Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern short biography

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - Russian naval officer, navigator, leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda and Neva" 1803-1806. Honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1806, one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, author of the Atlas of the South Sea, admiral of the fleet.

19.11.1770 - 24.08.1846

Origin

Adam Johann von Krusenstern came from a poor noble family of Russified Germans. Born in Estonia, on the Hagudis estate. Almost nothing is known about the childhood and youth of Kruzenshtern.

Education

Received primary education at home, then:

1782-1785 studied at a church school in Reval (Tallinn).

1785 entered the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg.

1788 was released from the corps ahead of schedule (in connection with the outbreak of the next war with Sweden) and was awarded the rank of midshipman.

Baltika

Determined to serve on the 74-gun ship "Mstislav" under the command of Captain G. I. Mulovsky. He distinguished himself for his bravery in the very first battle with the Swedish fleet off the island of Gogland on July 6, 1788. He served as the ship's assistant commander after the death of many officers, and participated in the blockade of the Swedish fleet at Sveaborg. In 1789-90 he took part in the battles at Revel, Krasnaya Gorka and Vyborg. At this time, Kruzenstern is visited by the idea of ​​a circumnavigation of the world. After signing peace with Sweden in 1790, Mstislav returned to Kronstadt, and warrant officer Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant.

England

1793 - The leadership of the Admiralty decides to send several capable young naval officers to England to improve their skills in nautical and military affairs. Kruzenshtern, among a group of 16 people, finds himself in foggy Albion. He really wanted to get to India, but he was immediately sent as part of an English squadron to the shores of North America, where he took part in the war with the French. For his courage and efforts he was promoted to the local lieutenant. The ship on which he was returning to England hit the rocks and crashed. Rescued by American fishermen. So Kruzenshtern ended up in the United States, where George Washington himself invited him, as an already experienced naval officer, to join the American fleet. So Kruzenshtern first visited the tropics, Barbados, Suriname, Bermuda. However, Kruzenstern did not like the service in the US Navy, and he returned to England.

Southeast Asia

Once in England, Kruzenshtern decides to go to India by all means. But the British did not allow foreigners to enter their Indian possessions. Then Krusenstern hired a ship to Cape Town. Going ashore, he waited for the ship to Calcutta and on it reached India. From India he went to Indochina, then to Chinese Macau, where he lived for six months. This knowledge was very useful to him in his travels around the world.

Return

Then he returned from Macau to England on a passing ship, then immediately to Russia, where he arrived in 1799. The fame of the young enterprising Russian naval officer, who traveled almost half the world without money, only thanks to his own desire, ran ahead of Kruzenshtern himself.

Travel idea

Once at home, Kruzenshtern submits a petition to the government and detailed plan round the world expedition. Paul I immediately rejects the idea. But the idea was to the liking of the leaders of the Russian-American company, whose shareholders and co-founders were influential noblemen of the capital. They were attracted by two points in the idea of ​​a trip around the world:

Kruzenshtern undertook to show in practice that the transportation of furs and other valuables from the shores of Russian America to Russia by sea around Africa is much cheaper than land transportation of goods through the whole of Siberia.

that furs and other goods are more profitable to sell in Macau than in Europe

At that time, transport costs Alaska-Kamchatka-Okhotsk-Siberia-Petersburg ate up the lion's share of the profits of the fur trade. The one way trip took over two years! To Ruzenshtern, however, he offered to try two directions:

1. Petersburg> Atlantic> Pacific Ocean> Russian America

2. Russian America> Pacific Ocean> Indian Ocean> Atlantic> Russia.

Kruzenshtern himself was a campaigner and a navigator, he was not interested in the profits of the RAC. But he needed strong support in realizing his old dream - to sail around the world. And not only to satisfy their own curiosity, but also for the benefit of the state. Including for the training and education of naval officers.

The matter moved with the coming to power in 1801 of Emperor Alexander I. Interested people managed to make the emperor a shareholder of the Russian-American company. It was a kind of bribe to the emperor himself, but he accepted it!

Preparation and start of the first circumnavigation

According to Kruzenstern's plan, the expedition was not to be a private initiative of merchants, but a matter of national importance. The ships of the expedition were to be protected by the St. Andrew's banner. The Kruzenshtern project was approved at the very top, the Treasury allocated money for the purchase of two ships in England, Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed head of the expedition.

Kruzenshtern without hesitation appointed his longtime friend from the cadet times Yuri Lisyansky as the captain of the second ship of the expedition, who, although he was 3 years younger than Kruzenshtern, had already been in many battles, furrowed thousands of miles under sail and also had the rank of lieutenant commander. All sailors, at the request of Kruzenshtern, were recruited from Russian sailors, passed a large competitive selection. Only scientists in the expedition were foreigners.

So, the dream of his life was coming true. But the young captain Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was only 32 years old at that moment! Meanwhile, the government instructed the expedition to deliver the first Russian embassy to Japan. The ambassador was not just anyone, but the director of the RAC, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov. At the same time, he worked as an "administrative resource" for the entire case.

Ships arrived from England - two sloops. Kruzenshtern called the large 450 tons "Nadezhda", the small 370 - "Neva". On the "Nadezhda" were two young warrant officers - Otto Kotzebue and Thaddeus Bellingshausen. The ships, in addition to the ambassador with gifts, were loaded with a large amount of goods for the RAC. The ambassador's retinue was attended by the now famous Count Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy "American" - a hooligan, a reveler, a duelist, a well-known historical figure.

Travel

On August 7, 1803, the ships of the expedition set sail and went to sea.

Expedition route: Antlantica> South America> Cape Horn / Drake Passage> Pacific Ocean> about. Easter / o. Nukagiva> Hawaiian Islands.

From here "Nadezhda" went to Kamchatka, then to Japan, then again to Kamchatka, then Macau. "Neva" went to Russian America, to Kodiak to Baranov, from there also to Macau with a load of furs. In Macau, both ships were supposed to connect at the agreed time and through the Indian Ocean> Cape of Good Hope> Atlantic Ocean> return to Kronstadt.

Read more about Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation of the world here.

After travel

After returning to St. Petersburg in 1806, Kruzenshtern began compiling a description of the voyage of his expedition, systematizing the results of observations and research.

1811 - he is appointed to the post of inspector of classes of the naval cadet corps

1815-1818 he participates in the preparation of the circumnavigation of the world O. Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first circumnavigation of the world. In addition, Kruzenshtern took part in the preparation of the Bellingshausen-Lazarev (1819-21) and Stanyukovich-Litke (1826-29) expeditions.

1818 - Kruzenshtern received an indefinite leave to compile the "Atlas of the South Sea" with the attachment of hydrographic notes, under the title: "Collected works serving the analysis and explanation of the Atlas of the South Sea."

In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the naval cadet corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. For sixteen years, Kruzenshtern headed this educational institution, having managed to raise it to a new quality level.

I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, founded in 1845. Was awarded with state awards:

Order of Saint George 4th degree

Order of the Saint Alexander Nevsky with diamonds

Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree

Order of St. Anne, 2nd class

Pour le Mérite Order of Merit for Science and Arts (1842)

Memory

A monument was erected to Kruzenstern in St. Petersburg opposite the Marine Corps. The sailing barque "Kruzenshtern" bears his name, as well as one of the straits between the islands of the Kuril ridge.

In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a commemorative coin "The First Russian Round the World Travel".

Russian travelers and pioneers

Again travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (at birth Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern) is a Russian navigator and admiral. Born November 19, 1770, died August 24, 1846. Kruzenshtern is a unique historical personality, his name is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology. Ivan Fedorovich became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. He first mapped most of the coast of Sakhalin, was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Community.

Biography

The explorer-traveler Kruzenshtern is by nationality a descendant of the German Russified noble family of the Kruzenshterns. Adam Kruzenshtern became the seventh child in the family of Swedish judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern and Christina Frederika, née von Toll. The Kruzenshtern family gave Europe several prominent figures, among whom the German diplomat Philip Kruziy and the admiral of the Swedish fleet Moritz-Adolph Kruzenshtern, who was Ivan Kruzenshtern's great-uncle, are especially famous. Perhaps it was his uncle's stories that impressed the boy so much that he began to dream of the sea. Adam found books about naval battles in my father's library and reread them many times. That is why, when the young man was 15 years old, immediately after graduating from the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Reval, it was decided to send him to study at the Naval Cadet Corps in Krondshtat.

Training in the cadet corps

Despite the prestige of the educational institution, the life of the cadets turned out to be difficult: food was scarce, classrooms were not heated, and there were no windows in the barracks. For a noble boy accustomed to home comfort, learning has become a real challenge. Despite the fact that Ivan Fedorovich tried to remember only pleasant moments, when they declared their desire to become sailors, he assigned his sons to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In 1787, Ivan Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipmen. However, it was not possible to complete the full training program: the Russian-Swedish war began - all the cadets were released ahead of schedule directly into battle.

Hogland battle


Military service

In 1788, Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky were sent to serve on the ship "Mstislav". Unlike the rest of the graduates, the rank of midshipman was not given to him, but only indicated in the documents - "he served for the midshipman." In the same year, Ivan Fyodorovich took part in the Battle of Holland, and later, in 1789, in Eland. In 1790 he fought at Revell, Krasnaya Gorka and Vyborg Bay. The authorities noticed the sailor, who showed himself to be a brave and courageous man. After some discussion, Ivan Kruzenshtern was promoted to lieutenant. After the military battles, life seemed fresh to the young lieutenant, and he asked to be sent to where the battles were still fought. So it ended up in England, where, by order of the high command, he began to get acquainted with the traditions of the local fleet. On an English ship, he sailed to the shores of North America and Philadelphia, visited South America, Barbados, Suriname and Bermuda. I went to the Strait of Bengal, lived in India for a year. Ivan Kruzenshtern's English "business trip" lasted 6 years.

The first round-the-world expedition of Krusenstern

In 1799, Kruzenshtern returned to Russia. Wanting to open the way for Russian trade to India, he submitted a round-the-world voyage project to the Admiralty. The idea was rejected. The reasons were the unknown Kruzenshtern and the difficult financial situation of Russia, which was then at war with France. The situation changed with the arrival of Alexander I. In 1802, the same proposal was received from the leadership of the RAC, and then they remembered Ivan Fedorovich. The circumnavigation of the world by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky was undertaken in 1803-1806. The ships of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were called "Nadezhda" and "Neva". The ships were commanded by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Lieutenant-Commander Yuri Lisyansky, respectively.

On July 26 (August 7), 1803, the expedition sailed from Kronstadt. The ships sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and circled Cape Horn on February 20 (March 3). In the north of the Pacific Ocean, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin attracted the attention of the expedition. The participants of the first round-the-world voyage returned to Kronstadt on 7 (19 August) 1806. In his journal, Kruzenshtern spoke about the culture, economic features of the places he saw, interesting facts illustrating the life of savages. In Lisyansky's notes, descriptions of the shores of Sitka and Kodiak have been preserved. This is not to say that the expedition went smoothly. The first part of it was overshadowed by the eccentric behavior of Count Fyodor Tolstoy, who even had to be landed in Kamchatka, and the conflict between Kruzenshtern and Ambassador Nikolai Ryazanov, who was officially the head of the expedition. Ryazanov and Kruzenstern had to share one cabin. Relations have escalated so much that notes have become the only way to communicate. One of the reasons for Ivan Fyodorovich's discontent was that the ambassador's retinue was embarrassing the crew on a small ship. Arriving in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Ryazanov complained to the local governor about the rebellious crew. Later, the head of the expedition said that Kruzenshtern had made him an official apology.

Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation route

After the expedition

After Kruzenshtern traveled around the world, in 1811 Kruzenshtern was appointed inspector of the classes of the naval cadet corps. In 1814, Ivan Fedorovich completed work on the instructions for a round-the-world voyage of 1815-1816 under the leadership of Kotzebue, who took part in the first expedition. Then Kruzenshtern went to England to buy all the instruments necessary for the trip. Upon his return, he received indefinite leave to work on the creation of the Atlas of the South Sea and an appendix entitled Collected Works Explaining and Explaining the Atlas of the South Sea.

Leadership of the Naval Cadet Corps

In 1827, Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the naval cadet corps and a member of the Admiralty Council. In 1828 he became an honorary member of Moscow University. Ivan Kruzenshtern served as director for 16 years. During his work, there have been many positive changes: new educational subjects were introduced, libraries and museums were replenished with manuals, an officer's class was established.

Retired activities

In 1842, Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern resigned and left for his estate. However, he did not stop working. In 1845, together with other famous researchers - F.P. Wrangel, F.P. Litke and K.M. Berom - became the founder of the Russian Geographical Community. Ivan Kruzenshtern died on August 12, 1846, and was buried in the Dome Cathedral in Revell.

Awards

Order of Saint George IV class,
Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree,
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky,
Diamond signs to the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree,
Prussian Order Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste.

What did Kruzenshtern discover?

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is famous for numerous merits and achievements. The discoveries made by Kruzenshtern have great importance not only for our country, but for the whole world. For example, in 1812, Kruzenshtern published his three-volume Travel Around the World ..., and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and even academies in England and Denmark, Germany and France. Until 1836, Kruzenshtern published his Atlas of the South Sea, in which he made many hydrographic notes. From 1827 to 1842, gradually increasing in rank, the Russian traveler Kruzenshtern eventually reached the rank of admiral. Many outstanding travelers and navigators turned to Ivan Fedorovich for support or advice. In addition, for a long time Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps. At this educational institution, on his initiative, a higher officer class was created, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy.

Proceedings

Wörtersammlungen aus den Sprachen einiger Völker des östlichen Asiens und der Nordwestküste von Amerika (St. Petersburg, 1813);
Memoire sur une carte da detroit de la Sonde et de la rade de Batavia (St. Petersburg, 1813);
Beiträge zur Hydrographie d. grösseren Oceane (Lpts., 1819);
Articles in Bulletin acad. Sciences, "Notes" of the Admiralty Doctor (1807 - 27), Nouvelles Annales de Geographie de Malte-Brun and other publications.

The work "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva "" was published in Russian three times:

First edition. Its first part was published in 1809, the second and third - in 1810 and 1812, respectively. Already in 1813, a large-format "Atlas" was published, which contained maps and illustrations. The third part became scientific, it reflected the results of observations, tables of longitudes.

The second edition appeared in 1950 with changes and abbreviations. Accelerated specialized information was released, which required additional comments, the third part was almost completely absent: only the musical notations of Kamchadal and Marquis music and a letter from the Minister of Commerce, Count N.P. Rumyantsev.

The third edition, published in 2007, was a complete repetition of the 1950 version. The only difference is the new preface.

In memory of Kruzenshtern

On November 6, 1873, in St. Petersburg, opposite the naval corps, a monument to Kruzenstern took its place.
The sculptor I.N. Stern and architect I.A. Monighetti. The monument was erected with private funds, but a small financial aid was received from the state as well.

In 1993, the Bank of Russia issued a series of commemorative coins "The First Russian Round the World Travel".

In honor of I.F. Krusenstern were named:

Kruzenshtern island,
Kruzenshtern Strait,
Kruzenshtern reef,
crater on the visible side of the moon,
ship "Kruzenshtern"

The traveler's name is:

Barque "Kruzenshtern",
Icebreaker "Ivan Kruzenshtern"
The aircraft of the Aeroflot airline Airbus A320 with the VP-BKC number.

Interesting Facts

While studying in the cadet corps, Adam Kruzenshtern became Ivan Fedorovich. The name Adam cut an ear, so the future traveler chose a consonant, but more familiar name for Russians - Ivan. He borrowed his patronymic from his bosom friend - Ivan Fedorovich Lisyansky.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern had the honor of meeting with President George Washington when he visited Philadelphia.

Kruzenshtern was in good physical shape. As contemporaries noted, he stood out against the background of the strongest sailors with his athletic physique and heroic chest. The sailors were puzzled by the fact that the traveler carried with him two two-pound weights. With them, he daily performed his favorite exercise - the shvung bench press.

Ivan Fyodorovich loved pets. On expeditions he was accompanied by a spaniel, which became the favorite of the team. The sailors even developed a ritual: to scratch behind the ears of the spaniel so that the voyage is successful. There are cases when savages, who had never seen animals with such long ears, scattered in horror.

Fyodor Tolstoy and Nikolai Petrovich Ryazanov took part in the voyage of Kruzenshtern. The latter is known thanks to Andrei Voznesensky and the rock opera "Juno and Avos" by Alexei Rybnikov.

The name of the explorer-traveler is mentioned in the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino". The cat Matroskin says that the steamer on which his grandmother sailed is named after Kruzenshtern.

In 1799, Kruzenshtern, from his voyage on the English frigate Oiseau to Southeast Asia, brought a list of the Malay genealogy monument of Malay literature. Now it is kept in the archives of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts in St. Petersburg.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846),

Russian navigator, admiral, leader of the first Russian round-the-world voyage.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a military sailor by education. With the aim of improving in naval affairs, he was sent by the Russian government to the English fleet. The ships on which Kruzenshtern served went to the shores of Canada, to the West Indies, South America, India, China.

In 1802, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern developed and proposed to the Russian government a project for a circumnavigation of the world. The project was accepted, and Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition.
It consisted of two ships - "Nadezhda" (commander Kruzenshtern) and "Neva" (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky).
The expedition was supposed to establish contact with the Russian colonies in North America and Kamchatka, deliver the Russian embassy to Japan, and conduct scientific research.
The ships sailed from Kronstadt in August 1803. Having visited the Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands, they parted: "Nadezhda" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern headed to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and "Neva" - to Alaska.
In August 1804, "Nadezhda" went to Japan and delivered the Russian embassy there. However, negotiations with the Japanese government failed.
After spending seven months in Nagasaki, the ship moved in the direction of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern made hydrographic studies in the Sea of ​​Japan, photographed part of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin.
From Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the embassy went by land to St. Petersburg, and Kruzenshtern sailed on the "Nadezhda" again to Sakhalin in order to study its eastern shores.
In September 1805 "Nadezhda" set off on the return journey. In the Chinese port of Guangzhou, the Neva again joined the ship.

Bypassing Africa from the south, in June 1806 they arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition mapped numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, refined the maps of sea currents, carried out astronomical observations and collected valuable materials on the fauna, flora, and ethnography of the islands visited.

Kruzenshtern described his voyage in the book Travel Around the World in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" ".

Upon his return, Kruzenshtern served as director of the Naval Cadet Corps. Published by Atlas of the South Sea.

Admiral Kruzenshtern retired in 1842 and returned to his homeland, to Estonia.

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern was buried in the capital of Estonia, Tallinn, in the Cathedral Lutheran Church.

A number of islands, straits, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after him.
In 1869, on the centenary of his birth, on the banks of the Neva, opposite the building of the Marine Corps, a monument was erected to I.F. Kruzenshtern. The sculpture was created by I. N. Schroeder.

Russian training sailing ship "Kruzenshtern", named after the remarkable navigator, in a round-the-world voyage (2005) dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the historical voyage of Kruzenshtern.

(1770-1846)

Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - an outstanding navigator and organizer of the first Russian circumnavigation, carried out under his command, was also a prominent scientist-hydrograph and teacher. He was born in Estland, near Tallinn (Revel), on November 19, 1770. He received his primary education at home, and from the age of twelve he studied at the Revel Cathedral school. At the age of fifteen, in 1785, I.F.Kruzenshtern was sent to the Marine Corps, then located in Kronstadt. Due to the relatively late age of entering the Marine Corps, he had to complete the general, so-called "cadet" course during a short two-year period. After that, I.F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipmen and began to study mostly special naval items. While still in the corps, I.F.Kruzenshtern became close to his fellow graduate Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

At this time, Russia was simultaneously waging two wars at sea: with Sweden on the Baltic and with Turkey on the Black Sea, which required an urgent appointment a large number officers on ships. Together with their comrades IF Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky were released from the corps ahead of schedule in the spring of 1788, but without being promoted to officer, but with the designation "for a warrant officer." IF Kruzenshtern was assigned to the battleship Mstislav, commanded by the brigadier-rank captain GI Mulovsky, a brilliant, combatant, experienced sailor and a highly cultured and educated officer.

All the first years of service of the young Kruzenshtern passed in a combat situation and were marked by military exploits: in the period 1788-1790. on the Mstislav ship he took part in four battles with the Swedish fleet - Gogland, Eland, Revel and Vyborg, and all the time his ship was in the forefront. In these battles, I.F.Kruzenshtern showed great courage and management and was first promoted to warrant officer (1789), and then for the difference in the capture of a Swedish rear-admiral's ship - to lieutenant (1790). In the battle of Eland, G.I. He had a great influence on I.F.Kruzenshtern and planted in his soul the desire to achieve in the future the organization of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world. After the conclusion of peace, I.F.Kruzenshtern spent two years on the shore in Tallinn (Reval), and his relatively low employment allowed him to improve his maritime theoretical knowledge.

At that time, the Russian navy, busy with the defense of its sea borders, could not allocate warships for long training overseas voyages. Therefore, it was the practice of sending young officers as volunteers to the ships of the British Navy, which went on long voyages. Among the twelve distinguished young officers sent for 6 years (from 1793 to 1799) to England were I.F.Kruzenshtern, as well as his friend Yu. F. Lisyansky.

I.F.Kruzenshtern sailed on various English ships off the coast of North America, visited the coastal cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk and others, visited the West Indies and the islands of Bermuda and Barbados, and Netherlands Guiana, Africa, India and China, after which he returned to England. During these voyages, he repeatedly participated in battles with the French. Having conceived in the future to organize a round-the-world expedition and pave the way for Russian sea trade to India and China, I.F.Kruzenshteon decided to visit those waters himself and study the course of trade on the spot. On an English warship, he first reached the Cape of Good Hope, and then further, to the Indian ports of Madras and Calcutta, from where he headed for Malacca and Canton. Here he was personally convinced of the possibility of carrying out trade relations between the Russian possessions in North America and China. He made the return trip to England on a merchant ship of the British East India Company, and visited the Cape of Good Hope for the second time and visited the island of St. Helena. After a six-year absence, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to his homeland as an experienced and knowledgeable navigator.

Returning to Russia, IF Kruzenshtern, during his absence promoted to lieutenant commander, in 1800 was appointed commander of the brig "Neptune", on which he sailed in the Gulf of Finland. Soon he decided to take measures to realize his long-standing dream - the organization of the first Russian round-the-world trip, the project of which he drew up while returning by ship from China to Europe. The idea of ​​establishing round-the-world communications with the eastern outskirts of Russia was not new. There were several developed plans for such expeditions in 1732, 1761, 1781 and 1786, but for various reasons these plans were not implemented. The closest to implementation was the round-the-world expedition organized in the composition of four warships in 1786 under the command of Captain 1st Rank G.I.Mulovsky. For this expedition, ships were already allocated, manned, and the official purpose of the expedition was to support the planned government statement on the annexation of territories discovered by the Russian people in North America to Russia, deliver goods to Okhotsk, establish trade relations with China and Japan, and open new ones along the way. lands.

The Russian government, however, was then forced to abandon sending the expedition due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish and Russian-Turkish wars and the complication of the general political situation in Europe.

At the beginning of the XIX century. political and economic conditions were more favorable for organizing a round-the-world expedition. Already from the end of the 18th century. In tsarist Russia, capitalist relations began to develop, destroying a closed natural economy, the number of manufactories was increasing, the marketability of agriculture was growing, and trade was expanding. For the delivery of goods and the export of furs from the Russian possessions in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, more convenient communication routes were required. Transportation of goods by land across the entire Asian mainland in almost complete off-road conditions was long and difficult. Russian voyages around the world were also a natural stage in the progress of the intensively developing Russian science. According to the project of I.F.Kruzenshtern, it was supposed, after the end of the first round-the-world voyage, to organize on Russian ships the correct sea communication between Russian European ports and Russian possessions in America. At the same time, the planned voyages were supposed to be of a scientific nature, contribute to new geographical discoveries and the study of little-known seas and oceans.

However, initially, the project of I.F.Kruzenshtern, despite the fact that it was based on careful calculations, did not meet with sympathy among the leaders of the naval ministry. But after the palace coup in 1801, the leadership of the naval department passed to the more enlightened, cultured sailor Admiral N. S. Mordvinov, who, together with the new Minister of Commerce N. P. Rumyantsev, became interested in the project of I. F. Kruzenshtern. On the initiative of Rumyantsev, the Russian-American company also took part in the implementation of the expedition. By the decision of the government, the expedition was to include two ships, and all the expenses for the maintenance of one of them were taken at the state account, and for the second - at the expense of the Russian-American company. I.F.Kruzenshtern was appointed the head of the expedition and the commander of one of the ships, and both ships were allowed to sail under military flags. I.F.Kruzenshtern's dreams gradually came true. Naturally, he thought about his friend Yu. F. Lisyansky, with whom in his youth he was accustomed to sharing these dreams. Yu. F. Lisyansky willingly agreed to this proposal.

IF Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky insisted on building ships for the expedition at Russian shipyards, but representatives of the Russian-American company decided to purchase them abroad. For this purpose, Yu. F. Lisyansky was sent to England in September 1802, where he bought two small ships that needed repair. These ships, which received the new names "Nadezhda" (with a displacement of 450 tons) and "Neva" (with a displacement of 370 tons), arrived in Kronstadt in early June 1803, where they began their careful preparation for the upcoming responsible voyage. IF Kruzenshtern took command of the ship "Nadezhda", and Yu. F. Lisyansky - the ship "Neva". The preparation of the expedition was carried out extremely thoughtfully, and the instructions drawn up for it and the selection of nautical tools and supplies for a long time served as a model for subsequent expeditions.

The ships carried complete collections of nautical charts and a well-stocked library. The expedition had many antiscorbutic agents among its supplies. The ship's provisions have been purchased best quality... The Academy of Sciences took an active part in equipping the expedition, taking upon itself the verification of some instruments, drawing up instructions (in mineralogy, botany, zoology); On May 8, 1803, the head of the expedition, I.F.Kruzenshtern, was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The personnel of the expedition were selected especially carefully by the commander of each of the ships, and all the sailors and non-commissioned officers went as volunteers. The crew of the ship "Nadezhda" consisted of eight officers, two doctors and 52 non-commissioned officers and sailors; in addition, there were three scientists (an astronomer and two naturalists) and three volunteers. On the ship "Nadezhda" the Russian ambassador NP Rezanov followed to Japan with his retinue, so that the total number of personnel on it reached 76 people. Among the officers was an experienced senior officer, Lieutenant M. Ratmanov and the future famous navigator F. F. Bellingshausen, and among the volunteers, O. E. Kotsebue, also later known for his scientific round-the-world expeditions. The ship "Neva" consisted of six officers, one doctor, two people from the ambassador's retinue and 44 non-commissioned officers and sailors, and only 53 people. About the selection of personnel, IF Kruzenshtern later wrote: “I was advised to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the predominant properties of the Russian, whom I prefer even to the English, did not agree to follow this advice. On both ships, except for Mr. Horner, Tilesius, Langsdorf and Liband, there was not a single foreigner on our journey. "

The route of the expedition was tentatively outlined in the following form: both ships sail jointly from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to the Pacific Ocean and at the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands are separated: "Nadezhda" is sent further to Japan with Ambassador Rezanov and, following a diplomatic assignment, for wintering NS. Kodiak; "Neva" follows from the Hawaiian Islands directly to the shores of North America and also winters at about. Kodiak; next summer, both ships carry goods to Canton, from where they return together to Russia, around the Cape of Good Hope.

On June 26, 1803, the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Kronstadt and, after short-term calls to Copenhagen, Falmouth and the Canary Islands, headed to the shores of Brazil, where on the roadstead about. Saint Catherine stayed more than a month for necessary repairs... This was the first time that Russian ships entered the southern hemisphere. During the campaign, the expedition personnel and scientists, specialists, continuously made various oceanographic, meteorological and zoological observations, which were subsequently published and made a valuable contribution to geographical science. During the stops of ships in tropical ports, scientists were engaged in the collection of ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections, which, upon the return of the expedition to their homeland, were transferred to various museums, which are kept to this day. On February 20, 1804, both ships circled Cape Horn together, but after the storm they parted: IF Kruzenshtern entered the Marquesas Islands, and Yu. F. Lisyansky - on the island. Easter, after which both ships reconnected at about. Nukagiva, belonging to the group of the Marquesas Islands.

Already at this first stage of sailing in the Pacific Ocean, Russian navigators performed (in addition to the systematic meteorological and oceanographic observations) a number of scientific geographical works: Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky compiled detailed geographical descriptions as Fr. Nukagiva, and the entire group of the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky compiled a dictionary of the local dialect; Lisyansky, in addition, being in close proximity to about. Easter, fixed a mistake in defining it geographic coordinates made by Cook.

Following the previously established route, both ships then headed for the Hawaiian Islands, in view of which they split on June 7, 1804: I.F. provisions for one of the Hawaiian Islands. The "Nadezhda" arrived on July 14, 1804 at the Petropavlovsk harbor, where the cargo of the Russian-American company was handed over and the next repair was made. After a six-week stay, on August 27, IF Kruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk for Nagasaki to deliver the Russian ambassador to Japan. The ship "Nadezhda" sailed along the eastern shores of the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu and rounded from the south about. Kyushu. On the way, I.F.Kruzenshtern, together with officers and scientists, was checking existing maps and described the southern coast of about. Kyushu. On the last stage of the passage "Nadezhda" withstood a typhoon of exceptional strength and nearly lost its masts. During this passage, I.F.Kruzenshtern corrected the position of the Van Diemen Strait, which was incorrectly plotted on English and French maps.

For six months, from October 8 to April 17, 1805, the ship "Nadezhda" stood in Nagasaki, awaiting the end of diplomatic negotiations, which eventually ended in failure: the Japanese government refused to accept the embassy. Now IF Kruzenshtern had to transport Rezanov to Petropavlovsk and then follow to Canton to connect with Yu. F. Lisyansky for a subsequent return to his homeland. For this period of his voyage, Kruzenshtern outlined for himself a whole program of geographical research and decided: 1) first of all to study the Sea of ​​Japan, at that time almost unfamiliar to navigators, and describe its coasts, 2) describe the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin, 3) find out if there is a the strait between this island and the mainland, and 4) pass any new strait between the Kuril Islands located north of the Bussol Strait. He carried out almost the entire program, partly on the transition to Petropavlovsk, and partly a little later.

I.F.Kruzenshtern entered the Sea of ​​Japan by the eastern passage of the Tsushima Strait, which was later named after him. Further, he examined individual sections of the western coast of about. Honshu and the entire western and northwestern parts of the coast of. Hokkaido with access to them. He gave Russian names to a number of coastal points and bays. Further, I.F.Kruzenshtern left the Sea of ​​Japan by the La Perouse Strait and described and studied in detail (with access to the shore) the shores of Aniva Bay and part of the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and made an important geographical discovery at that time, establishing the identity of the names "Sakhalin" and "Karafuto ".

Along the eastern coast, the shores of the Terpeniya Bay were described and mapped (also with a visit to the coast). On leaving the Gulf of Terpeniya, the "Nadezhda" encountered ice, which is why IF Kruzenshtern decided to immediately follow to Petropavlovsk and return to Cape Terpeniya at a more favorable time. On the southern and eastern shores of Sakhalin, a number of geographic objects, capes, bays, rivers and mountains were given Russian names.

After that, IF Kruzenshtern went to the Kuril Islands to describe them, but fog, poor visibility and stormy weather prevented him. Nevertheless, to the north of the strait, now bearing his name, IF Kruzenshtern discovered a group of dangerous low islands, which he called "Stone traps". From the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Pacific Ocean "Nadezhda" passed through the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Harimkhotan, now bearing the name of Krenitsyn. Finally, on June 5, 1805, the "Nadezhda" arrived in Petropavlovsk.

After the departure of Rezanov with his retinue, with which the naturalist Langsdorf departed, the unloading of Japanese cargo and the necessary pemont, on June 5, Nadezhda again put out to sea and headed directly to Cape Terpeniya, entering the Sea of ​​Okhotsk by the strait named after Kruzenshtern's ship - the Nadezhda Strait ". Arriving at Cape Terpeniya and determining its exact location, I.F.Kruzenshtern went north along the eastern coast of Sakhalin, describing it (in places with sending officers ashore), mapping, determining the location of capes, many of which were named by him in Honor their officers (Capes Ratmanov, Bellingshausen). Reaching the northernmost tip of Sakhalin and calling it Cape Elizabeth, Kruzenshtern skirted this cape from the north, as well as the neighboring Cape Maria to the west, and headed to the Sakhalin Bay. Here he came only to the northern entrance to the Amur estuary, where his ship drifted, and one of the officers on a rowboat was sent to the south to determine the depth and width of the "channel" leading to the mouth of the Amur. A major mistake of I.F.Kruzenshtern was a superficial study of the very important question of whether Sakhalin is an island or a peninsula. Based on the rather vague data reported by his officer, about a strong current from the south, about the presence of shallow depths and, finally, about the fresh nature of the water, he concluded that there was no through passage between the island and the mainland. It is possible that Krusenstern's conclusions were influenced by the opinion of such authorities as La Perouse and Brauton. This mistake could become fatal and stop further searches for an outlet to the Pacific Ocean, if not for the courage and persistence of another Russian navigator G.I. with the Tatar Strait, who found a deep-water entrance to the mouth of the Amur and established that Sakhalin is an island.

The north-western coast of Sakhalin was thoroughly surveyed with a landfall. Not daring to "dare", as I.F. to Petropavlovsk across the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Despite the failure of I.F.Kruzenshtern to examine the entrance to the Amur, his biographer, the famous Russian naval historian F.F. of the most honorable places in the history of hydrography. “All this was done, with the exception of the month spent in the port of Peter and Paul, only 87 days, and this in places visited for the first time, in the seas, where the whole summer is dominated by fog. Suffice it to say that in these 87 days of astronomical definitions of points, more than 100 points are collected, and the coastline is not less than 1,500 miles explored and surveyed for the most part ”. In the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, "Nadezhda" passed nearby about. Jonah and refined it geographical position... From the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the "Nadezhda" sailed with the Fourth Kuril Strait and on August 30 anchored in the Petropavlovsk port. In early October 1805, IF Kruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk and on the way to China intended to clarify the location of a number of islands, plotted on foreign maps, the existence of which seemed to him doubtful. Unsuccessfully searching for these islands, which turned out to be non-existent, IF Kruzenshtern circled from the east to Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan and on November 20 came to the port of Macau.

On December 1, 1805, the Neva arrived there, led by Yu. F. Lisyansky. In Canton (or rather, in the Wampu roadstead), the expedition's ships received a large amount of Chinese goods, and on February 9, 1806, they set out together on their way back to their homeland. In the Indian Ocean, during the fog, both ships parted and followed on their own. IF Kruzenshtern, after a 79-day march went to about. St. Helena, where he received news of the war between Russia and France. Fearing a meeting with the enemy, he went to his homeland in a roundabout way around the Shetland Islands and, having made an 86-day march, came to Copenhagen, where he stood for four days. On August 19, 1805, he anchored in the Kronstadt roadstead. Thus ended the first Russian voyage around the world, which lasted three years and twelve days.

The three-year circumnavigation of the world by IF Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky constituted an entire epoch in the history of Russian geographical science and the Russian navy.

The scientific results of the expedition, in addition to the already mentioned geographical discoveries and the mapping of the surveyed coasts and ports on the maps, also consist in a new method of oceanographic research. IF Kruzenshtern on "Nadezhda" observed deep temperatures, using the recently invented Six's thermometer for the highest and lowest temperatures. He and his companion, the astronomer Horner, made vertical series of temperature observations in seven places, and in total, deep-sea observations were carried out in nine places. The famous Soviet oceanographer and geographer Yu. M. Shokalsky believed that in time these were generally the first observations of vertical temperature series at depths in the ocean. I.F.Kruzenshtern paid great attention to the study of tidal phenomena and was personally engaged in observations of the ebb and flow during a long stay of his ship in Nagasaki. During the entire time of their voyage, Russian sailors and scientists determined the direction and speed of currents, the magnitude of the compass declination, and made meteorological observations. I.F.Kruzenshtern personally owns a summary of all observations of the elements of currents, which were deduced from a comparison of the numbered places of the ship with those determined by astronomical observations. Astronomer Horner summarized hydrological and meteorological observations and investigated specific gravity water in different areas... It is interesting to note that the expedition established for the first time that “ sea ​​water does not shine from the movement and friction of particles thereof, but that the real fault of that is the essence of organic matter. "

It can rightfully be argued that the first Russian circumnavigation of the world marked the beginning and created the basis for a new branch of geographical science - oceanography.

It should be noted that Russian seafarers determined their coordinates with an accuracy twice that of their immediate predecessors - foreign seafarers (for example, Vancouver). The voyage of I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky was not only the first Russian round-the-world voyage, but also the first Russian voyage in general, in which longitudes were determined no less often than latitudes and with a sufficiently high accuracy, even according to our modern concepts. The latitude on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" was determined by the midday heights of the Sun whenever the weather conditions allowed, on average 20-23 times a month while sailing at sea, and longitude was determined by the heights of the Sun measured at the first vertical and by chronometers. 19-20 times. Thus, the longitudes were determined on the basis of the joint use of data on the heights of the Sun, taking into account the strokes of the chronometers and measuring the lunar distances (from them, corrections of the chronometers were derived 2-3 times a month).

Consequently, the great scientific results of the expedition are explained not only by the skill and courage of the Russian sailors, but also by their skillful use of the most advanced methods and techniques of navigation and the latest precision instruments.

The expedition members compiled detailed geographical and statistical descriptions of Kamchatka, the Marquesas Islands, coastal regions of southeastern China and Russian possessions in North America, short dictionaries in several languages, collected materials on religious beliefs, customs and other traits of various nationalities.

Thanks to the excellent organization of the expedition, good supplies and care for the personnel on the part of the command, for all three years on both ships there was not only a single death, but not even a single serious illness; there were also no material losses.

The expedition was met at home with great triumph. I.F.Kruzenshtern was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Admiralty Department and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.

From 1807 to 1809 he was at the St. Petersburg port on the shore and was engaged in the processing of the materials of his expedition. The three-volume work of IF Kruzenshtern "Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806" with the addition of an excellent engraved atlas of maps and drawings was published in 1809-1812. and has been translated into most European languages. The first two volumes of it contain a detailed description of the voyage, and the third volume contains scientific articles by I.F.Kruzenshtern and scientists of the expedition on oceanography, meteorology, ethnography, etc.

In 1809, IF Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the battleship "Grace". This was his last combat assignment and sailing on a battleship (later he repeatedly in summer time commanded the training squadron of the Marine Corps). In 1811 he was appointed inspector of the classes of the Marine Corps, but he did this position for a very short time and was dismissed for long-term leave due to eye disease. This vacation, which he spent on his estate near the town of Rakvere (formerly Wesenberg) in Estonia, was entirely devoted to scientific pursuits, the fruit of which was the publication of the major edition of the Atlas of the South Sea with two volumes of hydrographic explanations attached. From his vacation, he was summoned several times to carry out various assignments. So, in 1814 he was organizing a round-the-world expedition of O. E. Kotsebue on the brig "Rurik", for which, being in England, he ordered astronomical and nautical instruments, and in 1918 he made a special note on the organization of the first Russian Antarctic expedition ... In 1818 he was appointed to be present in the procurement of ship timber. In 1819, I.F.Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain-commander.

The wonderful work of IF Kruzenshtern "Atlas of the South Sea" with two volumes of explanations in Russian and French was published in 1824-1826. In this work, he used the results of all Russian and foreign voyages and his personal experience and compiled the most detailed and authoritative maps of the Pacific Ocean, which have earned recognition throughout the world. Work on the maps of the Pacific Ocean did not end with the publication of the Atlas: until the end of his life, IF Kruzenshtern continued to follow all new voyages in the Pacific Ocean and made corrections to his maps (in 1835 he published additions to his Explanations "). There was not a single head of a Russian or foreign expedition who did not consider it his moral duty to inform the author of the Atlas of certain remarks and additions to his maps. Atlas of the South Sea was awarded the full Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1826, the long vacation of I.F.Kruzenshtern ended. After being promoted to rear admiral, he was appointed class inspector and assistant director of the Marine Corps, and already in the next. 1827 - director of this building and a member of the Admiralty Board. From that time on, his fifteen-year pedagogical and educational work began as director of the Marine Corps. In it, he showed his progressive ideas in educating the young generation of sailors, significantly improved the pedagogical process, organized laboratories and classrooms, an astronomical observatory and a museum, selected qualified teachers, paid great attention to teaching foreign languages. He was an ardent champion of the need for higher professional education for sailors and organized the so-called Officers' classes with a three-year course of study at the Naval Corps, which were later renamed the Naval Academy. At the invitation of the director, such outstanding scientists as academicians M. V. Ostrogradsky, V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, E. Kh. Lenz and A. Ya. Kupfer gave lectures in these classes. The progressive reforms of I.F.Kruzenshtern met with opposition among the reactionary officers, and one of the reasons for his resignation must be considered the contradiction of these reforms to the spirit and mores of the Nikolaev regime. In 1829, Kruzenshtern was promoted to vice admiral, in 1841 - to admiral, and in the same year he was expelled from the post of director of the Naval Corps, but until his death he was on active naval service.

IF Kruzenshtern throughout his life, after returning from a circumnavigation of the world, was intensively engaged in scientific activities and maintained scientific contacts with the most prominent Russian and foreign scientists. He was an excellent linguist and corresponded with Humboldt, Murchison, the famous Spanish cartographer Espinoza and other major scientific authorities in the field of cartography and hydrography. His scientific merits were highly appreciated: he was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, an honorary doctor of philosophy at the University of Dorpat and a corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies and institutions. IF Kruzenshtern was one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

The jubilee of I.F.Kruzenshtern, celebrated with great solemnity at the beginning of 1839, turned into his true triumph, but the hero of the day was especially valuable the presence at the festival of two old sailors, former participants in his circumnavigation of the world, who arrived in St. Petersburg from the most remote outskirts of Russia ...

I.F.Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 at his estate Ass, near Rakvere (Vesenberg), and was buried in Tallinn (Revel) in the Vyshgorod church. On the embankment of Vasilyevsky Island, opposite the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg, a monument was erected to him with funds collected from his students and teachers.

The name of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern went down in the history of Russian science as the name of a brave navigator, organizer of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, as an ardent patriot, as a prominent hydrographic scientist and as a charming, humane, progressive figure.

Bibliography

1. Shvede EE Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern / EE Shvede // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures in natural science and technology. Geology and Geography. - Moscow: State publishing house of physical and mathematical literature, 1962. - S. 382-393.

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