Block Width px

Copy this code and paste it on your website

Slides captions:

Literary history of Kuban Prepared by the primary school teacher Korotysheva Yu.Yu.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, many prominent cultural figures visited the Kuban.

In the summer of 1820, A.S. Pushkin traveled around the Kuban, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799 - 1837)

• Pushkin was the first of the greats to visit the Cossack region. He passed through the lands of the Black Sea army in 1820. In a letter to his brother, he wrote: “I saw the banks of the Kuban and the sentry villages, admired our Cossacks: always on horseback, always ready to fight, in eternal precaution.”
• Speaking about Pushkin's stay in the Kuban, his impressions of our region, many writers and local historians complain that Pushkin in his works almost did not touch on the places he passed in August 1820, when, together with the family of General Raevsky, he traveled from the Caucasian Mineral waters to the Crimea through the Black Sea, as our region was then called. However, carefully examining the works of A. S. Pushkin, and especially those of them that are devoted to the Caucasus, we repeatedly meet with the theme of either the Kuban itself or the peoples inhabiting it.
• The nature and history of the region inspired Alexander Sergeevich to create the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus". The hero is surrounded by “monotonous plains”, four mountains, “the last branch of the Caucasus”.
• Let us turn to one of the works that children study at the very beginning of their education in high school. This is the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The introduction to the poem, written by Pushkin much later, quite obviously indicates that when the author wrote it, the poet's eyes were faced with landscapes not of fairy tale lands, but of ours, the Kuban, and even more precisely geographically - landscapes near Taman. (Near Lukomorye)
• Pay attention to the places I have highlighted "Lukomorye" and "There, at dawn, waves will come / On the sandy and empty shore ...". In almost all dictionaries, "Lukomorye" is interpreted as the old name of the sea bay. But find on the geographical map a sea bay on the territory of Russia (even in the time of Pushkin!), Where the coast is empty and sandy. This can only be observed in the vicinity of the Taman Peninsula! And not only in the time of A. S. Pushkin, but also now. In the epilogue of the poem "The Prisoner of the Caucasus", the poet again refers to the description of Chernomoriya-Kuban and again recalls Taman, or rather the Tmutarakan prince Mstislav (Epilogue)

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov (1814 - 1841)

• Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist.
• In 1837, the cornet Lermontov arrived in the Kuban, he was only 23 years old. He was sent to the army for the poem "The Death of a Poet". A few months ago, Pushkin was killed in a duel, it was dedicated to this tragic event for Lermontov. After a short trial, Lermontov was accused of freethinking and exiled to the Caucasus. The young poet imagines his future in dark colors, he is convinced that he will also die young. A fortune-teller, to whom Pushkin also came at one time, predicted a quick death from a bullet.
• He visited Ekaterinodar, Kopyl (Slavyansk-on-Kuban), Temryuk ... In Taman he experienced an extraordinary adventure, described in the story of the same name. Local smugglers actually stole money and documents from him. “Taman is the nastiest little town of all the coastal cities of Russia. I almost died of hunger there, and besides, they wanted to drown me ... ". With a light pen, he glorified the Kuban village to the whole reading world.
• In general, the "literary pioneers" painted the Kuban as a wild and dangerous land. But at the same time, it's breathtakingly beautiful.
• Mikhail Lermontov in Taman is waiting for a passing ship to Gelendzhik - to the gathering place of the military expedition. In Taman, he stayed only three days, settling in a simple hut of the local Cossack Fyodor Mysnik. Here unpleasant stories happened to the poet, which he would later describe in the story "Taman".
• In 1976, a museum was opened on the site where the hut once stood. So the locals decided to perpetuate Lermontov's visit to the village. The exposition of the museum, in fact, is devoted to only one story. The museum here is chamber, small, but with its own zest, which distinguishes it from many other museums dedicated to Lermontov in Russia. Next to the museum, in a shady square, this monument was opened in 1984. Mikhail Lermontov stands with his hand on a stone on a high steep bank and looks towards the sea. Twice visited the Kuban - the poet left to his descendants evidence of those travels: drawings, poems and the story "Taman".

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860 - 1904)

• In July 1888, the writer Chekhov arrived in the Kuban. He was going to Yalta, but succumbed to the persuasion of his older brother. Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov served as secretary of the Novorossiysk customs.
• The writer was delighted with his journey. He really liked the southern nature: the steppe, mountains, sea.
• Anton Pavlovich Chekhov surveyed the Kuban from the sea
• made a sea cruise along the coast of the Kuban. He described his impressions as follows: “Nature is amazing to the point of frenzy and despair. Everything is new, fabulous, stupid and poetic. Eucalyptus, tea bushes, cypresses, cedars, palm trees, donkeys, swans, buffaloes, rock cranes, and most importantly - mountains, mountains and mountains, without end and edge.
• Visual and emotional impressions are reflected in the story "Duel". And also in the story “The Lady”: “And how good the Kuban is! If you believe the letters of Uncle Peter, then what a wonderful freedom in the Kuban steppes! And life is wider there, and the summer is longer, and the people are farther away.
• Ten years later, he will build a house near the sea, but not in our region, but in the Crimea. Not far from Yalta, he managed to buy a very good plot of land quite inexpensively. Now there is a museum of the writer.

Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich (1853-1921)

• It is curious that at the same time the great publicist Vladimir Korolenko discovered the Kuban for himself. And the younger brother Illarion made him related to our region.
• In his time, he was a famous person. For revolutionary activities he was persecuted by the secret police, was in prison, where he greatly undermined his health. His elder brother built a dacha for him in Dzhanhot. And starting from 1900, he came every summer, wrote his most famous stories and essays there, as well as the story “Without a Language”.
• Korolenko's work is distinguished by a passionate defense of the disadvantaged, the motive of striving for a better life for everyone, the glorification of mental fortitude, courage and perseverance, high humanism.

Maxim Gorky - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov (1868 -1936)

• Great Russian writer. He recognized the need early, because. parents died early. He was brought up with his grandmother and grandfather. Early, at the age of 16, he left home to study, but this was not destined to happen. In search of work, he met people of various social strata. He worked as a loader, baker, gardener, as well as in the fishing industry. And at the same time he got acquainted with the revolutionary-minded youth.
• In 1891, the wanderer Alexei Peshkov walked from Nizhny Novgorod through the Volga region, the Don, Ukraine, the Kuban, the Caucasus, earning meager means by hard work. He was arrested for vagrancy.
• “I was sitting in a newly rebuilt prison, from the window I saw across the river, in the field, a lot of geese - a very beautiful picture!” he wrote.
• Gorky earned his bread wherever he could. In the village of Khanskaya I met a friend named Maslov. He worked at the threshing machine for the wealthy Cossack Nikhotin, made up patronage. The future classic was taken as an assistant. Maslov died after falling under a threshing machine, and the writer was a witness to this. The experienced shock was described in the story "Two Tramps".
• A year later, he ended up in the Crimea and returned to the Kuban coast. And again he worked as a laborer, was hired as a loader, was a watchman, a dishwasher ... On Taman he went to sea with fishermen. In the summer of 1892, rubble broke on the Novorossiysk-Sukhumi highway under construction near Gelendzhik. Observations of life in the Kuban villages were embodied in the stories: "My companion", "Stranger people", "Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka" ...
• Contemporaries reproached him for exaggerating, using a black palette. But the author recorded exactly what he saw with his own eyes.

Sergei Alexandrovich Yesenin (1895 -1925)

• S. Yesenin called the Kuban a country of birch calico, and it is also a poplar region. There are birch groves, cherry orchards and shady alleys throughout Russia, but we can proudly call only the Kuban a poplar region.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930)

• He became famous as a playwright, poet, film director and screenwriter, journalist and artist. Mayakovsky became one of the most famous Soviet artists and a symbol of the era. Mother, Alexandra Alekseevna Pavlenko, was from a Cossack Kuban family
• Vladimir Mayakovsky performed in Krasnodar in 1926 at the cinema "Mon Plaisir" and in the club of the pedagogical institute. He performed, by the way, with a large house. The poet arrived from the capital to the south in February and was extremely struck by the heat of the Kuban sun. I walked a lot around the city, was interested in architecture.
• “Sometimes Mayakovsky raises his cane, shows it, asks for an explanation ... “When was this building built? What is placed here? Having received an answer, he nods his head with satisfaction, - recalled the correspondent of the Kuban newspaper Krasnoye Znamya, Leonid Lench, who accompanied the poet on walks around Krasnodar. - If I can’t answer, he frowns with displeasure: “You live in this city and don’t know. Not good!"
• At one of those concerts, the poet admitted to the public that he was writing a poem about Krasnodar. True, he did not read it. Months later, the Kuban public read in the Krasnaya Niva magazine: "This is not a dog's wilderness, but a dog's capital!"
• “...Mayakovsky's charming playful poem about Krasnodar,” explains Leonid Lench, “shows his rare powers of observation. There really were a lot of dogs in Krasnodar. The dogs were different and good. The whole city knew St. Bernard Dr. P., who walked importantly around the city, looking in a businesslike way into shops, institutions and even theaters during performances. Mayakovsky loved dogs and noticed this Krasnodar feature.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1984)

• Russian Soviet writer, recognized classic of Russian literature
• M. A. Sholokhov was born on the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya (now the Rostov region)
• Widespread fame (all-Union and even world) Sholokhov brought the novel "Quiet Don", dedicated to the Don Cossacks. Another famous novel by Sholokhov is called Virgin Soil Upturned.
• During the war, Sholokhov worked as a war correspondent.
• Mikhail Sholokhov published excerpts from his unfinished novel entitled "They Fought for the Motherland", dedicated to the retreat of Soviet troops in 1942 on the Don. Sholokhov wrote this novel in three stages, and shortly before his death, he burned the manuscript, so only separate chapters of this work were printed. Nevertheless, this novel was filmed in 1975 by director Sergei Bondarchuk, creating a two-part film that became one of the best films of Soviet cinema about the war. Until the end of his life, Mikhail Sholokhov lived in his village of Veshenskaya, for the construction of a school in which he donated his Nobel Prize.

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887-1964)

• Russian-Soviet poet, famous playwright, literary critic and translator, winner of the Lenin and several Stalin Prizes.
• In 1904, Marshak was lucky enough to meet Maxim Gorky, who immediately recognized the talent of poetry in the young man. Samuil even lived at his dacha in Yalta from 1904 to 1906.
• In 1918 he worked in the department of public education in Petrozavodsk, then he left for Yekaterinodar.
• In 1920, in Ekaterinodar, Marshak began to organize children's cultural institutions, opened the first children's theater in Russia on his own, for which he wrote plays. (Now it is the Krasnodar Puppet Theatre.) This is how the main direction in his work is determined - children's literature.
• Already in 1923, he created his famous children's poems "The House That Jack Built", "The Tale of the Stupid Mouse", "Children in a Cage". At the same time, he manages to establish the Department of English at the Kuban Polytechnic Institute.

All the "stars" came to the Kuban during the Civil War

• The works of many writers are connected with the Kuban in the first quarter of the 20th century. The author of "Cement" Fyodor Gladkov began to publish in the "Kuban Regional Gazette", while still a student of the Ekaterinodar sixth grade school.
• During the years of the Civil War, the Kuban became a haven for masters of the word, who fled in search of a quiet life. Margarita Shaginyan and Valery Bryusov lived and worked here… The fratricidal war swallowed up our land as well. What is happening, of course, is reflected in the work.
• In 1920, sketches of The Iron Stream appeared in the notebooks of Pravda correspondent Alexander Serafimovich:
• "Division. Desperate thugs. They retreated from the Taman Peninsula. Tired for three years. Each has four or five bowlers (i.e., cut down 4-5 heads). Badly dressed. Sometimes there are only trousers and torn shoes, and the torso is naked. He girds himself, puts on a bandolier over his naked body, puts a revolver in. War is already a craft."
• Here began "Chapaev", "Rout" and "How the steel was tempered"
• In the same year, Dmitry Furmanov, head of the political department of the IX Kuban Army, was shell-shocked in the Kuban, who hatched the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bChapaev.
• Here Alexander Fadeev began to write "Rout".
• Nikolai Ostrovsky, who settled in Sochi in 1927, wrote the book How the Steel Was Tempered, which brought up more than one generation of Soviet schoolchildren...
• During the Great Patriotic War, Konstantin Simonov, Arkady Perventsev, Vitaly Zakrutkin and other military chroniclers visited the Kuban.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Zinoviev

• Born in the village of Korenovskaya, Krasnodar Territory on Palm Sunday, April 10, 1960.
• The poet is published in the magazines: "Moscow", "Our contemporary", "Rise", "Roman-magazine 21st century", "Don", "Volga-21st century", "Border guard", "House of the Rostovs", "Siberia", magazine "Native Kuban". In the newspapers: Literary Russia, Literaturnaya Gazeta, Russian Reader, Literary Day.
• Currently lives in the city of Korenovsk.
• Zinoviev's talent is also distinguished from others by the fact that he is laconic in verse and clear in expressing thoughts, he does not evoke a line, as is often the case in poetry, but cuts him down with such a powerful and percussive, unexpected thought, an accurate and vivid thought that it produces strong, if not deafening impression. In the verses of N. Zinoviev, Russia itself speaks!
• V. G. Rasputin.
• AWARDS
• Winner of the international competition "Poetry of the Third Millennium"
• Winner of the "Golden Pen" competition
• Laureate of the "Delviga" award

Viktor Ivanovich Likhonosov was born in 1936 - Soviet and Russian writer and publicist. Lives in Krasnodar, heads the literary and historical magazine Rodnaya Kuban. Member of the Supreme Creative Council under the Board of the Union of Writers of the Russian Federation, honorary citizen of the city of Krasnodar, Hero of Labor of the Kuban.

• Fate throws him south, to the Kuban, where from 1956 to 1961 he studies at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Krasnodar Pedagogical Institute, and then teaches for several years in the Anapa region.
• His first story, "The Bryansk", sent to the "New World" by Tvardovsky himself, was published in 1963 in the eleventh issue of this magazine, immediately making the young writer famous throughout the country. The entry into great literature of Viktor Likhonosov was swift. One after another in Moscow, Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, his books of novels, stories, essays are published: “Evenings”, “Something will happen”, “Voices in silence”, “Happy moments”, “Autumn in Taman”, “Clean eyes” , "Relatives", "Elegy", etc. His works are translated.
• Since 1978, Likhonosov has been silent for ten whole years, working on his main novel about the fate of the Russian Cossacks, Unwritten Memoirs. Our little Paris" (1986). This lyric-epic canvas, connecting the present with the past, has become a literary monument to Ekaterinodar.

Kronid Aleksandrovich Oboishchikov was born on April 10, 1920 in the village of Tatsinskaya, Don Region, into a peasant family. He died on September 14, 2011 in Krasnodar. Soviet and Russian poet.

• Personnel officer. He graduated from the Krasnodar Military Aviation School, served in a bomber regiment. During the Great Patriotic War, he fought on the South-Western Front, later, as part of the aviation of the Northern Fleet, he covered allied convoys. In 1960 he retired.
• He published 25 collections of poetry, authored the libretto of two operettas and many songs. He also wrote for children. Compiler and author of four collections of biographies of the Heroes of the Soviet Union from the Krasnodar Territory and a three-volume poetic wreath for the Heroes of the Kuban.
• Member of the Union of Writers of the USSR (since 1992, the Union of Writers of Russia), the Union of Journalists of the USSR (since 1992, the Union of Journalists of Russia).
• Awards and honorary titles:
• Two Orders of the Patriotic War II degree (10/31/1944; 04/06/1985). Order of the Red Star.
• Medals.
• Honorary citizen of Krasnodar (2005). Honored Worker of Culture of the Russian Federation.
• Honored Artist of the Kuban (1955).
• Honorary member of the Krasnodar Regional Association of Heroes of the Soviet Union.
• Literary Prize named after Nikolai Ostrovsky (1985).
• Prize of the Administration of the Krasnodar Territory. E.F. Stepanova (2001)

Vitaly Borisovich Bakaldin

• Born in Krasnodar on June 16, 1927 in the family of a civil engineer, lived in North Ossetia, Kronstadt, on the Black Sea coast and the Far East.
• He was in the occupation in Krasnodar, as a teenager, not being in the ranks of the Red Army, he took part in the battles for the liberation of Krasnodar and near the village of Abinskaya. Graduated from school in Ussuriysk. At the end of 1945 he returned to Krasnodar and entered the Pedagogical Institute at the Faculty of Russian Language and Literature, which he graduated with honors in 1949. He worked as a teacher at the Krasnodar school number 58.
• In 1952, the first collection of poems "To my friends" was published in the Krasnodar book publishing house. Then new books of poems by Bakaldin are published in Krasnodar and Moscow. In Krasnodar in those years, his poems were heard on the radio, plays were staged in regional theaters, songs were performed to his words. At the III All-Union Conference of Young Writers in 1956, Vitaly Bakaldin was recommended, and soon accepted as a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR (since 1992, in the Writers' Union of Russia).
• In January 1958, Bakaldin was elected head of the Krasnodar regional branch of the joint venture. For a number of years he was the chief editor of the newspaper "Kuban". For many years he edited the Literaturnaya Kuban newspaper, directed the Lukomorye children's creative studio at the Krasnodar Regional Center for Creative Development and Humanitarian Education, and regularly presented new cycles of poetry and literary journalism.
• In the work of Bakaldin, his life is easily read: Krasnodar childhood, the trials of war, the joy of peaceful life, teaching work, growing youth and love.
• Received a large number of prizes and awards.
• Died December 30, 2009.

Varavva Ivan Fyodorovich

• February 5, 1925 - April 13, 2005 - Russian Soviet poet, participant in the Great Patriotic War.
• Born in the village of Novobataysk, North Caucasus Territory, now the Rostov Region, in a family of immigrants from the Kuban, hereditary Kuban Cossacks. In 1932, the family returned to the Kuban, moving first to Krasnodar, and then to the village of Starominskaya.
• In 1942 he left the school bench for the front. Participated in the Battle for the Caucasus. He was wounded and severely injured. After being cured, he returned to duty, liberated Warsaw, took Berlin. He left a poetic signature on the wall of the defeated Reichstag.
• The first poems of Ivan Barabbas were published in 1944 in the army press. In 1948, he met Alexander Tvardovsky, having read his poem “Near Breslau, beyond the Oder River” in response to “I was killed near Rzhev”. The poems of the young poet were highly appreciated by the famous poets of that time.
• In 1951, Tvardovsky published a selection of his poems in Novy Mir.
• In 1954, the first collection of his poems "Wind from the Kuban" was published. In the same year he was admitted to the Writers' Union of the USSR. Then the collections “At the old cordons”, “Kuban summer”, “Stars in poplars”, “The girl and the sun”, “Golden bandura” are released.
• Wrote for children. In the 1960s, his fairy tale “How the beautiful king Bobrovna visited the Dragon” was published.
• With the participation of Barabbas, the almanac "Kuban" was created and the Kuban Cossack Choir was revived.

Centuries have passed since the landing of the first Cossack troops. How times and customs changed is known from documentary sources. No less interesting are the traces left in the literary work and biographies of Russian classics. The rich land has nurtured many of its own talents. But it entered the history of world literature precisely thanks to the classics ... who visited the Kuban, lived here and created .... DEDICATED Thank you for your attention!

The history of the Cossacks Kuban is a Russian granary. In addition, this region is also a stronghold of the Cossacks. Back in 1792, Empress Catherine II signed a letter of "granting the Black Sea Cossack army into the eternal possession of Phanagaria, located in the Tauride region, with the whole Earth, lying on the right side of the Kuban River, and on the other hand, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the Yeysk town served as the border of the military Land ..." . The duty of the army was to "vigil and guard the border." After that, a lot of water flowed under the bridge, and, as we know from history, a lot of things happened. But the Cossacks still exist, and speaking of the culinary traditions of the Kuban, one must understand that they are inextricably linked with the history of this land - with the Cossack history. Kuban is a Russian granary. In addition, this region is also a stronghold of the Cossacks. Back in 1792, Empress Catherine II signed a letter of "granting the Black Sea Cossack army into the eternal possession of Phanagaria, located in the Tauride region, with the whole Earth, lying on the right side of the Kuban River, and on the other hand, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the Yeysk town served as the border of the military Land ..." . The duty of the army was to "vigil and guard the border." After that, a lot of water flowed under the bridge, and, as we know from history, a lot of things happened. But the Cossacks still exist, and speaking of the culinary traditions of the Kuban, one must understand that they are inextricably linked with the history of this land - with the Cossack history.

Feast Traditions First of all, palyanytsa (bread) is put on the table, which in everyday life is ordinary food, and on holidays and celebrations it is a symbol of hospitality, hospitality, and family strength. For each celebration, they baked their own loaf, which was decorated accordingly. Then the hostess served pies, kulebyaki, sour cream, sour milk, fermented baked milk, cow butter, cold meat and fish snacks.

Then hot dishes are served: the crown dish of the Kuban table is borscht. He came to the Kuban cuisine from Ukraine. Initially, borscht was called a soup made from cow parsnip (a plant of the umbrella family with sharp porous leaves), and then - the first dish of beets, cabbage and tomatoes. However, these components are not the only ones in borscht. Each housewife cooks borsch in her own way, adding meat, lard, garlic and a lot of other products to it. Each hostess had a unique borscht: even mother and daughter's borscht was not alike. This dish became so popular in the Kuban that they began to eat it almost three times a day.

The Cossacks also loved meat. Typical for the Kuban cuisine was the preparation of large pieces of meat, poultry stuffed with apples or dried fruits. In addition to meat, they also served porridge and noodles. From time immemorial, the favorite food in the Kuban was porridge made from garbuza (pumpkin). She was called garbuzyannaya porridge. Usually such porridge was cooked sweet. And how the Cossacks fell in love with Ukrainian dumplings with cheese, with cherries, with cabbage! To feed a large family with dumplings, the hostess needed to have a knack. Loved the Cossacks and pancakes. They never get bored, because there are thousands of fillings for pancakes: with liver, rice, cottage cheese, caviar, prunes:. Pancakes can be sweet, lean, made from buckwheat or corn flour. Shrovetide was celebrated with pancakes, they were put on the everyday table. The Cossacks also loved meat. Typical for the Kuban cuisine was the preparation of large pieces of meat, poultry stuffed with apples or dried fruits. In addition to meat, they also served porridge and noodles. From time immemorial, the favorite food in the Kuban was porridge made from garbuza (pumpkin). She was called garbuzyannaya porridge. Usually such porridge was cooked sweet. And how the Cossacks fell in love with Ukrainian dumplings with cheese, with cherries, with cabbage! To feed a large family with dumplings, the hostess needed to have a knack. Loved the Cossacks and pancakes. They never get bored, because there are thousands of fillings for pancakes: with liver, rice, cottage cheese, caviar, prunes:. Pancakes can be sweet, lean, made from buckwheat or corn flour. Shrovetide was celebrated with pancakes, they were put on the everyday table.

Be sure to dinner on the table exhibited a bottle of kvass. What recipes for its manufacture did not know the Cossacks: beetroot, bread, and apple! It is also impossible to imagine the Kuban cuisine, the Kuban feast without good local wine. Be sure to dinner on the table exhibited a bottle of kvass. What recipes for its manufacture did not know the Cossacks: beetroot, bread, and apple! It is also impossible to imagine the Kuban cuisine, the Kuban feast without good local wine.

Such a delicious dinner could be prepared only by that cook who did this work with love and desire, in cleanliness and order, and kept her workplace - the kitchen. Such a delicious dinner could be prepared only by that cook who did this work with love and desire, in cleanliness and order, and kept her workplace - the kitchen.

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Kuban is a multinational region.

The total population of the Kuban is 5.2 million people (as of January 1, 2010). The Krasnodar Territory ranks third among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of inhabitants - after Moscow and the Moscow Region. The proportion of the urban population is 52.5%, rural - 47.5%. Population density - 67.9 people / km² (2010 data).

Number in 2002, thousand people 4436.3 (86.6%) 17.5 (0.3%) 274.6 (5.4%) 131.8 (2.6%) 26.5 (0.5%) 26.3 25, 6 20.5 18.5 15.8 13.5 11.9 10.9 7 6.5 5 3.2 People Russians including Cossacks Armenians Ukrainians Greeks Byelorussians Tatars Georgians Germans Adyghe Turks Azeris Gypsies Mordovians Moldavians Kurds Shapsugs

Multinationality is historically characteristic of the southern borders of Russia (representatives of more than 100 nationalities live in the region). The modern ethnic composition of the Kuban population began to take shape in the second half of the 18th century. These processes were especially intensive in the second half of the 19th century, and their new surge is already in our time. However, even in earlier periods, the Kuban land was not deserted. Many peoples lived on it and passed along it on the way to new places of settlement. They left us monuments of material culture, names of localities. Here the destinies of entire peoples were sometimes decided in bloody battles. The territory of the Krasnodar Territory was a crossroads of large nomads, there was a zone of interaction between the inhabitants of the mountains and the steppes, so the national composition of the population and the boundaries of the settlement of peoples changed quite quickly.

The Adyghes are a very ancient of the historically perceptible peoples that inhabited the shores of the Kuban, although their roots and origins are not yet completely clear. There is a hypothesis about the resettlement of their distant ancestors "Kashaks" from Western Asia in the Bronze Age. Already in the 1st millennium BC, among a number of peoples of the Kuban, the Meots, who are traditionally considered the genetic predecessors of the Adyghes, stand out. The Caucasian war and the eviction of part of the Adyghes to Turkey significantly changed the ethnic map of the Kuban. In 1867, after the resettlement, only 75 thousand highlanders remained in the Kuban region.

The Slavs have long-standing historical ties with the Kuban: in the 10th-11th centuries, the Old Russian Principality of Tmutarakan existed on Taman. However, the ancestors of the current Slavic population appear here much later, after a long break - from the 18th century. In 1710, Nekrasov Cossacks, numbering up to 10 thousand people, came from the Don, participants in the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin, found refuge in the Kuban. However, since 1740, Nekrasovites have been resettling in communities on the territory of the Ottoman Empire, fleeing the oppression of the tsarist government.

From the end of the 18th century, Ukrainian and Russian ethnographic groups began to form in the Kuban - the Black Sea and Linear Cossacks. They were based on the Zaporizhzhya and Don Cossacks and peasants of the South Russian and Ukrainian provinces, who were resettled here to carry out border service. The Kuban lands were granted to the former Cossacks by Catherine II.

Armenians have lived in the Kuban since the Middle Ages. So, even before the arrival of the Cossacks, the highlanders had Armenian settlements - Gyaurkhabl and others. Perhaps the Armenians moved here from the Crimea in the 15th century. In 1839, the Circassians (Kuban Armenians) founded the village of Armavir. By the end of the 19th century, there was a massive wave of resettlement of Hamshen Armenians, immigrants from Turkey, to the Kuban.

Particularly significant changes in the national composition of the population of the Kuban occur in the 1860s–1870s. This was due to the end of hostilities in the Caucasus and government measures to settle the mountainous strip and the Black Sea coast after the departure of part of the mountain tribes to Turkey. At this time, Greeks, Estonians, Moldavians appear here, who, arriving at a new place of residence in whole communities, founded villages.

The migration flow to the Kuban from other regions of Russia has been very active since the 60s of the 19th century. As a result, the population of the Black Sea province (a coastal strip from Anapa to Adler, where there was no military Cossack administration) grew by 1600% from 1861 to 1914, and by 437% in the Kuban region. By 1917, the majority in the Kuban was the Slavic population, not belonging to the Cossack class.

Changes in the ethnic composition of the population took place in the Kuban even after 1917. Thus, during the 1920-1930s, the number of Ukrainians significantly decreased as a result of the famine of 1933 and the forced change of nationality (previously, many descendants of the Cossacks considered themselves Ukrainians). In 1924, in the Kurganinsky district, settlers from the Kars region (Turkey) formed the Assyrian farm Urmia (Assyrians in small numbers first appeared in the Kuban at the turn of the 20th century), and by 1930 about 100 families from Moscow, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk moved to this farm and other places. Already in recent decades, since the 1970s, Kurds, Meskhetian Turks, Hemshils (Muslim Armenians) have appeared in the region.

The North Caucasus, as history has repeatedly confirmed, is an extremely important region for Russia. This is a gate, including the sea, to the Transcaucasus and the Balkans, a supplier of food to other regions of the country and a unique resort area. At the same time, the North Caucasus is one of the potentially conflict regions of the Russian Federation. The reason for this is a complex tangle of interethnic contradictions, both historically inherited from the Russian Empire and created after 1917.

Since 1988, the region has become a center of attraction for refugees, internally displaced persons, and other categories of migrants from various regions of the former USSR. In this stream, Russians are in 1st place in terms of numbers, and Armenians are in 2nd place. The Armenian diaspora in the Kuban has always been quite powerful, and in many cities (Armavir, Tuapse, Sochi, Novorossiysk, Anapa and Krasnodar) the number of ethnic Armenians is large. Other migrants include Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Assyrians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Greeks, Adyghes and Germans. The number of Greeks, Germans and Turks in the province decreased after the repressive resettlements of the 1930s and 1940s; Circassians (Shapsugs, Natukhais, etc.), are now few in number and are aboriginal inhabitants of the region. The most multinational region of the region is Krymsky.

The peoples living in our region are distinguished by their culture, language, national traditions, rituals, and faith. And it is very important that each of us respect the customs of other people, regardless of their nationality and religion. This is the principle of tolerance.

I love my unspeakably rich land, My Kuban - the pearl of the country. Its expanse, in the gardens of cherry huts, Merry dance and songs of antiquity. Let the sky be clear and cloudless Gardens bloom, fields rustle around. Live always happily and freely Cossack land, Kuban Land!

Ustich Natalya Ilyinichna
Presentation "History of the Kuban Cossacks"

At the beginning of the XIX century. a uniform form there were no Cossacks. The Chernomorians wore blue trousers and a red or blue caftan. Linear Cossacks preferred Circassian clothing.

By the middle of the XIX century. form becomes one. As a rule, these were black or dark blue Circassian coats with gazyrs - cartridges, a beshmet shirt made of satin, boots, and a hood were worn under the Circassian coat. In winter, a cloak was added - outerwear made of sheepskins without sleeves. Hats at Cossacks were black - front and gray - everyday.

At all times, women have sought to dress fashionably. The Cossacks were no exception.

The traditional women's costume - a skirt and a jacket - was sewn from factory fabrics. The styles were varied, there was a lot of jewelry, an underskirt was always worn - "speed". The woman's hair was braided and placed in a bun at the back of her head. The beam was closed "Shlychka", a small hat, consisting of a round bottom and a narrow side, which was tightened on a tuft with a cord. The girls did not go around bareheaded in the summer. On your feet Cossacks put on dudes, slippers, morocco boots.

The house was a rectangle with a length of 12 to 35 arshins. (arshin - 71 cm.) and a width of 8 to 10 arshins under a two- or four-pitched roof. The house had two rooms "small house" and "big house". The house was made of adobe (brick dried in the sun, made of clay, straw and earth) or built a turluch house. It is when Cossacks along the perimeter of the house, plows were buried in the ground, which were intertwined with a vine. As soon as the frame was ready, relatives and neighbors were called for the first smear "under the fists" when clay mixed with straw was hammered into a wattle fence.

A week later, they did a second smear - "under the fingers" when the clay mixed with the sex was pressed and smoothed with the fingers. For the third "smooth" smears in the clay were added chaff and "dung" (manure). There was also a fourth smear - "Vikhtuvaina". This is when the rag "wihtem" eroded the walls, applying a thin layer of clay to them. Whitewashing was done with white clay. For the roof, clean, dry reeds were harvested, which were cut in late autumn.

Special rituals were associated with the construction of the house, aimed at ensuring well-being in the family and abundance in the house. When laying a house, scraps of pet hair were thrown at the construction site, feathers - "for everything to go". Svolok - wooden load-bearing beams on which the ceiling was laid - was raised not with bare hands, but on towels - "so that the house is not empty". Small money was placed under the roof, and a small wooden cross was embedded in the wall in the front corner, invoking God's blessing on the inhabitants of the house. After completion of construction work instead of payment (she was not supposed to be taken for help) hosts hosted a meal (all accompanied by songs).

There is another way to build Cossack hut. At first, bricks were formed from clay and straw (adobe, and then a hut was already built from it and further

All the notable events of life Cossacks were associated with the Orthodox faith. Parting prayer Kuban escorted to the service, and thankful - met.

The keepers of customs were Cossacks old men. Even the chieftain did not sit in the presence of the elderly. Seniors were only contacted "You", an important role in Cossack family played grandmother: a husband in the service, a wife in the field, and all the upbringing of children fell on the shoulders of grandmothers, who were respected in the family.

Thanks to the tradition of oral transmission of information from grandfather to father and from father to son Kuban kept their culture.

My the history of the Cossacks knew and revered. Carefully and carefully kept everything that had to do with it. No matter how they lived - poor or rich, but in any pre-revolutionary village there was no hut without a holy corner.

If guests came into the room, they first of all crossed themselves near the icons, covered with embroidered or lace towels on top, and the light of the lamp began to fluctuate from a wave of fresh air.

And the laying of each new village or farm began with the construction of a church or temple.

Story about Cossack life would be incomplete if we did not touch on oral folk art. Cossacks created many samples of oral art, many of which have come down to us in the works of I. D. Popko "Black Sea Cossacks in civil and military life" and F. A. Shcherbina « History of the Kuban Cossack army» . These and other works by these authors adorn folklore inserts: legends, proverbs, etc.

Letter of grant of Catherine II to the Black Sea Cossack army in the Kuban lands. June 30, 1792 The zealous and zealous service of the troops of the Black Sea to us, proved during the successfully ended Ottoman war with the Port of the Ottomans by brave and courageous deeds on land and waters, unbreakable loyalty, strict obedience to the authorities and laudable behavior from the very time, as this army at will established by our late General-Field Marshal Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky, acquired our special attention and mercy. Therefore, desiring to repay the merits of the Black Sea troops, by affirming its everlasting well-being and delivering those capable of a prosperous stay, we most mercifully granted it the island of Phanagoria with all the land lying on the right side of the Kuban River from its mouth to the Ust-Labinsky redoubt in the Tauride region. , so that on the one hand the Kuban River, on the other, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov to the Yeysk town served as the border of the military land. All all kinds of land on the granted land mentioned by us, on the waters of fishing, remain in the exact and complete possession and disposal of the Black Sea troops, excluding only the places for a fortress on the island of Phanagoria and for another, near the Kuban River, with a pasture subject to each, which - for a large army, and especially in case of military security, they should be built. The Black Sea army owns the vigil and the border guard against the raids of the peoples of the Trans-Kuban ... We hope that the Black Sea army, in accordance with our royal concern for it, will not only vigilantly guard the borders to keep the name of brave warriors, but will also use every effort to deserve the title of good and useful citizens internal improvement and the spread of family life ...