In one of its research, American Culture Theorist Harold Bloom noted that the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra VII is the first celebrity in the world. It will not be difficult for him to agree, because not a single other woman managed to speak more brightly on the historical scene. Even famous Nefertiti flashes on her background. With all this, the image of Cleopatra is enveloped with fog fog, and sometimes dirty slander. What do historians talk about this woman more than 2,000 years after her death?

Bust Cleopatra VII

The girl who was destined to become the last queen of Egypt, was born in Alexandria in 69 BC. She became another representative of the famous dynasty, founded by Alexander the Macedonian Ptolem, who subsequently seen Egypt. The ancestors of Cleopatra ruled Egypt for about three centuries, having time to glorify incest and bloody straightening inside the family during this time.

The father of the queen was Ptolemy XII Avlet ("Fleutist"), and the mother of Cleopatra v Trapten. Both were Ptolemy, but so far scientists are difficult to accurately determine the degree of their kinship. There is also a hypothesis, according to which Cleopatra was a daughter of one of the concubines Ptolemy XII.

Whatever it was, the birth of Cleopatra did not become something noticeable. She became the third daughter in the family, where the Son had long been waiting. She was given by the traditional name for the dynasty of the Ptolemyev (the meaning of the name - "Father's glory"), not assuming that she would stand out among the strings of her thesis.

Nevertheless, the future government of Egypt began to allocate among others from childhood. The first thing that distinguished it from other descendants Ptolemy XII is a thrust for knowledge. Scientists suggest that Cleopatra managed to master such languages \u200b\u200bas Greek, Arabic, Persian, Jewish, Abyssinian, Parfyansky and, of course, Latin.

It is worth noting that Alexandria, where the princess crossed, was the intellectual capital of the then world. Despite the Greek origin, the princess with trepidation belonged to the history and culture of Egypt. Before it, none of the Ptolemaev bothered to learn Egyptian language.

The worldview of Cleopatra influenced not only the books, but cruel spotted in their own family: the overthrow of Ptolemy Xii daughter Berenic and the subsequent killing of Brenika by Father. Later and she will not disperse any means on the way to power.

images on coins

Beginning of reign

The kingdom of Cleopatra received the father of his father, not in vain she was considered his favorite. According to the testation of Ptolemy XII, the guarantor of the Egyptian state became Rome. Also in the document it was indicated that a 18-year-old girl should become his wife's wife, 10-year-old Ptolemy XIII, and together with him to rule the country. Tsarist Chet dates back to the throne in 51 BC.

But the actual rulers of Egypt do not become Cleopatra and Ptolemy, and the so-called "Alexandrian Trio", in which the royal dignitaries of Theodot, Achilles and Potin were included. They manage to customize the younger brother Cleopatra against it. The queen is accused of desire to rule alone that was not far from the truth. As a result, she decides on time to run to Syria. Here she collects an army that breaks the camp from the Egyptian border. He is ready to confront the army of Ptolemy XIII.

Caesar Bust from the National Archaeological Museum in Naples.

Julius Caesar and Cleopatra

Introducing Cleopatra and Caesar preceded the treacherous murder of the Roman commander of Gneja Pompei, adjusted by Egyptian dignitaries. So they hoped to deserve the location of Caesar, but great commander did not appreciate the "service". When Pompei's head presented him, he turned away and cried.

At this time, Cleopatra received detailed information about everything that happened in Alexandria. Arriving in Egypt for debts Caesar, said he was ready to become an arbiter in a dispute between royal spouses. Soon he calls Cleopatra to himself. The Queen of Egypt appears in front of it suddenly and what is important effect. According to one version, she arrived at Caesar, wrapped in the carpet, on the other - she secretly carried her in a bag for bed. The novel between the 53-year-old Roman consul and the 21-year-old queen flashes the same night.

What was she fascinated Caesar? It's hardly main question Her biographies. Ordinary female charms here was clearly not enough. Most likely, he appreciated her mind, indifference, courage and, as antique authors, who charging the voice of the Eastern Government. In addition, in her face he could expect to get a reliable Egyptian puppet. The next morning after acquaintance with Cleopater Caesar declares that the sister and brother must rule together.

In response, Egyptian dignitaries proclaim the younger daughter Ptolemy Xii Arsino. The war begins in which Caesar wins, Arsinoe is in captivity, and Ptolemy XIII dies. After that, the Great Roman organizes the wedding of Cleopatra with its second brother, 16-year-old Ptolem-non-worker. As a result, with the help of Rome Cleopatra becomes the actual sole government of Egypt. In 47 BC Caesar's son and Cleopatra - Ptolemy Caesarion. Caesar leaves Egypt, but soon it causes Cleopatra to himself.

In Rome, the Egyptian queen was highlighted by Villa Caesar. Here she spends about two years. I even walked the rumor that Caesar wanted to make Egyptian his second wife. The worship of the great commander in front of this woman was disturbed by Roman to know and became another argument in the use of its liquidation. Caesar's murder forced Cleopatra to flee from Rome.

Bust, presumably depicting Mark Anthony

Cleopatra and Mark Anthony

Soon after the death of Caesar, the co-citizen of Cleopatra Ptolemy XIV dies. We had a rumor that he would be poisoned by order of the sister, which thus got rid of the future opponent. In the Meanwhile, Mark Anthony took one of the prominent positions in Meanwhile, Caesar's graduate. Thilly thinking, he decided to claim Cleopatra money for a new military campaign.

The fateful meeting of Anthony and Cleopatra occur in 41 BC. In the city of Tars on board a magnificently cleaned ship of the queen. The Egyptian government appears before in love and vain anthony in the image of the goddess Aphrodite. She invites Romans for a luxurious feast. As a result, Anthony selflessly falls in love with the queen. In the same year, it is getting rid of the sister of Arsinoe, located in Rome.

In an effort to be with Cleopatra, Anthony practically moves from Rome to the capital of Egypt. True, here it is mainly indulcory and entertainment. Soon the lovers are born children, Gemini Alexander and Cleopatra. In 36 BC Anthony from the beloved Cleopatra turns into her husband. Wedding occurs, despite the fact that Anthony has already had a legitimate wife. In Rome, this union begins to consider as a threat to the empire, especially after Mark Anthony gifts its children from Cleopatra Roman territories.

The behavior of Anthony leads to the fact that Octavian proclaims the "war against the Egyptian Queen." The culmination of this confrontation becomes the battle of the excise, which occurred in 31 BC Its result becomes a full defeat of the fleet of Anthony and Cleopatra. Modern historians believe that the victory in this battle led Rome to world domination.

Death

In 30 BC Octavian's troops entered Alexandria. At this time, Cleopatra, together with trusted servants, locked in his own tomb. By mistake, or deliberately Anthony received a false news about the suicide beloved, after which rushed on the sword. He died in his hands with Cleopatra.

After the death of Kleopatra's husband, he joins negotiations with the messenger of Octavian. Perhaps she still retained the weak hope to keep the kingdom. Plutarch notes that the Roman officer in love in the queen warned her that Octavian wants to hold it in chains during his triumph in Rome.

To avoid public humiliation, the Egyptian Queen is solved for suicide. Before that, she transmits an octavian letter asking her to bury her along with Anthony. Soon the government find dead. Cleopatra died on August 12, 30 BC In the royal dress, rest on the golden bed.

One of possible causes The death of the queen is called snake bite, according to another version, it was a pre-harvested poison. The location of the tomb of Cleopatra and its mummy has not yet been detected. After the death of Cleopatra VII Egypt turned into the Roman province.

Appearancethe last Queen of Egypt. This woman is customary to associate with the image of the fatal beauty. But even by the standards of his time, she looked quite ordinary. Plutarch wrote that it is difficult to call "incomparable." According to him, she more amazed charm and persuasive speech.

Portraits on coins depict a woman with big eyes, protruding chin and a long nose with a hubble. The growth of the queen was no more than 152 cm, while it was continued and roasting.

Underwater Palace Cleopatra. The alleged palace is located off the coast of Alexandria. The ruins of this ancient building were flooded as a result of an earthquake that occurred and a half thousand years ago. Now it is at a depth of 50 m. The possibility of creating the underwater museum on its territory is discussed.

Fate children. Cleopatra had four children. Son Caesarion from Julia Caesar and three children from Mark Anthony - Gemini Cleopatra and Alexander, as well as the son of Ptolemy. The shortest was the history of the life of the eldest son of the queen. He was killed by the orders of Octavian, and the twins and Ptolemy were given to the upbringing of Octavia - the sister of Octavian, the former wife of Mark Anthony. The only daughter of Cleopatra in the consequence was married to Yubu II, the ruler of Mauritania.

The name of Cleopatra is known to everyone - it was not only an outstanding government of Egypt, but also an amazing woman. From the date of her death, more than two thousand years have passed, but they still remember it, as one of the personalities that have changed history.

Cleopatra was not beautiful by measure Ancient Egyptnor in modern canons. However, she managed to fall in love with two powerful Roman commander and completely submit them to their influence. She was an unusual woman and possessed an extraordinary intelligence.

What else was remembered Cleopatra?

1. Cleopatra remained in history as the most famous government of Egypt. But it is worth noting that it came from the Dynasty of Ptolemyev, who migrated from Greece during the reign of Alexander Macedonian. Thus, Cleopatra, although born in Egypt, was not at all an Egyptian, but a representative of the ancient Greek dynasty.
2. Who knows about other Cleopatrah? No one! But the famous Egyptian queen was the seventh in the dynasty that bears the name of Cleopatra. A lot of her father is known - he was the ruler of Egypt with Ptolem XII. But the identity of the mother still remains a mystery. There is a version that she was the unified sister of the king himself, as relations and marriages between brothers and sisters in this dynasty were the norm. It is completely exactly that Cleopatra was not a legitimate child of Ptolemy XII, since he officially recognized only one daughter - Brenika IV.
3. The name of Cleopatra, when she climbed the throne, sounded so - the TEM philopacitor (θέα φιλοπάτωρ) that in translation means "the goddess that loves his father." After she added to the title also "Loving Fatherland" and began to be called FEA inexperienced Philopato Philopatris.

@ BIOGRAPHY.COM.

1. Cleopatra possessed an extraordinary intelligence and was (spoke of nine languages, at a minimum). She was the only one of all the kings of his dynasty for 300 years to learn Egyptian. Before that, Ptolemy said only in Greek and did not bother themselves to study the language of the country in which the rules were ruled. In addition to Greek and Egyptian, she knew Hebrew, Ethiopian, Aramaic, Persian and even Latin.
2. In addition to linguistics, she still studied mathematics, astronomy, oratory art and philosophy. Queen, again, the only one of all its predecessors took the religion and culture of Egypt. Before her board, Ptolemy was not interested in the gods and customs of their people.
3. She married her brothers, such was the law in those times. Despite its uncommonness, Cleopatra could not rule alone, without a male co-guide. Therefore, she had to make a marriage at first with one brother, and then with another. But she did not feel safe, as the brothers all the time wanted to pick up her throne. After their death, she gave birth to her son and secured a carefree future, since he made the boy with his co-program.
4. The younger brother Cleopatra and her first legitimate spouse did not want to put up with the power of the sister. Therefore, the war was unleashed between them, which forced the queen to flee into Syria. Ptolemy XIII entered into an alliance with Caesar, but did an invalid step and killed a noble Romanna Pompey. It turned away the Roman commander from his brother, and Caesar drew attention to Cleopatra. He helped the queen to overthrow the brother and return his throne.

@ ThegreatcoursesPlus.com.

1. According to the legend, Cleopatra snuck into the chasar steps wrapped in the carpet. The lost Queen understood that he could change the arrangement of forces, only personally having met with Caesar. And she did not calculate - Caesar immediately carried away to her, although she was 21 years old, and he was already 52.
2. According to rumors, Cleopatra is involved in the death of their brothers and sisters. The first brother Ptolemy Xiii drowned in the river during the flight, very well for Cleopatra. Arsinoe's sister was executed by order of the queen on the steps of the Roman Temple. And the younger brother died after poisoning at the age of 14. It was in hand Cleopatre, who at that time her son had given birth and could make him a co-guide. She was not needed an adult brother who could encroacitate her power.
3. Her arrival as a mistress Caesar in Rome was triumphal. She was hated, but she was imitated, the Romans began to lay the hair like her and torsion pearl decorations. She was in Rome during the murder of her lover and was forced to run home to Egypt.
4. Cleopatra has never been lost in the crowd. Her contemporaries celebrated an amazing charm and charm that source called the Queen. She was very good for himself - took dairy baths, had a scrub in arsenal, masks and shampoos from egg yolks and honey. Cleopatra loved incense and selected aromas of oils for different purposes.

@ Neolaia.gr.

1. Both of her novels were scandalous, because men were already married and had heirs in Rome. However, after Caesar Cleopatra easily fell in love with his successor to Mark Anthony. For the first impression, she was dressed as Aphrodite and arrived on a ship, more reminiscent of the abode of the gods. She became his mistress and the right companion, with him hunted, saw wine and satisfied the feast.
2. Mark Anthony and Cleopatra had three children. Gemini, girl and boy were first born, named Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selena. Translated their second names mean the "Sun" and "Moon".
3. Love between Mark Anthony and Cleopatra led to the fact that in Rome, the commander was considered a traitor. Octavian defeated the forces of lovers in the sea battle, which led to their escape and fall. None of the children of Cleopatra remained alive, and Caesar Caesarion's son executed his consolidated Brother Oktavian.
4. Mark Anthony and Cleopatra, as agreed, after defeat, committed suicide. He rushed to the sword, and she, by assumptions, died from the serpentine poison. Historians still argue, as she managed to die in the locked room, which was guarded by the soldiers of Octavian. It is worth noting that this is not the only secret of her death. The grave of Cleopatra and Mark Anthony has not yet been found.

Cleopatra became the last Queen of Egypt and the representative of the Ptolemyev dynasty. After her death, Egypt, who was governed by Greek kings, but had freedom, became the Roman province. This amazing woman who died in 39 years old became a symbol of the fall of Egypt as the greatest civilization of the ancient world.

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Nobody remembers the names of the pharaoh of Egypt, but Cleopatra - everyone has a hearing. Someone considered her curtains, a rare cunning woman who had caused a number of civil wars, others opposed for the standard of virtue.

Egyptian Aphrodite

Cleopatra took place from the Greek dynasty of Ptolemyev, which he founded the associate and commander Alexander Macedonian - Ptolemy. After the conquest of Egypt, he was appointed satrap (ruler) of this country.

Today, the name Cleopatra became synonymous with beauty, but scientists cannot say anything defined about her external view. Writing about her unprecedented beauty starts only after a couple of hundred years after her death. The most famous is considered to be a description of its Plutarch, given in "comparative lives". The Roman historian characterized Cleopatra as the owner of the irresistible charms, the appearance of which, combined with rarely persuasive speeches, looked into the soul: "The very sounds of her voice caressed and pleased the rumor, and the language was exactly a multi-line tool, easily tuning on any way, on any adverb "

The historian Sext Aubreli Victor, negatively configured to Cleopatra wrote about her: "She was so depraved, which was often prostrated, and possessed such beauty that many men paid their death for possession of it for one night."

Since Mummy Cleopatra is not found, busts are considered the most reliable source for its appearance. The most famous is a damaged bust of Sherchell in Algeria, created after the death of the queen on the occasion of the wedding of her daughter. A typical Greek face with all the same hooked nose and wavy hair collected in a bundle.

Femme fatale

It was this that was Cleopatatra for all husbands and cohabiters, starting with his brother and the first husband - Tsar Ptolemye XIII, who was only 9 years old at the time of joining the kingdom, while Cleopatre was already 17. For some time, it is actually alone, but Then the boredrals captured power. On the throne Cleopatra returned Julius Caesar. When he was in Alexandria, the queen in attempts to enlist his support, penetrated it a very original way.

Plutarch says that "Cleopatra, taking with him only one of the friends, Apollodor Sicilian, sat in a small boat and at the occurrence of darkness near the royal palace. To stay unnoticed, she climbed into the bag for bed and stretched out in it for the whole length. Apollodor made it across the yard to Caesar. It is said that already this trick of Cleopatra appeared to Caesar the bold and captured him. "

In the dynastic struggle between sister and brother, he came to his sister. The civil war has faced, during which the juvenile king of Ptolemy Xiii drowned in Nile in an attempt to escape.

Under Caesar

So begins the board of Cleopatra under the Roman protectorate and her novel with Caesar, despite the fact that, in accordance with tradition, it was combined with a marriage with his other brother, Ptolem XIV.

From the great commander, her son was born - Caesarion ("Little Caesar"), which she propheted a great future. In the summer of 46 BC. Caesar causes Cleopatra to Rome, allegedly for the conclusion of an official peace treaty between Rome and Egypt. He erects an elegant villa in his gardens on the shores of Tiber. Such a reverence of the Egyptian queen, which could lead to the proclamation of Caesar king, did not like the Roman senators. March 15, 44 years BC, Julius Caesar was killed as a result of a conspiracy.

Cleopatra left Rome and returned to Alexandria. According to the historian Joseph Flavia, there she poisoned his brother-husband, fearing in the absence of a patron of overthrow.

Anthony and Cleopatra

Roman Anthony and Cleopatra enters the top of the most legendary and tragic novels ancient Mira. After the death of Caesar in Rome, the struggle was broken for power between two groups: the killers of the dictator - Cassie, Bruta, and his associates - Octavian and Mark Anthony. Octavian and Anthony won conspirators. Anthony needed the wealth of Egypt. It turned out to find out trusted about in love and rustic Anthony, who was rather a brave soldier than a cunning politician, she arrived at him on a luxurious ship with gold-plated feed and silver-standing oars, where he herself had sacrificed in Aphrodite's outfit accompanied by maids in the nymph and boys dress in Cupid . Soon, Anthony left the army and went along with Cleopter to Alexandria.

From him Cleopatra gave birth to three children: twins - the boy Alexander Helios, Girl Cleopatru Selenu and Ptolemy Philadelphus. Anthony, who himself was married to the sister of his ally Octavian, left his legitimate wife and began the distribution of land with his illegitimate heirs. Caesarion receives the title of Tsar Kings, Alexander receives Armenia, Ptolemy - Syria and Malnya Asia, Cleopatra Selena - Kerenaica. This decision he accepted not without the influence of the queen. It signed him and Cleopatra's death sentence.

"Division of Summermen"

Decisive battle with octavian. Noble couple lost. Right in the midst of the marine battle at the cashier of Cleopatra left the battlefield with his fleet. After her, Anthony fled and leaving his soldiers. Returning to Alexandria, they expected the invasion of Octavian, spending their time in endless peaks and entertainment. By this time, their oaths dare to die together. They even organized a "suspicion of suicide bombs", whose members were obliged to prefer the death of captivity.

True, when Oktavian's legions entered Alexandria, only Mark Anthony fulfilled the oath, rushing on the sword. Cleopatra allowed him to take himself in captivity, obviously in the hope that she would be able to find an approach to the new winner. On this, the History of Cleopatra is over. Not wanting to repeat the fate of his sister Arsinoe, which once along the streets of Rome spent her ally Juli Caesar in the gold chains, she decided to suicide. It is believed that even before the invasion of Octavian, she was looking for a poison that brings a light and painless death, conducting trials on prisoners. According to the official version, its choice fell on the poison of the Egyptian cobra.

Vivien LEIGH AS Cleopatra In The Film "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1945)

Quotes: 1. Men are not gods ... they do not need our souls. 2. Every day as the last! 3. Never fight strong, while you yourself are also silent! 4. On our lips and eyes there was an imprint of eternity. 5. We welcome all strange and terrible events, but comfortable despise.

Achievements:

Professional, social position:Cleopatra was a government of Egypt in the period from 51 to 30 years. BC.
The main contribution (than is known):Cleopatra DO is the time of its 21 years of summer to revive and preserve the originality of Egypt. It is a way and a sample of a woman who uses his mind, ingenuity and charm to conquer influential husbands and implementing their goals.
Deposits:Cleopatra was a representative of the Hellenic Aristocracy, her ancestors were Macedonian, who spoke on a Greek dialect, however, she became the first government of the dynasty of the Egyptian language.
She also accepted and revived the customs, deities and rites of ancient Egypt. She is accepted the symbol of the goddess Hathor - the daughter of the God of the Sun of the Republic.The Goddess Isis and, as a result, was considered that she was reincarnated and the embodiment of the Goddess of Wisdom was believed during her reign.
Perhaps the young queen of Egypt saved her country from turning into the province of the expanding Roman Empire.
All this affected the creation of an image of Cleopatra in culture, as a woman who uses their charm to conquer the most influential husbands of the Western world.
Melt Cleopatra marks the end of the Hellenistic Ptolemyev Pattern and the beginning of the Roman era in the eastern part Mediterranean Sea.

A life:

Origin:She was born in 69 BC to our era in Alexandria. The father of Cleopatra Ptolemy XII of Neos Dionis was a direct descendant of Ptolemy I Sothera, General Alexander the Great, and her mother Cleopatra V was Queen of Egypt. Cleopatra was the third daughter in the family. She also had a younger sister and two younger brothers.
Education: Cleopatra received a good education, especially in the field of foreign languages. Its natural gifts allowed it to be perfectly posted by the Native Greek, Egyptian, Aramai, Ethiopian, Persian, Hebrew, the Latchus of Berber and Latin.
The main stages of activity:
Governing body: 51 BC - 12 August 30 BC
Her co-guards:
Ptolemy XIII (51 - 47 BC. E.)
Ptolemy XIV (47 - 44 BC)
Caesarion (44 - 30 BC)
She was the last pharaoh from the dynasty of Ptolemyev, Macedonian origin, which ruled Egypt, starting from 304 BC. Cleopatra Rules by Egypt with its two brothers and at the same time husbands Ptolem XIII (51 - 47 G.DU AD) and Ptolem XIV (47 - 44 G.DU N.E.) and with her son, Ptolem XV, or Caesarion ( 44 - 30 g. BC).
All her life was held in a difficult struggle for power in which she skillfully used her natural mind, charm and beauty.

In childhood, an uprising of 58-55 years was a great impression on Cleopatra, during which her father Ptolemy Xii overthrew and expelled from Egypt, and the sister of Cleopatra Brenik became the queen. Later, her father was restored to the throne using the Roman governor of Syria Gabinia. Ptoleum XII began cruel repression during which her sister Berenik died.
When in March 51 BC e. Her father, 18-year-old Cleopatra and her brother 12-year-old Ptolemy XIII began to jointly rule Egypt. At 50 BC Cleopatra entered into a serious conflict with the troops of the Roman governor of Gabinia and soon lost power. She tried to raise the rebellion around Sin, but was defeated and was forced to hide with his sister Arsinoe.
During civil War In Rome, in 48 BC Pompey fled from Caesar to Alexandria. By order of the 15-year-old Ptolemy, Pompey was beheaded in front of his spouses and children. When, two days later, Caesar arrived in Egypt, Ptolemy presented him with a severe head of Pompey. And although Pompei was the enemy of Caesar, it enjoyed him and Cleopatra immediately saw the opportunity to use Caesar's anger towards Ptolemy for its own purposes.
When they met, Caesar was struck by the mind and extraordinary beauty of Cleopatra and later helped it become the sole government of Egypt. Ptolemy XIII died, fighting against Caesar and Cleopatra was restored to the throne. She married his second brother Ptolemy XIV, but was actually the sole governer of Egypt.
At 46 BC Caesar invited her to Rome. She stayed at him in Rome, just at the time when he was killed on March 15, 44 G. BC as a result of conspiracy. In April of the same year, Cleopatra returned to Alexandria, where Soon Ptolemy XIV died in mysterious circumstances. After that, she made his little son Caesarion his partner on the throne.
After 37 BC e. She and Anthony jointly opposed Rome, and in 32 BC Rome declared War Cleopatra, considering their union as a threat to the Roman Empire and Octavian.
After the defeat in the marine battle under the excium (31 g. BC), Cleopatra and Anthony tried to establish peace with Octavian, but did not achieve success. Alexandria was commissioned in 30 bd to our era and Anthony, and then Cleopatra commit suicide.
The main stages of personal life:In 48 BC Cleopatra met Julia Caesar, who arrived in Egypt in pursuit of Pompey. She penetrated the Caesar Palace wrapped in a carpet, which was intended as a gift for Caesar. Cleopatra skillfully took advantage of the situation and worked Caesar with his ingenuity, courage and beauty.
Although when meeting with Caesar Cleopatre was only 21, and he was 52 years old, they became lovers and their lovelie continued all the time of stay Caesar in Egypt in the period from 48 to 47 g. BC.
Nine months after their first meeting, at 47g. BC. Cleopatra gave him a child. He was named Ptolem Caesar or Caesarion, which meant "Little Caesar".
In 41 BC e. She agreed to meet Mark Anthony on his ship in Tars in Kilicia. The legend says that Cleopatra dressed as the Roman goddess of Love Venus. She filled his ship by so much rose petals that the Romans felt the fragrance before her ship saw. At dusk O. groming ship from precious wood, under alaymi sail andunder the sounds of tender music, approached the Anthony. When the night came on the ship flashed bright lights.
She fascinated Anthony and subsequently gave birth to him: the boy Alexander Helios ("Sun") and the girl Cleopatru Selenu ("Moon").
Cleopatra hoped to bind Anthony to himself, but in the spring of 40 BC He left Egypt. Anthony returned to Rome and married Oktavian's cousin Oktaviana. They had two daughters. But in 37 BC. He ran back to Cleopatra.
He married her in 36 BC. And she gave birth to him by another son, Philadelph Ptolemy (Philadelphus).
In 31 gto AD. Cleopatra tried to negotiate with Octavian for recognizing her children as Egypt's successors. But since Oktavian demanded the death of Anthony, Cleopatra refused. After the Anthony committed suicide with him, Cleopatra followed his example, committing suicide using the snake bite on August 12, 30 BC. e.
Her son Caesarion, who was declared by Pharaoh, was killed by the orders of Octavian.
Personality. Cleopatra was famous for its beauty, intelligence and character in which the authority and female sexuality combined an unusual way.
Cleopatra was charming, seductive and at the same time smart and educated woman owning 9 languages. She was distinguished by personal courage and magnetism and she had sufficient personal power so that she was afraid of the Romans.
Dion Cassius talked about the attractiveness of Cleopatra: "She was a woman of extraordinary beauty and in the heal of his youth, she struck with her charm. She also possessed the most chastic voice and knowledge about how to please everyone. "
Raisinka: Cleopatra, had Macedonian, Greek and Iranian genes. Cleopatra coins depicted in profile, with wavy hair, close-up, protruding chin and nose with a hubber. In his Pensées, the philosopher Blaze Pascal argued that classically beautiful profile Cleopatra changed the world history: "If the nose of Cleopatra was shorter, all the appearance of the world would change." At the same time, some historians believed that she was not beautiful and had many male traits.

Cleopatra VII philopatorator (Dr.-Greek. Κλεοπάτρα φιλοπάτωρ). Born on November 2, 69 BC. - Died on August 12, 30 BC. The last Queen of Hellenistic Egypt from the Macedonian Dynasty of Ptolemyev (Lagid).

Cleopatra was born on November 2, 69 BC. e. (Officially, 12 Year of the Board of Ptolemy XII), apparently in Alexandria. It is one of the three (famous) daughters of Tsar Ptolemye Xii Alert, perhaps from concubine, because, according to Strabo's observation, this king had only one legitimate daughter of Brenike IV, the Queen in 58-55 to N. e.

About childhood and adolescence, Cleopatra is not known. Undoubtedly, it was a strong impression of the troubles of 58-55, when her father was overthrown and expelled from Egypt, and the queen became his daughter (Cleopatra's sister) Brenike.

Restored on the throne by the forces of the Roman governor of Syria Gabinia, Ptolemy XII throws into a massacre, repression and murders (the victim of whom was Pala, including Brenike).

As a result, it turns into a puppet, which is held in power only thanks to the Roman presence, burdening the country's finance. Father's kingdom troubles presented a lesson to the future queen, which used all the means to get rid of opponents and from all standing on her ways - like, for example, from his younger brother Ptolemy XIV in 44 BC. e. And later from the sister of Arsinoe IV.

Cleopatra VII Egypt rules 21 years in consistently in co-burning with its brothers (They are traditionally formal husbands) Ptolem XIII and Ptolem XIV, then in actual marriage with Roman commander Mark Anthony. He was the last independent ruler of Egypt to Roman conquest and often, although not quite correctly, is considered the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt. Broad-mindedly acquired thanks to a love connection with Julia Caesar and Mark Anthony. From Caesar had a son, from Anthony two sons and daughter.

Sources for Cleopatre - Plutarch, Svetoniy, Appian, Dion Cassius, Joseph Flavius.

For the most part, an ancient historiography is unfavorable. There is an opinion that the outline of Cleopatra was carried out by the winner of Egypt, Octavian and his surroundings, sought by all the forces to blame the queen, presenting it not just dangerous enemy Rome and an evil genius Mark Anthony. An example is the judgment about Cleopatre of the Roman historian IV century. Averaliya Viktor: "She was so debauchery, which was often confused, and possessed such beauty that many men paid their death for possession of it for one night."

Tale of Ptolemy XII, who died in March 51 BC. er, passed the throne of Cleopatre and her younger brother Ptolemy Xiii, who was then about 9 years old, and with which she was combined with a formal marriage, since, according to Ptolemyev's custom, a woman could not reign on his own.

For the throne, she climbed under the official title θέα φιλοπάτωρ (Tea Philopato), that is, the goddess, loving father (from the inscription on the stele from 51 BC. er). The first three years of the reign were not easy due to a 2-year fault, caused by the insufficient spill of the Nile.

With the top of the co-guards, a dragged struggle of the parties began immediately. Cleopatra first the rules alone, removing the young brother, but then the latter took a revenge, leaning on the eunuha Potina (formerly someone like the head of government), the commander of Achilles and his educator of Theodota (Ritor from Chios).

In a document dated October 27, 50 BC. er, the name of Ptolemy appears emphasized in the first place.

In the summer of 48 to n. e. Cleopatra, who fled to Syria and confused the army there, at the head of this troop broke the camp at the Egyptian border, not far from the Pelusi Fortress. There is also located with the army and her brother, blocking her way into the country.

The turning point was the flight of the Roman Senator Pompey to Egypt and his killing with supporters of Ptolemy.

Cleopatra and Caesar

At this point, Rome interferes with the fight.

Pompey, defeated under farcal, in early June 48 BC. e. It appears at the Egyptian coast and asks the Egyptian king about help.

The young Ptolemy XIII, more precisely his advisers, hoping to achieve generous mercies from the winners, give an order for the murder of Roman. It was fulfilled, barely crowded the Egyptian land, in front of his whole environment (July 28, 48). But the king was calculated: Caesar, who in the pursuit of Pompei landed in Egypt, two days later, he was angry with this violence and buried Pompey's head at the walls of Alexandria, where the Sanctuary of Nemesis was erected.

Once in Egypt, Caesar tried to replenish his treasury with the help of debts that Ptolemy XII made Roman banker Rabiria during his hassle of restoring on the throne, and which Caesar now recorded at his own expense.

It writes that Caesar "did not decide" to turn Egypt into the Roman province, "so that some enterprising governor failed to rely on the province with huge resources for new stem."

However, Caesar declared its intention to make an arbiter in the dispute of the kings. Ptolemy XIII and without it was the actual ruler, besides the recognized Pompey. Therefore, Caesar was interested in Cleopatra, which could become a puppet obligated by him.

Soon upon arrival, he calls Cleopatra to himself in Alexandria. Peel into the capital, guarded by Ptolemy people, was a difficult affair - Cleopatre helped to make this fan, Sicilian Apollodor, who secretly led to the queen in a fishing boat, and then hesitated in Caesar's relatives, hiding in a large bag for bed (and not in the carpet, as This is embarrassed in films, see Cleopatra Carpet). From this fact, we can conclude about the fragile build of the queen. Throwing to the legs of the Roman dictator, Cleopatra began to bitterly complain about his oppressants, demanding the Potina execution.

52-year-old Caesar was captive by the young queen, especially since the return to the testament Ptolemy XII corresponded to his own political interests. When the next morning, Caesar stated the 13-year-old king about this - he ran out of the palace in a rage and, having sinking with himself to the diadem, began to shout the native to the people that he was betrayed. The crowd was indignant, but Caesar at that moment managed to calm her, reading the testament of the king.

However, the situation for Caesar complicated. The detachment accompanied him, he had only 7 thousand soldiers; In Africa, supporters of the murdered Pompey gathered, and these circumstances were opened in the party Ptolemy hope to get rid of Caesar.

Potin and Achilla called the troops to Alexandria. The penalty of Potina Caesar could no longer stop the uprising. The troops, supported by citizens, outraged extortion and the leader of the Romans, received the leader when Ptolemy Xiii and his sister Arsinoe were fled. As a result, Caesar in September 48 BC. e. It turned out to be besieged and cut off from reinforcements in the royal quarter of Alexandria. Saving Caesar and Cleopatra only the approach of reinforcements led by Mithridate Pergammy.

The rebels were divided on January 15 47 to N. e. In the Mareti lake, when flight, the king Ptolemy drowned in Nile. Arsinoe was captured and was then carried out in the triumph of Caesar.

This followed by Joint Travel Caesar and Cleopatra on the Nile on 400 ships, accompanied by noisy festivals. Cleopatra, formally combined with another XIV Ptolem, actually became the undisputed government of Egypt under the Roman protectorate, the guarantee of which were left in Egypt three legions. Shortly after the departure of Caesar cleopatra born the Son on June 23, 47, which was called Ptolem Caesar, but who entered the story under him by Alexandrians nickname Caesarion. Claimed that he was very similar to Caesar and face and posture.

Caesar fought with the king of Ponta Farnak, then with the latest supporters of Pompey in Africa; Immediately at the end of the war, he calls Cleopatra to Rome with his brother (summer 46 to n. er), formally - for the conclusion of the Union between Rome and Egypt. Cleopatra was highlighted by Villa Caesar in his gardens on the shores of the Tiber, where she took noble Romans, hurrying to witness their reference to the favorite. In the Republicans, this caused extreme irritation and became one of the reasons that accelerated the death of Caesar.

Even a rumor (transmitted by light and an indicative for general mood) that Caesar is going to take Cleopatra his second wife and transfer the capital to Alexandria. Caesar himself ordered to place the gold-plated statue of Cleopatra at the Altar Venus of the Prattel (Venus as the mythical ancestor of the genus Yuliyev, to which he belonged). Nevertheless, Caesar's official testament did not contain any references to Caesarion, which he thus did not decide to recognize his son.

Sovereign board of Cleopatra

Caesar was killed as a result of a conspiracy on March 15, 44 BC. e. A month later, in mid-April, Cleopatra left Rome and arrived in Alexandria in July.

Soon after, a 14-year-old Ptolemy XIV died. According to Joseph Flavia, he was poisoned by his sister: the birth of the son gave the Cleopatre of the formal co-guide. In this situation, an adult brother was completely overheated.

In 43 BC e. Hunger hit Egypt and two years in a row did not spill the Nile. The queen was concerned primarily with the supply of his capital, prone to Bunta. Three Roman Legion, left by the late Caesar, were inexped up to their conclusion.

The war between Caesar's killers, Cassie and Bruta on the one hand, and on the other hand, his heirs, Anthony and Octavian, demanded from Tsaritsa Vidiality.

The East was in the hands of the killers of Caesar: Bruut controlled Greece and Malaya Asia, and Cassius settled in Syria. The governor of Cleopatra in Cyprus, Serapion, helped Cassia with money and the fleet with the undoubted consent of the queen, whatever feelings she emitted to the killers of their Roman patron. She later officially renounced seranger actions. On the other side of Cleopatra, the fleet was supposedly equipped, as she then assured to help Caesarians.

In 42 BC e. Republicans were defeated under Philippi. The situation for Cleopatra immediately changed.

Cleopatra and Mark Anthony

Cleopatre was 28 years old when she was in 41 to n. e. I got acquainted with the 40-year-old Roman commander. It is known that Anthony as the head of the cane participated in the restoration of Ptolemy XII on the throne in 55, but it is unlikely that they meet at that time, although the Appian leads the rumor, as if Anthony became interested in a 14-year-old Cleopater at that time. They could get acquainted during the stay of the queen in Rome, however, before the meeting in 41, they apparently knew each other badly.

In the division of the Roman world, produced after the defeat of the Republicans, the East got an anthony. Anthony decides to implement the Caesar project - a big campaign against Parfyan. Preparing for a campaign, he sends the officer of Quinta Delia in Alexandria to demand Cleopatra to his kilicia. He was going to blame her to help Caesar's killers, apparently, hoping under this pretext to receive as much money as possible for a hike.

Cleopatra, to find out through Delliya about the nature of Anthony and above all about his pleasures, vanity and love for external shine, arrives on a vessel with murcled feed, purple sails and silver paddles; She herself squeezed in Aphrodite's outfit, on both sides of her stood boys in the form of Erotov, and managed the servant ship in the nymph's robes.

The ship was moving along the Kidn River under the sounds of Flute and Kyfar, shrouded in the smoke of incense. Then she invites Anthony to himself for a luxurious feast. Anthony was completely fascinated. Zaparina's harvested accusations were easily rejected, stating that the seradon acted without her knowledge, and she herself equipment fleet to help Caesarians, but this fleet, unfortunately, was detained with opposite winds. As the first manifestation of courtesy to Cleopatre Anthony, at her request, ordered to immediately execute her sister Arsino, who was looking for refuge in the Temple of Aphrodites in Ephesus.

Thus began a novel, laughing ten years old, one of the most famous in history - even though we cannot judge, what was the share of political calculation in relations with Anthony, who was needed by Cleopatra to implement its plans. For their part, Anthony only with the help of Egyptian money could contain his huge army.

Anthony, leaving the army, followed Cleopatre in Alexandria, where he spent 41-40 GG. BC e., indulging brewing and entertainment. For his part of Cleopatra tried to tie it as hard as possible.

Plutarch says: "With him she played in the dice, he drank together, was hunted together, was among the audience when he practiced a weapon, and at night, when he, in a slave dress, wandered and halled around the city, stopping at the door and The windows of the houses and showering the usual members of the hosts - the people of a simple titat, Cleopatra and here was next to Anthony, dressed in front of becoming. "

One day, Anthony, wondering to hit Cleopatra with his abilities of the fisherman, sent divers who constantly hit him on the hook a new "catch". Cleopatra, quickly unraveling this trick, for his part, sent a diver, who asked Anthony's dried fish.

As long as they have fun in this way, Parfyansky Tsarevich Parcor moved to the offensive, as a result of which Rome lost Syria and the south of Malaya Asia with Kilicia. Antagon Mattafius, hostile to the Romans Prince from the Hasmonaev dynasty (Maccaveyev), was approved by Parfyans on the Jerusalem Prerest. Mark Anthony held a short counteroffensive from Tira, but then was forced to return to Rome, where after a collision between his wife Fulvia and Oktavian's supporters, a peaceful agreement was concluded in the brunch. The collisions were caused by the fault of Fulvia, which, according to Plutarch, hoped to tear Anthony from Cleopatra.

At this time, Fulvia died, and Anthony was combined with a marriage with Oktavian's sister, Octavia. At the same time, in 40 BC. e. Cleopatra in Alexandria gave birth from Anthony twins: the boy Alexander Helios ("Sun") and the girl Cleopatru Selenu ("Moon").

Throughout 3 years before the autumn of 37 BC. e. There are no information about the queen. When Returning Anthony from Italy, lovers are found in Antioch in the fall of 37 years, and from that moment on, a new stage begins in their politics and their love. Leva Anthony Festiy expelled Parfian.

Anthony replaces Parfyanskiy's own vassals or direct Roman control. Thus, the famous Herod when he support becomes king of Judea. Something similar happens in Galatia, Ponte and Cappadocia. Cleopatra from all this is directly benefited, as its rights to Cyprus are confirmed, which she actually owned, as well as on the cities of the Syrian and Kilija coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the Kingdom of Chalkidik in the current Lebanon.

In this way, Cleopatra managed to partially restore the default of the first Ptolemyev.

Cleopatra commanded countdown from this moment a new era of his reign in the documents. She herself adopted the official title θεα νεωτερα φιλοπατωρα φιλοπρις (Fea of \u200b\u200bNedores Phylopatris Philopatris), that is, "younger goddess, loving father and fatherland." The title was designed for the attached Syrians, who already had the queen (senior goddess) of Ptolemeevsky blood Cleopatru Fea in the second century BC. er, the title also pointed out, according to historians, Cleopatra's Macedonian roots, which was a weighty argument for the Greco-Macedonian ruling class of Syria.

Children Cleopatra and Mark Anthony

In 37-36 years BC. e. Anthony began a campaign against Parfyan, which turned the catastrophe, mainly due to the harsh winter in the mountains of Armenia and Mussels. Anthony himself barely escaped death.

Cleopatra remained in Alexandria, where in September 36 to n. e. The third child gave birth to Anthony - Philadelph Ptolemy. In Rome, they began to consider the Union of Anthony and Cleopatra as a threat to the empire and personally octavian. In early spring, 35 years old sent his sister Okthavia, the legitimate wife of Anthony and the mother of his two daughters - Antonia of the senior (the future grandmother of the emperor Nero) and Anthony of the youngest (the future mother of Germany and Emperor Claudia), - so that she joins her husband.

However, she barely reached Athens, Anthony ordered her to immediately return back. This happened with the participation of Cleopatra, which threatened the anthony of suicide if he adopters his wife.

Anthony wanted to take revenge for defeat in the war with Parfians: in 35 BC. e. He seized the Tsar Armenia Artavazd II, concluded an alliance with other artavad, the king of mussels atropatene and guided triumph, but not in Rome, but in Alexandria with the participation of Cleopatra and their common children.

A little later, Caesarion received the title of Tsar Kings. Alexander Helios was proclaimed by the king of Armenia and land for Euphrates, Ptolemy Philadelph received (nominally, since he was about 2 years old) - Syria and Malaya Asia, and, finally, Cleopatra Selena II - Kerenaica.

Not all of the complained territories were under real control of Anthony. Joseph Flavius \u200b\u200bargues that Cleopatra also demanded a Judea from Anthony, but received a refusal.

The news of the land distribution caused the strongest perturbation in Rome, Anthony clearly broke with all Roman traditions and began to play an Hellenistic monarch from himself.

Battle at stock

Anthony still enjoyed considerable popularity in the Senate and Army, but by its antiforms in the East Hellenistic spirit, who challenged the Roman standards and traditional ideas, he himself gave octavian weapons against himself.

By 32 BC e. It came to the Civil War. At the same time, Octavian proclaimed her war of the "Roman people against the Egyptian Queen." Egyptian, which enslaved the Roman commander with his charms, depicted the focus of the entire Eastern, Hellenistic-Tsarsky, Alien Rome and Roman Virtues.

From the side of Anthony and Cleopatra for the war, a fleet of 500 ships was prepared, of which 200 Egyptian. Anthony led the war was sluggish, indulging in conjunction with Cleopter feasts and festivities in all passing Greek cities and providing octavian time to organize the army and fleet.

While Anthony, he tightened the troops to the west coast of Greece, going to cross in Italy, Octavian himself rapidly crossed the epirus and imposed an Anthony of the War in his territory.

The stay of Cleopatra in the camp Anthony, its constant intrigues against everyone, in whom she saw her ill-wishers, served the Anthony of the bad service, prompting many of his supporters to run to the enemy. The story of an ardent adherent Anthony of Kwint Delulia, who was still forced to run to Octavian, because he was warned that Cleopatra is going to poison him for a joke, which she found offensive.

The faders inquired Octavian about the content of Anthony's testa, it was immediately seized from the temple of Vesta and published. Anthony officially recognized Cleopatra to his wife, her sons - his legitimate children, and bequeathed to bury himself not in Rome, but in Alexandria next to Cleopatra. Anthony's testa is completely discredited.

Octavian, who was not a major military leader, found a Vipsania brand in the face of a competent commander, who successfully led war. Agrippa managed to drive the fleet of Anthony and Cleopatra in the Ambrian Bay and blocked it. Their troops began to feel the lack of food.

Cleopatra insisted on a sea breakthrough. At the military council, this opinion took the top.

The result was the maritime battle under the excium of September 2, 31 years BC. e. When Cleopatra was afraid that the victory elude, she decided to flee with her fleet, trying to save something else. Anthony fled after her. His crushed fleet surrendered to Octavian, and after that surrendered without a fight and a demoralized land army.

Death Cleopatra and Mark Anthony

Anthony returned to Egypt and did not undertake anything to continue to fight Octavian. However, he did not have any real resources for this. He was squatting his strength in the boots and luxurious festivals, and announced with Cleopter about the creation of the "Summary Union", whose members swore to die together. This union had to join their approximated. Cleopatra felt on the prisoners of the poisons, trying to find out which poison brings a faster and painless death.

Cleopatra was concerned about the salvation of Caesarion. She sent him to India, but he then returned back to Egypt. She herself one time thought about the flight plan to India, but when attempting to transport the trial through the Suez shelter, they burned the Arabs. From these plans had to refuse.

In the spring of 30 to n. e. Octavian moved to Egypt. Cleopatra tried to protect himself from treason with cruel measures: when the commandant Pelujus Seleevk passed the fortress, she executed his wife and children. By the end of July, Oktavian's troops appeared under Alexandria itself. The last parts remaining with Anthony, one after another moved to the side of the winner.

August 1, everything was over. Cleopatra with trusted maids Iraja and Kharmion locked in the building of his own tomb. Anthony passed a false news of her suicide. Anthony rushed to his sword. Soon his dying, the women were drawn to the tomb, and he died in his hands in his sobbatra sobbing him.

Cleopatra herself, closing the dagger in his hand, demonstrated a readiness for death, but he joined the negotiations with the messenger of Octavian, allowed him to penetrate the building of the tomb and disarmed it. Apparently, Cleopatra still kept the weak hope to seduce Octaviana or at least agree with him, and to keep the kingdom. Octavian showed less advocacy to female charm than Caesar and Anthony, and the women's spells for thirty and the mother of four children maybe somewhat weakened.

The last days of Cleopatra are described in detail by Plutarch for the memories of Olympus, her doctor. Octavian dose Cleopatra to bury the beloved; Her own destiny remained unclear. She affected the patient and gave me to understand that he would definite himself with hunger - but the threats of Octavian to deal with the children forced her to take treatment.

Few days later Caesar (Octavian) and himself visited Cleopatra to console it. She lay on bed, depressed and depressed, and when Caesar appeared in the doorway, jumped up in one Hiton and rushed to his feet. Her long, not fallen hair hung with shreds, the face was wild, the voice trembled, her eyes were extinct.

Octavian robbed Cleopatra encouraging words and retired.

Soon the Roman officer of Cornelius Dolibella, a Roman officer of Cornelius Dolopatru, told her that after three days she would be sent to Rome for Triumph Octavian. Cleopatra ordered to transfer the letter in advance and locked with the maids. Octavian received a letter in which he found complaints and a request to bury her together with Anthony, and immediately sent people. The messengers found Cleopatra dead, in the royal dress, on the golden bed. Since the peasant with the pot of Frox was held before Cleopatre, who did not arouse suspicion of the guard, it was decided that a snake was carried in Cleopatra.

They claimed that two light bite were slightly visible on the hand of Cleopatra. The snake itself in the room was not found, as if she immediately entered the palace.

According to another version, Cleopatra kept the poison in the hollow head stile. This version is supported by the fact that both servants Cleopatra died with her. Doubtful for one snake killing immediately three people. According to Dion Kassius, Octavian tried to revive Cleopatra with the help of psyche, an exotic tribe, who was able to suck the poison harmlessly for himself.

Cleopatra's death on August 12, 30 years 30 deprived Oktavian shiny prisoners on his triumph in Rome. In the triumphant procession, only her sculpture was taken.

The receiving son of Caesar Octavian executed Caesar's native son from Cleopatra Ptolemy XV Caesarion in the same year. Children from Anthony went in chains on the triumph parade, then brought up Oktaviana Oktavia's sisters, Anthony's wife, "in memory of her husband."

Subsequently, the daughter of Cleopatra Cleopatru Selenu II was married to the Mauritan Tsar Yuba II, thanks to which Bust Cleopatra from Shershell appeared.

The fate of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelph remained unknown. It is assumed that they died early.

Egypt became one of the Roman provinces.

Exterior Cleopatra

The authentic appearance of Cleopatra is not easy to see due to the surrounding romantic flora and numerous moviestin; But it is no doubt that she had enough courageous and hard to disturb the Romans.

There are no reliable images that exactly without idealization would give her physical appearance.

Damaged bust from Shershell in Algeria (the Antique City of Caesare Mauritanan), created after the death of Cleopatra on the occasion of Cleopatra Selena II, her daughters from Mark Anthony, with the king of Maureti, II, transfers the exterior of Cleopatra in her last years. Although sometimes this bust is attributed to Cleopatra Selena II, Cleopatra VII daughter.

Cleopatre VII is attributed to Hellenistic busts depicting young attractive women with typical Greek people, but those who have made a bust are definitely identified.

It is believed that busts depicting Cleopatra VII are stored in the Berlin Museum and the Vatican Museum, but the classic appearance makes it suspect an image idealization.

The profiles on the coins show a woman with wavy hair, close-up, protruding chin and nose with a hubble (hereditary features of Ptolemyev).

On the other hand, it is known that Cleopatra was distinguished by a powerful charm, an attractiveness, perfectly used it for the seduction and, in addition, had a chant voice and brilliant, sharp mind. As written by the portraits of Cleopatra: "For the beauty of this woman was not that he called incomparably and amazes at first sight, but his appeal was distinguished by irresistible charm, and therefore her appearance, combined with rarely persuasive speeches, with a huge charm, which came to each Word, in every movement, looked into the soul. The sounds of her votes were caressed and pleased the rumor, and the language was exactly a multi-line tool, easily tuned to any way, - on any adverb. "

While the Greeks usually neglected the upbringing of daughters, even in royal families, Cleopatra clearly had a good education, which, imposing on its natural mind, gave excellent results.

Cleopatra became a real queen-polyglot, owning, in addition to the native Greek language, Egyptian (the first of his dynasty has made efforts to master them, maybe only with the exception of Ptolemy VIII of Fiscone), Aramaic, Ethiopian, Persian, Hebrew and the Language of Berberov (People who lived in southern Libya).

Her linguistic abilities did not go and Latin, although enlightened by Romans, such as Caesar, were perfectly owned by Greek.

The name of Cleopatra - Symbols, Hieroglyphic Writing, Transliteration

Cleopatra in movies:

♦ Cleopatra (CléoPâtre, France, 1899) - a mute black and white film, director Georges Meles, as Cleopatra Jeanne D'Essi;
♦ Cleopatra (Cléoopâtre, France, 1910) - a dumb black and white film, delivered by the play of William Shakespeare "Anthony and Cleopatra", Directors: Henry Andreani and Ferdinand Zekka, in the role of Cleopatra Madeleine Roche;
♦ Cleopatra (Cleopatra, USA, 1912) - a dumb black and white film, director Charles L. Gaskill, in the role of Cleopatra Helen Gardner;
♦ Cleopatra (Cleopatra, USA, 1917) - a dumb black and white film, directed by J. Gordon Edwards, as Cleopatra Ted Bar, the film is considered lost;
♦ Cleopatra (film, 1934) - Nominee for Oscar, as Klodett Colbers;
♦ Caesar and Cleopatra (film, 1945) - in the role;
♦ Anthony and Cleopatra (film, 1951) - in the role of Powlin Letras;
♦ two nights with Cleopter (film) (1953) - in the role;
♦ Cleopatra (film, 1963) - Nominee on Oscar, in the role of Cleopatra Elizabeth Taylor;
♦ I, Cleopatra and Anthony (film) (1966) - as Staras Paravas;
♦ Legions Cleopatra (1959) - as Linda Crystal;
♦ Asterix and Cleopatra (cartoon, 1968) - Cleopatra Mishlin Dax;
♦ Anthony and Cleopatra (film, 1974) - as Janet Sazman;
♦ Caesar and Cleopatra (1979) - in the role;
♦ Mad nights Cleopatra (film) (1996) - in the role of Marchell Petrelli;
♦ Cleopatra (film, 1999) - in the role of Leonor Varela;
♦ Asterix and Obelix: Cleopatra Mission (film, 2002) - the role of Cleopatra performed;
♦ Julius Caesar (film, 2002) - the role of Cleopatra performed Samuel Sardo;
♦ Roman Empire. August (film) (2003) - as Anna Valle;
♦ Rome (2005-2007) - HBO / BBC television drama, as Cleopatra Lindsay Marshal

Cleopatra in art:

Poem "Cleopatra" (Pushkin, Bruce, Block, Akhmatova);
Alexander Pushkin "Egyptian Nights";
William Shakespeare "Anthony and Cleopatra";
Bernard show "Caesar and Cleopatra";
Georg Ebers "Cleopatra";
Henry Ryder Haggard "Cleopatra";
Margaret George "Cleopatra Diaries" (1997);
Davtyan Larisa. "Cleopatra" (poetic cycle);
A. Vladimirov "Cleopatra rule" (musical drama);
Maria Hadley. "Queen Tsaritsa";
N. Pavlischev. "Cleopatra";
Theophile Gautier "Night, Dated Cleopater"