Appointment ... Mnemonic diagram (screen form) is a visual graphic representation of the technological process, integrated with monitoring and control facilities. It is the most important source of information about the nature and structure of connections, the current state of variables (including those related to the violation of technological modes, accidents, etc.) and allows the operator-technologist:

· Facilitate memorization of the course of the technological process and the purpose of devices and controls;

· To determine the methods of action in different modes of operation of the object;

· Help to simplify the search and identification of the necessary information for the prompt adoption of the right decisions.

Graphics components ... All SCADA systems include tools that allow you to create both static elements of mnemonic diagrams (contour images of technological devices, pipelines, etc.), and animate (animate) these elements (create dynamic objects). These funds include:

· Sets of graphic drawing primitives (line, rectangle, ellipse, curves, text) and tools for their layout to create unique custom objects);

· Ready-made libraries of typical graphic objects: technological objects (devices, mechanisms, machines, etc.), displays, pointers, sliders, buttons, switches used to display variables and control the process. These libraries can be extended by the user. When constructing a mnemonic diagram, drawing is first carried out

static image of the working window. Usually, these are devices of the technological process or their technological sequence, pipelines, background, explanatory text, etc.

The next step is to add dynamics to the mnemonic diagram, that is, to animate the drawn (or selected from libraries) elements. Animation is understood as the ability of elements to change their properties when changing the variables of the technological process. Modifiable properties are thickness, line color and style, fill color and style (if it is a filled shape), and size, position, and orientation of elements. It also provides for direct input of variables (numbers and text, sliders) and control of the process using buttons and switches (Start / Stop, On / Off, Window Call, etc.).

Construction principles ... With a wide variety of technological processes, designing a good mnemonic scheme is in many ways an art, but it can be recommended general principles build:

– brevity and clarity- the mnemonic diagram should be simple (the contours and proportions of the devices are close to the form of real prototypes), should not contain minor elements, and the displayed information should be clear and specific, convenient for perception and further processing. The mnemonic scheme should provide a minimal, but adequate for control and management, number of variables, should not be "overloaded" with information for clarification (minor trends), which is more convenient to nest in the form of pop-up windows called at the request of the operator;

– maximum linearity process images, i.e. it is advisable to highlight the main line of the process, obeying the rule of visuality: reading "from left to right" and "from top to bottom", the minimum use of parallel contours, which will greatly simplify perception

- autonomy- isolation from each other of the sections of the mnemonic diagram corresponding to the autonomously controlled and controlled objects and units. These separate areas should be clearly separated from others and have a complete, easy to remember and different structure.

– unification- symbols of similar objects and processes should be combined and unified whenever possible;

- visual accent to control and management elements- First of all, the elements that are essential for assessing the state, making decisions and influencing the controlled object should be highlighted (by size, shape or color) (i.e. help to quickly navigate, identify and eliminate deviations and malfunctions);

– taking into account the human factor- the mnemonic diagram should be developed and improved taking into account the opinion of the operating personnel.

To evaluate mnemonic diagrams, the following are used:

- coefficient of information content - the ratio of the number of passive (static) elements and active (dynamic);

- field filling factor - the ratio of the number of passive mnemonic elements to the total number of mnemonic elements.

When designing mnemonic diagrams, they usually offer several options. The final one is chosen by experiment (they simulate the operator's activity on a computer with various mnemonic schemes). The evaluation criteria are the time of solving problems and the number of mistakes made.

In fig. 2 shows the main zones of the mnemonic diagram. With the horizontal dominant of the presentation of information, the following zones are distinguished: basic information area- reflects the general structure of the technological process. It contains the main apparatus, pipelines, as well as the information load accompanying the technological process.

zone additional information - buttons for trend graphs, reports, "start / stop", etc. can be located here.

switching zone- due to the impossibility of rational display of all information in one window ("the curse of the format").

With the help of the area tools, it is possible to call additional windows on which alarms, trends (per day, month, year), and individual process sections are detailed in more detail. This approach unloads the mnemonic diagram, makes it possible to obtain the necessary information about the object that deserves attention at the moment. A clear difference with the vertical dominance of the zones - area 2 (additional information) is located to the right of area 1 (basic information). This is primarily due to the size of the described objects (the displayed process is small in volume), which allows you to allocate more space for explanatory information. This arrangement of areas can be used for pop-up windows, i.e., a detailed examination of individual sections of the technological process.

• Mnemonic diagram - a set of signaling devices and signaling images of equipment and internal connections of the controlled object, placed on dispatching consoles, operator panels or executed on a personal computer. The information displayed on the mnemonic diagram can be presented in the form of an analog, discrete and relay signal, as well as graphically. By visually displaying the structure of the system, the mnemonic diagram makes it easier for the operator to memorize the schemes of objects, the relationship between parameters, the purpose of instruments and controls. In the control process, the mnemonic diagram is for the operator the most important source of information about current state system, the nature and structure of the processes occurring in it, including those associated with the violation of technological modes, accidents, etc.

  The mnemonic diagrams reflect the main equipment, signals, the state of the regulatory bodies. Mnemonic diagrams can reflect both the general picture of the state of the system, the technological process, and the state of individual units, devices, parameter values, etc. Auxiliary and reference material should be located in additional display forms, with the possibility of extracting these auxiliary forms on the screen as quickly as possible.

  Mnemonic diagrams help the operator, working in conditions of a large amount of incoming information, to facilitate the process of information retrieval, subjecting it to a certain logic dictated by the real connections of the parameters of the controlled object. They make it easier for the operator to logically systematize and process the incoming information, help to carry out technical diagnostics in case of process deviations from the norm, provide external support for developing optimal solutions and forming control actions.

Related concepts

A mnemonic shield (from the Greek μνημο - "memory") is a dispatching equipment, an information visualization device designed for prompt display of data on the state of an object of observation. It is a supporting structure with a dispatching object diagram (mnemonic diagram) placed on it.

Read more: Mnemoshchit

An electronic indicator (Latin indicator - pointer) is an electronic indicating device designed for visual control of events, processes and signals.

Adaptive control is a set of control theory methods that make it possible to synthesize control systems that have the ability to change the parameters of the controller or the structure of the controller depending on changes in the parameters of the control object or external disturbances acting on the control object. Such control systems are called adaptive. Adaptive control is widely used in many applications of control theory.

Data acquisition system (DAS; Data acquisition, DAS, DAQ) is a set of tools designed to work in conjunction with a personal computer or specialized computer and automatically collecting information about the values ​​of physical parameters at specified points of the research object from analog and / or digital signal sources , as well as primary processing, accumulation and transmission of data.

Neurocontrol - special case intelligent control that uses artificial neural networks to solve problems of control of dynamic objects. Neurocontrol is at the intersection of disciplines such as artificial intelligence, neurophysiology, theory automatic control, robotics. Neural networks have a number of unique properties that make them a powerful tool for building management systems: the ability to learn by example and generalize data ...

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Spectral multiplexing of channels (English wavelength-division multiplexing, abbreviated WDM - wavelength division multiplexing) is a technology that allows simultaneous transmission of several information channels over one optical fiber at different carrier frequencies.

Telemechanics is the science of remote control and monitoring with the transmission (via a communication channel) of coded electrical or radio signals carrying control information or data on the state of the controlled object. The objects of telemechanical control and monitoring can be technological processes, machines, devices, biological systems, etc.

A program selection device is a television receiver unit that has the tasks listed below ...

A network control system (NCS - Network Control System) is a control system in which control loops are closed through a communication network. Distinctive feature NCS is that system components exchange control and feedback signals through a communication network in the form of packets.

A flexible manufacturing system (FMS flexible manufacturing system) is a manufacturing system in which there is a certain flexibility that allows the system to respond to changes in the product range or technology, regardless of whether they were predictable or unpredictable.

A device for communication with an object (USO) is a device in an automated process control system for combining analog and digital parameters of a real technological object. Designed to input signals from an object into an automated system and output signals to an object.

Plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH, also PDH from the English Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) is a digital method of data and voice transmission based on time division of the channel and signal presentation technology using pulse code modulation (PCM).

Head tracking system (jarg. Tracker, from English to track "track") is an information input device for a personal computer that converts the user's head movements into coordinates.

Indicator of the damaged section (UPU, IKZ - short-circuit indicator, UTKZ - short-circuit current indicator) - a device for determining the damaged section of the power transmission line and signaling an emergency situation that has occurred. Depending on the purpose and design, short-circuit indicators are installed in the cubicle switchgear, on the support of the overhead power line or directly on phase wire lines. In addition, the UPU are portable ...

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Operator panel (Operator panel, jarg. Panel or English HMI, also obsolete. Operator console) is a specialized computing device of mass (or large-scale) production, implemented in the form of an industrial controller (not a computer), widely using a human-machine interface for control operators of individual automated devices or entire technological processes as part of an automated process control system in the framework of industrial automation.

Machine vision is the application of computer vision to industry and manufacturing. While computer vision is a common set of techniques for allowing computers to see, an area of ​​interest in machine vision as an engineering field is digital input / output devices and computer networks designed to control production equipment such as robotic manipulators or retrieval machines. defective products. Machine vision is a subsection of engineering ...

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The main parallel interface (MPI) is a standard that defines a set of lines and procedures for exchanging a processor and peripheral modules inside a computer using a combined (multiplex) address and data bus. The standard provides for an exchange rate of up to 5.6 MB / s with 8 or 16 bits of transmitted data and 16 to 24 bits of address and was aimed at use in systems of low and medium performance. The requirements of the standard are set out in OST 11.305.903-80 and GOST ...

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Shutdown, shutdown (from the English shutdown) - an operation of a regular or emergency shutdown of a computing system, as well as operations preceding it.

Power line communication (PLC) is a term that describes several different systems for using power lines (PTL) to transmit voice information or data. The network can transmit voice and data by superimposing analog signal over standard 50 Hz or 60 Hz alternating current. PLC includes BPL (Broadband over Power Lines - broadband transmission over power lines), providing data transmission at speeds up to 500 Mbit / s, and NPL (English ...

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A video wall is a system of video display devices (projection video cubes, plasma or LCD displays), which are combined with each other and form a single screen that allows reproducing large amounts of information from different sources in a multi-window mode. A large number of video signal sources is very important when using the system for operational decision making. For comparison, a traditional projector can use a maximum of three sources.

A spacecraft information transmission system is a set of software and hardware that allows information to be transmitted between the spacecraft (SC) and the flight control center of this spacecraft.

An indicating device is a set of elements of a measuring instrument that provide visual perception of the values ​​of the measured quantity or related quantities.

A technical system is an artificially created system designed to satisfy a certain need, existing 1) as a product of production, 2) as a device potentially ready to perform a useful effect, 3) as a process of interaction with environmental components, as a result of which a useful effect is formed.

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A control system is a systematized (strictly defined) set of tools for collecting information about a controlled object and means of influencing its behavior, designed to achieve certain goals. The object of the control system can be both technical objects and people. The object of the control system can consist of other objects, which can have a permanent structure of relationships.

Positional tracking is one of the virtual reality technologies that underlies human interaction with the virtual world. Designed to determine the position and orientation of a real object (for example, a hand, head or special device) in virtual environment using multiple degrees of freedom. As a rule, three coordinates of its location (x, y, z) and three angles that specify its orientation in space ("roll", "pitch", "yaw" or Euler angles). Definition...

Telemetry, telemetry (from ancient Greek τῆλε “far” + μέτρεω - “I measure”) - information about the values ​​of the measured parameters (voltage, current, pressure, temperature, etc.) of controlled and controlled objects by methods and means of telemechanics. The term is derived from the Greek roots "tele" - "remote" and "metron" - "measurement". Although the term itself in most cases refers to mechanisms for wireless transmission of information (for example, using radio or infrared systems), it also includes ...

Relay protection is a complex of devices designed for quick, automatic (in case of damage) identification and separation from the electric power system of damaged elements of this electric power system in emergency situations in order to ensure the normal operation of the entire system.

This guidance material replaces the guidance material RM 4-65-68 “Drawings of mnemonic diagrams on boards and control panels. Guidelines for registration ". It outlines the basic rules for the implementation of drawings of mnemonic diagrams of control and management systems. The material does not consider the problem of determining the expediency of using mnemonic diagrams, identifying the required type of mnemonic diagram and other tasks solved by designers when developing functional diagrams of monitoring and control systems.

Since the implementation of mnemonic diagrams is one of the tasks of artistic design, in the solution of which it is necessary to take into account the specific requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology, this material cannot be considered as a document that strictly regulates the design of mnemonic diagrams. It is a design guide and its recommendations must be considered in conjunction with other requirements that take place in the design of each specific monitoring and control system.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the mode of non-automatic control of the object, the operator monitors the deviations of the parameters from the preset values. These deviations can be considered as output quantities that change due to changes in the input disturbing influences. Acting on the cause of the deviation, if possible, or on another input quantity, a change in which can compensate for the cause of the deviation (disturbance), the operator controls the object.

From the above, it follows that the operator in the control process needs to identify cause-and-effect relationships to select those controls that will most successfully eliminate unwanted deviations. Since similar deviations of the same parameter can be caused by different reasons - disturbances acting through different channels - inputs, identifying the necessary controls is a difficult task. One of the ways to help the operator in identifying the necessary causal relationships is the use of mnemonic schemes.

Mnemonic diagrams are graphic images of controlled technological objects and, as a rule, should be designed taking into account the requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology. For this reason, in especially critical cases, for example, when designing mnemonic diagrams for typical objects, specialists in artistic design (designers) should take part in their development. The basics of artistic design and ergonomics can be found in the following literature:

1. Johannes T. et al. Technical aesthetics and product culture. M., 1969;

2. Somov Yu.S. Composition in technique. M., 1972;

3. Sidorov O.A. Human physiological factors that determine the layout of the machine control station. M., 1962.

The example of a mnemonic diagram attached to this material is intended only for demonstration of the application of the recommendations. of this material when developing mnemonic diagrams. The types and modifications of accessories used in the example should not be considered as recommended. Their use in the example does not mean that these particular products should be preferred when designing mnemonic diagrams.

2. THE ROLE OF THE MIMS IN THE CONTROL SYSTEM

The logic underlying the measures used by the operator to eliminate abnormal deviations in the course of the technological process is in many ways similar to the logic of the work of a foreman repairing complex electrical and other industrial devices and systems. Knowledge and understanding of the technological scheme of the controlled (or repaired) object is a prerequisite for the successful work of both the operator and the repairer. It is for this reason that for objects with a complex, difficult to remember or operatively changeable technological scheme, it is sometimes advisable to place on the control panel (or console) a conditional simplified graphic image of a controlled technological object, that is, to use a mnemonic scheme.

3. SOME RULES FOR DESIGNING MEMOS

The need to take into account the requirements of technical aesthetics and engineering psychology when developing mnemonic circuits was indicated in the introduction of this material. From the above it follows that, at least in difficult cases, a specialist in artistic design should participate in the creation of mnemonic diagrams. In simpler cases, the development of mnemonic diagrams is sufficient to carry out, guided by the following rules, the observance of which, usually, gives acceptable results:

a) the mnemonic diagram should not show minor elements of the technological process that distract the operator's attention and make it difficult to find the information and control bodies he needs;

b) the mnemonic diagram should give the operator the opportunity to quickly assess the overall progress of the process. Therefore, it should reflect all the main contours of control, but the degree of detail should not be excessive, making it difficult to assess the course of the process;

c) the image of the process diagram should be not only beautiful, but also sufficiently compact and visible;

d) the density of symbols placement on the mnemonic diagram field should not be excessive. It should allow making the necessary changes in the future if the production technology is modified (process diagram);

e) the direction of the main technological flow on the mnemonic diagram, as a rule, should be taken in accordance with the generally accepted direction of writing and reading: from left to right;

f) symbols of technological devices related to the same production area should be depicted on the mnemonic diagram field near each other by a common group. Symbols should be approximately evenly spaced within such groups. Such groups should be distinguished by separating them from each other;

g) symbols of technological devices must be placed on the field of the mnemonic diagram in such a way as to minimize the number of intersections of the lines of the mnemonic diagram;

h) the lines of technological streams between the symbols of the devices should be carried out along the shortest path, but observing the requirements of p. g;

i) on the lines of technological flows at intervals convenient for the operator, as a rule, near the apparatus, arrows should be placed "direction of flow";

j) all lines of technological streams that do not end with symbols must end with an arrow “direction of flow” and, if necessary, an explanatory inscription ”.

4. SYMBOLS

Symbols of mnemonic schemes are simplified images of technological devices and other devices shown on a mnemonic scheme. The symbols for technological devices should generally be roughly similar to the corresponding devices.

Compliance with any one scale ratio for the entire mnemonic scheme between the actual dimensions of technological devices and their corresponding symbols, as a rule, is inappropriate.

The sizes (values) of symbols should be taken taking into account the distance of the operator reading the mnemonic diagram. Larger symbols should represent more important devices (if the size of the mnemonic diagram field allows it), which is also necessary when placing control, signaling and control bodies in the symbols.

Minimum permissible character sizes in terms of their legibility by the operator from a distance l, is defined by the following formula:

where S- the size of the symbol;

l- the distance to the symbol along the line of sight (in the same units as S);

a - angle of view ( angular dimension) in arc minutes (").

For symbols not complex shape(there are simple details inside and outside the outline of the symbol) a = 21 "? 1" under normal lighting conditions.

For symbols of complex shape, the value of a should be taken equal to 35 ", for its smallest details -? = 6". The above numbers are minimum. The optimal character size for the fastest reading is? = 40 "The sizes of symbols used in the development of drawings of mnemonic circuits should be checked for their distinguishability from a given reading distance according to the schedule in Appendix 1, built according to formula (1).

The density of symbols on the mnemonic diagram, that is, the distance between adjacent symbols in angular values, must be at least 40 ". Symbols of different technological lines must be carried over long distances.

Overhead symbols, as a rule, should be made of sheet duralumin with a thickness of 1 - 2 mm. By agreement with the manufacturer of the mimic diagrams, symbols and lines can be made of other materials, for example, of plastics.

Process flow lines, as well as impulse and command lines of devices and regulators, should be depicted by overhead strips of duralumin. It is advisable to take the width of the strips from the range of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm, and the lines of technological streams should be at least twice as wide as the impulse and command lines. Lines thinner (narrower) 4 mm should be painted (painted lines). At the discretion of the designer, some symbols can be adopted according to the album "Symbols of elements of mnemonic diagrams of boards and control panels" (designations 4.855.600 - 4.855.723), GPI PMA, 1973.

The font sizes of the inscriptions on mnemonic diagrams should be taken taking into account the distances from which these inscriptions will be read. The font size adopted for the inscription should be checked for foresight in accordance with Appendix 2.

5. PAINTS AND COLORS

A wide variety of technological environments and their parameters makes it difficult to standardize the nomenclature of colors and their shades for displaying technological lines and devices on mnemonic circuits. As a rule, the colors of technological devices and lines should approximately coincide with the actual color of technological units and pipelines in accordance with GOST 14202-69 “Pipelines of industrial enterprises. Identification coloring, warning signs and marking plates ”.

The limited range of colors provided by this standard makes it appropriate to use the colors prescribed by these standards, mainly for the depiction of the main technological environments.

Supporting environments have to be depicted with a deviation from the prescriptions of this standard, in accordance with the recommendations of ergonomics specialists and designers of the technological part of the designed object.

As a rule, the pipeline in the diagram is depicted with two parallel lines (as a longitudinal section of the pipeline). Since the drawings of mnemonic schemes are usually not colored, then, for the depiction of colors in the drawing, each color representing the technological environment is assigned a number indicating the color (environment), which should be indicated in the breaks of the center lines. The distance between adjacent numbers in the line must be at least 50 mm, see fig. 1a.

a) two-line image, b) single-line image

Numbers denoting colors corresponding to technological environments should be assigned, starting with the main one, in decreasing order of its importance for the technology of the automated process.

Technological lines of mimic diagrams with a width of 4 mm or less are allowed to be depicted as one line, see Fig. 1b.

In view of the wide variety of colors used in mnemonic schemes, it is advisable to use oil artistic paints of the first group according to STU 30-12186-61 for their coloring. Mnemonic schemes using the colors provided for by the nomenclature of paints in GOST 6465-63 and GOST 926-63 can be painted with PF-115 and PF-133 enamels and other enamels suitable for brushing.

6. DRAWING OF MEMO DIAGRAM

As a rule, the drawing of the mnemonic diagram should be carried out as a separate drawing on a scale of M1: 2. Other standard scales may only be used in justified cases.

The mnemonic diagram drawing should contain the following information:

a) overall dimensions of the mnemonic diagram and its location on the board or console. Mnemonic diagrams should be located in the control panel (console) zones convenient for the operator. If there are controls (keys, buttons) in the mnemonic diagram, the placement of the mnemonic diagram should ensure the convenience of using them. In this case, the controls should be located on the mnemonic diagram at a height of 550 - 1600 mm from the floor level of the control room;

b) a large-scale image of a mnemonic diagram, on which the placement of the main symbols of technological devices is coordinated. It is allowed not to indicate the coordinates of the symbols, if there is an agreement about this with the manufacturer of the mnemonic diagram.

When constructing and placing symbols containing built-in signal lamps, buttons, etc., it is necessary to take into account the design features of built-in products, the possibility and convenience of their installation and maintenance;

c) the colors of all symbols, lines of technological streams, impulse and command lines of devices and regulators. See section 5 of this material for guidance;

d) types, colors and number of lamps, buttons and other products embedded in symbols;

e) explanatory labels, arrows "direction of flow" and, if necessary, designations of monitored measurement points and parameters;

f) position numbers of the mnemonic circuit equipment according to the custom specification and its designation according to the electrical (pneumatic) circuits;

g) the size of the symbols and the material from which they are made;

h) instructions on paints for coloring symbols and lines. See section 5 of this material;

i) numbers of drawings of typical structures;

j) instructions on the attachment of symbols and lines of the mnemonic diagram. As a rule, the choice of the method for attaching the symbols should be provided to the manufacturer, which is indicated on the drawing field by the type: "Fastening the symbols of the mnemonic scheme should be carried out according to the manufacturer's standards."

Title block, list component parts, hardware list and table legend should be carried out according to the forms of the guidance material RM 4-59-70.

An example of the design of a mnemonic diagram drawing is attached to this guidance material.

Annex 1

The minimum sizes of symbols and their parts depending on the reading distance (see section 4)

Appendix 2

Font size of inscriptions depending on reading distances

The information displayed on the mnemonic diagram can be presented in the form of an analog, discrete and relay signal, as well as graphically. By visually displaying the structure of the system, the mnemonic diagram makes it easier for the operator to memorize the schemes of objects, the relationship between parameters, the purpose of instruments and controls. In the control process, the mnemonic diagram is for the operator the most important source of information about the current state of the system, the nature and structure of the processes occurring in it, including those associated with the violation of technological modes, accidents, etc.

The mnemonic diagrams reflect the main equipment, signals, the state of the regulatory bodies. Mnemonic diagrams can reflect both the general picture of the state of the system, the technological process, and the state of individual units, devices, parameter values, etc. Auxiliary and reference material should be located in additional display forms, with the possibility of extracting these auxiliary forms on the screen as quickly as possible.

Mnemonic diagrams help the operator, working in conditions of a large amount of incoming information, to facilitate the process of information retrieval, subjecting it to a certain logic dictated by the real connections of the parameters of the controlled object. They make it easier for the operator to logically systematize and process the incoming information, help to carry out technical diagnostics in case of process deviations from the norm, provide external support for developing optimal solutions and forming control actions.

Mnemonic diagrams are effectively used in cases where

• the controlled object has a complex technological scheme and a large number of controlled parameters;

• technology system the object can be quickly changed in the course of work.

Mnemonic diagrams are based on several basic principles

• the principle of brevity, according to which the mnemonic scheme should be simple, should not contain unnecessary, obscuring elements, and the displayed information should be clear, specific and concise, easy to understand and further processing.

• the principle of generalization and unification provides for a requirement according to which it is necessary to select and use the most significant features of controlled objects, that is, elements denoting insignificant design features of the system should not be used on the mnemonic diagram, and the symbols of similar objects and processes should, if possible, be combined and unified.

• the principle of emphasis - to the elements of control and management on mnemonic diagrams, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the elements that are most significant for assessing the state, making a decision and influencing the controlled object by size, shape or color.

• the principle of autonomy provides for the need to separate from each other the sections of the mnemonic diagram corresponding to the autonomously controlled and controlled objects and units. These isolated areas should be clearly delimited from others and, according to the principle of structure, should have a complete, easy to remember and different structure. The structure should reflect the nature of the object and its basic properties.

• by the principle of spatial correlation of control and management elements, the location of instrumentation and indicator devices must be clearly coordinated with the location of the corresponding control elements, that is, the law of compatibility of stimulus and response must be observed.

• the principle of using familiar associations and stereotypes implies the use of such conventional designations of parameters on mnemonic diagrams that are associated with the generally accepted letter designations of these parameters. It is advisable to use, if possible, instead of abstract symbols, symbols associated with objects and processes.

The main task of the mnemonic diagram

Displaying the logic of controlled and controlled processes, help simplify the search and identification of the necessary information and promptly make the right decisions.

Classification of mimic diagrams by type

Operator's

As a rule, a single spatially concentrated technological complex is displayed. Depending on whether the operator performs any switching directly on the mnemonic diagram or it is a purely informative information device, operator mnemonic diagrams are divided into operational and non-operational

• operational mnemonic diagrams along with various devices displays, devices, pictorial and signal elements have individual or call type controls.
• non-operational

Control rooms

They represent a dispersed system, which includes a variety of technological complexes, objects, units. Depending on whether the operator performs any switching directly on the mnemonic diagram or it is a purely informative information device, control rooms are subdivided into light and mimic

• light
• mimic - manual switches for removing signals and bringing the display of the state of the object on the mnemonic diagram in accordance with its real state.

Operator and dispatch mnemonic diagrams differ significantly in the degree of detail and in the detail of displaying individual monitoring and control objects.

Individual

Individual or single-object mnemonic diagrams - mnemonic diagrams in which each information element is associated with only one sensor, that is, sections of the circuit are constantly connected to the same controlled objects.

Callouts

Calling mnemonic diagrams or selective (multi-object) - mnemonic diagrams in which areas can periodically or as needed connect to several objects that have the same structure, are called calling or selective (multi-object). In calling mnemonic diagrams, either one or another object, or one or another sensor of one object can be connected. With the help of the ringing mnemonic scheme, it is possible to significantly reduce the size of the panel, save money in devices and SDI, and facilitate the operator's working conditions by reducing the field of view and simplifying the circuit.

Permanent

Permanent mnemonic diagram is a mnemonic diagram on which the same object diagram is constantly displayed. In replaceable mnemonic diagrams, the image during operation can significantly change depending on the operating modes of the object (starting circuit, normal operation circuit, emergency circuit, etc.).

Classification of mnemonic diagrams by type

Location

• separate panels
• add-on to the instrument panel
• console attachment
• operating panel of the console

Information on the mnemonic diagram

• analog
• analog-discrete
• discrete

Symbols of an object, unit, technological line and other equipment

• flat
• embossed
• voluminous

Coding method

• conditional
• symbolic

Symbols on mnemonic diagrams

Symbols do not have any external similarity and do not create visual associations with the displayed objects and phenomena.

When developing mnemonic diagrams, the optimal choice of the forms of the symbols used is important. Symbols should be closed-loop in shape. Auxiliaries and lines should not cross the outline of the symbol or otherwise obstruct reading.

Increased requirements should be imposed on symbols signaling the functional (special emergency) state of individual units or objects.

Connecting lines on a mimic diagram

Must be straight and solid. When laying out a mnemonic diagram, it is necessary to strive so that the connecting lines are as short as possible and have the least number of intersections.

Specificity of working with mnemonic diagrams

When working with mnemonic diagrams that have significant dimensions and many objects of different colors and brightness, the operator's visual system is exposed to great stress. Therefore, use in a large number colors that quickly tire the eye - red, purple, purple. It is recommended to use low-saturated colors of the middle frequency spectrum as the background of mnemonic circuits.

Assessment of mnemonic diagrams

Happens in two ways

1. The coefficient of information content is the ratio of the number of passive and active elements.
2. The field filling factor is the ratio of the number of passive mnemonic elements to the total number of mnemonic elements.

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An excerpt characterizing the Mnemonic scheme

The Emperor lowered his ear, frowning slightly to indicate that he had not heard.
“I’m waiting, your majesty,” Kutuzov repeated (Prince Andrei noticed that Kutuzov's upper lip trembled unnaturally, while he said I’m waiting). “Not all of the columns have assembled yet, Your Majesty.
The Emperor heard, but this answer, apparently, did not like him; he shrugged his stooped shoulders, glanced at Novosiltsev, who was standing beside him, as if by this glance were complaining about Kutuzov.
`` After all, we are not in Tsaritsyno Meadow, Mikhail Larionovich, where the parade does not begin until all the regiments have arrived, '' said the emperor, again looking into the eyes of Emperor Franz, as if inviting him, if not to take part, then to listen to the fact that he speaks; but Emperor Franz, continuing to look around, did not listen.
“That’s why I’m not starting, sir,” said Kutuzov in a sonorous voice, as if warning the possibility of not being heard, and something trembled in his face again. “That’s why I’m not starting, sir, because we’re not at the parade and not in Tsaritsin’s meadow,” he said clearly and distinctly.
In the suite of the sovereign, a murmur and reproach was expressed on all faces, who instantly exchanged glances with each other. “No matter how old he is, he should not, should not have said that,” these faces expressed.
The sovereign looked intently and attentively into Kutuzov's eyes, expecting if he would say something else. But Kutuzov, for his part, bowing his head respectfully, also seemed to be expecting. The silence lasted for about a minute.
“However, if you will, your Majesty,” said Kutuzov, raising his head and again changing his tone to the previous tone of a dull, unreasoning, but obedient general.
He touched the horse and, calling the head of the column, Miloradovich, to him, gave him the order to attack.
The army stirred again, and two battalions of the Novgorod regiment and a battalion of the Absheron regiment moved forward past the sovereign.
While this Apsheron battalion, the ruddy Miloradovich, without an overcoat, in uniform and orders and with a hat with a huge sultan put on sideways and from the field, was passing by, the march jumped forward and, saluting valiantly, reined in the horse in front of the sovereign.
“With God, General,” the emperor told him.
- Ma foi, sire, nous ferons ce que qui sera dans notre possibilite, sire, [Right, your majesty, we will do what we can do, your majesty,] - he answered cheerfully, nevertheless causing a mocking smile from the gentlemen the sovereign's retinue with their bad French accent.
Miloradovich turned his horse abruptly and stood somewhat behind the sovereign. The people of Absheron, excited by the presence of the sovereign, with a valiant, brisk step, beating a leg, walked past the emperors and their retinue.
- Guys! - shouted in a loud, self-confident and cheerful voice Miloradovich, apparently so excited by the sounds of shooting, the expectation of a battle and the sight of the good fellows of the Absheronites, even of their Suvorov comrades, boldly passing by the emperors, that he forgot about the presence of the sovereign. - Guys, this is not your first village to take! He shouted.
- We are glad to try! The soldiers shouted.
The sovereign's horse jumped away from an unexpected cry. This horse, which bore the sovereign at the shows in Russia, here, on the Austerlitz field, carried its rider, withstanding his scattered blows with his left foot, alerted the ears from the sounds of shots, just as it did on the Field of Mars, not understanding the meaning of neither these heard shots, neither the neighborhood of the black stallion of the Emperor Franz, nor all that he said, thought, felt that day by the one who rode it.
The Emperor with a smile turned to one of his entourage, pointing to the good fellows of the Apsherons, and said something to him.

Kutuzov, accompanied by his adjutants, followed the carabinieri step by step.
Having driven about half a mile in the tail of the column, he stopped at a lonely abandoned house (probably a former inn) near a fork in two roads. Both roads went downhill, and troops walked along both.
The fog began to disperse, and indefinitely, two miles away, enemy troops could be seen on opposite heights. At the bottom left, the shooting grew louder. Kutuzov stopped talking with the Austrian general. Prince Andrew, standing somewhat behind, peered at them and, wishing to ask the adjutant for a telescope, turned to him.
“Look, look,” said this adjutant, looking not at the distant army, but down the mountain in front of him. - These are the French!
The two generals and adjutants began to grab the pipe, pulling it away from one another. All faces suddenly changed, and horror was expressed on all. The French were supposed to be two miles away from us, but they appeared suddenly, unexpectedly in front of us.
- Is this the enemy? ... No! ... Yes, look, he ... probably ... What is it? - voices were heard.
Prince Andrey with his simple eye saw a thick column of Frenchmen rising to meet the Absheronians below to the right, no more than five hundred paces from the place where Kutuzov stood.
“Here it is, the decisive moment has come! It came to me, ”thought Prince Andrew, and hitting the horse, drove up to Kutuzov. "We must stop the Absherons," he shouted, "your Excellency!" But at the same moment everything was covered with smoke, close shooting was heard, and a naively frightened voice two steps away from Prince Andrey shouted: "Well, brothers, sabbath!" And as if this voice was a command. At that voice, everything started to run.
Mixed, ever-increasing crowds fled back to the place where five minutes ago the troops had passed by the emperors. Not only was it difficult to stop this crowd, but it was impossible not to move back along with the crowd ourselves.
Bolkonsky only tried to keep up with her and looked around, bewildered and unable to understand what was being done in front of him. Nesvitsky with an embittered look, red and not looking like himself, shouted to Kutuzov that if he did not leave now, he would probably be taken prisoner. Kutuzov stood in the same place and, without answering, took out his handkerchief. Blood flowed from his cheek. Prince Andrew pushed his way up to him.
- Are you injured? He asked, barely keeping his jaw trembling.
- The wounds are not here, but where! - said Kutuzov, pressing a handkerchief to his wounded cheek and pointing at the fleeing. - Stop them! - he shouted and at the same time, probably making sure that it was impossible to stop them, hit the horse and rode to the right.
The again surging crowd of fleeing grabbed him with them and dragged him back.
The troops fled in such a dense crowd that, once caught in the middle of the crowd, it was difficult to get out of it. Who shouted: “Let's go! why hesitated? " Who immediately, turning around, shot into the air; who beat the horse that Kutuzov himself rode. With the greatest effort, getting out of the stream of the crowd to the left, Kutuzov with his retinue, reduced by more than half, rode off to the sound of nearby gunshots. Having got out of the crowd of fleeing, Prince Andrey, trying to keep up with Kutuzov, saw on the slope of the mountain, in the smoke, a Russian battery still firing and the French running up to it. Higher up stood the Russian infantry, moving neither forward to help the battery, nor backward in the same direction as the fleeing ones. The general detached himself from this infantry on horseback and rode up to Kutuzov. Only four people remained from Kutuzov's retinue. They were all pale and exchanged glances in silence.
- Stop these scoundrels! - breathlessly, Kutuzov said to the regimental commander, pointing at the fleeing; but at the same instant, as if in punishment for these words, like a swarm of birds, bullets flew with a whistle through Kutuzov's regiment and retinue.
The French attacked the battery and, seeing Kutuzov, fired at him. With this salvo, the regimental commander grabbed his leg; several soldiers fell, and the ensign, who was standing with the banner, released it from his hands; the banner swayed and fell, lingering on the guns of the neighboring soldiers.
Soldiers without a command began to shoot.
- Oooh! Kutuzov mumbled with an expression of despair and looked around. “Bolkonsky,” he whispered in a voice trembling from the consciousness of his senile powerlessness. - Bolkonsky, - he whispered, pointing to the upset battalion and the enemy, - what is it?
But before he had finished these words, Prince Andrey, feeling the tears of shame and anger rising to his throat, was already jumping off his horse and running towards the banner.
- Guys, go ahead! He shouted, childishly piercing.
"Here it is!" thought Prince Andrey, seizing the flagstaff and hearing with delight the whistle of bullets, obviously directed against him. Several soldiers fell.

For the convenience of visual perception of functional diagrams of objects controlled or controlled, mnemonic diagrams are used - graphic images schemes of these objects. A mnemonic diagram can display, for example, a CNC machine shop, a technological process or a system, for example, an energy network. In other words, a mnemonic diagram is an informational conditional model of a system or process in the form of symbols that designate parts of the system, as well as their connections.

The mnemonic diagram graphically reflects the structure of the entire system, thereby facilitating the work of the operator, who, thanks to such a scheme, himself more easily remembers the structure of the system, the relationship of parameters, the purpose of certain controls, instruments, machine tools, etc.

For the operator controlling the processes, the mnemonic diagram is perhaps one of the most important sources of information about the processes currently taking place in the system, about the structure and nature of these processes, about the current status of the system, in particular, about accidents and violations of normal operation modes.

If the controlled object has a complex structure, has many parameters that must be operatively controlled, and is a technologically complex scheme. If during the operation of the object the technological scheme itself can change, in these cases mnemonic schemes turn out to be very, very effective tools. They can display the states of individual devices, machines, units, the values ​​of various parameters, and also provide general information about the course of the technological process.

An operator working in conditions of an abundance of information coming to him, thanks to mnemonic diagrams, can more effectively carry out information retrieval, since a mnemonic diagram always implies logic, it displays real connections between the parameters of an object to be controlled or monitored.

With the help of a mnemonic diagram, the operator can easily systematize logically and process the information coming to him in a timely manner, technical diagnostics in case of a deviation from the norm is also facilitated. The mnemonic scheme thus serves as an external support for making the best decision and implementing the correct control action.

Mnemonic diagrams are always created adhering to a number of principles that have been formed over many years. practical application mnemonic diagrams. And one of the main principles is brevity. The mnemonic diagram should not contain anything superfluous, it should be as simple as possible. In the absence of obscuring elements, the displayed data should be displayed clearly and specifically, as briefly as possible, so that it can be easily perceived and further processed promptly.

The principle of unification (generalization) implies the selection on the mnemonic diagram and the use in it of the most significant features of objects, that is, it is not necessary to display insignificant design features of the system on the mnemonic diagram. Symbols of similar processes and objects should be combined and unified.

The principle of accentuation of controls and controls dictates the need, first of all, to highlight the most important elements, serving to control the state, and prompting to make important decisions regarding the impact on the control object.

According to the principle of autonomy, it is important to separate from each other the parts of the mnemonic diagram corresponding to the autonomously controlled and controlled units and objects of the system. Separate parts are clearly delimited from others, obeying the principle of structure, according to which they must have a structure that is different from other structures, and easy to remember, while the structure must appropriately reflect the nature and basic properties of the object on the mnemonic diagram.

The principle of spatial correspondence of control and monitoring elements obliges to place indicators and instrumentation strictly in accordance with the location of the corresponding control elements, so that the law of compatibility of the reaction with the stimulus is observed.

One of the key principles when creating mnemonic diagrams is the principle of using stereotypes and familiar associations. The operator should associate the parameter conventions with the standard designations of these parameters, which are generally accepted, and instead of abstract icons, it is better to use symbols denoting exactly the corresponding processes and objects.

The figure shows an example of different designations for the same parameters. Here, in the top line, letter designations are shown, in the second line - their conventional designations, and in the third - mnemonic symbols. Obviously, mnemonic symbols are similar in their outlines to the outlines of letters, therefore, it is mnemonic symbols that turn out to be more preferable.

Practice shows that the use of mnemonic symbols leads to a decrease in the number of errors and to a reduction in the time that the operator spends on character recognition by 40%.

With all this, the mnemonic diagram does not have to completely copy the technical structure. Its task is to display the logic of controlled and monitored processes, to simplify the search and identification of the required information for the operator, to help make the right decision quickly and complete the required operation on time.

Mnemonic diagrams are dispatcher and operator. Operator rooms display a single technological complex, and control rooms display a dispersed system consisting of objects, complexes, aggregates, etc. In this regard, there are differences between these two types of mnemonic diagrams in the degree of detail and in the detail of displaying objects.

If the operator performs switching directly on the mnemonic diagram, then such an operator mnemonic diagram is called operational. If the mnemonic diagram serves only to inform the operator, then this is a non-operational mnemonic diagram. Dispatch mnemonic diagrams are similarly subdivided into mimic and light.

The operational mnemonic diagram, in addition to display devices and measuring instruments, signal and pictorial elements, also includes controls of the calling or individual type. On the mimic dispatching mnemonic diagrams there are switches for manual removal of signals and receiving data on the mimic diagram on the current real state of the controlled object.

If on the mnemonic diagram each of the informative elements is associated with an individual sensor, such a mnemonic diagram is called single-object or individual. If it is possible to switch between several objects of the same type, then such a mnemonic scheme is called multi-object or selective (calling).

So, calling mnemonic diagrams can switch between several sensors of one object or between objects. Calling mnemonic diagrams allow to reduce the area of ​​the panel, instead of several to use one, to save on the installation of devices and on information processing systems, as well as to facilitate the operator's work by simplifying the circuit and narrowing the field of view.

If a mnemonic diagram always displays a constant diagram of the same object, then such a mnemonic diagram is called constant. If, depending on the modes of operation of the object, depending on the nature of the ongoing processes, the image changes greatly, such a mnemonic scheme is called replaceable. For example, the starting scheme is displayed first, then the scheme of the normal operation of the object, and in the event of an emergency, the emergency scheme.

Mnemonic diagrams are located both on the console panel and on separate panels, on attachments to the console, and on add-ons to the dashboard. Information display can be presented in both discrete and analog form, or in analog-discrete form.

According to the form of the symbols of the unit, object, technological equipment, mnemonic diagrams are subdivided into volumetric, flat and relief. By the method of encoding - into symbolic and conditional. Symbols are in no way associated with real processes and objects. In the above figure, the second line corresponds to the conditional encoding method, the third to the symbolic one.

By the way symbols or signs are displayed on mnemonic diagrams, images can be of direct or reverse contrast. Elements are applied by a photographic method, drawing, a sticker, electroluminescent light sources, gas-discharge, LED, incandescent lamps,.

Displays are now the most popular, because with a complex branched structure of an object, when technologically regularly the process changes, and in fact several mnemonic circuits are needed. The display screen allows you to display a mnemonic diagram of the entire system, or diagrams of individual objects or nodes. The call of the required mnemonic scheme on the screen is carried out by the operator himself or the computer.

During the development of mnemonic schemes, the most optimal form of symbols is selected. At the same time, they should be closed, and additional lines and elements should not intersect with the outline of the symbol, so as not to interfere with the reading of information by the operator. The requirements are particularly high for alarm symbols and for symbols indicating functional status.

For indication "on" is usually used green color, for "disabled" - red. An intermittent signal of a new state informs about a change in state, for example, if at first the unit was working and the indicator was green, then when turned off, the red intermittent blinks. The frequency of the flashes is from 3 to 8 Hz, with a glow duration of at least 50 ms. The signal about a change of state can only be disabled by the dispatcher himself.

As for the connecting lines on the mnemonic diagram, they should be solid straight lines, as short as possible, and have as few intersections as possible. If the mnemonic diagram is very large, many objects are represented on it, while the colors are different and bright, the operator's vision is overloaded. For this reason, mnemonic diagrams always try to reduce the number of colors that overwhelm the eyes: purple, violet and red. The background color should not be saturated, and it is better if its color is light yellow, light gray or light green.

When evaluating ready-made mnemonic diagrams, the ratio between the numbers of passive and active elements is taken into account, this indicates the degree of information content of the mnemonic diagram, the ratio of the number of passive elements to the total number of mnemonic elements is also calculated.

In general, when designing a mnemonic scheme, several of its final variants are considered, and by modeling the mnemonic scheme in one way or another, the process of interaction of the operator with the mnemonic scheme is also simulated. The faster the operator is able to solve the assigned tasks, and the fewer mistakes he makes, the more successful the mnemonic scheme is considered.

The range of application of mnemonic diagrams today is huge. Mnemonic diagrams are widely used in construction, metallurgy, energy, mechanical engineering, instrument making, in the railway and in the transport industry in general, and in many other industrial and civil sectors.