION letters (1689).
Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
The Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690).
Some Thoughs Concerning Education (1693).

Interesting Facts

The name of John Locke is called one of the key characters of the famous television series "Lost".
Also, the name of Locke as a pseudonym took one of the heroes of the cycle of Fantastic novels Orson Scott Card about Ender Wiggin. In Russian translation, the English-language name "Locke" is incorrectly transferred as "Loki".

Biography

Locke, John (Locke, John) (1632-1704) English philosopher, sometimes called "Intellectual leader of 18 V." and the first philosopher of the Epoch of Enlightenment. His theory of knowledge and social philosophy had a profound impact on the history of culture and society, in particular to the development of the American Constitution. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Rington (County Somerset) in the family of a judicial officer. Thanks to the victory of Parliament in the Civil War, at which his father fought in the rank of Captain Cavalry, Locke was adopted at the age of 15 years in Westminster School - at that time the country's leading educational institution. An English adhere to the family, but led to Puritan (Independent) views. In Westminster, the royalist ideas found an energetic defender in the face of Richard Basby, who continued to lead the school on the overlooking the parliamentary leaders. In 1652, Locke entered the Kraist-Church College of Oxford University. By the time of restoration of Stuarts, his political views could be called right-armor and in many ways close to Hobbes.

Locke was diligent if not to say a brilliant student. After receiving a master's degree in 1658, he was elected a "student" (ie, scientist) college, but soon disappointed in Aristotelian philosophy, which was supposed to teach, began to study medicine and helped in natural science experiments that spent in Oxford R.Bill And his disciples. However, he did not receive any significant results, and when Locke returned from a trip to the Brandenburg court with a diplomatic mission, he was denied the desire of the doctor of medicine. Then, at the age of 34, he met a person who influenced his subsequent life - Lord Ashley, subsequently the first Graph of Shertsbury, which was not yet the opposition leader. Schaftsbury was a lawyer of freedom while Locke still shared the absolutist goggles, but by 1666 his position changed and became closer to the views of the future patron. Schaftsbury and Locke saw a relative soul in each other. A year later, Locke left Oxford and took the place of home physician, adviser and teacher in the family of Schaftsbury, who lived in London (among his pupils was Antoni Shertsbury). After Locke operated on his cartridge, whose life threatened the suppuration of the cyst, Schaftsbury decided that Locke was too large to deal with one medicine, and took care of the promotion of his ward in other areas.

Under the roof of the House of Shertsbury, Locke found his true vocation - he became a philosopher. Discussions with Schaftsbury and his friends (Anthony Ashley, Thomas Sidenchem, David Thomas, Thomas Khodjess, James Tirrel) prompted Locke to write the first sketch of the future masterpiece in London (An Essay Conserving Human Understanding) for the fourth year. Sidenhem introduced him to new methods of clinical medicine. In 1668, Locke became a member of the Royal Society London. Schaftsbury himself introduced him to politics and the economy and gave him the opportunity to get the first experience in public administration.

The liberalism of Shertsbury was sufficiently materialistic. The great passion of his life was trade. He best understood his contemporaries, which wealth - national and personal - could be obtained by freeing entrepreneurs from medieval defeats and making a number of other bold steps. Religious tolerance allowed Dutch merchants to achieve prosperity, and Chartsbury was convinced that if the British put an end to the religious straightening, they could create an empire, not only superior to Dutch, but the equal ownership of Rome. However, in the way of England, the Great Catholic Power France was standing, so he did not want to distribute the principle of religious tolerance on "papists", as he called Catholics.

While Scheftsbury was interested in practical cases, Locke was engaged in the development of the same political line in the theory, justifying the philosophy of liberalism, which expressed the interests of the emerging capitalism. In 1675-1679, he lived in France (in Montpellier and Paris), where he studied, in particular, the ideas of Gassendi and his school, and also performed a number of Vigi orders. It turned out that the theory of Locke was intended for the revolutionary future, since Karl II, and even more his successor of Yakov II to justify his policy of tolerance to Catholicism and even its planting in England turned to the traditional concept of monarchical rule. After an unsuccessful attempt to the uprising against the regime of the School of School, in the end, after imprisoning in Tower and the subsequent justification by the London Court, fled to Amsterdam, where he soon died. Having attempted to continue his teaching career in Oxford, Locke in 1683 went after his cartridge in Holland, where he lived in 1683-1689; In 1685, in the list of other refugees, he was named a traitor (by the Member of the Montmaut's conspiracy) and was subject to issuing the British government. Locke did not return to England until the successful landing of Wilhelm Orange on the coast of England in 1688 and the flight of Yakov II. Returning to the Motherland on the same ship with the future Queen Maria II, Locke published the work of two treatises about the State Board (Two Treatises of Government, 1689, in the book was affected by the Year of Edition 1690), setting out the theory of revolutionary liberalism in it. Becoming classic labor in the history of political thought, this book also played an important role, according to its author, in the "justification of the Right of King Wilhelm to be our ruler." In this book, Locke put forward the concept of a public contract, in which the only true basis of the power of sovereign is the consent of the people. If the ruler does not justify confidence, people are eligible and even obliged to stop it. In other words, people have the right to the uprising. But how to decide exactly when the ruler ceases to serve the people? According to Locke, this moment occurs when the ruler moves from the rule based on the hard principle to the "changeable, indefinite and arbitrary" rule. Most of the British were convinced that such a moment came when Yakov II began to conduct a dollar policy in 1688. Locke himself, together with Shertsbury and his environment, were convinced that this moment had arrived at Carle II in 1682; It was then that the manuscript of two treatises was created.

Locke noted his return to England in 1689 by the publication of another work close to the content to treatises, namely the first letter for toleration (Letter for Toleration, is written mainly in 1685). He wrote the text of Latin (Epistola de Tolerantia) in order to publish it in Holland, and by chance in the English text fell preface (written by the translator, to the William Popoline), which proclaimed that "absolute freedom ... is What we need is. " Locke himself was not a supporter of absolute freedom. From his point of view, Catholics earned the persecution, because they swear in loyalty to foreign lord, dad; Atheists - because they cannot be believed to believe. As for everyone else, the state should leave for each right to save by its own way. In a letter about Locker, the Locke opposed the traditional view, according to which secular power has the right to impose true faith and true morality. He wrote that it was possible to force people only to pretend, but not to believe in any way. And the strengthening of morality (in that not affecting the security of the country and the preservation of the world) is the responsibility of the state, but the church.

Locke himself was a Christian and adhered to Anglicism. But his personal symbol of faith was surprisingly brief and consisted of one-sole judgment: Christ - Messiah. In ethics, he was a hedonist and believed that the natural goal of a person in life is happiness, and also that New Testament I pointed out the way to people fortunately in this life and the life of the eternal. Locke saw his task to warn people looking for happiness in short-term pleasures for which they subsequently have to pay for suffering.

Returning to England during the "glorious" revolution, Locke initially intended to take his post in Oxford University, from which he was fired at the direction of Charles II in 1684 after leaving for Holland. However, finding that the place is already given to some young manHe refused this idea and dedicated the remaining 15 years of life with research and civil service. Soon, Locke discovered that he enjoys fame, but not because of his political essays, which were anonymously, but as an Essay Concerning Human Understanding (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding), which first saw the light in 1690, but started in 1671 and completed mainly In 1686. The experience has resista a number of publications during the author's life, the last fifth edition containing corrections and additions, came out in 1706, after the death of the philosopher.

It is possible without exaggeration to say that Locke was the first modern thinker. His reasoning method was sharply different from thinking of medieval philosophers. The consciousness of a medieval man was filled with thoughts about the alternating world. The mind of Locke was distinguished by practicality, empiricism, this is an enterprising person, even a man in the street: "What is the benefit," he asked, "from poetry?" He lacked patience to understand the intricacies of the Christian religion. He did not believe in miracles and with disgust treated mysticism. I did not believe the people who were saints, as well as those who constantly thought about Rae and Herde. Locke believed that a person should fulfill his duties in the world where he lives. "Our share, he wrote," here, in this small place on Earth, and nor to us nor our concerns are destined to leave its limits. "

Locke was far from to despise the London society, which was rotating thanks to the success of his writings, but could not endure urban stool. He suffered from asthma most of his life, and after sixty he suspected that he was sick with a stupid. In 1691, he accepted the offer to settle in a country house in Otsa (Essex County) - Invitation of Lady Meshmam, his wife of a member of parliament and the daughter of Cambridge Platonics of Ralf Kedworth. However, Locke did not allow himself to fully relax in the cozy home atmosphere; In 1696, he became a commissar for trade and colonies, which made him regularly appear in the capital. By that time, he was an intellectual leader of Vigov, and many parliamentarians and government figures often referred to him for advice and askances. Locke participated in the monetary reform and contributed to the abolition of the law preventing freedom of printing. He was one of the founders of the Bank of England. In Osto, LOCI was engaged in the upbringing of the son of Lady Meshhem and rewritten with the leibine. I. Newton visited it there, with whom they discussed the messages of the Apostle Paul. However, its main occupation in this last period of life was the preparation for the publication of numerous works, the ideas of which he had previously hatched. Among the works of Locke - the second letter of violence (A Second Letter Concerning Toleration, 1690); Third letter of violence (A Third Letter for Toleration, 1692); Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693); The reasonability of Christianity, which it is transmitted in Scripture, As Delivered In The Scriptures, 1695) and many others.

In 1700, Locke refused all posts and retired at UTS. Locke died in the house of Lady Meshhem on October 28, 1704.

encyclopedia Material "Circlevet"

Biography

Born: 1632, Ringtone, Somerset, England.

Died: 1704, UTS, Essex, England.

Main Works: "The first letter of violence" (1689), "Second and Third Lettering Letter" (1690 and 1692), "Experience about human understanding" (1690), "Treatises of the Board" (1689).

Main ideas

Congenital ideas do not exist.
- Human knowledge stems either from sensual experience or from introspection (reflection).
- Ideas of the essence of signs representing physical and spiritual objects.
- Objects have primary qualities (density, length, figure, movement, or peace, number) and secondary qualities (all other properties, including color, sounds, smells, taste, etc.).
- The bodies actually possess primary qualities, while the secondary qualities essentially the impressions of those who perceive them.
- Fortunately, this is all that brings pleasure, and evil - everything that hurts.
- The purpose of freedom is the desire for happiness.
- The natural state, primary in relation to the state, is subject to natural or divine laws discovered by applying the mind.
- The main goal of the formation of the state is to preserve private property.
- The state arises as a result of a public contract.

Although the founders of the philosophy of the new time called a number of philosophers, in many respects, John Locke deserves this nickname more than anyone else. His political theories had a deep impact on the whole - Western and Unmapped - the world due to its influence on the British, French and Americans. The founding fathers of the United States directly turned to his ideas in the Declaration on Independence and the American Constitution - especially in points devoted to the separation of the authorities, the separation of the church from the state, religious freedom and the remaining provisions of the Bill on Rights. The British Constitution also relied on his ideas. Through Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu of his theory were distributed in the French educated society.

Lokovskaya theory of knowledge, his doctrine of the nature of matter marked the radical gap with Aristotelism, which prevailed in the philosophy of the Middle Ages. It is even more important that they put in front of the empirism of the tasks that dominated in philosophical and scientific thinking from the seventeenth century on the twentieth, at least in the English-language world. We will not understand against the truth, saying that the philosophy of North America, Great Britain and the British Commonwealth is in most cases a commentary on the LCO and the development of its theories.

Locke studied medicine and helped Roberta Boyle, the discoverer of a number of essential physical laws, in conducting laboratory experiments. Thanks to this experience, he directly became acquainted with the natural science method, which became crucial later, when Locke developed his theories about the nature of matter and sources of human knowledge.

Locke was convinced that one of the main reasons for the failures of the philosophers of the past - their inattention to the actual sources of human knowledge. Many of their misconceptions arise from "Klama", which contributes to the emergence of many dogmas taken on faith.

Locke subdivided human knowledge into three large partitions: natural philosophy (logic, mathematics and natural science); Practical arts, including morality, politics and what we call today social sciences; Finally, the "doctrine of signs", including the ideas and words used by us for reporting them.

Many of Locke's predecessors are including such prominent authorities as Plato in Antiquity and Descartes shortly before him - they believed that people were endowed with some innate ideas. These ideas were presumably embedded in the mind during or before birth and need only in updates. The entire philosophical system of Plato was based on this theory. He thought that her upbringing was reduced, in fact, to help people in the awareness of ideas already present in their mind, "so an experienced ornithologist helps the beginners to recognize the sounds that have already been heard by them earlier during the walk through the forest, but they did not speak anything. Locke spent a lot of strength to prove that we cannot provide reliable evidence of the existence of such congenital ideas. There is no evidence in favor of the fact that there is a general consent for the so-called self-evident ideas. In the region of morality, it is so striking that it does not need any justifications. Defenders of the theory of congenital ideas typically explain the sharp discrepancies regarding the principles of morality by the fact that people who do not share their opinions are morally blind, but such approvals are completely unfounded.

As for logical and mathematical truths, Locke pointed to that obvious fact that most people do not have even the most foggy idea. For training, these ideas requires long and methodical preparation, and children and weakness, no doubt, are not capable of comprehending, whereas, whether these ideas are "congenital", the case would be quite the opposite.

Consciousness as "Tabula Rasa"

Human consciousness is "according to Locke, Tabula Rasa, a clean board or a sheet of paper, ready since its inception to get sensations from the outside world and internal impressions. These are the materials from which the only knowledge available to us is formed. Consciousness, armed with sensual experience and reflection, is capable of analyzing and ordering. Through this process, it constructs more and more sophisticated ideas and opens up such relations between them, which are not clearly detected in raw data.

Locke concluded that things are the cause of what we have certain ideas. Thus generated by ideas, he said, are the qualities of things. So, he said, "the snowball has the ability to generate the ideas of white, cold and round; inherent in the snowball to generate these ideas in us I call qualities; Because they are impressions or perceptions in our mind, I call them ideas. "

Primary and secondary qualities

Locke differed three types of qualities. Primary qualities are, according to him, the qualities that are "absolutely inseparable" from the thing. These include the figure, number, density and movement or peace. Locke thought that they were inherent in the objects themselves, and our perception in some ways like these objects. Secondary qualities The essence of the "ability" of things to call certain sensations in us. Invisible particles of things interact with our bodies in such a way that they produce a feeling of color, sound, taste, odor and touch. These "qualities" are not inherent in the objects themselves, but arise in our consciousness under their impact. Finally, tertiary qualities are the ability of things to cause physical changes in other things. For example, the ability of fire to convert lead from a solid into a liquid is tertiary quality.

The philosophers of the past assumed that things are the essence of the substance. The paper on which I write is yellow, it has a certain size and shape and slightly gives mold. I described the paper, but what? Is there a paper that I described? They thought it was a certain substrate, a base that supports, or having various qualities - yellowness, moldiness and rectangle. However, a careful analysis brought Locke to the conclusion that empirically (sensually) evidence is impossible to find in favor of the existence of the substrate, because all the data we have, belong to the qualities of things. It concludes that neither material nor spiritual substances are unrecognizable and that this idea itself is so unfair, which is not amenable to meaningful analysis. Unlike some of his followers, Locke did not go to the end, that is, did not refuse to completely from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe substance. He simply concluded that the substance is "an unknown something that supports those ideas that we call accees" (qualities disassembled above).

It was even harder to abandon the idea of \u200b\u200bpurely spiritual substances - such as the human soul or God, because Christian theology was largely based on it. Its writings do not make clarity in this question, as he hesitated, he confessed with Hobbes that there is nothing but the matter, then supporting traditional religious ideas.

Locke was firmly convinced that only the happiness he called the "highest of the pleasures available to us," can encourage us to desire anything. We call things a blessing, he said, if they contribute to the achievement of pleasure, and evil, if they cause pain. Delight and pain, by the way, are not reduced only to physical or bodily sensations; Delight or pain can be any feeling "pleasure" or "anxiety". As examples of pain, Locke leads sadness, anger, envy and shame, which are far from always accompanied by physical manifestations or are determined by physical impacts.

Like many of their predecessors, Locke believed that at least theoretically, reflections on the natural state - the state in which human beings were abides before the establishment of organized societies with laws and governments are not meaningless. However, in contrast to Thomas Hobbs, which believed that in the natural state there is no other law, except for the jungle law, or the law of self-preservation, Locke concluded that human behavior is subject to certain laws at all times, regardless of whether public power exists capable of them in life. In natural state, each person has equal rights regarding any other personality. People tend to use the mind, and, being creatures, they would simply not allow themselves to get to the natural state to be depicted by Hobb, in which everyone is fighting with each.

The natural condition was similar to Locke as something like the Eden Garden, in which people lived in strict agreement with the mind, without experiencing needs in lawyers, police or vessels, as they were perfectly laid out with each other. In this state, people enjoyed "perfect freedom to act and dispose of their own property and personality, as they considered it necessary, within the natural law, without requaking the permission and independent of the will of any other person."

Using so complete freedom, people living in a natural state are absolutely equal, since none of them has more than others. However, their freedom is not an adventure or right to cause damage to others. The natural law requires that no one caused damage to "life, health, freedom or property" of another. On the same basis, a person is not entitled arbitrarily, without a weight of that excuse, to destroy himself or his heritage. According to Locke, the basis of this is the natural law, which, in turn, is based, apparently on certain religious dogmas, including on the idea that everything, including every human being, is ultimately the property of God, not allowing the destruction of its heritage.

The doctrine of ownership

Locke believed that labor is an excuse: the institution of ownership. In a natural state, everyone who transforms the thing from one state to another, acquires the right to own it. The man, asooching the garden and cultivating him, has the right to the harvest, which will be brought to them. Until then, Yoka sink lies in the sands by the sea, it is draw; But as soon as someone chooses her and take advantage of her as an ornament, she becomes his property. Thus, unlike Gobbs, who claimed that property arises only after the introduction of laws determining its borders, Locke believed that the property was naturally independent of the state. And indeed, according to Locke, the primary appointment of the state is the "Protection of Property".

Locke believed that theoretically no one should have more property than it is capable of using. This is especially related to short-lived things, such as fruits. The man who gathered a huge amount of plums, does not apply to qualify for possession, for he will not be able to eat them before they rotate, and waste is evil. However, the invention of money, and especially the discovery of the fact that certain metals are particularly durable, has allowed some of the acquisition of incompatiently huge earthly wealth. Although, from a theoretical point of view, it is undesirable, by conclusion of Locke, property is so sacred that it has to put up with its unequal distribution.

People as a carrier of the supreme power

After the mind convince people to establish a state, concluding a public contract (which is inevitable), it will be completely unlike the Gobbs state, in which the people as their subjects are the sole sovereign, or the carrier of the supreme power. On the contrary, since the people conclude a public contract and agree to the introduction of the power of laws, the sovereignty belongs to the people, and not the king. From the fact that the situation is the situation in this way, it follows that the people who erected the sovereign to the throne preserves the right to deploy it if the sovereign is not able to rule in accordance with their will.

Locke's teachings had a huge impact on the founding fathers of the United States of America and largely prepared the American and French revolutions. According to the revolutionary-democratic theory of Locke, the highest in the state should not be executive, but the legislative power, since it is more directly accountable to the sovereign people. Moreover, the executive and legislative power must be separated from each other so that they can serve as a mutual counterweight, preventing the predominance of one of them and the usurpation of rights and the prerogatives owned by the people on the right of nature.

According to Locke, people form a society for the sake of their property to preserve and obey the authorities of the government and laws that serve as to preserve what belongs to them right. Therefore, Lokk says, "Whenever legislators are trying to take away and destroy the property of the people or subjugate its tyranny power, they enter into a state of war with the people, which, by virtue of this, is exempt from further obedience and have the right to turn to the general office provided for by God For those who are faced with violence. " So, if the government undermines the trust, which the people ended up, it loses the power and trusted by him, after which she "passes to the people who has the right to restore its original freedom and take care of its disadvantage and security, establishing a new legislative power that he He deems suitable. "

Responding to accusations that, defending the right to the uprising, we deal with permanent instability and frequent political coups, Locke noticed that "not any turmoil in public life leads to the revolution." Generally speaking, the peoples are quite patient in relation to their rulers. To provoke the people to assign the legislative power, abuse must overflow the bowl of his patience. In addition, I urged Locke, knowledge that the people can rebel - this best warranty From self-serving rule: knowing that their position is unreliable, officials will show a smaller tendency to abuse.

If the goal of the state is the well-being of mankind, then what is better, Locke asked: so that people always dwell to the power of limitless tyranny or that rulers should be displaced if they use their power for the sake of destruction, and not to preserve the property of the people? Be that as it may, he said, whether some face is a ruler or a simple citizen, but if it encroaches the rights of the people and undermines the overthrow of the legitimate government, then this person "in fairness should be considered the enemy of society and the ulcer of human race, and come It follows respectively.

If serious disagreements arise between the people and the ruler, then who can judge them? Locke's answer is straight and unambiguous: "The entire people should speak to the plenipotentiary arbiter in such a dispute," because it is the source of trust that the ruler was clothed. If the ruler refuses to obey the sentence of the people, then "appeal to one of the sky alone": The ruler unleashes the war against his people, who is entitled to withdraw the power of him and transfer it to another who, according to citizens, is able to be a faithful servant of the people.

Bibliography

Lokk, D., writings in three volumes, m, 1985-1988. Serebrennikov, V., Locke's teachings about the inborn principles of knowledge and activities, St. Petersburg., 1892.
Rahman, D., John Locke, [Kharkov], 1924.
Subbotin, a.l., the principles of gnoseology of the Locke. // Questions philosophy, 1955, №2. Naria, I.S., Philosophy of John Locke, M., 1960.
Zaichenko, G.A., John Locke, M., 1973.
Locke, J., An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Collated and Annotated, With Bibliographical, Crititcal, And Historical Prolegomena, Ed. by A.c. Frazer, New York: Dover Publications, 1959.
Locke, J., Two Treatises of Civil Government, ED. By P. Laslett, New York: Mentor Books, 1965.
Locke, J., The Second Treatise of Civil Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration, ED. By J.W. Gough, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1948.
Jenkins, J.j., Understanding Locke: An Introduction to Philosophy Through John Locke "s Essay, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983.
Martin, S.V., Armstrong, D.m., Locke and Berkeley: A Collection of Critical Essays, Notre Dame London: Notre Dame University Press, 1968.
O "Connor, D.J., John Locke, London, 1952.
Yolton, J.W., Locke and Compass of Human Understanding: A Selective Commentary On the "Essay", Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Original © Burton Firewater, 1992
© V. Fedorin, 1997
Great Thinkers of the West. - M.: Kron-Press, 1999

Cultural Reviews of John Locke.

If you try in the most general words to give the characteristic of Locke as a thinker, then first of all it should be said that he is the successor of the Francis Bacon line in the European philosophy of the late XVII - early XVIII century. Moreover, it can be called it with a complete basis by the founder of the "British empiricism", the creator of the theories of the natural law and the public contract, the teachings on the separation of the authorities, which are the cornerstone of modern liberalism. Locke stood at the origins of the labor theory of the cost, which was used to apologetics of the bourgeois society and the evidence of the inviolability of the right of private property. He first proclaimed that "the property arising from work can outweigh the community of land ownership, because it is working that it creates differences in the value of all things" 17. Locke was made a lot to protect and develop the principles of freedom of conscience and violence. Finally, Locke created the theory of education, which significantly differs from those that developed its predecessors, including the thinkers of the Renaissance.

Locke had a huge influence on European subsequent generation thinkers. ... His works relied on the ideologists of the Northern States of America, including George Washington and the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson. Thus, in the face of Locke, we have a philosopher, whose works have become a turning milestone in the development of economic, political, ethical ideas in Europe and America. He introduced a certain contribution to the development of the cultural theory, which, in fact, forces it turns to his theoretical heritage.

John Locke was born in the small town of County Somerset in the south-west of England in the family of a small judicial official, who in his political convictions belonged to the Puritans of the extreme left sense (they were called in the surroundings to the Independents, i.e. independent, for they did not recognize the authorities of the Episcopate and Appointed the priests of people from their environment). The atmosphere of the house, where all virtues appreciated labor, freedom to the sincere faith in God, had the most direct impact on the formation of the character of a young Lockey. Locke's father's instructions must and their early awakened interest in the issues of religion, rights, politicians, the study of which he devoted his life. In school with Westminster Abbey, he came quickly late (the epoch was stormy - in England, the civil war was raised, who ended with overall and execution of King Charles I and the establishment of the sole rule of Oliver Cromwell, and therefore the mother did not decide to give his son to the teaching for a long time), but it did not prevent It is safely completed to finish the course and enter the college of the Christ Church of the University of the University. As a better student who scored the highest score with the introductory tests, it was determined among students studying for a government account, which was a big blessing for the family, constantly experiencing material difficulties. This happened in 1652, and from now on for more than thirty years, the fate of Locke turned out to be associated with Oxford. Locke graduated from theological faculty, but refused to accept San, as the university charter required for teachers demanded, and therefore he was allowed to teach not the entire complex of disciplines, which was usually "coated" doctors, but only a Greek language, rhetoric. A little later, he was allowed to read the course of ethics (it was called in those times of "moral philosophy"). Being a teacher, Locke went to the medical faculty (his natural sciences entered the medical science, and he was stiffening with physics, chemistry, biology), but after the end of the course in obtaining a diploma of the doctor of medicine, he was denied. About the reasons for refusal University chronicles speak very vague, but it can be assumed that it was associated with a reputation as an atheist and a sanity, which firmly entrenched for Locke since the time of magistracy and publication of his first works. But it did not stop the Locke, which continued (and pretty successfully) to study the studies in their chosen areas. Soon his name becomes famous in scientific circles. He meets the largest physicist of that time by Robert Boyl and helps him in his experiments. Locke's successes on scientific fields did not pass unnoticed. In 1668 (he was then 36 years old), Locke choose a full member of the Royal Society London, which, in fact, was (and is still) by the National Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom. Soon he changes his activity and begins to engage in politics. It was associated with an acquaintance with Graph Sheptsbury, a well-known State Worker of the Pore, who offered him the post of personal secretary and the mentor of his children. Gradually, Locke becomes his closest advisor and gets the opportunity to influence large policies. He participates in the preparation of a number of legislative acts, in the development of tactics and strategy of the ruling cabinet, provides delicate services in the field of secret diplomacy to their patron and to a friend. Political activity All the more and more captures it, and soon, thanks to his talent, he becomes one of the recognized leaders of the Vigo party (so called the party of medium and large English bourgeoisie, striving to consolidate the conquest of the British bourgeois revolution and not give to the pianos conquered by her freedom). Thanks to the support of the opposition, the Locke is prescribed to a number of prominent state posts, where he shows the non-cold abilities of the statesman. But soon his successfully started political career is interrupted. After the fall of the Cabinet of Schaftsbury and the arrest of his patron, Locke runs to Holland, who was in those years a refuge for emigrants from all over Europe. The royal authorities demand it to issue it for the court and execution, but the case of the case, which sharply changes the trajectory of Locke's life path. He meets the villagers (ruler) of the Dutch Republic Wilhelm III Orange, who, appreciating his mind and political experience, bringing him to himself. After the overthrow of Yakov II Stewart Wilhelm Orange, who had undeniable rights to the English throne, Locke returns to England, where it becomes one of the most prominent figures of the new government. He receives the post of commissioner on colonies and trade, heads the Committee on Monetary Reform. According to his proposal, an English bank is created, a number of other financial institutions. At the same time, he is engaged in intensive scientific activities. From under his pen, one by one overlook the economic, political ... treatises. He also leads to active controversy on pages of newspapers and magazines with its political opponents. Repeatedly acts in parliament and meetings of the Royal Council. However, in 1700, he leaves all his posts due to illness and settled outside London, in the estate of Lord Meshham, where he was engaged in his grandson. John Locke died in 1704, being on top of glory, surrounded by honor * and respect for people who were well aware that the whole historical era is being taken away with his death and the new, whose offensive John Locke substantiated and ideologically prepared.

The spiritual heritage of Locke is very impressive. The work of the works written by him include: "Elements of natural philosophy", "experience about kindness", "two treatises about the state rule", "some thoughts about education" finally, the famous treatise "Experience about human understanding." They also published many articles, letters, notes, where the issues of economics, politicians, ethics, religions, pedagogy are considered. A number of work was published by Lockey under the strangest names (he was always afraid that his fate of Viga Olnunon Sydney, hanged in the days of Charles II for the fact that the manuscript of the Government was found in his papers, where the theory of a public contract), and Today, their identification is not possible.

Among the works of Locke there is no book specifically dedicated to the consideration of the issues of cultural studies, but this does not mean that he did not touch them. The analysis of Lokovskiy texts shows that he did not bypass any of the main problems of theoretical cultural studies. It is very detailed. He argues about how human society arose, culture, which laws are determined by the exement of society, what functions are performed by art, science, religion and right, what is the role of a language in the formation of a person as a social being.

Immediately it is necessary to say that the founder of English sensualism offers a different concept of society and state than Hobbs, although the starting points of the same one are the same. Locke proceeds from the fact that the natural state in which people stay at the dawn of their history are by no means "war against all", as Hobbs wrote about it. From his point of view, good-quality and mutual support reigned in human society, because there were few people and everyone owned the land plot, which he and his loved ones were able to process. Individivid owned the property that he himself created and did not attend his ownership of himself like. In other words, Locke believes that private property exists initially, and does not occur at a certain stage of the development of human society. Thus, the initial package for the Locke is one of the basic positions of the philosophy of history, formulated by the ideologists of the British bourgeois revolution in the middle of the XVII century. ...

So, society in a natural state of Locke looks like a society organized on the basis of the principles of equality, justice, independence of people from each other. In this society, relations between individuals are governed by the norms of morality and religion, but not the right to which people who are in natural state are not known. But, as property accumulates from individual members of society, they have a desire to subordinate to themselves, which, naturally, oppose this. The second prerequisite of the disorder in society and the destruction of the harmony of relations is becoming a rapid increase in population. With the lack of land, everyone sees in the other not a comrade, but the enemy who dreams to take possession of the share of property, he does not belong. So the state of the "war of all against all" arises, which lasts until people are aware of the abnormalities of the current state of affairs. In the process of finding an exit of the current situation, they ultimately come to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to establish a state to be delegated to establish the power to establish peace, protect the property and the life of owners. This consent is the "public contract", which is based on the entire pyramid of the powerful, economic and legal relations of modern society.

Thus, the state, by Locke, is artificial, i.e., cultural education created by the will and acts of people.

From this it follows that the genesis of the state repeats the genesis of the culture itself, and the forms of the state correspond to those or other forms of culture. The latter, according to the views of the Locke, does not exist initially, it is not given over, but is created by people. ...

It is not difficult to notice that such an interpretation of culture is largely echoes with an understanding of the culture present in the works of Hobbes, for which culture is also the world created by the hands and mind of people in accordance with their needs, interests.

Close GobbSovsky and Lokovskiy solution to the problem of religion. Locke recognizes it an integral part of the state car and believes that it performs important social functions that are not able to fulfill other public institutions, in particular morality and law. But he, in contrast to Hobb, he does not consider religion the phenomenon of culture.

Faith, in his understanding, there is a manifestation of the creative power of the Lord. ... And no gnoseological needs of a person cannot explain its appearance. It should be noted that Locke put forward his version of the cosmological proof of the Genesis of God, however, repeating the scheme of Newton's arguments, which believed that in addition to God it is impossible to find any source of activity of matter and consciousness. Locke was sharply negatively treated atheists and even offered to deprive them of civil rights, because the atheists from his point of view, being born skeptics, lose the ability to obedience, do not put the state and, \\ ultimately, morally degraded, becoming dangerous for others , law-abiding and God-fearing, individuals.

For the sake of justice, it must be said that, being a desira in its religious beliefs, Locke did not believed that faith had the right to prioritize to scientific thought. Moreover, he insisted that all the incomprehensible mind should be rejected. ...

Locked and language problems. ...

From the point of view of the founder of English sensualism, the language is primarily the result of a person's creation, although his hand and God attached to its creation.

However, the role of the Lord was only that he endowed a person with the ability to a member speech. Nevertheless, the words created a man himself. He also installed the relationship between them, as well as between the objects that they denote. Thus, in his interpretation of the origin of the language, as you can see, Locke is very thoroughly dispersed with Hobbs, which God assigned a much more significant role in creating speech.

Locke believes that if a person had no ability to make sounds signs of ideas that are born in his brain, and if people were not endowed with the ability to make sounds with general signs, accessible to the others, then the speech would never have any people before today Could communicate with each other. But they have these rare abilities that primarily distinguish them from those animals and birds, for example, parrots that are capable of pronounced by the self-separated sounds. In other words, on Locke, human speech arises as a consequence of the existence of congenital ability to abstraction and generalization, given by initially providing the ability to associate the subject with its nature due to the word.

Words, from the point of view of Locke, are directly related to sensual ideas. So, for example, the word "spirit" in its primary meaning is "breathing", "Angel", "Bulletin. Similarly, other words denote some ideas that arise from a person as a result of the sensual development of the world or as a result internal action Our Spirit. Thus, the basis for the occurrence of the language is experience, direct sensual contact with the objects of the real or ideal world.

Locke describes in detail how general concepts are born, / how the language develops. He explains the fact of the existence of a multitude of languages, which represented a stumbling block for many of its predecessors engaged in this issue. It also offers a solution to a number of other complex problems that are in the center of lingules and linguis-tov. It will not be an exaggeration to assert - Locke developed the original theory of the language that takes a worthy place in a number of other concepts created in significantly later years.

Completing the consideration of the cultural references of Locke, it is necessary at least briefly will stop on his concept of education. Without going into details, I will immediately say that Locke rethought the concept of "man's ideal". The ultimate goal of the education, "Okulutennost" of the individual, from its point of view, should not be a comprehensive and harmoniously developed personality, but a person with impeccable manners, practical in a warehouse of character who can rule over his passions and emotions. In other words, the human ideal is English gentleman with all personality characteristics. Locke in two of his treatises about the upbringing in the most detailed way tells about what the child should eat and drink, in which clothes it is preferable to wear it, how to develop his talents and abilities and impede the manifestation of bad inclinations, how to protect it from the domestic influence of the servants, in What games he should play and what books he should read, etc. It is worth noting that the pedagogical views of Locke clearly ahead of his time. For example, he abruptly objects to the constant use of corporal punishment, believing that "this method of maintaining discipline, which is widely used by educators and is accessible to their understanding, is the least suitable of all imaginable" 19. The use of spanking as a means of conviction, in his opinion, " It gives rise to a disgust for the fact that the teacher must force him to love "20, gradually turns it into a secretive, evil, insincere being, whose soul turns out to be ultimately not available to a good word and a positive example. Locke objects and against the practice of small regulation of the child's behavior. He believes that the young creature is simply unable to remember the numerous rules that prescribe etiquette, and therefore, to seek them to memorize them with the help of corporal punishment, it is simply unreasonable and represented from an ethical point of view. Locke is convinced that the child should be natural in his manifestations that he does not need to copy in his behavior of adults, for which the observance of the etiquette is necessary, and the knowledge of behavior standards in one or another situation represents a peculiar indicator that distinguishes a pupil person from the unprecedented. "While children are small," Locke writes, "the absence of secular courtesy in circulation, if it is only characterized by internal delicacy, ... there must be the least to take care of parents" 21. The main thing that the teacher should strive for, is to form it. A child has an idea of \u200b\u200bhonor and shame. "If you managed," he writes, "to teach children to spend a good reputation and fear shame and shame, it means that you have invested the right beginning in them, which will always show your action and inclons them to good ... In this I see a great secret Education "22.

Considering the question of the methods of education, Locke does a special place for dancing. They, from his point of view, "inform the children's decent confidence and the ability to hold on and, thus, prepare them for the senior society" 23. Dancing in his eyes are equivalent to physical hardening, education and philosophical reflection, which in their combustion, with proper use, give the desired result. Speaking of methods, Locke emphasizes that the tutor's efforts are then successful if there is confidence and respect for each other, confidence and respect for each other. He writes: "Whoever wishes his son to treat him with respect to him and his prescriptions, he must refer himself with great respect for his son" 24. This setting of the question of the relationship between the educator and educated was extremely radical for that time, and many reproached Locke is that he crashes his tradition and undermines the authority of teachers.

Gentleman, from the point of view of Locke, should be able to not only behave perfectly, but also sophisticated to speak and unmistakably write. Among other things, it should own foreign languages, including those on which the treatises of previous centuries are written - Greek and Latin, and from the "living" languages \u200b\u200bto study, one one who will use the gentleman to communicate and business contacts should be selected. Gentleman, from the point of view of Locke, should be an excellent rider and a fencer. It is not superfluous to own other types of weapons, because he needs to be able to defend his honor and honor of his loved ones, but he is not at all training and music is not at all, according to Locke, mandatory. The author of "thoughts about education" admits that these skills are highly appreciated in the aristocratic society, but they need to spend so much time that this waste is not rewarded by the result obtained. In addition, as Wshiet Lokk, "I rarely heard that any of the capable and business people praise and appreciated for outstanding achievements in music, which thinks among things that ever included in the list of secular talents, to her It would be possible to remove the last place. "25. Finally, the English gentleman should be a giba-fearing, know well and respect the laws of your country.

Such, in the most general features, the ideal of the person in accordance with the views of the Locke. It is not difficult to notice that it is fundamentally different from the ideal of a person who is contained in the works of thinkers of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Middle Ages and Renaissance. Locke offers the efforts of society to focus on creating a new social type based on the purely utilitarian needs of the ruling layer formed in England as a result of the "glorious revolution" and "class compromise of 1688". This is a look at the problem of the true representative of his time, the consolidation time of various political forces and major transformations in all spheres of public life, putting the beginning of the transformation of England in the most developed capitalist powers of the new time.

Notes

17. Locke J. Op.: In 2 t. - T. 2. - M., 1960. - p.26.
19. Locke J. Thoughts about Education // Oh.: In 3 t. - T.Z. - M., 1988. - p.442.
20. Ibid. P.443.
21. Ibid. P.456.
22. Ibid. P.446.
23. Ibid. P.456.
24. Ibid. P.465.
25. Ibid. P.594.

Shendrik A.I. Culture theory: studies. Handbook for universities. - M.: Unity-Dana, Unity, 2002.

(See) in philosophy. Locke developed the basic principle of bacon - the origin of knowledge and ideas from the world of feelings. Locke - materialist; He recognized the objective existence of things and believed that ideas and ideas are the result of the impact of these things on our senses. In its main work, the "experience of the human mind" (1690) Locke criticized the doctrine (see) about "innate ideas" and the doctrine (see) about "congenital practical principles". In contrast to this philosophers, he defended an experienced, sensual nature of human knowledge. Ideas, principles are not congenital, but are purchased, proves Locke; The soul of the child he compared with (see): - Clean board.

However, Locke inconsisibly conducted a materialistic point of view on the origin of human knowledge from experience. He differed a dual experience - external and inner. By external experience, he understood the impact of material items on human senses. He called it otherwise (see). In this - Locke materialism. Under the internal experience, he meant the "self-idle of the soul." He called this experience as reflexia. In this - an element of idealism.

Feeling, or external experience, and reflection, or internal experience, according to Locke, are two independent sources of knowledge, from where we get all our ideas, concepts, ideas. Thus, in the theory of knowledge of Locke is a dualist. The quality of things Locke divides on primary and secondary. Our ideas about the length of the length, figure, the movement is reflected in the man's head of the real length, a real figure and a real movement, that is, they have quite objective meaning. These are primary qualities. Our ideas about color, sound, smell are subjective ideas, i.e. do not have an objective value. This is, on Locke, - secondary qualities. In the teaching on the primary and secondary qualities of Locke made a greater concession to idealism.

The dual character of the smoke teachings led to the fact that idealistic errors were subsequently used (see) and (see), which created the teachings of subjective idealism. The materialistic elements of Lokkovskoy philosophy consistently developed French materialists of the XVIII century. (see), (see), (see). In matters of religion, Locke was a defector, in pedagogy - the goal was pursued to prepare a "gentleman" of the bourgeois society, "who knows how to reasonably and profitable."

The inconsistency and inconsistency of the philosophy of Locke had a class of class roots. Locke, according to Engels, was the "son of class compromise of 1688", i.e., compromise between the English bourgeoisie and the nobility in the era of the so-called "glorious revolution" in England. In his political writings, Locke performed the defender of the constitutional monarchy, created by the British revolution, the defender of the class interests of the English bourgeoisie. The main task of the state consists, on Locke, in protecting private property.

Education, rights and statehood, which were relevant in the middle of the 17th century. He is the founder of a new political and legal teaching, which later became known as the "Doctrine of earlyburiza liberalism."

Biography

Locke was born in 1632 in the Puritan family. Education received in the Westminster School and in College Kraistch-Church. In college he started his scientific activities As a teacher of Greek and rhetoric. In this period, the acquaintance with the famous natural scientist Robert Boylem is tied. Together with him, Locke conducted metrological observations, deeply studied chemistry. Subsequently, John Locke seriously studied medicine and in 1668 he became a member of the London Royal Society.

In 1667, John Locke met Lord Ashley Cooper. This extraordinary man was in opposition to the royal court and criticized the existing authority. John Locke leaves teaching activities and settles in the estate of Lord Cooper as his friend, companion and a personal physician.

Political intrigues and a failed attempt forcing Lord Ashley to hastily leave the native shores. Following him emigrates to Holland and John Locke. The main ideas that the scientist brought fame were formed precisely in emigration. The years spent in someone else's country turned out to be the most fruitful in the quarry of Locke.

The changes that occurred in England at the end of the 17th century allowed Locke to return to their homeland. The philosopher willingly works with the new government and for some time occupies important positions under the new administration. The post of responsible trade and colonies becomes the last in the career of the scientist. The lung disease makes him retire, and he spends the rest of his life in the town of OTS, in the estate of his loved ones.

Trail in philosophy

The main philosophical essay as "experience about human understanding." In the treatise, the system of empirical (experienced) philosophy is revealed. The basis for the conclusions is not logical conclusions, but actual experience. So says John Locke. The philosophy of such a plan was in contradiction with the existing system of worldview. In this work, the scientist claims that the basis for studying the surrounding world is sensual experience, and only with the help of observation can be obtained reliable, real and obvious knowledge.

Trail in religion

The scientific works of the philosopher relate to the arrangement of religious institutions that existed at the time in England. The manuscripts "Protection of Nonconformism" are known and "experience about kindness", the author of which is John Locke. The main ideas were contacted precisely in these unnecessary treatises, and a fully system of the device of the church, the problem of freedom of conscience and religion was presented in the "Epistle on Vertorpost".

In this, it works for each person the right to a scientist calls on state institutions to recognize the choice of religion inherent right of every citizen. The True Church in its activities, according to the scientist, should be merciful and compassionate to dissent; The power of the church and the teachings of the church must stop violence in any form. However, the tolerance of believers should not be distributed to those who do not recognize the legal laws of the state, denies society and the very existence of the Lord, says John Locke. The main ideas of the "Messages on Valid Performance" are equality of the rights of all religious communities and the separation of state power from the church.

"The rationality of Christianity, which it is represented in the Holy Scripture" Later, the writing of the philosopher in which he approves the unity of God. Christianity, first of all, the arch of the moral norms that each person must adhere to, John Lokk believes. The philosopher's labor works in the field of religion enriched religious teachings with two new directions - English deishes and Latitianism - the teaching on violence.

Trail in the theory of state and law

Its vision of the device of a fair society J. Locke outlined in labor "two treatises about the state rule." The basis for the composition was the doctrine about the emergence of the state from the "natural" society of people. According to the scientist, at the beginning of the existence, humanity did not know the wars, everyone was equal and "no one had more than the other." However, in such a society, there were no control bodies that would eliminate differences, the property disputes solved, a fair trial was resolved. In order to ensure, the political community is formed - the state. Peaceful education of state institutions based on the consent of all people is the basis for the creation of a state system. So says John Locke.

The main ideas of the Company's state transformation were to form political and judicial bodies that would protect the rights of all people. The state remains the right to apply force for its own protection against an extraneous invasion, as well as to control observance internal laws. John's theory Locke, set forth in this essay, approves the right of citizens to remove the government, which does not fulfill its functions or abuses power.

Trail in pedagogy

"Thought about upbringing" - an essay of J. Locke, in which he claims that the environment has a decisive influence. At the beginning of its development, the child is under the influence of parents and educators, which is a moral model for him. As the child is growing gets freedom. Attention was paid to the philosopher and physical education of children. Training, as mentioned in the composition, should be based on the use of practical knowledge necessary for life in a bourgeois society, and not on the study of scholastic sciences that do not have practical benefits. This work was criticized by the Bishop of Worcester, with whom Locke repeatedly entered the controversy, defending his views.

Mark on history

The philosopher, lawyer, religious leader, teacher and publicist - all this is John Locke. The philosophy of his treatises responded to the practical and theoretical demands of the new century - centuries of education, discoveries, new sciences and new state entities.

Locke, John(Locke, John) (1632-1704), English philosopher, sometimes called "Intellectual leader of 18 V." and the first philosopher of the Epoch of Enlightenment. His theory of knowledge and social philosophy had a profound impact on the history of culture and society, in particular to the development of the American Constitution. Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in Rington (County Somerset) in the family of a judicial officer. Thanks to the victory of Parliament in the Civil War, at which his father fought in the rank of Captain Cavalry, Locke was adopted at the age of 15 years in Westminster School - at that time the country's leading educational institution. An English adhere to the family, but led to Puritan (Independent) views. In Westminster, the royalist ideas found an energetic defender in the face of Richard Basby, who continued to lead the school on the overlooking the parliamentary leaders. In 1652, Locke entered the Kraist-Church College of Oxford University. By the time of restoration of Stuarts, his political views could be called right-armor and in many ways close to Hobbes.

Locke was diligent if not to say a brilliant student. After receiving a master's degree in 1658, he was elected a "student" (ie, scientist) college, but soon disappointed in Aristotelian philosophy, which was supposed to teach, began to study medicine and helped in natural science experiments that spent in Oxford R.Bill And his disciples. However, he did not receive any significant results, and when Locke returned from a trip to the Brandenburg court with a diplomatic mission, he was denied the desire of the doctor of medicine. Then, at the age of 34, he met a person who influenced his subsequent life - Lord Ashley, subsequently the first Graph of Shertsbury, which was not yet the opposition leader. Schaftsbury was a lawyer of freedom while Locke still shared the absolutist goggles, but by 1666 his position changed and became closer to the views of the future patron. Schaftsbury and Locke saw a relative soul in each other. A year later, Locke left Oxford and took the place of home physician, adviser and teacher in the family of Schaftsbury, who lived in London (among his pupils was Antoni Shertsbury). After Locke operated on his cartridge, whose life threatened the suppuration of the cyst, Schaftsbury decided that Locke was too large to deal with one medicine, and took care of the promotion of his ward in other areas.

Under the roof of the House of Shertsbury, Locke found his true vocation - he became a philosopher. Discussions with Schaftsbury and his friends (Anthony Ashley, Thomas Sidenchem, David Thomas, Thomas Khodjess, James Tirrel) prompted Locke to write on the fourth year of stay in London the first sketch of the future masterpiece - Experience about human understanding (). Sidenhem introduced him to new methods of clinical medicine. In 1668, Locke became a member of the Royal Society London. Schaftsbury himself introduced him to politics and the economy and gave him the opportunity to get the first experience in public administration.

The liberalism of Shertsbury was sufficiently materialistic. The great passion of his life was trade. He best understood his contemporaries, which wealth - national and personal - could be obtained by freeing entrepreneurs from medieval defeats and making a number of other bold steps. Religious tolerance allowed Dutch merchants to achieve prosperity, and Chartsbury was convinced that if the British put an end to the religious straightening, they could create an empire, not only superior to Dutch, but the equal ownership of Rome. However, in the way of England, the Great Catholic Power France was standing, so he did not want to distribute the principle of religious tolerance on "papists", as he called Catholics.

While Scheftsbury was interested in practical cases, Locke was engaged in the development of the same political line in the theory, justifying the philosophy of liberalism, which expressed the interests of the emerging capitalism. In 1675-1679, he lived in France (in Montpellier and Paris), where he studied, in particular, the ideas of Gassendi and his school, and also performed a number of Vigi orders. It turned out that the theory of Locke was intended for the revolutionary future, since Karl II, and even more his successor of Yakov II to justify his policy of tolerance to Catholicism and even its planting in England turned to the traditional concept of monarchical rule. After an unsuccessful attempt to the uprising against the regime of the School of School, in the end, after imprisoning in Tower and the subsequent justification by the London Court, fled to Amsterdam, where he soon died. Having attempted to continue his teaching career in Oxford, Locke in 1683 went after his cartridge in Holland, where he lived in 1683-1689; In 1685, in the list of other refugees, he was named a traitor (by the Member of the Montmaut's conspiracy) and was subject to issuing the British government. Locke did not return to England until the successful landing of Wilhelm Orange on the coast of England in 1688 and the flight of Yakov II. Returning to his homeland on one ship with the future queen Maria II, Locke published a job Two treatises about the State Board (Two Treatises of Government, 1689, the book has mastered the Year of Edition 1690), setting out the theory of revolutionary liberalism in it. Becoming classic labor in the history of political thought, this book also played an important role, according to its author, in the "justification of the Right of King Wilhelm to be our ruler." In this book, Locke put forward the concept of a public contract, in which the only true basis of the power of sovereign is the consent of the people. If the ruler does not justify confidence, people are eligible and even obliged to stop it. In other words, people have the right to the uprising. But how to decide exactly when the ruler ceases to serve the people? According to Locke, this moment occurs when the ruler moves from the rule based on the hard principle to the "changeable, indefinite and arbitrary" rule. Most of the British were convinced that such a moment came when Yakov II began to conduct a dollar policy in 1688. Locke himself, together with Shertsbury and his environment, were convinced that this moment had arrived at Carle II in 1682; it was then that manuscript was created Two treatises.

Locke noted his return to England in 1689 by the publication of another work close to the content to Treaty, namely the first Letters about violence (Letter for Toleration., it is written mainly in 1685). He wrote the text of Latin ( Epistola de Tolerantia) In order to publish it in the Netherlands, and by chance in the English text fell preface (written by the translator, toilet with William Populta), in which it was proclaimed that "absolute freedom ... is what we need." Locke himself was not a supporter of absolute freedom. From his point of view, Catholics earned the persecution, because they swear in loyalty to foreign lord, dad; Atheists - because they cannot be believed to believe. As for everyone else, the state should leave for each right to save by its own way. IN Letter about Valopeility Locke opposed the traditional view, according to which secular power is entitled to impose true faith and true morality. He wrote that it was possible to force people only to pretend, but not to believe in any way. And the strengthening of morality (in that not affecting the security of the country and the preservation of the world) is the responsibility of the state, but the church.

Locke himself was a Christian and adhered to Anglicism. But his personal symbol of faith was surprisingly brief and consisted of one-sole judgment: Christ - Messiah. In ethics, he was a hedonist and believed that the natural purpose of a person in life is happiness, and that the New Testament pointed to people the path to happiness in this life and the life of the eternal. Locke saw his task to warn people looking for happiness in short-term pleasures for which they subsequently have to pay for suffering.

Returning to England during the "glorious" revolution, Locke initially intended to take his post in Oxford University, from which he was fired at the direction of Charles II in 1684 after leaving for Holland. However, it discovered that the place was already given to a certain young man, he refused this idea and dedicated the remaining 15 years of life with research and civil service. Soon, Locke discovered that he enjoys fame, but not because of his political essays that were anonymously, but as an author of labor Experience about human understanding(An Essay Concerning Human Understanding), who first saw the light in 1690, but started in 1671 and completed mainly in 1686. Experience I endured a number of publications during the author of the author, the last fifth edition containing corrections and additions was released in 1706, after the death of the philosopher.

It is possible without exaggeration to say that Locke was the first modern thinker. His reasoning method was sharply different from thinking of medieval philosophers. The consciousness of a medieval man was filled with thoughts about the alternating world. The mind of Locke was distinguished by practicality, empiricism, this is an enterprising person, even a man in the street: "What is the benefit," he asked, "from poetry?" He lacked patience to understand the intricacies of the Christian religion. He did not believe in miracles and with disgust treated mysticism. I did not believe the people who were saints, as well as those who constantly thought about Rae and Herde. Locke believed that a person should fulfill his duties in the world where he lives. "Our share, he wrote," here, in this small place on Earth, and nor to us nor our concerns are destined to leave its limits. "

Locke was far from to despise the London society, which was rotating thanks to the success of his writings, but could not endure urban stool. He suffered from asthma most of his life, and after sixty he suspected that he was sick with a stupid. In 1691, he accepted the offer to settle in a country house in Otsa (Essex County) - Invitation of Lady Meshmam, his wife of a member of parliament and the daughter of Cambridge Platonics of Ralf Kedworth. However, Locke did not allow himself to fully relax in the cozy home atmosphere; In 1696, he became a commissar for trade and colonies, which made him regularly appear in the capital. By that time, he was an intellectual leader of Vigov, and many parliamentarians and government figures often referred to him for advice and askances. Locke participated in the monetary reform and contributed to the abolition of the law preventing freedom of printing. He was one of the founders of the Bank of England. In Osto, LOCI was engaged in the upbringing of the son of Lady Meshhem and rewritten with the leibine. In the same place, I.Nyuton visited him, with whom they discussed the messages of the Apostle Paul. However, its main occupation in this last period of life was the preparation for the publication of numerous works, the ideas of which he had previously hatched. Among the works of Locke - The second letter of violence (A Second Letter Concerning Toleration, 1690); Third letter of violence (A Third Letter for Toleration, 1692); Some thoughts about education (Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693); The intelligence of Christianity, how it is transmitted in Scripture (The Reasonableness of Christianity, AS Delivered in The Scriptures, 1695) and many others.

In 1700, Locke refused all posts and retired at UTS. Locke died in the house of Lady Meshhem on October 28, 1704.