When we talk about "types of roofs" and "types of roofs of houses", we do not always clearly understand the difference between the two concepts. Therefore, before talking about what kind of roofs are, let's find out the differences in the concepts of "roof" and "roof".

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the structure of a building that protects it from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects it from overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with a flat structure, these are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna fastening elements, storm drains outlets are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the belonging of a hatch with a lock, which is hung by the ZhES so that they do not climb onto the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a supporting rafter system or trusses, insulation, hydro and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and a roof.

Generally speaking, from the point of view of Soviet construction science, a roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and an exclusively progressive term "covering" should be used. But in life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the likelihood of ambiguous interpretation. In part, the definition of "coating" stuck in relation to structures with a load-bearing reinforced concrete or metal base, mostly flat. And to call the upper part of the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or the roof of the village hut would not occur to any architect, although they were taught "correctly".

The roof is only a sheath that protects the covering from the weather. The roof does not perform its load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, rafter systems, beams, insulation do not belong to the roof. Often, it includes the load-bearing preparation of the roof: lathing, flooring, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing material and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper are called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs are flat and pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12 ° are flat, with a large slope - pitched. On flat roofs, the slope is arranged to drain precipitation, 1.5-3 ° is enough.

The flat roof offers plenty of room for design imagination

A pitched roof can be very original.

Attic and attic roofs

As the name suggests, attic roof has an attic, an attic - no. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional dwellings of all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. Except for mobile housing: yurts, chums, wigwams. It is difficult to do there. Also, the tribes living in the equatorial jungle do not have attics, they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are found in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof is leaking, residents will not know about it immediately.

Attic (synonym - combined) coverings can be pitched (attic) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from the panel “Khrushchevs”. The attic arrangement allows the attic to be used as a full-fledged living space. Roofs and skylights require good thermal insulation on the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

Combined gable roof in one-story house creates an impression of spaciousness

Types of flat surfaces

In terms of layout, flat roofs are quite similar, differ mainly structurally. According to the mutual arrangement of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inverted roofs are also distinguished, in this case, hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, precast or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with solid flooring.

Roof structure flat roof for a reinforced concrete slab, the coating is multilayer

The flat roof area can be used by laying a walkable surface: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

New York has adopted a program to convert roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, arranging a roof lawn is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and the care of the grass is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered in drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The roof lawn design is fairly simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Details of the pitched structure

Before talking about what roof shapes are, let's decide on the main details. pitched roofs and terms. Basic elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (valley). Overhangs are subdivided into cornice (lower) and pediment (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the basic material, there are separate additional elements for the protection and decoration of roof parts.

The main elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Consider what are the roofs of houses, depending on the configuration. The shapes of pitched roofs are very diverse. Most often, the simplest and most rational single-slope, gable and hip types and structures of roofs are used.

The first eight types of those shown in the illustration are available to the average-income private developer. The rest are quite complicated and expensive to perform.

Let's consider individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Shed cover

A roof with one slope is structurally as simple as possible, has a minimum number of parts. Ridge missing, for non-ventilated roof coverings (e.g. flexible shingles, seam roofing) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation space above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be positioned in a binder. The pitched roof has no valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to the weather. The maximum wear of roofing in cold climates occurs in the valleys, since there is longer snow and ice. The roof is simple in shape with a slope to one side and is uniformly exposed to precipitation, ultraviolet radiation and wind. Snow load is also distributed evenly. All other things being equal pitched roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the rafter system is simpler, the minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a typical house with a pitched roof. High slope with living rooms should be oriented towards the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, bringing living quarters under a high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, wardrobes under a low slope. In a premium dwelling, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

To build this country house simple materials were used: wood, galvanized metal profiles and a lot of glass. Large eaves protect walls from precipitation and rooms from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

The roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks interesting enough

Gable structure

The most widespread form in the world. A gable (gable) roof is traditional for almost all countries where there is at least some precipitation. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed rafter system using a tightening.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). Only the vertical load is transferred from the closed triangular contour to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For long spans, you have to use additional supports

The gable roof is simple in design, economical in materials, it is not difficult to build it yourself. The gables serve as a better place for the placement of windows than the slopes; it is easy to equip the attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the structure of the frame house, allows you to rationally use the space of the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope, the shape of the roof can be asymmetrical. The roof slope is mainly determined by the layout of the second floor.

Peaked roofs of half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics, where residents stored part of the supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic has been adapted as a living space.

Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope

Minimal slope and open space on the top floor create a wonderful, spacious interior

A gable roof can have many variations. When a house plan is more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called a multi-pliers

A gable (as well as a gable) roof is perfect for landscaping.

The slope of the "green" roof should not exceed 25 °

Hip view

A hip or hipped roof is more complicated than a gable. Both the rafter system and roof covering... But you don't have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roof covering (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. If it is more expensive, it is unlikely. Of the positive properties of the hip structure, the optimal aerodynamic drag such a design that, in general, can increase its service life (not much). Slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large sheds around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls with the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization of the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple hipped roof attic

There are varieties of hip roofs: semi-hip (intermediate type of roof between gable and hip), hip with a visor or their varieties.

The main part of the roof is of a rather complex shape - half-hip. A bay window with a pitched roof is attached to the right, a pediment is arranged.

Windows in hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their design and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in the gable.

Skylights of this type are called "bull's eye"

Multi-slope variety

Valmova is called hipped roof... But if the house has more than four outer corners, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called multi-slope.

The multi-slope roof is complex in the device

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof, all the edges (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. Such a roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Hip roof. It contains three types at once roof windows

Mansard structure

Attic roofs are called roofs of various shapes and types, which have one thing in common: the shape of the slope is made broken to increase the height of the attic rooms. Thus, it is possible to avoid the device of inclined ceilings, to arrange full-fledged rooms upstairs. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, half-hip and so on.

Collected roof structure gable roof attic.

The design of the attic roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (tightening), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to somewhat reduce the cross-section of the frame elements.

The load from the roof truss is transmitted vertically

The installation of load-bearing structures for skylights is more difficult than for straight slope prototypes. The roof area is slightly larger. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are paid off by increasing the area of ​​normal height in the attic floor.

Gable roof attic. Additional fractures in the cornice area allow creating large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Nice looking hip mansard roof... Slopes divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curved shape

Complex roofs

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex and were invented by architects for the design of important public buildings. After the period of "crimson jackets" and "locks on the ruble" complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are rare.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are composed of known elements and are "hybrids" different types.

This roof combines the features of a gable, hip, half-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs.

But people strive to decorate their home, to make it unusual. Sometimes there are "hybrid" types of roofs, which are difficult to give an unambiguous definition.

A roof covered with natural slate is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof... More precisely, this house has two of them, below and above.

The roof of this "dugout" would have been designed for sledding in winter if the palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is that?

The choice of roofing material for a pitched roof

Roof types are determined by the material of the roof covering. The roof can be tiled, metal, shingle, copper and so on. The choice of roofing is primarily determined by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the spouse and himself, and secondly, by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curved shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coatings, sheet materials more suitable for simple single-slope and gable roofs... In the presence of fractures (inclined ribs, valleys), the cutting of sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing.

For roofs of simple shapes, any roofing material can be used without restrictions. Roofs of complex curvilinear shape can only be decorated with small pieces (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible ( bituminous shingles) coating. Roofing made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the rebate is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roof there are. What to choose for yourself? First and foremost, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the shape, the more money you have to spend. WITH gable roof any developer can handle it. In Germany, there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? With the availability of funds, you can think of something more original, but simple things can be done beautifully.

Five-story panel houses series 1-464

Large-panel 4-5-storey residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-464 are the most common prefabricated buildings of the first generation. The basis for the solution of the houses of the series under consideration is a cross-wall construction system.

The main load-bearing frame of buildings is transverse reinforced concrete walls located with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which houses of this type were called houses with a "narrow" spacing of transverse load-bearing walls. They rely on reinforced concrete slabs ceilings of the size "per room". They are also supported on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while ensuring the longitudinal stiffness of the building.

Floor slabs laid at 3.2m steps are designed and function as supported along the contour. Since all interior walls separating the rooms bear the load from the floors and overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, it is impossible to remove the outer walls in a step of 3.2 m, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of three-layer panels, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid-section reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with roll soft roof or an attic rafter with a corrugated asbestos cement roof.

When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to construct new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.

When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The construction of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the floor may be required.

In the series under consideration, the balconies are placed in a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10cm thick and 90cm wide are mounted according to two schemes. In the initial period of construction, they relied on outer wall and were held in the design position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this decision was abandoned and, calculating balcony slab like a console supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-468

Typical designs of residential buildings series 1-468 were originally developed at the Institute "Gostroyproekt", since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.

The load-bearing frame of the houses of this series is the transverse load-bearing walls, located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system are called houses with a "mixed" step of the transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of this series of houses is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the external wall panels are made of autoclaved aerated concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll covering and an attic rafter with a roof made of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.

The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, in addition to individual sections of the inner wall adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the disadvantages of the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The construction of new and expansion of existing openings in the load-bearing transverse walls is possible only with the confirmation of the calculation and strengthening of the "contours" of the openings.

Five-storey panel houses series 1-335

Five-storey residential buildings of the series of standard projects 1-335 are representatives of the frame-panel constructive system. Typical designs of this series were initially developed by the team of authors of the Leningrad design bureau, and then were continued at the LenZNIIEP institute.

The structural diagram of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a pitch of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side on reinforced concrete columns, and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the external wall panels... Reinforced concrete floor slabs of "room size" are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are connected to each other by girders that ensure the longitudinal rigidity of the building.

In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing outer walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersectional walls of the stairwells.

With the same sizes and steps of houses of different series in houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that impedes the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.

A modification of this structural system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support the crossbars on them. Such houses are called “full frame houses”. In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.

Five-story brick houses series 1-447

The series 1-447 includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing frame of the houses of the series under consideration are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls- external end and internal, between which the staircases are located. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (intra-apartment and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.

The ceilings are made in the form of reinforced concrete hollow-core slabs, supported by their short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The most loaded is the middle wall, on which the floor panels rest on both sides. In the outer longitudinal walls, openings can be increased only by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. The jumpers above the windows should also be preserved. V end walls buildings during reconstruction, it is possible to arrange openings.

Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447

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Perhaps very many tenants apartment buildings faced such a problem as leakage, as well as insufficiently reliable roof condition. In one row, such disadvantages as poor-quality coating, collapsing roofs in an old house, etc. That's why overhaul the roof of an apartment building is one of the most pressing issues for many residents.

Very often, many citizens, turning for help from various authorities dealing with the maintenance of houses, are faced with their complete inaction, as a result of which fundraising for roof repairs in apartment building carried out independently.

However, before contacting such bodies and paying for the services of specialists in roofing works, it is necessary to understand the very reason. Next, we will talk about what types of roofs exist in apartment buildings, as well as the problems arising in connection with them and ways to solve them.

Types of roofing in apartment buildings

Since the types of roofs in multi-storey buildings there are several, it is important to understand the features of each of them, since repair work can vary greatly.

According to the design and shape, the roofs are divided into:

• single-slope (with different inclined angle);
• gable;
• multi-slope;
• sloping (standard flat roofs);
• complex (more typical for modern buildings rather than old houses).

The roof structure includes an external covering and a support located from the inside (this can be a rafter system or a reinforced concrete slab). Also mandatory elements are the drainage system, as well as layers of insulation and waterproofing. One way or another, when performing a major overhaul of the roof of an apartment building, it is imperative to take into account all the design features of the roof.

Roof repair methods

It is customary to divide work on the restoration of the roofs of buildings with many apartments into two large groups: current, or temporary, and capital, or complete.

So, the current repair of the roof of an apartment building is carried out if any defects in the roofing system are found. Very often, all work comes down to replacing the old and damaged roofing covering, which is usually a roofing material, with a new one, eliminating the cracks and cracks that have appeared. Based on the need, the new coating can be laid in one or two layers. Upon completion renovation works all seams and joints of the roofing sheet are completely sealed with special substances.

In terms of finance, this type of repair is not too expensive, therefore it is more common. However, there is another kind maintenance when it is not necessary to lay a new roofing sheet. In the place of the defect, after the preliminary cut, the edges are bent, and the inner space is carefully cleaned. Then it is dried with the help and treated with a layer construction mastic both the coating and its base. The edges are returned to their place, after which they must be pressed tightly against each other, waiting for full adhesion.

Places with developed rot are completely cut out, the roof is cleaned. All defective areas are filled with the same mastic, and then a new piece is glued to the treated area close to the old material. Of course, this method of repair is far from the best quality, but nowadays it is quite common, especially on the roofs of old houses.

And the overhaul of the roof of an apartment building is a complete rework of the roof. The old coating is removed from it, after which a fresh screed is poured and a new roofing carpet is laid in two layers. The performance of such repairs should be trusted only by specialists, since during work it can be damaged interior decoration located on the upper floors of the apartments.

If the roof is leaking in an apartment building, then this may be the result of improperly performed work. The main work during a major overhaul consists in fusing roofing material with a special gas burner(read: ""). The underside of the roof carpet is heated from below, after which the material is gently pressed against the base of the roof. It is very important to control the temperature of the fire, as its incorrect value can lead to the destruction of the material. It is necessary to lay the coating according to the overlap principle, and all seams must be treated with construction sealant.

Factors of roof leaks in apartment buildings

There is only one way to avoid leaks - by overhauling the roof. The causes of these unpleasant defects can be very different, but most often they appear after heavy rains or during the period of massive melting of the snow cover.

So, the reasons for roof leaks in apartment buildings can be the following:

Roof leak detection

Before submitting an application for overhaul, it is necessary to clearly identify the location that is damaged. Most often, for this, the place of leakage is compared and already along it there is a source of damage on the roof. On soft bituminous roofs it is very easy to do this - air bubbles form at the site of the defect.

In this case, the carpet should be replaced completely, and the required place should be well dried. It is not worth doing these work on your own; it is better to entrust the work to specialists. But if there is a desire, detailed descriptions the entire course of work with video and photos can always be found in our articles on roofs and their repair.

Sometimes it happens that the problem of leaks on pitched roofs can also be complicated by rotting wooden rafter legs. With this outcome, not only the roofing is usually subject to replacement, but also individual elements constructions.

Fused roofs

As it has already become clear, the essence of the overhaul is reduced to the installation of the deposited materials. According to the existing standards, scheduled repairs with replacement (if necessary) of individual sections of the coating should be carried out special services Twice a year.

The whole process consists in fusing roofing material and other overlapping materials with a gas burner. Such repairs should be carried out for flat roofs, which are the majority today (read: ""). Such material is resistant to moisture, temperature extremes, as well as direct UV rays.

What to do if the roof is leaking, in detail on the video:

Pitched roof repair process

Pitched roofs are usually covered with a different material. Often these are sheets of metal treated with zinc or simply painted. Repair work in this case consists in finding damaged elements of the coating, their competent replacement and monitoring the condition of the roof base under the coating. To do this, the material must be removed and the necessary work carried out to restore the system of rafters and battens, as well as the base itself, which is located under the covering.

Sometimes it is impossible not to perform such an important part of the work as replacing the waterproofing layer and installing an additional high-quality insulation... If the damage is insignificant, you can simply patch and seal all joints with sealant.

Any cracks and crevices should be filled with polyurethane based sealant and covered with special polyurethane plasters. It is important that the damaged area to be repaired be degreased and primed prior to all work. After the completion of the restoration, it is customary to cover the roof with a paint specially designed for a particular roof, the functions of which are to give the coating greater strength and increase the service life.

Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern high-rise buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, in suburban construction... In the latter case, they are most popular when creating low-rise buildings or outbuildings.

Basic requirements for flat roofs

Increased roof strength is very important in regions with heavy snowfall. During winter periods, it will have to withstand a significant load as a result of the formation of a thick layer of ice and snow. This indicator is very important in the case of creating an exploitable roof.

A flat roof must perform the functions of reliable protection against rain and melt water and have a sufficient slope so that precipitation does not linger on it.

The structure should not deteriorate under the influence of severe frosts and scorching rays of the sun, sudden temperature changes and strong hail.

It should do an excellent job of insulating function.

All materials used in the construction of the roof must be fireproof.

Pros and cons of flat roofs

Pros:

• Flat structures have a much smaller area than pitched ones, which makes it possible to significantly save on materials and during construction and installation work.
• The smaller footprint helps to optimize costs.
• You can handle the construction of such roofs in more short time than with a pitched device, since all the required materials can be located in close proximity - literally at the feet.
• Due to the same feature, maintenance and repair work is simplified: their implementation on a flat horizontal surface is greatly simplified.
• On flat roofs, it is convenient to carry out installation and necessary service work that requires the use of special equipment: solar panels, air conditioning systems, antennas, etc.
• When creating a flat structure, you can get additional meters useful area and use them as a recreation area, sports ground or arrange a flower garden, garden. Currently, it is possible to cover the roof with paving stones or paving slabs using special technologies. The roof paved with high-quality tiles, combined with garden furniture, a green area, a gazebo will be an ideal place for a family vacation.

Minuses:

• with heavy snowfalls, a snow mass will accumulate on the surface, which, with the onset of melting, often leads to the formation of leaks;
• often there is a need to use gutters;
• in the cold season there is a risk of freezing of the internal drain;
• the drainage system is often clogged;
• a mandatory requirement is mechanical cleaning of the surface from the snow mass;
• you need periodic monitoring of the condition of the insulation to prevent it from wetting;
• from time to time it is necessary to check the integrity of the coating.

Types of flat roofs

There are four main types flat structures:

Operated roofs

Their peculiarity lies in the need to create a rigid foundation - otherwise, it will not be possible to preserve the integrity of the waterproofing layer. The base is a screed based on concrete or corrugated board, which is necessary to create a certain slope for water drainage. The thermal insulation material used in the construction of an exploited roof will be subject to significant static and dynamic loads and must have a sufficient level of compressive strength. With a slight stiffness of the insulation on top, a cement screed device will be required.

Unused roofs

With the device of this type, there is no need to create a rigid base in order to lay the material for waterproofing. Hard insulation is not needed either. For further maintenance of the roof, bridges or ladders are arranged, the function of which is to evenly distribute the loads over the roofing surface. The construction of unexploited flat roofs will cost much less, but they will not last as long as the operated ones.

Traditional roofs

Structure traditional species roofing provides for the location of a layer of waterproofing material above the thermal insulation. The base for the roof is a slab of reinforced concrete, and the drainage of water from the roofing surface is carried out by creating an inclined screed made of expanded clay concrete.

Inversion roofs

Inversion roofs have practically solved the problem of leakage - the main disadvantage of flat structures. In them, the thermal insulation is located above the waterproofing carpet, not under it. This technique helps to protect the layer of waterproofing material from the destructive effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, sudden temperature fluctuations, the process of freezing and subsequent thawing.

Compared to other types of roofs, inversion is more durable.

In addition, it is distinguished by increased functionality: you can arrange a lawn on it, make tiled masonry. The optimal angle of inclination of such roofs is considered to be from 3 to 5 degrees.

Features of the device

The main subtleties of the construction of flat roofs are as follows:

1. The vapor barrier is arranged by means of a bitumen-polymer membrane reinforced with fiberglass. Another option is to lay the vapor barrier film over the screed.
2. At the edges of the roof, a layer of vapor barrier material is inserted vertically so that its height is greater than the height of the insulation layer, after which the seams are sealed.
3. Insulation is laid over the vapor barrier (in the case of a traditional roof).
4. A protective carpet is laid over the insulation, which is made of waterproofing materials with a bitumen base.
5. If expanded clay is used as insulation, a cement screed must be made under it. Waterproofing is laid in two layers on it.
6. When installing lightweight structures, for which significant loads are not provided, it is necessary to glue the waterproofing sheet along the entire roofing perimeter.

Mounting

A flat roof cannot be arranged strictly horizontally - you must observe minimum slope at least 5 degrees. This requirement is due to the need to ensure the descent of rainwater and snow from the roofing surface. One more important point: it is necessary that the slope is created not only by the coating, but mainly due to the correct execution of expanded clay or slag filling. Even if the slope angle reaches 10 degrees, it will not interfere with uniform laying. thermal insulation material.

Lightweight flat roofs

When constructing such roofs, the work is divided into several stages.

As a result of the work done, it turns out to be warm and quite reliable roof flat type: in section, it resembles a multi-layer cake based on several components.

Solid roof device

When creating floors of this type, expanded clay is best suited as an insulating material. Minimum thickness its layer should be 10 cm. Above the laid expanded clay, it is necessary to make a cement-sand screed with a thickness of 40 to 50 mm. To ensure greater strength, a reinforcing mesh is placed in its middle layer. Such a measure is necessary to preserve the integrity of the coating while people are on it while carrying out repairs, maintenance, etc. In addition, it is these roofs that are optimal as a base for a pool or recreation area.

The manufacture of beams of such structures is most often carried out on the basis of a metal channel, since parts made of wood will not withstand significant loads.

Another requirement for the construction of operated roofs is the sufficient thickness and strength of the walls of the house.

Methods for the device of flat structures

There are several basic ways to create flat roofs:

• Through installation concrete slabs overlap. Such work can be done in a fairly short time, but special lifting equipment will be required. Application this method involves the implementation of insulation. The material can be installed both inside and outside.
• Using metal channels or double-T beams, on top of which boards must be laid: their thickness should be 25-40 mm. A layer of expanded clay is poured on top, then a concrete screed is created.
• The overlap is created by monolithic concreting... This requires a heavy-duty formwork with thick supports. The supports are fastened together with jumpers. This type of overlap also needs to be insulated.
• With the help of large ceramic blocks: they are laid on top of metal beams. Such blocks replace wood flooring... The main advantage of this method is the use of ceramics, which are characterized by increased mechanical strength, moisture resistance and excellent sound and heat insulating properties. Large ceramic blocks do not need additional insulation: when using them, you can limit yourself to such a measure as creating a concrete screed.

CONCLUSIONS:

• Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern multi-storey buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, in suburban construction.
• Flat structures must have increased strength - especially when falling out a large number precipitation.
• Flat roofs have a much smaller area than pitched roofs, which makes it possible to significantly save on materials and during construction and installation work.
• The main disadvantage of such roofs is that during heavy snowfalls, a snow mass accumulates on the surface, often leading to the formation of leaks.
• Flat roofs can be exploited, unexploited, traditional and inverted.
• Inversion roofs have practically solved the problem of leakage - the main disadvantage of flat structures.
• A flat roof cannot be arranged strictly horizontally - a minimum slope of at least 5 degrees must be observed for precipitation to disappear.
• The construction of lightweight flat roofs is fundamentally different from the process of installing solid roofs.
• There are several ways to create flat roofs.

In the video, you can see how to organize drainage from a flat roof using the Rockwool non-combustible insulation system.

Roof leaks are encountered by residents of the upper floor and residents of the lower floors below them. In a panel 5-storey building covered with roll materials, water can penetrate to the 4th and even the 3rd floor. In brick 9-storey buildings, the 9th, 8th floor is subject to flow. And how unsightly the room looks, into which water flows from the ceiling of the last floor!

In addition, leaks are often observed in apartments and staircases... In this case, the water can reach the 1st floor, running down the stairs without obstacles. Such a disaster is fraught with the penetration of water into the electrical panels located on the site, which will lead to a short circuit and "burnout" of the panel boards. These are serious injuries, fraught not only with water infestation and dampness, but can also lead to accidents. Therefore, repairs should be carried out immediately.

What and who can help with a roof leak?

Photo 1 - Covering a leaking roof with new roofing material
Photo 2 - Coating the roof with a bitumen-polymer roll

Photo 3 -Modern roll materials
Photo 4 - Repair of the roof of an apartment building

About, what to do if the roof of an apartment building is leaking, there are many different tips:

• ask for help from public utilities, a housing cooperative, a society of co-owners;
• write a statement to the city executive committee, the State Housing Inspectorate;
• file a claim in court;
• collect the neighbors of the entrance to solve the problem;
• try to prevent the leak on your own.

Experience shows that in our time nothing helps except the initiative and funds of the owners, who suffer from the development of roof leaks. However, you need to try other methods, and suddenly - someone will help at least partially, or your house is undergoing scheduled repairs!

Renovation at the expense of residents

To the question: “What to do if the roof is leaking in an apartment building?”, Today there is one correct answer. "Need to repair!" Residents themselves collect money for material and work, and thus solve the problem. What else to do? Refusals, deferrals, unsubscriptions come from managers. A court decision can be expected for years. If at the entrance there are careless people who are not worried about the leak, then the tenants of those apartments in which the leak is observed have to "take the rap". In this case, you can try to resolve the issue of partial compensation from the company, which is paid monthly rent.

How and what to do if the roof is leaking in an apartment building?

Leakage prevention depends on the form of the covering and the roofing materials used. Consider the most common case of a flat roof leaking covered with rolled bituminous materials. In the past, most of the houses were covered with roofing material. Of course, for a long time of operation, the roofing material had time to wear out, areas exfoliated from the sun and precipitation appeared.

Photo 5 - Peeling of roofing material
Photo 6 - Crack

1. First you need to inspect the coating and determine the level of the lesion visually.

2. The best way to eliminate troubles is to completely cover the area of ​​the entire plane with new roofing material (f. 1-2). Those owners of high-rise buildings who decide to overlap the entire house act competently. There are many quality materials(f.3). If there is no money to cover the entire house, at least one entrance is completely repaired. Such a solution can eliminate lesions, but does not guarantee complete protection. The whole trick of flat roof leaks is that water can move along the ceilings in any direction. If the roof is "leaking" at the junction or near the drainage pipe, then there is a possibility that the flow will stop if these places are sealed (f.4).

3. When financial problems do not allow blocking the entire entrance, you can try to fix the leak with selective repairs. The success of such repairs will be temporary (if any). But, if a major overhaul of your house with a roof replacement is planned in a couple of years, then you should try to correct the situation for at least a few seasons. At the same time, cracks, swelling, delamination at the joints are closed (f.5.6)

4. Often the owner who experiences the "waterfall" most of all tries to fix the situation on his own or with the help of specialists. If he has a 2-room apartment with a total area of ​​56 square meters, he buys one or two 10-meter rolls of rubemast or other similar material. This covering can cover 20 sq.m. planes in the affected areas. New roofing material is being laid in the most critical areas. In places near drainpipes and in other areas, the plane can be treated with a special polymer mastic.

How to repair?

When swollen, the lesion is opened crosswise cutting tool and turn away the edges. Then put the mastic inside with a spatula, and put the edges back in place and nail them down. The overlapping of the damaged area is carried out with a patch that is several cm larger in size. The loose seams are cleaned, lubricated with mastic and nailed. If there is material, a patch is applied on top along the entire seam. Cracks are sealed in a similar way with mastic, and a patch is applied on top. In places where damage is frequent, a strip or two of new material is laid.