Speaking about the influence of the Sun on the human body, it is impossible to accurately determine the harm or benefits it brings. The sun rays are like kilocaloria derived from food. Their disadvantage leads to exhaustion, and in excessive amounts they cause obesity. So in this situation. In moderately, solar radiation is favorable on the body, while the excess of ultraviolet provokes the appearance of burns and the development of numerous diseases. Let's deal with more details.

Solar radiation: general impact on the body

Solar radiation is a combination of ultraviolet and infrared waves. Each of these component parts It affects the body in its own way.

Infrared radiation influence:

1. The main feature of infrared rays is the thermal effect created by them. The heating of the body contributes to the expansion of blood vessels and normalization of blood circulation.
2. Warming has a relaxing effect on the muscles, having a light anti-inflammatory and painful effect.
3. Under the influence of heat, metabolism increases, the processes of assimilation of biologically active components are normalized.
4. Infrared radiation of the Sun stimulates the work of the brain and the visual apparatus.
5. Due to solar radiation, synchronization of biological rhythms of the body occurs, sleep and wake modes are launched.
6. Treatment with solar heat improves the condition of the skin, eliminating the angry rashes.
7. Warm light raises the mood and improves human emotional background.
8. And according to the latest research, it also improves the quality of sperm in men.

Despite all the debate on the negative impact ultraviolet radiation On the body, its shortage can lead to serious health problems. This is one of the vital factors of existence. And in the conditions of the deficit of ultraviolet in the body, such changes begin to occur:

1. First of all weakens the immunity. This is caused by a violation of the digestibility of vitamins and minerals, the failure of substances at the cellular level.
2. There is a tendency to develop new or exacerbation chronic diseases, most often leaking with complications.
3. Marked lethargy, syndrome chronic fatigue, reduced level of performance.
4. The lack of ultraviolet for children interferes with the production of vitamin D and provokes a decrease in growth rates.

However, it is necessary to understand that excessive solar activity will not go for the benefit of the body!

Contraindications for sunbathing

Despite all the benefit of sunlight for the body, not everyone can afford to enjoy warm rays. Contraindications include:

• acute inflammatory processes;
• tumors, regardless of the location of their localization;
• progressive tuberculosis;
• angina, ischemic disease;
• endocrine pathology;
• damage to the nervous system;
• violation of the functions of the thyroid and adrenal glands;
• diabetes;
• mastopathy;
• myoma uterus;
• pregnancy;
• recovery period after surgery.

In all cases, active radiation will exacerbate the course of the disease, provoking the development of new complications..

Do not get involved in the sun and older people, breast kids. For these categories of the population, treatment with sunlight in the shade is shown. The necessary dose of safe heat there will be enough.

The stories of our readers

Vladimir
61 year

Negative influence of the sun

The exposure time of infrared and ultraviolet waves should be strictly limited. In excessive solar radiation:

• it can provoke a deterioration in the general condition of the body (the so-called thermal blow due to overheating);
• negatively affects the skin, becoming the reason for the development of persistent changes;
• impairs vision;
• provokes hormonal malfunctions in the body;
• can provoke the development of allergic reactions.

So that watch lying on the beach in periods of maximum solar activity are applied huge damage to the body.

To obtain the required portion of light, a twenty-minute walk on a sunny day.

Sun Effects on Skin

Excessive solar radiation leads to serious skin problems. In the short term, you risk earning a burn or dermatitis. This is the smallest problem with which you may encounter, getting tanning on a hot day. If such a situation is repeated with enviable regularity, the radiation of the Sun will be an impetus to the formation of malignant formations on the skin, melan.

In addition, the impact of ultraviolet dries the skin, making it thinner and sensitive. And the permanent stay under the right rays accelerates the aging process, provoking the appearance of early wrinkles.

In order to protect themselves from the negative effect of solar radiation, it suffices to comply with simple security measures:

1. IN summer time years be sure to use sunscreen? Applying it to everything open areas Body, including face, hands, legs and zone. The SPF icon on the package is that the most protection against ultraviolet. And it will depend on the figure indicated by the abbreviation. Cosmetics with SPF 15 or SPF 20 level are suitable for the store. If you plan to spend time on the beach, use special means with higher indicators. For children's skin, cream with maximum protection SPF 50.
2. If you need a long stay on the street at the maximum intensity of solar radiation, wear clothes made of lightweight tissues with long sleeves. Be sure to wear a hat with wide fields to hide the delicate skin of the face.
3. Control the duration of solar baths. Recommended time - 15-20 minutes. In case of a longer stay on the street, try to hide from direct sunlight in the shade of trees.

And remember that in the summer season, solar radiation affects the skin at any time of the day, with the exception of night hours. You may not feel explicit heat from infrared waves, but the ultraviolet retains high level Activity, both in the morning and after noon.

Negative impact on sight

The effect of sunlight on the visual apparatus is huge. After all, thanks to the light rays, we get information about the world around us. Artificial lighting to some extent can be an alternative to natural light, but in the conditions of reading and writing with the lamp increases the load on the eyes.

Speaking about the negative impact on the person and the vision of sunlight, it means eye damage with a long stay in the sun without sunglasses.

From the unpleasant sensations with which you can encounter, you can highlight cutting pain in our eyes, painting them, light-friendly. Most serious defeat - retina burn. It is also possible to dry the skin of the eyelid, the formation of small wrinkles.

1. Wear sunglasses . At first, pay attention to the degree of protection. Image models often slightly shadow light, but do not prevent the penetration of ultraviolet. Therefore, it is recommended to postpone a bright rim and make a choice in favor of high-quality lenses.
2. Watch that the face does not fall direct rays. You are in the shade, wear a hat, a cap or other headdress with a visor.
3. Do not look at the sun. If you do not have discomfort, it does not talk about the security of this venture. Even the winter sun has enough activity to ensure vision problems.

Is there a safe season

The use of solar radiation as a healthy procedure is a common practice. That ultraviolet that heat refers to the category of strong stimuli. And the abuse of these benefits can earn serious problems.

Tan - this is the development of melanin. And if more precisely, the protective reaction of the skin to the stimulus.

Is it really dangerous to the radiation of the sun at any time of the year? This question is difficult to give an unequivocal answer. Everything will depend not so much from the pore of the year, as from the geographical position. So, in medium latles, the activity of solar radiation increases by 25-35% in the summer. Therefore, recommendations regarding staying on the street on a clear day concern only hot pore. In winter, residents of these regions do not threaten ultraviolet.

But the inhabitants of the equator with straight sunbeams face all year round. Therefore, the probability of negative impact on the body is present both in summer and in winter. The inhabitants of the northern latitudes have been lucky in this regard. After all, when remote from the equator, the angle of falling the sunlight on the ground is changing, and with it, the activity of radiation. The length of the heat wave increases, and at the same time decreases the amount of heat (energy loss). From here and winter all year round, as the surface of the Earth lacks heat for warming up.

Solar radiation is a friend of our body. But you should not abuse this friendship. Otherwise, the consequences can be the most serious. Just enjoy warmth, not forgetting about precautions.

The answer to the question is what solar radiation is the entire spectrum of light released by the Sun. It includes visible light and all other radiation frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. Compared to familiar energy sources on Earth, the sun radiates a huge amount of energy. The type of radiation emitted by the Sun is a product of its high temperature, which is caused by a nuclear fusion inside the sun core. Solar radiation is studied by scientists, because the influence of the Sun, the human body and the planet as a whole, very huge.

Only a small part of solar radiation ever reaches the Earth: most of them are emitted to empty space. However, a fraction that really reaches the Earth is much larger than the amount of energy consumed on earth as sources such as fossil fuel. A huge amount of energy emitted by the Sun can be explained by a large mass and high temperature.

Types of solar radiation

Complete solar radiation, which is often referred to as global radiation, is the sum of direct, diffuse and reflected radiation. Solar radiation available to us is always a mixture of the aforementioned three components.

Types of solar radiation

Direct radiation

Direct radiation is obtained from sunlight moving from the Sun to the Earth directly. The radiation direction is also called the beam emission or a direct radiation ray. Since direct radiation is the sun rays moving in a straight line, the shadows of objects that occur on the path of sunlight are formed. Shadows indicate the presence of direct radiation.
In sunny areas and during the summer, direct radiation is almost 70-80% of the overall radiation. In solar installations, solar tracking is used to absorb most of the direct emission. If a solar system Tracking is not installed, the valuable direct radiation will not be captured.

Diffuse radiation

Direct radiation has a fixed direction. Diffuse radiation has no fixed direction. When the sun's rays are scattered by particles present in the atmosphere, these scattered solar rays explain the diffuse radiation.

As contamination increases, the amount of diffuse radiation also increases. In hilly areas and during the winter, the percentage of diffuse radiation increases. The maximum amount of scattered radiation is captured sunny batteriesWhen they hold horizontally. This means that in the case of solar panels, which are at an angle to track most of the direct radiation, the amount of scattered radiation captured by the panel will decrease. The greater the angle that solar panels Create with Earth, the less will be the amount of scattered radiation captured by the panels.

Reflected and global radiation

Reflected radiation is a component of radiation, which is reflected from surfaces other than air particles. Radiation, reflected from hills, trees, houses, reservoirs, reflects the reflected radiation. Reflected radiation is usually a small percentage of global radiation, but can be made up to 15% in the snow-covered areas.

Global radiation is a sum of direct, diffuse and reflected radiation. Solar radiation is a combination of ultraviolet and infrared waves. Each of these components in its own way affects the body.

The effect of solar radiation on the human body

Speaking about the influence of the Sun on the human body, it is impossible to determine exactly. What impact on human health is harmful or benefit. The rays of the Sun highlight the ultraviolet and infrared radiation. The rays of the Sun are like kilocaloria derived from food. Their deficiency leads to exhaustion, and in excessive quantities they cause obesity. So in this situation. A moderate amount of solar radiation has a positive effect on the body, while the excess of ultraviolet radiation provokes burns and the development of numerous diseases. Influence

Positive effect of infrared radiation

The main feature of infrared rays - they create a thermal effect that have a positive effect on the human body. Heating element He contributes to the expansion of blood vessels and normalization of blood circulation. Heat has a relaxing effect on the muscles, providing a light anti-inflammatory and anesthetic effect. Under the influence of heat, the metabolism increases, the processes of assimilation of biologically active components are normalized. Infrared radiation of the Sun stimulates the brain and the visual apparatus.

Interesting! Due to the solar radiation, synchronizes biological rhythms of the body, starting with sleep and waking modes. Treatment of the infrared rays of the Sun improves the condition of the skin and eliminates acne. Warm light raises the mood and improves human emotional background. And also improve the quality of sperm in men and potency.

Positive effect of ultraviolet radiation

Despite all disputes on the negative impact of ultraviolet radiation on the body, its absence can lead to serious health problems. This is one of the most important factors of existence. And lack ultraviolet light In the body, introduces such changes:
First, weakens the immune system (first of all the influence turns out to be on the cell in the body). This is due to a violation of the absorption of vitamins and minerals, a violation of metabolism at the cellular level.

The sun fills the lack of vitamin D

There is a tendency to develop new or exacerbation of chronic diseases, most often emerging complications. NameTargia, chronic fatigue syndrome, reducing the level of efficiency. The absence of ultraviolet light for children prevents the formation of vitamin D and causes a slowdown. However, it is necessary to understand that excessive solar activity will not benefit the body.

Negative exposure to the Sun.

The time of exposure of infrared and ultraviolet waves should be strictly limited. Excessive solar radiation:

• it can provoke a deterioration in the general state of the body (the so-called thermal shock due to overheating);
• negatively affect the skin, they can cause constant changes;
• impairs vision;
• causes hormonal violations in organism;
• can provoke the development of allergic reactions;
• can provoke negative influence on the human genome and the structure of the human DNA;
• negatively affects the fruit;
• negatively affects the human psyche.

Sun Effects on Skin

Excessive amount of solar radiation leads to serious skin problems. In the short term, you risk burns or dermatitis. This is the smallest problem with which you may encounter the sun placed on a hot day. If this situation is repeated with enviable regularity, solar radiation will be an incentive to form malignant tumors in the skin melanoma.

In addition, ultraviolet irradiation dehydrates the skin, making it thin and sensitive. But permanent residence under the right rays accelerates the aging process, causing the appearance of early wrinkles.

Negative impact on vision

The effect of sunlight on the visual apparatus is huge. Indeed, thanks to the rays of the world, we get information about the world around us. Artificial lighting in some way can be an alternative to the natural light, but from the point of view of reading and writing using a light lamp increases the stress in the eyes.
Speaking O. negative impact For a person and about the visible sunlight, it means eye damage during the long exposure of the Sun without sunglasses.
Due to discomfort with which you may encounter, you can highlight pain in our eyes, redness, light-friendly. The most serious retina is burning. It is also possible to dry the skin, form wrinkles.

The impact of radiation on the human body in space

Space radiation is one of the main health hazards from the cosmic flight. It is dangerous because it has enough energy to change or destroy DNA molecules that can damage or kill cells. This can lead to health problems, ranging from sharp effects. Long exposure.

Acute consequences, such as changes, blood, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, soft and restore. Other effects of acute irradiation are much more serious, such as damage to the central nervous system or even death. Such irradiation should not occur as a result of exposure to cosmic radiation, except if the cosmonaut is exposed to solar particles, such as a solar flash, which produces high doses of radiation.

The number of tan fans in Russia is growing every year. However, doctors do not get tired to repel that the sun's rays are the cause of many serious diseases. What is the benefit and harm of the tan?

In the 80s of the XIX century in America and Europe, the tanned body was considered beautiful and desirable, which many people sought. This gave a scientist mass of reasons and materials for research. They found out that the skin changes, called age, for the most part depend on not on the number of years lived by a person, but from the harmful effects of ultraviolet, which is responsible for the appearance of the sun.

Thus, the theory of photorement was arose - premature fading of the skin under the influence of UV radiation. It is confirmed by the data that the skin of the inhabitants of the southern countries will grow faster than those who are not spoiled by the Sun. In addition, the open areas of the body, not protected by clothing, are faster than different changes.

Photostaria mechanism

Penetrating into the skin, UV rays are found with a natural ultraviolet filter - melanin, delaying more than 90% of ultraviolet radiation. Thus, the tan is nothing more than the skin reaction to the injuries of solar radiation. Now many people know that the prolonged impact of ultraviolet contributes to the development of melanoma, skin cancer, accelerates the aging and appearance of wrinkles.

Types of UV radiation

Types of sun rays
Ultraviolet radiation is divided into three components: rays A, B and C (Ufa, UVB-, UFS-rays, respectively). During the passage of sunlight through the earth's atmosphere, the most dangerous UFS rays and about 90% of UVB-rays of the middle range are absorbed by ozone, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Therefore, radiation that gives up to a person in more than Contains UFA ultraviolet and a small amount of UFA.

Than dangerous UFV rays
The UFV rays contribute to the formation of melanin, lead to photorestation of the skin, and also stimulate the development of most types of skin cancer, but they are blocked by protective substances contained in tanning creams.

Than dangerous ufa rays
Ufa rays are less active in stimulating the development of many types of skin cancer, rather than UFV, but they contribute to the formation of melanoma - hazardous variety Skin cancer. In addition, this radiation is not blocked by many solar filters, so the main protection from it is clothing.

Why ultraviolet is dangerous for a person:

• it reduces the production of collagen - the protein of the body's connective tissue, due to the lack of which the skin loses elasticity and wrinkles appear on it;
• it provokes overurbation and thickening of the horn layer of the skin, as a result of which it becomes dry, dim and rough;
• it provokes vascular changes, impaired skin pigmentation, as well as the development of neoplasms.

About the benefits of the sun

A place under the sun
Despite the danger of ultraviolet radiation for the body, in small doses it can be useful. For this, just a few times a week to substitute the face or arms for 10-15 minutes a week.

Healing Ultraviolet:

• under the influence of ultraviolet in the body, vitamin D is synthesized, which regulates calcium exchange and serves building material for bone tissue;
• sunlight activates the immune system, increases the body's resistance to viruses and infections;
• the sun has a positive effect on nervous system man, increasing endorphins (hormone of joy) and thereby improving the mood;
• in small doses, ultraviolet prevents the appearance of diseases of the cardiovascular system, the musculoskeletal system (osteochondrosis, arthritis) and respiratory organs (bronchitis, rhinitis), dermatological diseases (psoriasis, neurodermatitis, eczema, etc.), brainwood failure.

How to sunbathe

You need to start sunbathing, in the morning and evening hours, spending on the sun from 10 to 15 minutes with breaks. Both dark-blooded people should be used to use sunscreens that correspond to their skin type and with a suitable protection factor. Applying them on the skin should be 20-30 minutes before the exit to the street.
Owners are particularly sensitive to the sunshine of the skin, it is necessary to be as often as possible in the shade and use the means with the highest SPF factor (Sun Protection Factor). Eyes and lips also need protection from the Sun, so you should use sunscreen skin around the eyes, lip balm with SPF and wear sunglasses, leaving outside.

Peelings are considered effective tool By elimination
Symptoms of skin photo storage. They possess exfoliating
Action, and also return the skin tone and beauty.

Elena Kobzeva, dermatovenerologist, cosmetologist:"Ultraviolet is the main factor of skin aging. With excessive solar irradiation, it provokes the so-called small-corneous type of aging. The skin becomes similar to a wrinkled baked apple covered with a network of small wrinkles. In addition, ultraviolet radiation provokes the formation of pigment stains. Especially this becomes noticeable over the age of 35. Therefore, in the summer it is necessary to constantly protect the skin with sunscreens with a high protection factor. "

Expert:Elena Kobzeva, dermatologist, cosmetologist
Katerina Kapustina

In the material used photos owned by shutterstock.com

Solar radiation - This is electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation, that is, radiation of photons and elementary particles (mainly electrons and protons). In fact, despite the terrible name, solar radiation is not life-threatening. The thing is that radiation is not only ionizing radiation, which is usually called radiation in everyday life. Radiation is all types of radiation. The sun radiates energy, without which life on Earth would be impossible. Solar radiation to the Earth in the form of straight and scattered rays, and the intensity of the radiation of the Sun depends on the huge number of factors. The wavelength of sunlight includes γ rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared radiation, ultrahof-frequency radiation and radio wave.

Suppose that you are not lying, and solar radiation is really not harmful, but why do we see only some of the solar radiation? All because it is for the waves of such a length that the maximum intensity of the radiation of the Sun is accounted for. That is why in the process of evolution, the organs of vision of living organisms adapted to distinguish the waves of such length. And, by the way, precisely because of the intensity of the waves of the "blue" color of the sky seems blue. The fact is that the light has the ability to scatter than he does, getting into the atmosphere. Rays of any frequency are scattered, but than the frequency is higher, the dispersion is stronger. Waves of purple color are the greatest frequency, then blue, then green, yellow and at the end are red. That's why the sky is blue!

Wait, but why blue, not purple? Due to the intensity of radiation blue! Purple rays are much smaller than blue, so the sky is blue, and not purple. But during the sunset the sun shines on the ground at an angle, so the light has to go through a much larger layer of the atmosphere, and therefore, the waves of red have time to dissipate. And that is why during sunset the sky blushes. In other words, depending on the position of the Earth in relation to the Sun, solar radiation has a different degree of intensity. And it is not just useful to know. It is important to know! Why? Because it directly affects the effects of the Sun on living organisms, we temporarily classify themselves.

Solar Radiation in Human Life

As we have already written above, life on Earth would be impossible without solar energy. That is why even the highest predators, which are people, you need to periodically appear in the sun. What for? Then that the sun is the best sources of vitamin D. Vitamin D is fat soluble and is represented in two bioequivalent forms D 2 and D 3. Both forms of vitamin can flow into the body together with food, but D 3 is also able to synthesize in the body under the influence of ultraviolet rays. The intensity of the synthesis D 3 depends on the time of year, the color of the skin and age. Accordingly, the lighter skin and younger people are, the more intense it is produced by vitamin D 3 under the influence of the sun. The intensity of the influence of the Sun is more powerful in the summer.

The reference values \u200b\u200bof vitamin D are within 30-80 nmol / l, while, the optimal value is 50 nmol / l, and the intrication of the body can be achieved at values \u200b\u200bof more than 150 nmol / l. The latter explicitly hints that it is not recommended over the sun overly. In this regard, it is necessary to recall that vitamin D is fat soluble, that is, it has the ability to accumulate in the body. On average, people with light skin in the summer season is recommended to be under the influence of solar radiation 15-30 minutes per day. In winter, if you are not a resident of Africa or Australia, most likely that you vitamin D, like sunlight in general, will not be enough.

The lack of vitamin D is accompanied by weakness in the muscles, the fragility of bones, the development of cardiovascular diseases and other factors that increase the risk of mortality. Food sources of vitamin D are fish, eggs, bakery products and milk. That is why the inhabitants of the northern regions are less likely to lactose intolerance. Simple-minded ability to absorb dairy products was an important factor Natural selection in these regions. But even if the man of lactose does not absorb, it is not yet a reason to take sunbathing. It is quite possible to do with additives vitamin D in dosages from 400 to 1000m per day. It is not necessary to choose to be afraid, since vitamin D additives in both forms have shown themselves efficient and safe.

But in the summer, I want to irradiate with solar radiation, isn't it? Do it need it right! First, in the summer in the sun should be up to 10 am and after 3 hours of the day. This is due to the intensity of solar irradiation. Secondly, even if you hide from the sun at the watch of its highest intensity, you still need to use sunscreen. Especially if you sunbathe intentionally, lying on the beach and drinking a cocktail. If this is not done, then the excessive intensity of the effect of solar radiation on the skin can lead to the destruction of collagen fibers, denaturation of vitamin A and the development of cancer. It is important to note that the cream from the sun is different. They are characterized by different SPF (Sun Protection Factor).

SPF 50 is an extreme indicator with proven efficacy. Use the cream with SPF is more than 50 meaningless. The coating frequency of the cream must be specified on the package. It is necessary to apply it in this mode, as the manufacturer indicated. It is recommended to use a tan cream not only while visiting the beach, but in the event that you regularly visit the sun. Sunscreen is the most important means of protecting the skin from aging. That is why regularly sunbathing in natural conditions may not be the best idea. From the point of view of the health and beauty of the skin, it is much wiser to use artificial tanning agents.

Conclusion

1. Solar radiation is not dangerous and does not cause mutations. Radiation is not only ionizing radiation, these are all types of radiation. That is why to go to the sun is useful, but you need to swim in the sunny rays.
2. In the summer, the sun is recommended to appear at least 15 minutes a day, while it is recommended to apply sunscreen on the skin. Especially needed sunscreen while visiting the beach.
3. Compensate the lack of vitamin D can be seafood, eggs, bakery products and milk. Also safe and efficient are Vitamin D additives in dosages from 400 to 1000m per day.

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purpose of work

The goal of the work is: to establish a positive and negative effect of solar insolation on the human body, identify the value of the sun for the human body, formulate the basic rules of sunbathing, and also determine the tactics of human behavior with neoplasms on the skin.

2. Introduction

Topic practical work By biology, I chose "the effect of sunlight on the human body." This topic presents for me great interest Due to the fact that recently people began to spend more time in the sun. We began to visit the solarium, began to rest more often in southern countries. The tanned man looks more beautiful and successful, so we have become more useful with cosmetics to attract tanning.

I analyzed the literature (including medical), took advantage of the Internet resources, conducted a sociological survey in order to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, relatives about the impact of ultraviolet rays on the human body. That's what I got it:

3. What is solar insolation?

Solar energy is a source of life on Earth. This is light and warm, without which a person cannot live. In this case, there is a minimum level of solar energy, in which human life is comfortable. Under comfort, in this case, not only the presence of natural lighting, but also the state of health is the lack of sunlight leads to various diseases. In addition, the energy of the Sun can be used not only to ensure the comfortable existence of living beings (human, plants, animals) light and heat, but also to produce electric and thermal energy. Quantitative indicator in estimating the stream of solar energy is the value that is called insolation.

Insolation - irradiation of surfaces with sunlight (solar radiation), the flow of solar radiation to the surface; The irradiation of the surface or space by parallel beams of rays coming from the direction in which the center of the solar disk is currently visible. Insolation is measured by the number of energy units falling per unit surface per unit of time.

The magnitude of the insolation depends:

From the height of the sun over the horizon;

From the geographical latitude of the place;

From the angle of inclination of the earth's surface;

On the orientation of the earth's surface in relation to the sides of the horizon;

The insolation indicator affects many areas of our life, ranging from the comfort of living and ending with the energy.

3.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation.

The sun emits three types of ultraviolet rays. Each of these types in different ways affects the human body. Ultraviolet rays differ in the wavelength.

Ultraviolet rays A.

These rays have a lower level of radiation. It used to be assumed that they are harmless, however, it is currently proven that it is not. The level of these rays remains almost constant throughout the day and year. They penetrate even through the glass.

Ultra-violet rays BUT Penetrate through the skin, damage the structure of the skin, destroy the fibers of collagen and lead to the appearance of wrinkles. Also reduce the elasticity of the skin, accelerate the premature aging of the skin, weaken protective system Skin, making it more susceptible to infections and, possibly, oncological diseases.

Therefore, when buying photostatic means, you need to look at the presence in this cosmetic medium Protective factors against rays of type A.

Ultraviolet rays B.

The rays of this type are emitted by the Sun only at a certain time and hours of the day. Depending on the air temperature and geographic latitude, they penetrate the atmosphere from 10 to 16 hours.

Ultraviolet rays of type IN Sick more serious damage, as they interact with DNA molecules, which are in skin cells. IN-rays damage the epidermis, which leads to the appearance of sunburn. Ultraviolet rays lead to the appearance of a sun, but lead to premature aging of the skin and the appearance of pigment spots on it, make the skin coarse and rough, accelerate the appearance of wrinkles, can provoke the development of precancerous diseases and skin cancer.

Ultraviolet rays S.

C-rays have the greatest destructive power for the skin. However, the ozone layer of the Earth, located in the Earth's atmosphere, prevents the penetration of these rays to the surface of the Earth. But if the ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere is destroyed or there are holes in it, we will fully experience the harm that these rays cause skin.

3.2 Ozone layer of land - protective layer of the stratosphere.

Ozone layer - part of the stratosphere at a height of 20 to 25 km, with the greatest ozone content formed by the effects of the ultraviolet radiation of the sun on molecular oxygen.

The more ozone is in the atmosphere, the greater the amount of ultraviolet radiation it is able to absorb. Without protection, radiation will be too intense and can apply to all living damage and thermal burns, and a person can lead to skin cancer. If all the atmosphere ozone is evenly distributed over the territory of 45 square kilometers in size, its thickness will be only 0.3 cm.

The harm of ozone on the surface of the planet.

When exhaust gases and industrial emissions react with the rays of the Sun, as a result of photochemical reactions, surface ozone is formed. Typically, this phenomenon occurs in megalopolis and major cities. Inhalation of such ozone is dangerous. Since this gas is a strong oxidizing agent, it can easily destroy alive fabrics. Not only people, but also plants suffer.

Destruction of the ozone layer.

In the 70 years, during the studies, it was noticed that gas Freon, used in air conditioners, refrigerators and cans, destroys ozone with a huge speed. Rising B. upper layer The atmospheres, freons allocate chlorine, which lays ozone to ordinary and atomic oxygen. Ozone hole is formed in the place of such interactions.

The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctic in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km. Subsequently, another large hole (smaller sizes) was discovered over the Arctic, now scientists are known hundreds of similar phenomena, although the most huge is still the one that arises above Antarctic.

There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is pollution of the natural environment by a person. No less influence on the ozone layer nuclear tests. It is estimated that only from 1952 to 1971, with nuclear explosions, about 3 million tons of harmful substances fell into the atmosphere.

Reactive aircraft contribute to the emergence of ozone holes.

Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer - mineral fertilizerswhich, when introduced into the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrogen falls into the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.

That is why now environmentalists are alarming and are trying to take all necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (aircraft, rocket systems, ground transport) emitting less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

From which the ozone layer is protected.

Ozone holes are common throughout, but with a change in the set of factors, they overlap with ozone from the neighboring layers of the atmosphere. Those, in turn, become even thinner. The ozone layer performs the only obstacle on the path of destroying ultraviolet and radiation radiation of the Sun. Without the ozone layer, the human immune system would be destroyed. According to scientists, the decrease in the ozone layer is only 1% increases the likelihood of cancer by 3-6%. Reducing the amount of ozone in the atmosphere will unpredictably change the climate on the planet. Since the ozone layer delays heat, which is dissipated from the surface of the Earth, then as the layer of ozone is exhausted, the climate will become colder, which will lead to natural cataclysms.

4. Pigment-forming skin function.

Being an outer cover of the body, the skin has specific properties aimed at protecting the body from various external influences. Light-indispensable and mandatory part of the world around us, heat source and energy. Intensive ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is accompanied by a response in the form of leather reddening with further formation in the skin of pigmentation. The pigment-forming function is to develop the pigment of melanin. In addition to melanin, iron-containing blood pigment hemosidemin can be laid in the skin, as well as trichosiderin - in red hair, carotene.

Protective skin function.

Skin greatly protects the body from radiation effects. Infrared rays are almost entirely delayed by a horn layer, ultraviolet - partially. Peeling into the skin, ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of protective pigment - melanin, absorbing these rays. People of the Negroid race almost all ultraviolet is absorbed large quantity Melanin in the skin than the protection against high doses of radiant energy, characteristic of those regions globewhere these races live. Therefore, people living in hot countries are darker than those living in countries with temperate climates.

4.1 The formation of moles on the human body.

Many are interested in the nature of the origin of moles on the human body. And it is not surprising, because at birth, the skin of the baby is chista and does not have such features. No one may say for sure, in which place the next mole will appear, and also explain why they can appear, then disappear.

The reasons for their appearance are different, but they are mainly formed under the influence of a special hormone - melanotropin. In different people, it is contained in different anatomical zones and in not the same quantity. Experts found that the level of content in the organism of melanotropin determines the number of moles at specific sites.

Specialists in the field of medicine managed to make some discoveries and shed light on the mystery of the occurrence of moles.

One of the common causes of the occurrence of moles on the skin of a person is a detrimental effect of the direct rays of the Sun, namely, the ultraviolet, which is contained in it. The essence is that under the influence of ultraviolet, the skin begins to produce a pigment - melanin, which is the basis of all moles. Therefore, it is not surprising that people who are in the open sun for a long time of their lives may notice an increase in moles in size over time. Thus, most new moles arise in the hot summer period, when a person sunbathes in the sun and spends a vacation by the sea. Among the medical workers there is an opinion that an excessive number of moles on a human body can cause skin cancer - melanoma. Under the influence of the Sun, some groups of moles can grow into a malignant tumor.

As other reasons for popping moles on the body, dermatologists allocate:

The lesion of the body with viral infection, X-ray and radiation radiation, microtrauma of the skin, as well as the non-healing foci of diseases on the cover, launch the processes of grouping and moving pigmented cells to the outer layer of the epidermis.

Liver pathology.

Skin belonging to light type.

Energional energy distribution in the body.

Hormonal changes in human life.

4.2 When should I contact a doctor with moles?

When many moles appeared on the body, it is necessary to learn to distinguish them by the risk criterion for a malignant tumor. All pigmented foci dermatologists are divided into such groups as:

Mecano-hazardous, representing a threat in terms of transformation in melanoma.

Melanoneal elements - harmless to the body, but causing discomfort in everyday life Due to frequent traumatization (during daily shaving or with constant friction on clothing).

How to understand that the mole is dangerous?

Doctors from the American Academy Dermatologists have developed for non-specialists, that is, people who do not have medical education, how to detect the early signs of melanoma. They popularize enough effective technique Self-diagnostics: the danger of moles can be pre-evaluated personally, and in the case of suspected suspicion already refer directly to the dermatologist. Take advantage of it to check how dangerous moles on your body! The ABCDE test, developed by specialists from the United States, helps to identify signs of the rebirth of the mole in any of the types of skin cancer, including melanoma. This method does not require any special tools and does not take much time. At the same time, not only moles or other neoplasms on the skin are subject to verification with the help of this simple test, but also the slightest stains that cause suspicion. It is also worth taking note of any new moles or thighs. The ABCDE test is recommended every month, completely inspecting the whole body.

A.symmetry (asymmetry): Half or part of the mole is not similar to her other half. If two halves are not identical, such a mole is considered asymmetric, and this is already a warning sign!

Border (borders): borders ramiy stain have wrong shapeBlurred, vague and poorly determined. A benign mole has smooth, even boundaries, in contrast to malignant.

C.olor (color) The vast majority of benign moles over the entire surface are painted in one color and have a shade of brown. The presence of three colors on the surface of the mole is a prognostic adverse sign.

D.iameter (diameter): Benign moles usually have a smaller diameter than malignant.

E.volving (development): Ordinary non-hazardous moles look equally for a long time. Be alert, when Molenia begins to develop or change some characteristic, from the above-time described!

Doctors-oncologists recommend to seek medical attention when the slightest changes in the form, the size and structure of the moles are found. Walking on a visit to medical institution Or ignoring signs of malignant transformation is fraught with the launch of the stage and the fatal outcome.

In Izhevsk, during the last 5 years, specialists of the republican skin-venereological dispensary, together with the doctors of oncologists in May, the day "Melanoma" is held in May. On this day, any resident of Udmurtia can get to the reception to qualified specialists and show all his moles, as well as ask all the questions you are interested in. During the consultation, the patients are given competent recommendations on the existing moles or patients are sent to the further removal of moles modern methods Treatment.

4.3 Methods of research and removal of moles in modern conditions.

With the modern development of technologies, research and removal of moles turned into a quick and almost safe procedure. One of the main methods of the study of the Moles, in addition to the visual examination, is the dermatoscopy method. Dermatoscopy is a survey of skin neoplasms for malignancy with a special instrument. This study is very simple. You only need a few minutes - and the doctor will be able to consider in detail the structure and other characteristics of dubious education. This method uses the specialists of the Republican Skin-Venereological Dispensary when examining patients with moles.

The desire to part with moles in humans arises only at a very good reason for him. First, from aesthetic considerations, when, due to the presence of moles in separate places, the patient begins to experience insecurity.

Very often they also remove moles that rub and cling to clothes, they are damaged during shaving and interfere with walking: along the gate line, under hair, etc. This is especially true of large convex moles whose damage is extremely undesirable.

If good quality is no doubt, the removal of moles on the face and body can be made by any of the ways available today. Make sure there are no abnormal cells only on the basis of a dermatoscopic study. Therefore, before removal it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or oncodermatologist. Based on the study, the method and depth of impact on the neoplasm are also determined. After removal of the mole, the histological analysis of excreted tissues is made. To date, there are the following ways to remove moles: surgical, cryodestruction (removal of moles with nitrogen), electrocoagulation, and using a CO2 laser. The correctly chosen method of treatment guarantees best resultTherefore, the removal of moles on the face and body should trust professionals.

Removal of moles with a laser.

Despite the diversity of various treatment methods, the deletion of moles with a laser is recognized as the most effective of modern methods. Due to the adjustable depth of exposure and a small diameter laser ray It works very accurately, the minimum damaging the surrounding fabrics. This is important when removing moles, for example, on the face and other visible sites.

Laser removal of moles is made under local anesthesia, with the help of modern lasers gradually process the surface of the mole, evaporating one layer after another. High accuracy is ensured by the ability to control the diameter of the beam and the depth of exposure.

The removal of moles with a laser has several advantages:

100% deletion after the first procedure.

Fast healing (5-7 days).

No bleeding.

Low percentage of possible complications (pigmentation, scars and scars after the removal of moles).

Laser removal of moles is an absolutely painless method that occupies a few minutes, subject to its fulfillment by a qualified specialist. The removal of moles is a responsible step, so it is necessary to make their removal in specialized clinics with competent specialists.

4.4 How to sunbathe right to not harm the skin.

Summer-time relaxing and pleasant time on the beach near of various types reservoirs. Under the influence of direct sunlight, our skin gets a lot of not only useful enzymes, but also negative. How to avoid large number Ultraviolet and infrared rays that drag the skin, provoke premature cell aging, promote burns to get burns? To do this, sunbathing correctly.

It is known that the most dangerous sun in the period from 12 to 14 hours, when its rays are directed almost perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At this time, it is better to stay in a room or a lace shadow (the shadow that trees, bushes, umbrellas discarded). It is recommended to be in the sun to 11 am or after 3 days, and on the body necessarily apply a sunscreen.

It is impossible to sunbathe for a long time on the first day. It is best to gradually increase the duration of staying in the sun. 2 hours a day - the maximum allowable time.

Do not neglect sungulas.

The efficiency of the sunscreen is determined primarily by the level of protection from the Sun, which it provides. This is reported by the Abbreviation SPF (Sun Protection Factor - sunscreen factor), which is defined on the package. The degree of protection varies from 2 to 100 units. This index indicates how long the safe stay in the sun will last. That is, by treating the skin with a sunscreen factor 15, you can be sure that for 75 minutes the sun burn does not threaten you. If the SPF index is 30 units, then the estimated time increases to 125 minutes. If the tool is not resistant to water, then after each entering the water it will be necessary to apply it again.

Modern sunscreen should have a UVA / UVB marking, which means the presence of protection factors from the beams of both types (ultraviolet rays A and rays B).

If there are many moles on the body, it is not recommended to sunbathe at all.

Vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body.

Sunlight is a powerful healing and prophylactic agent, extremely important to preserve health. No wonder the old proverb says: "Which rarely the sun looks back, the doctor often comes." The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body is not sour and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - contribute to the formation of vitamin D. The vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet radiation is primarily associated with its influence on the synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). The presence of this vitamin is necessary to maintain the constant level in the blood of calcium. With a lack of calcium in the blood, it is "sucking" from bone tissue, leading to its deformation, osteoporosis. Children may have a well-known disease - Rahit, in the future leading to severe skeleton deformations and other adverse effects. To prevent such consequences, it is necessary that the physiological need of the body in Vitamin D. It is 20-30 micrograms per day. However, it will provide it only at the expense of food is difficult, because even in the main food sources of vitamin d it relatively little. The sun, its ultraviolet component is capable of helping. It turns out that there is a chemical predecessor of vitamin D. under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, it is converted to vitamin D, compensating for its "short-supplying" through food.

Lack of sunlight reduces life, scholars are confident from a medical college (USA). They conducted a major overview of the latest studies, thanks to which it became clear - people with the lowest concentration of vitamin D in the blood risk die before others. The risk of early death for them is higher by 26%. According to scientists, the lack of vitamin D contributes to the rise of blood pressure, violates the exchange of sugar, causes a tendency to obesity.

Also, residents of large cities need to remember that polluted air and was able to reduce the amount of sunlight, which are necessary for the formation of "Vitamin Sun", that is, Vitamin D. Therefore, urban children in summer should be more outside the city where there is clean fresh air And more sun.

6. Disinfectant (bactericidal) Sun action.

Many microorganisms surround a person. There are useful, which live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestine. They help to digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And they are also quite a lot. Many diseases are caused by the activities of bacteria in the human body. Bactericidal action is the ability to destroy the cell wall of bacteria and to cause their death.

Bactericidal action possess:

ultraviolet rays, radioactive radiation.

antiseptic and disinfectant chemicals, for example: chlorine, iodine, acid, alcohols, phenols and others.

chemotherapeutic antibacterial effects for intake.

UV rays increase the body's resistance to infectious and viral diseases. The percentage of blood antibodies in the blood rises. The formation of antibodies gives the body an additional force of resistance to viral diseases, such as windmill, rubella and gas. Experiments conducted on a large scale in factories and in schools showed that UV rays allow to reduce one-third opportunity to get influenza, colds and rheumatism.

This irradiation is destructive effect on most types of pathogenic bacteria, many viruses and mushrooms, and therefore, is widely used to disinfect air operating and other hospital rooms, as well as in medical practice.

7. The Sun is the main source of man's joy.

Starting from the sources of human civilization, the role and importance of the sun attracted special attention of people. The population of all ancient communities deified the sun, gave him miraculous properties.

A study conducted by scientists from a medical school showed that it is not only not very harmful in the sun, but also useful because this occupation extends to us life. Reducing the risk of acquiring heart disease and diabetes, the sun's rays allow you to live longer and remain healthy, scientists are sure. But the same scientists warn that the sun must be dosed and cannot be abused.

In addition to the above, the sun's rays stimulate the products of special substances - endorphins that raise the level of mood and generally have a positive effect on the emotional state. Natural solar radiation deficiency (due to climatic conditions, age, various diseases forced long-term stay in closed rooms) is associated with unfavorable consequences. It adversely affects the overall human well-being, its nervous psychic tone, reduces mental and physical performance, resistance to infectious and other diseases, enhances the danger of fractures and other lesions of the musculoskeletal system, slows down recovery and rehabilitation processes.

8. Practical part. Conducting survey among the population for their attitude to the Sun, knowledge of protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and

After analyzing the literature by studying the materials on a computer, I decided to find out what information our population has regarding the solar impact on the human body. To do this, I am a small questionnaire, and suggested answering my questions to others. Anktration was attended by 30 people aged 12 to 76 years. And that's what happened from it:

The diagram shows that 90% of the percent of the respondents believe that the sun's rays are useful for the body, and only 10% percent (3 people) believe that the sun harms the body.

The diagram shows that 20% of the percent of the respondents heard of such means and enjoy them. And 80% heard, but do not use.

During the survey, it turned out that the majority of respondents do not know what sunscreen factor (SPF) is and what function it performs.

The diagram shows that the majority of respondents imagine the harmful effects of the Sun and the possibility of forming malignant diseases on the skin.

From the diagram it is clear that only one questioned regularly (once a year) visits the doctor and shows him his moles.

Despite the fact that everyone sunbathe and positively belong to the tan, not all respondents understand that the tan, as the skin reaction to the effect of ultraviolet, is useful in limited quantities, and the overaffect of the effect of the ultraviolet of the sun is also dangerous as the radiation of the solarium.

Also revealed contradictions in understanding the benefits and harm of solar insolation on the human body. On the one hand, the respondents believe that ultraviolet is harmful to the human body, and on the other, that it is not harmful, but even useful. But to say what the benefits or harm of the Sun, the majority of respondents could not.

Also, not everyone understands the need to use sunscreen in summer and absolutely not represent what sunscreen factor is, and why it is needed.

And most of the population are extremely rarely addressed for medical advice before sunbathing.

9. Conclusion:

In the course of its practical work, I learned about the positive and negative impact of ultraviolet rays on the human body. He developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey, and after analyzing it, concluded that the population was not enough informed about the dangers and benefits of ultraviolet rays.

Although ultraviolet rays in reasonable quantity have a beneficial effect on the human body (contribute to the formation of vitamin D, affect calcifosphoric exchange, as well as on nerve processes flowing in the human body). At the same time, if you neglect sunbathing rules, the harm of the impact of ultraviolet rays on the human body is enhanced.

The paper considered preventive measures To protect the skin from the adverse effects of the Sun, as well as ways to eliminate this impact. I also found out that if depriving itself ultraviolet - it also leads to various diseases - from the overall decrease in immunity (in adults) to Rickets (in children).

Given the low enlightenment of our population, I believe that my work will be interesting for others. We must tell more about this and it is better to start early with an early age. The earlier the child knows, the less harm to him the sun, and he will receive only health from solar radiation.

10. References.

"Internal diseases" F.V. Kurdichalo; B.I. Slutko; N.N Shastin; V.N. Shestakov; A.N. Shishkin; S.A. Boldueva; THEM. Skip.

"Guidelines for Skin Diseases" Edited by Yu.K. Scripping.

"Great Soviet Encyclopedia".

Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Cosmos and health. - M knowledge, 1984;

Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Magnetic storms and health. - M., 1990;

Mizun Yu.G. Processes in the biosphere. - M.: Knowledge, 1988

Medical Geography and Health: Sat. Scientific Tr. L.: Science, 1989;

Moiseeva N.I., Lyubetsky R.E. The impact of helium-geophysical factors on the human body. - L.: Science, 1986.

Pleshakov, Kryuchkov " The world 4th grade".