Group of students 3B class

The project is a modern and effective form of study that allows you to form a complex of universal training actions necessary not only to modern schoolboy, but also an adult person. The educational and research project is what we do within the framework of the course "I - Researcher" from the 1st Class. Before you, the TZ of such projects.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Average comprehensive school №24 "

municipality "Mirninsky District"

Sakha Republic (Yakutia)

Competition of school research projects "Step to the Future"

Educational project

Working group : Ryabukhin A., Rudenko K.,

Karpenko T., Boldokhonova K.,

Gobheeva M., Cherepukha A.,

Kulaichuk T., Lapina A.

Semenov D., Musina P.

Rapporteur: Ryabukhin A.

Leader: Garbavaya E.Yu.

I. Introduction

Why did we choose this topic? It seems that new can be told about the role of plants in the life of our planet? We only finished learning the topic of the world "this amazing nature" and it became interesting for us how much we still do not know about plants and what they know about their meaning in the life of the guys 3x and 4th grades of our school. And also, we decided to check how knowledge about the role of plants in the life of a person and his attitude towards them.

Problem: every year, elementary school students break the branches and shrubs in the school yard.

Hypothesis: If the elementary school students really knew and understood the role and importance of plants in the lives of people, they would have treated plants in a school yard differently.

Objective of the project : search for methods for the development of the responsible and careful relationship of younger schoolchildren to nature; Formation of ideas about conducting scientific research.

Project tasks:

1. Send the research methods (survey, processing and analysis of the data obtained).

2. Learn to build diagrams.

3. Learn to collect information on the topic and make it up.

4. Prepare information for a conversation with students of primary classes.

Stages of work on the project:

1. Preparatory (choose the topic; determining the purpose and objectives; survey)

2. Analytical (Processing of the survey results; constructing diagrams; conclusions)

3. Information (Collection of information on the significance and role of plants in a person's life)

4. Final (Registration of research materials; presentations).

II. Study

How often do we think about how richness did Nature gave us? Each of us uses this wealth without thinking.

Its research was decided to start with a survey of students in 3-4x classes. Our research team was divided into two people and interviewed the guys in the classes. We only asked one question: "Why a man of plants." The answer was asked to write.

The question assumed that in his answers the guys would remember not only that we breathe air, but also about the fact that they produce, and what role they play in general on the planet, because everything in the world is connected.

After conducting a survey, we have processed and summarized similar answers, listed the results in the table:

As can be seen from the table, most of all the answers refers to "breathing" (114 replies). That is, the fact that plants are a source of oxygen necessary for breathing, everyone understands well.

The second most popular answer is "for beauty" (56 replies). We remember some that we use plants in food (33 answers) and for therapeutic purposes (27 replies).

Family remembered that the plants get paper, fabric and make furniture (only 11 replies to three positions).

After all, 7 students remembered that plants are a source of food and housing for animals, and 6 is that plants provide environmental equilibrium. But it is very small, in our opinion.

According to the results of the study, we were diagrams, dividing the results of survey of students in 3x and 4th grades.

As follows from the diagram, out of 10 points of possible use of plants that have remembered the guys in their answers, students 3A, 3B and 4B classes called 5 ways; 4a - 7; 4B - 8; 3B - 10. In our class, all the methods were mentioned due to the fact that part of classmates participated in research work.

conclusions

1. We do not live in places with a tropical climate, the vegetation world of the tundra is poor and very vulnerable, and therefore needs special care. There are few plants here, and they grow very slowly.

2. Understanding that the plants provide us with fresh air, we do not understand that if we do not take care of them, we can remain without air.

3. By installing the ability of plants to decorate our life, do not care that our school courtyard was beautiful.

4. Judging by the answers, we actually imagine that the presence of rich and diverse vegetation on the planet provides environmental equilibrium on the planet.

The results obtained confirm our hypothesis that the guys, despite the fact that in the lessons of the surrounding world from the first class, we are talking about the importance of nature conservation, we make reports of rare and disappeared plants and animals, this knowledge does not touch us and is not used by us in relation to The world around the world. And, therefore, there is a need to return to this topic again, find out where plants are used, assess their importance and indispensability, study the history of their protection.

III. Review of sources of information on the use of plants

The man has long been used by a significant number of wild plants. They are:

Delivered him firewood for fires;

Served as material for the construction of dwellings and animal pens;

From plants, man made a fishing tackle and guns for hunting;

Built boats and rafts, film mat and baskets,

Prepared various household and ritual ornaments;

Fed by plants of animals and birds,

Digged roots and harvested fruit for food and medicine,

The man was hidden in forests from bad weather, hid from enemies and predatory animals.

In a word, the whole life of a primitive man was associated with plants. And the more diverse the world of plants surrounded by man was, the wider he used herbal wealth for his needs.

Subsequently, when a person began to grow some of his dwellings some of the plants useful to him, that is, he began to engage in agriculture, he laid the foundations of crop production, although he continued to use the gifts of wildlife.

Currently, humanity continues to use plants wide for their needs. At the same time, natural vegetation cover gradually changes. Forest area decreases, unplaced spaces increase, and some plants disappear and are not restored, sometime widespread on Earth. Although this process of destruction of the initial natural vegetation gradually progresses, however, many plant species remain, continuing to maintain a lot of economic importance for people's lives.

On the globe grows about 300-500 thousand higher plants and many lowest. From this number in crop practice, a person uses over 2500 species of higher plants. However, as noted by N. I. Vavilov, only about 1000 species occupies 99% of the entire processed territory.

In addition to cultural plants, a person uses a lot of wild, mainly woody, plants, as well as a variety of perennial herbaceous species. A significant number of wild plants found in forests or inhabitants on flamespaces (in tundra, meadows, steppes, prairies, savannas), man applies for other purposes. He uses juicy fruits and nuts for food products, mined essential oils And a variety of fragrant substances, gets a rough and thin fiber of leaves and stems, produces a range for rubber production, gum and resins, collects raw materials serving for various medicinal substances.

The richest useful plants of the country with a tropical climate. The least grows them from the extreme limits of continents adjacent to the poles of the Earth: there are only 400-450 species.

The entire floral cover of our planet can be divided into areas covered with forests, and flavored spaces. Forests on the globe, occupying over 4000 million hectares and focused mainly in the northern hemisphere, possess the greatest number useful plants.

A significant number of types of plants used by the person lives in dry (flavored) territories: in steppes and prairies, savannahs and semi-deserts, as well as in thickets of various shrubs. Blendous spaces are also peculiar to the Arctic tundra and highlands. And there are various types of healthy plants located practical use In human life.

Depending on how wild beneficial plants are used, they can be divided into the following main groups:

1) Plants, giving wood (firewood, lumber, fasteners, pillars, sleepers, piles, plywood, wood chips etc.);

2) plants serving to obtain a variety of substances used in different industries industry and medicine;

3) plants used to obtain fresh and canned foods;

4) plants giving fresh and recycled green mass used on animal feed;

5) plants consumed for decorative and vocabulary, as well as to create protective coatings soil;

6) Plants that are comprehensive use depending on the properties and features inherent in them.

Different plants are used either entirely, or parts: tree trunks and shrubs and their bark, roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, stems and leaves, flowers and inflorescences, fruits and seeds, galls on the leaves and springs on the trunks (kapa), pollen and Disputes, juice and various discharges (spots of resins, gum, etc.). All areas of application of plants are listed very difficult, however, we can talk about the plants of medicinal and technical, food and feed, rubber and hummous, mucusing and gone, oily-free and ether solid, tanning and dubber, fibrous and wicker, and so on.

Many areas of plant use over time and in connection with the development of equipment and industry gradually change or lose their meaning. For example, due to the receipt of many cheaper synthetic materials (artificial rubber, synthetic resins, artificial fiber, etc.), part of the beneficial plants either ceased to wonder the person or received a new application.

Plants are the main source of pet feed, fibers, rubber, guttapers, corks. A person gets bread from cultivated plants, sugar, fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, wine, as well as milk, oil, cheese, eggs, honey, for animal products are the result of plants processing. Furniture, clothing, books, writing paper are made of vegetable materials. Based on the study of the properties of dwarf and monocotyledonic plants, humanity is committed. It is difficult to imagine a high level of human material security if he had to be content only coniferous trees, ferns, horses and mshami. Even domestic cattle does not eat these plants.

Nature as it were in advance "prepared" a person an extensive arena for his work and development: he found around a variety of useful plants. In labor, a person had to exercise a great mission of knowledge, domestication and improving plants. Gathering preceded the domestication of plants and animals. Food primitive man mined hunting, fishing, fruit collection, seeds, roots, tubers, wildlife bulbs.

The fields of application of plants can be represented as the following scheme:

IV. Protection of plants

Plants give a lot to a person, and what can a man give plants?

It has long been using the plants and animals for its necessary, a person gradually began to notice that there were in the past dense forests, they began to rare that the herds of wild fishing animals decreased, and some beasts completely disappeared. The man also noticed that the full-flow rivers and sources began to chain, and the fish comes from the network more and less. Birds left the usual nesting, and their flocks were kept. The network of ravines and beams increased markedly, and the destructive black storms and Sukhov became frequent guests. Bulk sands approached the villages and poured their outskirts, often with the fields. Soil fertility decreased, and weeds appeared on the fields, oppressing crops and reduced the harvest of cultivated plants.

Particularly strong changes occurred around the cities and arising industrial centers. The air here became smoky and heavy from factory and factory pipes. Near the mines arose high groundcons and dumps of an empty rock, as well as extensive dumps of various garbage and waste. Water in rivers and lakes polluted and became unsuitable for drinking. In place of once former meadows, swamps and bumps appeared.

On the past distribution of forests, only memory in the names of many villages, villages and individual tract are preserved. So, in the territory of the European part of Russia, it is often possible to meet many borks and borsoes, dozes and birchings, lipovok and stickies, where pine bors, dubbivs and birchings were noisy, and there was also a linden. For example, under St. Petersburg there is Pine Polyana and Park "Sosnovka", but there are no pines for a long time, but they were replaced by the thickets of alder or, in best case, birch. The Tamember there is an aminous grove, but without aspen. A long time has disappeared a birch island, where multi-storey houses come out.

The same can be said about the animal world. There are lakes of the Swanazhi and goose, but the swans and geese arrive everywhere. There are lakes of Shuchy and Okuneye, but they have long been not catching a pike, neither perch. Under Moscow, the Losina Island and the Losinoostrovskaya station has been preserved, but Losi come across here not so often, as it was still in the memory of Muscovites.

And how many places with the names of the ravines and the arms! Recall, for example, the Sivans enemy in Moscow or other enemy to the southwest of it. There are many places with the names of dry Dol, Sukhodol, dry log, dry ferrod, dry or dead beam. Not enough there are villages, which are called empty, then with nobles or shares. Separate places are preserved with eloquent names of Gary and Fairyrs, fell and finanches, as well as hemps and penets.

In all these names, the people have long noted the appearance of ravines, the disappearance of water, forest cutting, empty and unsuitable lands and fires. All of them indicate how unceremonious people treated nature, to Earth and vegetation.

Similar nature changes occurred everywhere in many countries of the world. In tropical countries, instead of the former rich and peculiar forests, their place was taken by monotonous bamboo thickets. Many types of plants, previously widespread, were predatoryly cut down and disappeared at all. There were extensive savannahs, overgrown with stiff and barbed grass, where even the thick-skinned buffaloes can not always penetrate. Forest edges have become impassable jungle from the set of Lian and thickets of shrubs. The hills and slopes of the mountains were covered with a dense network of the cross-trail due to the non-harmonious grazing of domestic animals.

Over the past millennia on the globe, 2/3 of all forests were cut down and burned. Over the historical time, over 500 million hectares turned into the desert. Over the past century, 540 million hectares were cut in America. Madagascar's forests disappeared on 9/10 of its territory. Once the extensive forests of the Cuba Island occupy now barely 8% of its lands. The famous naturalist Alexander Humboldt has long said: "The forest is preceded by the forest," he is accompanied by the desert. " People, spoke F. Engels, "did not dream that they laid the beginning of the launch of countries, having deprived them ... Centers of cluster and saving moisture."

Ostly alarm causes all accelerating rates of disappearance of many types of flora and fauna. For far from full data, in the last four centuries, humanity has lost 130 species of animals, i.e., on average, one view for three years. According to the International Union of Nature Protection and Natural Resources, there are 550 species of rare mammals and birds on the verge of extinction, and under the threat of extermination - up to 1000 species of animals.

The more often a person began with such a deceasement of the Earth, the deeper he began to know the laws of nature, the more clearly understood the danger of its further adverse changes.

Initially, people were semi-visually protected from their neighbors treated areas and individual plants. After they began to think about some kind of patronage of nature as a source of food, and therefore life. There were rules governing the use of the wealth of nature. The ancient Egyptians, for example, believed that a person should not exterminate animals on their pastures and drive them with "God's" lands. These actions were considered "sinful" and this was recorded in the "Book of the Dead", where the spells of the deceased souls who appeared to the court of Osiris are collected.

In the famous Code of the Babylonian king Hammurapi, who lived in the 17th centuries to N. er, rules for the protection of forests and the use of them were established, and for the illegal ringer of the tree in someone else's garden, it was assumed to charge a certain and not small fee.

In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, the power feudalists interested in the preservation of Dići issued prohibitions for the use of hunting grounds. Violations were punished with severe, up to the use of the death penalty. For the royal and royal hunts, forbidden and protected lands appeared, specially guarded.

In Russia, the routine of hunting, for example, appeared during Yaroslav wise, and it was recorded in the first written document - "Russian truth".

The peculiar forms of protection of natural wealth have developed in the Vladimir-Volyn Principality (XIII century). At a certain territory, the hunt for all animals is prohibited here. It was the first reserve - Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

During the flourishing period of the Lithuanian state, special vaults of laws were created, which played a positive role in nature conservation. The statute was taken under the protection of swans, beavers, foxes and other animals. For theft, murder or ruin of swan nests, a significant penalty was charged.

The preservation of forests contributed a lot to the intercourse, or dumb forests, which were created in the southern border of the forest part of the Russian state. These intercourse were created to protect against nomads who made raids on Russia.

In diest forests it was forbidden to chop trees for economic purposes under the fear of severe punishment and even death. The main intercourse - Tula - were arranged with Ivan Grozny, and they already corrected with Mikhail Fedorovich. By the end of the XVII century. In connection with the promotion of the defensive line of the Russian state to the south, they came into disrepair, but they were up to the beginning of the XIX century. They were protected as protected state forests. Tula interpretations have been preserved and today, and Kozel, Orlovskiy, Ryazan and Kazan are not preserved.

In the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), many decrees were published on the hunt, its timing, prohibited zones, as well as violations of established rules, duties and punishments. Decree (1649) "On the savings of the protected forest in the Ryazan district" concerned not only hunting, but also the protection of the forest area.

If in the Dopererovskaya time, the forest was reduced to obtain land under arable land, then under Petr I began to be carefully protected for shipbuilding. In 1701, Peter I announced a decree "On the unclean under the arable land of the forests on rivers, according to which forests are chased to Moscow, and to clean them in 30 versts above." Two years later, Oak, Ilm, Elm, ash, Karagach and larch, as well as pine tops (in diameter) were opposed. Chopping the forests with these breeds is strictly forbidden in a lane by 50 miles from large rivers and 20 miles from small. For violation of the decree, up to 10 rubles per tree were charged.

To prohibit cutting forest Peter I returned repeatedly. He issued a number of decrees with a ban burning forests, graze goats in them and pigs, to do tes (to reduce wood waste), and so-called " knowledgeable people"Tsar sent to inspect oak forests on the Volga. He forbade hacking forests of Novgorod, Starozor, Lutsk and Toropetsky counties.

In St. Petersburg, at the Admiralty College, the Waldmakership Office was established, the duties of which was observed for forests on the Volga, Sura, Kame, Oka, Dnieper, Western Dvin, Don, Ladoga Lake and Ilmen. For non-compliance with the rules of security, it was possible to finish the rods, and the violators to punish, pulling out the nostrils and reflected on the cautious.

Peter I thought not only about the protection of forests, but also on their plantings. He planted a lot of trees personally, and for his cooked spikes forest in the Voronezh region was planted. The Forest "Anger" Fawel was planted near St. Petersburg Lindulovskaya Ship Grove (about s. Linddule), which until now attracts the attention of visitors with huge trees of larch, carefully numbered and guarded by this time.

Peter I was interested not only by forests, but also other useful plants. So, in 1702, the pharmacaric garden was headed in Moscow (now the Botanical Garden of Moscow University), and in 1714, the Apotheque Garden in St. Petersburg, which became the predecessor at first the Botanical Garden first, and then the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Sciences. These pharmaceutical institutions were aimed at providing the army and the population of drug raw materials, which before it was called from abroad.

Widely understanding the need to take care of nature, Peter I was also interested in the preservation of fur animals, game and fish, "so that these crafts developed." Predatory methods of hunting and fishing were banned. For illegal hunting with "people of the highest ranks", 100 rubles were charged, and the "lower ranks" threatened with cruel, without mercy, punishment and reference to Azov "with wives and children for eternal life."

Peter I took care of the maintenance of the soil, and also paid a lot of attention to the protection of the banks of the channels from erosion and destruction. It was provided for Peter I and the protection of water bodies, for which it was forbidden not only to cut the forest to their shores, but also to process it, "so that they are not littered from those chips and sora." It was also forbidden to export the garbage to the canals and rivers, as well as reset the ballast from the ships, "in all harbors, rivers, raids and marins of the Russian state." For contamination of the reservoirs, the ballast was made a fine "100 Efimkov for each shovel".

Mid XVIII and beginning of the XIX century. Russia was marked by a significant weakening of the rigor to the protection of forests and partly animals. Former rules have been replaced by others and are committed to oblivion. Restored ship forests were exposed, the protection of Belovezhskaya Forest was removed, and she herself became the place of the royal and grand-road hunt. Catherine II The huge areas of the land handed over with its approximate, did not care about the forests, but in his whima banned "catching Solovyov in the vicinity of St. Petersburg and in all Ingermanland." The landowners began to reduce forests under the crops of grain crops and at the same time selling a chopped forest.

The damage caused by forests, the plant cover in general and the animal world, which was a consequence of the predatory management of the developed capitalist economy, was gradually realized both in Russia and beyond. The best minds of scientists and public figures were concerned about the destruction of nature, and the most progressive experts began to actively advocate her guard. It was proved that predatory attitude towards nature entails such negative consequences that are difficult to predict. The consciousness of the fact that nature should not only be protected in its separate areas, but also correctly use natural wealth, later came. However, at the end of the XIX century. The first reserves, reserves and national parks, which laid the foundation for the protection of nature appeared.

One of the first reserves in Western Europe was the reserve in Ireland (1870), and after him, reserves were organized in Iceland, Sweden and Switzerland. Reserves, Lerodny Parks and Reserves have appeared from the end of the XIX century near Singapore (1883), in South Africa, Australia, Canada and the United States, and at the very beginning of XX V.- in Burma, Central Africa, Argentina, Canada, USA and Australia.

The first guarded plot and the natural zoo in Russia became the well-known Ascania-Nova, formed in 1874 in the former estate of Faltsyne. In the future there was a reserve on the small islands of the Baltic Sea (1910) and in other places.

All other now existing protected territories were organized from 1918 to 1969 and in subsequent years both in Russia and abroad.

In the world, the world's total, the largest reserves, national parks, protected areas and reserves exceeded 720. In the USSR, it existed until 1963. 120 Reserves and Reserved Territories. For a short period of time, their number decreased, but then most of the part was restored. Now there are 86 protected areas, the number of which tends to increase.

Plants and vegetation covers in general - the most important part of the biosphere, i.e., the lives of the lives of plants, animals and humans. In the biosphere, the processes of transformation of an inorganic substance into organic, isolation of oxygen and ozone into the atmosphere, absorption from air and water of carbon dioxide gas. Plants are an important part of the Biological resources of the Earth, which has long been used by humans and animals.

The plant world is a source of various natural raw materials, building materials, many chemicals, human and feed food for agricultural and wild animals and birds. Everywhere, in all areas and districts, there are beneficial plants - medicinal, food, decorative, etc. Of the 20 thousand types of higher plants forming the flora of Russia, not all are studied.

Although wild plants themselves renew, nevertheless, as a result of human activity, many of them have reduced their spread or are on the verge of destruction. Thus, the protection of natural flora is one of the important tasks of our time. It is especially necessary to preserve forests as sources of wood, many food and feed products, habitats of useful animals and birds. Forests have a water protection, water management (anti-erosion), soil-protecting and climatic significance. They serve as a place to rest people and satisfying their cultural and aesthetic needs.

In addition to forests, it is very important to maintain natural pastures for domestic and wild animals. It is known that pastures and haymen are delivered to 70% of the feed - this base of animal husbandry.

The vegetation cover in general contains many other beneficial plants used in the national economy (in industry), as well as in medicine. Plotpers of vegetable raw materials should not apply predatory methods of their billets that prevent the resumption of beneficial plants and causing the destruction of vegetation cover.

The protection of nature also concerns the preservation of the most typical landscapes, picturesque corners of the recreation places of workers and rare plants and animals having historical meaning. The protection is also subject to the entire set of natural conditions, as well as forest park areas, air media, rivers, lakes and other water sources, etc.

An important place among environmental measures is occupied by the establishment of protected areas in the interests of existing and future generations of people.

"Nature Protection" - the concept of very capacious, which concerns not only vegetable cover, animal world, soil and water, but also the activities of people building cities and industrial centers; bulging forests and utilizing various minerals; changing the flow of rivers and their level; discharged waste industry and covering the earth dumps of rocks; harmful gases producing in the atmosphere, smoking factories and plants; using many in agriculture chemical substances (herbicides, pesticides, arboricides and defolients); littering land with garbage of plastic substances and construction garbage and so on.

Protect nature - means to know the laws of its development and interaction with man. Going to the future, a person must conclude the Union with nature and maintain it everywhere. First of all, the vegetation cover of the Earth is to guard - our green, friend.

V. Conclusion

Working on the project, we:

Ovetered new methods of research activities: conducting a survey, processing of answers and their analysis; The presentation of the results obtained in the form of a table and charts.

We studied to conduct a dialogue, listen to each other, express an opinion, to put forward the hypothesis, find arguments and prove their point of view.

Expanded their knowledge about where and for what is used.

Find out when and how the activities of people on the protection of nature began.

Research work turned out to be a case not simple, but fascinating. We hope that the material presented will be interesting and useful for students. And we will continue to study on this topic and would like to learn about the most unexpected and unusual ways of using plants.Slide 2.

The choice of the topic: I decided to check how knowledge about the role of plants in the life of a person and his attitude towards them is a problem: every year elementary school students break the branches and shrubs in the school yard. Hypothesis: If the elementary school students really knew and understood the role and importance of plants in the lives of people, they would have treated plants in a school yard differently.

Project goal: Search for methods for the development of the responsible and careful relationship of younger schoolchildren to nature; Formation of ideas about conducting scientific research.

Project tasks: 1. Send the research methods (survey, processing and analysis of the data obtained). 2. Learn to build diagrams. 3. Learn to collect information on the topic and make it up. 4. Prepare information for a conversation with students of primary classes.

Stages of work on the project: 1. Preparatory (select the topic; Determination of the goal and tasks; survey) 2. Analytical (processing of survey results; constructing diagrams; conclusions) 3. Information (collecting information on the value and role of plants in a person's life) 4. Final (registration of research materials; presentations).

II. Research Methods: Poll, Processing and analysis of survey results Participants: Students 3x and 4 classes of MBOU "SOSH No. 24" form of results: Table, Chart

meaning Classes TOTAL 3A 3B 3B 4A 4B 4V Breathing 17 18 20 20 23 16 114 Beauty 8 12 4 9 15 8 56 Food 5 12 5 3 8 0 33 Drugs 8 7 3 1 3 5 27 Construction 0 4 0 2 1 0 7 Paper 0 2 0 0 1 1 4 Furniture 0 3 0 0 1 0 4 Fabric 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 Food and Accommodation for animals 0 4 0 2 0 1 7 Environmental equilibrium 0 3 1 1 0 1 6 Unclear replies 1 2 6 1 2 2 14.

1. We do not live in places with a tropical climate, the vegetation world of the tundra is poor and very vulnerable, and therefore needs special care. There are few plants here, and they grow very slowly. 2. Understanding that the plants provide us with fresh air, we do not understand that if we do not take care of them, we can remain without air. 3. By installing the ability of plants to decorate our life, do not care that our school courtyard was beautiful. 4. Judging by the answers, we actually imagine that the presence of rich and diverse vegetation provides environmental equilibrium on the planet. conclusions

III. Overview of information on the topic

P about far from full data, over the past four centuries, humanity has lost 130 species of animals, i.e., on average, one view for three years. According to the International Union of Nature Protection and Natural Resources, there are 550 species of rare mammals and birds on the verge of extinction, and under the threat of extermination - up to 1000 species of animals. The Code of the Babylonian Tsar Hammurapei "Russian True" First Reserve - Belovezhskaya Pushcha (XIII century) Lithuanian Statutes of Distribution Forests Decree (1649) "On the savings of the protected forest in the Ryazan county" Waldmakership Office .... What does this have to go to the protection of nature to learn if you want to get acquainted with sections 3 and 4 of our project IV. From the history of the issue of nature conservation

Working on the project, we: - mastered new methods of research activities: conducting a survey, processing of answers and their analysis; The presentation of the results obtained in the form of a table and charts. - We studied to conduct a dialogue, listen to each other, express the opinion, to put forward the hypothesis, to find arguments and prove their point of view. - expanded their knowledge about where and for which plants are used. - I learned when and how the activities of people on the conservation of nature began. Vi. Conclusion

§ 50. How people use plants

What kind of plants do you need mechanical fabrics? In which organs of the plant are the reserves of nutrients?
What happens during the year with tubers, bulbs and rhizomes?
Under what circumstances are the nutrients from different organs of the plant spent? How do grain stored, apples, carrots, cabbage?

Lena: People learned how to make artificial matter. It comes out, the plants are now not very necessary for us.
Biologist: Whatever synthetic materials people have learned to do, they will always be required to be demanded, and without vegetable food from carbohydrates and fats, we are unlikely to learn how to do. Yes, and oxygen on Earth we provide plants.

Seeds - a concentrate of nutrients in reliable packaging
Seeds should be light, but with a large margin of all necessary nutrients. Therefore, in mature seeds, there is little water, but there are a variety of nutrients - fats, proteins, starch. Seeds of some plants contain more proteins (peas, beans, beans, soybeans), other fat (sunflower, flax, mustard), third - carbohydrates (Fig). Seeds of many plants contain many and proteins, and carbohydrates (buckwheat, oats, wheat). Seeds are adapted to storage, and people are easiest to save the seeds for a long time.

100 grams of seeds contain:

Underground authorities - canned matter with a shelf life of the school year
Autumn and winter underground shoots and roots are experiencing underground, and the spring consumes nutrients on the rapid formation of new shoots and colors.
Potatoes, carrots, beets, radish, onions and garlic in a dry, cool and dark place, squeezing, in boxes or in sand, retain nutrients to spring, and then begin to germinate - therefore, unlike seeds, they have been stored for several years It is impossible.

Different fruits in natural conditions are preserved during different timing
In the resettlement of plants, the fruits participate in different ways. Some fall immediately after ripening, others dry out on the branches and long attract animals. People remove the varieties of plants with. Increased shelf life of fruits and create special storage conditions. Often, people collect the fruit misunderstanding - such fruits are preserved longer, but they do not have such a strong aroma.

Edible leaves usually do not lie for a long time
People use the plates and cutters of the leaves of many plants - lettuce, onions, parsley, cabbage, rhubarb. The cell walls man does not digest, there are no spare substances in the leaves of greenery, and the person absorbs only the substances of the cytoplasm of living cells.
Over the rare exception, the leaves are not intended for the storage of nutrients; The leaves are actively working organs that are quickly wound after cutting. Only the leaves of cultural varieties of the cooked cabbage are preserved in the cellars until spring.

Sometimes in food goes and flowers of plants
In ripening flowers, a powerful stream of nutrients, and, it would seem, inflorescences should be one of the products agriculture - However, in addition to the unrivaled inflorescences of cauliflower in Russia, no flowers in food are used.

Wood - Material for construction
The main purpose of wood in the plant to serve as a support. In this appointment, the wood uses people.
The xylems impregnated with lignin cells are not inferior to steel. The combination of tubes and fibers in the wood makes it durable, lightweight, elastic material. In the world, hundreds of wood varieties are used, differing by the specific weight, the ability to skip heat.
Unfortunately, the considerable part of the trees conceded on all continents burned in the furnaces, heating the dwelling or heating food.

Paper - Material from cell walls
Cellulose fibers make paper, cardboard, wood and local plates. These fibers in the old days were obtained only from dilapidated fabrics, and now - mainly of the trees. In principle, paper can be made from any plants, separating pulp from other substances and bleaching it. But the best raw materials for this are the long fades of conifers.

Lob - fiber source
Many plants contain long subtle cells - support (luban) fibers. With the help of bacteria, people free these fibers from other cells and coming threads from them. In Russia, the main source of such fibers is flax; Previously, the threads were also made of cannabis and nettle.

Cork tissue - valuable technical material
In the crust of many trees there is a cork tissue - loose fabric of cells with walls impregnated with water repellent substance.
In the inhabitant of the zone of subtropics - cork oak - the layers of cork tissue with a thickness of several centimeters grow up. Such a layer of cork saves a tree from a fire, as the plug does not burn and does not heat well. This fabric can be cut off without harm to the tree. From the tube make plots for bottles and facing tiles are lightweight, elastic, non-transmitting water and air.

Substances that plants love pollinators or scare enemies, people use as spices or medicines
Many plants contain poisonous substances for insects or mushrooms - bitter, with strong odor or tasteless. In the flowers of many insectopillary plants, fragrant substances attracting pollinkers are contained. The value of these substances for a person is greater than the food. From these substances, people make medicines, perfume and insecticides (substances that destroy insects in the fields and in housing).

Nectar and medical
Nectar colors people cannot be collected, but bees are coping with this work. They not only collect nectar, but also thicken it and are subject to special processing, as a result of which an unusually useful product is formed - honey.

Currently, humanity continues to use plants wide for their needs. At the same time, natural vegetation cover gradually changes. Forest area decreases, unplaced spaces increase, and some plants disappear and are not restored, sometime widespread on Earth. Although this process of destruction of initial natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless there are still many species of plants, continuing to maintain a lot of economic importance for people's lives.

There are five main areas where people directly or indirectly use plants:
as food;
source of raw materials for industry;
as medicinal products;
with decorative goals;
To preserve and enhance the environment.

The edible value of plants is well known. As a person's food and animal feed, parts containing spare nutrients or substances themselves extracted in one way or another. The need for carbohydrates is mainly satisfied due to starch and sugar-containing plants. The role of sources of vegetable protein in the human diet and animals is mainly carried out by some plants from the legume family. Fruits and seeds of many species are used to obtain vegetable oils. A significant role in the nutrition of people is played by spices and plants containing caffeine, tea and coffee.

Tea plantation. Photo: Jakub Michankow

A person receives from plants not only rich in energy substances, but also vitamins. We can attribute almost all fruit and vegetable plants to vitamination plants.
A significant role in our nutrition is played by spices and spices, all, with the exception of the cooking salts having plant origins. The main part of the spicy substances of spicy plants refers to a large group of essential oils, which are formed by plants in special cells or stand out in special containers located inside the tissues, and later when the bodies of the plant are coming through the glands or glandular cells. We are talking about easily evaporating, pleasant smelling liquids, which are a mixture of alcohols, coal acids, esters and other substances. The taste also depends on organic acids playing an important role in metabolism.

The technical use of plants and products of them is carried out in several main directions. Wood and fibrous parts of plants are most widely used. Wood is used in the manufacture of building and other structures, furniture, as well as in the production of paper. Dry distillation of wood allows you to get a significant amount of important organic substances widely used in industry and in everyday life. In many countries, wood is one of the main types of fuel.

In world trade, a variety of painted woods used to obtain furniture and decorative plywood are in great demand. This is a red tree, for example, Mahagony (Swietenia Macrophylla), mined in South America; Green tree (Ocotea Roiaci), also found in South America; Black tree (types of kinds of DIOSPYROS) supplied by countries in Africa and East Asia; teak (Tectona Grandis) - the inhabitant tropical forests East Asia, etc.

Despite the widespread synthetic fibers, vegetable fibers, obtained from cotton (morphologically trichoma), flax, cannabis and jute, saved great importance In the production of many tissues.

Many wild plants serve as a source of various fragrant substances that are used as raw materials in the production of soap, perfumery, as well as products used in the food industry and medicine. The most valuable are (except for cultivated pink geraniums, Kazanlyk Rose, Muscat Salfa, Lemon Sorghum, etc.) Numerous types of ashistribute, green-colored families (wormwood) and others growing in different parts of the Earth.

For therapeutic purposes, the plant is used for a very long time. In folk medicine, they constitute the bulk of drugs. In scientific medicine of the countries of the former USSR, about a third of the preparations used for treatment are obtained from plants. It is believed that with therapeutic goals of the peoples of the world use at least 21,000 species of plants (including mushrooms).

At least 1000 species of plants are bred with decorative purposes: either because of beautiful flowers, or due to a spectacular greenery.

The existence and normal functioning of all ecological systems of the biosphere, part of which and the person is determined by the plants.
Plants already used by a person or that can be used in the future, make up plant resources. Plant resources refer to the category of refilled (with proper operation) as opposed to, for example, irregular mineral resources. Most often, plant resources are divided into natural flora resources (here include all wild species) and resources of cultured plants. In terms of volume and significance in the life of humanity, they differ significantly.

The introduction of plants in the culture and the formation in this way additional plant resources is associated with the formation of ancient human civilizations. The existence of these civilizations could be provided only by a certain "assortment" of alturized plants that give the necessary amount of plant proteins, fats and carbohydrates. A life modern man And modern civilization is impossible without the widest use of cultivated plants. Almost all cultural plants, the number of which reaches approximately 1500 species now belongs to the coated bridge. By the middle of the XX century. Cultivated plants occupied 1.5 billion hectares, i.e. about 10% of the entire surface of the sushi of the globe.

Today, a person has a unique opportunity not only to use plants already invented by nature, but also invent and create something new. We are talking about genetic biotransformation of plants and creating transgenic plants with unique properties resistant to various factors.

What are transgenic plants? Of course, first of all, in order to keep the crop. Transgenic plants are mainly resistant or to herbicides, or insect pests. Up to 50% of the total Netransgenic potato dies from harmful insects, Including from the Colorado Beetle. This is a significant blow to economics and prices, therefore, genetically modified soybeans, transgenic potatoes, transgenic corn are introduced in the United States and other developing countries of the world. Transgenic plants resistant to herbicides carry into themselves gene taken from one of the types of bacteria. This gene encodes toxin, which is used to spray untransgenic plants, that is, essentially nothing changes. What we externally spray untransgenic plants that we have introduced this gene, and it acts from the inside.

In addition to transgenic plants, resistant to herbicides and to traditional pests, there are plants with improved properties: an increased content of vitamins, an increased content of amino acids, a modified composition of fatty acids.
An example is the rice with a high content of beta-carotene, which in the human body turns into Vitamin A. It is known that today in the countries of the developing world the person does not receive a sufficient number of vitamin A. In extreme cases, this can lead to blindness. Therefore, the development of such organisms is relevant. As another example, it is possible to develop a genetically modified carrot in which beta carotene is increased. This carrot today has been successfully sold in American stores.

The man has long been used by a significant number of wild plants. They delivered him firewood for fires; served as material for the construction of dwellings and animal pens; From plants, man made a fishing tackle and guns for hunting; built boats and rafts, film mats and baskets, prepared various household and ritual ornaments; Fed the plants of animals and birds, digged roots and harvested fruits to get food and drugs. The man was hidden in forests from bad weather, hid from enemies and predatory animals. In a word, the whole life of a primitive man was associated with plants. And the more diverse the world of plants surrounded by man was, the wider he used herbal wealth for his needs.

Subsequently, when a person began to grow some of his dwellings some of the plants useful to him, that is, he began to engage in agriculture, he laid the foundations of crop production, although he continued to use the gifts of wildlife.

Currently, humanity continues to use plants wide for their needs. At the same time, natural vegetation cover gradually changes. Forest area decreases, unplaced spaces increase, and some plants disappear and are not restored, sometime widespread on Earth. Although this process of destruction of initial natural vegetation is gradually progressing, nevertheless there are still many species of plants, continuing to maintain a lot of economic importance for people's lives.

On the globe grows about 300 - 500 thousand higher plants and many lowest. From this number in crop practice, a person uses over 2500 species of higher plants. However, as noted by N. I. Vavilov, only about 1000 species occupies 99% of the entire processed territory.

With the development of agriculture area, occupied by cultural (and domesticated) plants, grow continuously. However, the global fund of cultivated plants remains permanent. In addition to cultural plants, a person uses a lot of wild, mainly woody, plants, as well as a variety of perennial herbaceous species. A significant number of wild plants found in forests or inhabitants on flamespaces (in tundra, meadows, steppes, prairies, savannas), man applies for other purposes. It uses juicy fruits and nuts to produce food, produces essential oils and a variety of fragrant substances, gets a coarse and thin fiber of leaves and stems, produces a range for rubber production, gum and resins, collects raw materials serving for various medicinal substances.

The richest useful plants of the country with a tropical climate. The least increases them from the extreme limits of the continents adjacent to the Poles of the Earth: there are only 400 - 450 species here. The entire floral cover of our planet can be divided into areas covered with forests, and flavored spaces. Forests on the globe, occupying over 4000 million hectares and focused mainly in the northern hemisphere, possess the largest number of useful plants (card 5).

A significant number of types of plants used by the person lives in dry (flavored) territories: in steppes and prairies, savannahs and semi-deserts, as well as in thickets of various shrubs. Blendous spaces are also peculiar to the Arctic tundra and highlands. And there are various types of healthy plants that are practical use in a person's life (Map 6).

Depending on how wild beneficial plants are used, they can be divided into the following main groups:

1) plants giving wood (firewood, lumber, fastening forest, pillars, sleepers, piles, plywood, wood chips, etc.);

2) plants serving to obtain a variety of substances used in various industries and medicine;

3) plants used to obtain fresh and canned foods;

4) plants giving fresh and recycled green mass used on animal feed;

5) plants consumed for decorative and vanishing purposes, as well as to create soil protective coatings;

6) Plants that are comprehensive use depending on the properties and features inherent in them.

Different plants are used either entirely, or parts: tree trunks and shrubs and their bark, roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs, stems and leaves, flowers and inflorescences, fruits and seeds, galls on the leaves and springs on the trunks (kapa), pollen and Disputes, juice and various discharges (spots of resins, gum, etc.). All areas of application of plants are listed very difficult, however, we can talk about the plants of medicinal and technical, food and feed, rubber and hummous, mucusing and gone, oily-free and ether solid, tanning and dubber, fibrous and wicker, and so on.

Many areas of plant use over time and in connection with the development of equipment and industry gradually change or lose their meaning. For example, due to the receipt of many cheaper synthetic materials (artificial rubber, synthetic resins, artificial fiber, etc.), part of the beneficial plants either ceased to wonder the person or received a new application.

Among wild beneficial plants of the world are the greatest value of various woody rocks (cards 7 and 8), whose wood is used in all increasing sizes in many industries. The countries of the northern hemisphere produce predominantly harvesting of wood coniferous, and southern-hardwood.

To coniferous rocks (Map 9), which has the greatest economic significance, belong diverse species Fir, often forming forests. This is a spike ere (Picea Abies), common in Scandinavia, Northern Europe, the European part of the USSR and Siberia; Spruce Sitchinskaya (P. Sitchensis), found in Canada and the United States (in Alaska); Spirit white (P. canadensis) and a red spruce (P. Rubra), characteristic of Canada and the USA; Fir black (P. Mariana), available on Alaska. Pines take second place. It is necessary to note the ordinary pine (Pinus Sylvestris), common in the north of Western Europe, in the European part of the USSR and Siberia; Banxiana pine (P. Banksiana), forming forests in Canada and USA; Yellow's pine (P. ponderosa), typical of the United States; Pine cedar (P. sibirica), which is the basis of the so-called cedaras of Siberia, and others.

For wood various destination The types of larch (Map 10) are used: European Decidua larch (Larix Decidua), the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is in Europe; American larch (L. Americana), inhabiting Canada and USA; Larch Sibirskaya (L. Sibirica), common mainly in Siberia; Larch Daurica (L. Daurica) and other types of this kind. Some economic significance also have types of fir: balsamic fir (Abies Balsamea), growing in Canada; Siberian Fir (A. Sibirica), forming forests in Siberia, in Altai and in Sayanov, as well as other types.

From other conifers can be noted Western, or Hemlock (Tsuga Heterophylla), Canadian TsUG (T. Canadensis), Mountain TsUG (T. MERTENSIANA), common in Canada and USA (in Alaska); Pseudotsugu tisifolia (Pseudotsuga TaxiFolia), characteristic of Canada and the USA; Sequoia Sempervirens (Sequoia Sempervirens), presented in the United States, and Nootkaensis CHAMAECYPARIS (CHAMAECYPARIS), found in Canada. From conifer, whose distribution areas are located south, you can specify a number of pines forming forests in the south of Central America (Pinus Palustris, P. Virginiana), in Southern Europe (P. Cembra, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, etc.), and Also found in Cuba (P. Caribaea), in Malaya Asia (P. halepensis) and others.

Economic importance is also Nordmann's Fir (Abies Nordmanniana), inhabiting in the Caucasus; Lebanese cedar (Cedrus Libani) forms forests in the mountains of Lebanon; Himalayan cedar (S. Deodara), characteristic of Himalayas; Kunninghamia Lancing (Cunninghamia Lanceolata), found in East Asia; Types of Archie (Juniperus) forming predominantly rascal forests in the Caucasus, southern Europe and in the countries of Central and Front Asia, as well as many other tree breeds.

Along with coniferous rocks, almost valuable wood gives a variety of deciduous rocks. These are suppliers of soft and solid, painted and colored, severe and light wood.

From deciduous wood plantshaving the greatest value, we note a variety of oak types: Cherched oak (QUERCUS ROBUR), characteristic of Europe (Map 11); Oak Red (Q. Rubra), found in the USA; Oak white (Q. Alba) and oak chestnut (Q. Prinos) common in the US; Oak Chestnut-Lisate (Q. Castaneifolia), inhabitants in the mountains of Talysh (South Transcaucasia) and on the slopes of Elbs (Iran); Oak Georgian (Q. IBERICA), characteristic of Transcaucasia, and many other species of this kind.

Besides oaks, practical value They have types of beech (Fagus), ash (Fraxinus), linden (TILIA), maple (Acer), birch (Betula), etc.

In world trade, a variety of painted woods used to obtain furniture and decorative plywood are in great demand. This is a red tree, for example, Mahagony (Swietenia Macrophylla), mined in South America; Green tree (Ocotea Roiaci), also found in South America; Black tree (types of kinds of DIOSPYROS) supplied by countries in Africa and East Asia; Tacon (Tectona Grandis) - the inhabitant of tropical forests of East Asia, etc.

From woods possessing high hardnessIt should be noted a variety of iron wood, such as Parrotia Persian Parotia (Parrotia Persica), forming the forest in the liner and on the slopes of the Elbecus Range (Iran). The hard wood gives Phoebe Porosa, growing in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, as well as Samshat (Buxus Sempervirens), in southern Europe, North Africa and the Caucasus (Map 12). The woodshet wood is used for a variety of crafts and is known as the "Caucasian Palma". One of the lightest wood gives Balza (Ochroma Lagopus), for example, in Mexico and Bolivia. Wood Balza served T. Heyerdal for making Kon-Tika.

Many of the listed conifers, as well as deciduous trees not only used for the workpiece of construction and diverse wood, but also serve as sources of obtaining other diverse products and substances. From conifers get wood and paper mass, cellulose, artificial wool; Hardwood - plug, rubber and guttaopech, resins and gum, essential and fatty oils, organic acids and sugar, tanning extracts and coloring pigments, etc. The best cork is obtained from the cork oak (QUERCUS SUBER) forming a forest in the countries of the Mediterranean and cultivated in several countries of Europe and North Africa. Cork also produce velvet tree (Phallodendron Amurense), common in forests Far East and northeast China; Kielmeyera Coriacea (Kielmeyera Coriacea), inhabitants in Brazil (Amazon Pool), and others.

The most famous rubbing plants are Geveya Brazilian (Hevea Brasiliensis), growing in the tropical forests of Brazil and widely cultivated in a number of countries of the tropical belt of the world; Castilloa, or Rucho (Castilloa), originating from South Americawhose rubber was used for impregnation of a cloak in Brazil, Ecuador and Peru; Balaga (Manilkora Sp.), Growing in Colombia and Venezuela and serving a special purpose rubber source; Various ficuses (types of Ficus genus), living in a number of tropical countries of the world; Guttaperch tree (Eucmia Ulmoides) from East Asia (China); Types of Becklet (EUONYMUS) from Europe, producing gutta-opera, now replaced by synthetic plastic substances, etc.

To obtain valuable resins that are wide application In the production of varnishes, a digital tree is used (Copaifera Demensei), giving a digger; Callitrix, or Sandarakov (Callitris Guadrivalvis), inhabitants in the forests of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and the producing sandarak; Himena (Hymenaea Courbaril), common in Brazil and Venezuela, from the cortex of which is obtained, like from Copaifera, copal resin; Shorea, or Sal (Shorea Robusta), forming island forests in India and gives a valuable resin, etc.

The most important gone plants are tragacantic astragaly (genus Astragalus from the TRAGACANTHA section), forming tragans in a number of Central and Front Asia countries, as well as on the Balkan Peninsula. The most valuable tragacan gum is a product obtained in Iran, Syria and Turkey and serving the subject of export. Comedy also give many fruit trees (Cherry, Plum, Apricot, Peach), Loch (Elaeagnus) and other gummy substances get from some seaweed.

Many wild plants serve as a source of various fragrant substances that are used as raw materials in the production of soap, perfumery, as well as products used in the food industry and medicine. The most valuable of them (except for cultivated pink geraniums, Kazan-Lyk rose, nutmeg sage, lemon sorghum, etc.) numerous types of semi-collar, lubber, complex colors (wormwood) and others growing in different parts of the Earth.

Fat (food and technical) oils are widely used all over the world. The main wild fatty plants include many coniferous, oil-rich seeds (nuts) which give various pine pines (Pinus Sibirica, P. Koraiensis and P. Cembra, P. Pinea); Olive tree fruits (Olea Europaea), the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is associated with the Mediterranean countries (Map 13). Oily oil is also extracted from a walnut (Juglans Regia), wildly in Central Asia, in the Caucasus, as well as from other species of this kind, inhabiting in the countries of East Asia, Central and South America. Valuable food oil is obtained from Brazilian walnut (Bertoletia Excelsa), occurring in Brazil's forests; "Heaven nut" (Lecythis Sp.) Commodified in Brazil and Guiana; Caryokar, or Beii (CaryoCar Sp.), growing in Brazil; Oil palm (Elaeeis Guinensis), wild on tropical Africa and cultivated in many countries of the world, and many other plants. The best technical oil is obtained from Tunga (Aleurites Cordata and A. Fordii), wild in the countries of East Asia (China, Japan).

Extremely valuable raw materials used in the tanning-extract industry are obtained from the bark and wood of many oaks (quercus), the bark of ordinary spruce and willow (SALIX), as well as from the roots of some grassy perennial plants (Polygonum Coriarium, P. Alpinum, etc.) forming thickets in the mountains of Central Asia and partly Europe. Global Divo-Divi Beans (Dibidibia Coriaria), common in Colombia and Venezuela; Quebraho White, or Quebracho (Aspidosperma Quebracho Blanko), growing in Brazil; Querebraho Red (Schinopsis Sp.), occurring in Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and Bolivia; Black Mangr (Avicennia Marina), inhabiting in mangrove thickets of South America; Red Mangr (Rhizophora Mangle), forming mangroves in a number of tropical countries of the world; Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus), mainly large treespart of the forests of Australia; Australian acacias (acacia), which contains a lot of tanids; Walloon oak (QUERCUS AEGYLOPS), founding in the countries of Front Asia, North Africa and Southern Europe and giving valuable tanning raw materials.

Consisters are adjacent to tanning plants that continue to have some economic significance. Of these, let's call the Campechianum (Haematoxylon Campechianum) growing in Central America and the Antillest Islands; Chlorophora Tictoria (Chlorophora Tictoria), which is found in South America; Brazilia (Quilandina), in the forests of Brazil; IndigoFera Tinctoria, which is found only in culture in Italy, India, on Sri Lanka, in China and Indochier, as well as in Egypt and South America. Many dye plants at one time were used in the carpet production of Iran, Afghanistan, as well as the Transcaucasus. From food dyeing plants it is necessary to mention Annato (BIXA ORELLANA) and Curcuma (Curcuma).

Great importance for practice has a variety of medicinal plants used in European, American and Eastern medicine. The history of their application has 5 - 7 thousand years old, and the number of types used reaches 12 thousand from the most important mention of the Jinna Tree (Cinchona Succirubra), wild in Brazil; Ginseng (Panax Gunseng), growing in the forests of the Far East and in China; Rauvolfia Serpentina (Rauvolfia Serpentina), characteristic of the undergrowth of tropical forests of East Asia; Pilocarpus (Pilocarpus Pennatifolius), common in the forests of South America; Handress, or Belladonna (Atropa Belladonna), occurring in the forests of Europe, in Asia Minor, in the Caucasus; licorice (species of Glycyrrhiza), forcing thickets in Central Asia, in the Caucasus, in the European part of the USSR, in Siberia and other places; Lily of the Lily (Convallaria Majalis) growing in the forests of Europe, the European part of the USSR (Map 15); Gorizvet (Adonis Vernalis), growing in the steppe strip of Europe and the European part of the USSR (Map 14), etc.

In addition to listed plants that have economic importance in a number of countries in the world, we mention fibrous plants (for example, Agave Sisalana), braid (various bamboo), insecticidal, food, spicy aromatic, forage, honey, and ornamental (park, garden and indoor ), soil and t. d.

All these plants together with the main cultural and cultivated species are plant wealth of world flora.

People began to use plants from time immemorial. At first they only collected parts of plants in the wild, and then, when they were settled, they also began to cultivate them, and thus appeared agriculture.

Different spheres of plants

In a person's life, plants play an extremely important role. In different parts of the planet, regardless of each other, people learned how to cultivate plants and apply them to satisfy their needs. On the sphere of application of the plant can be divided into several basic groups, such as edible, collected for the production of building materials, paints, threads, for use in medicine, etc.
The most widely cultivated are plants that are taken into eating. They constitute the basis of the diet for people. The number of widespread agricultural plants includes such species as:

• Wheat;
• Corn;
• Potatoes;
• Cotton;
• Mango.

These and many other plants are cultivated in different regions of the planet and constitute a large percentage of imports for those countries whose territories can grow. The food consumes different parts of plants, such as fruits, root, leaves, seeds, etc.

Plant use in medicine

A separate topic is the use of parts of plants for medical purposes. People knew that some kind of health were helpful many years ago. For example, in Chinese medicine, a huge number of plants are used to treat a variety of diagnoses. Interestingly, some of them are considered to be poisonous and can be used in very limited quantities: only in this case they are healing.

Lot medicinal plants Growing B. middle lane Russia. These include, for example, the famous plantain, which stops bleeding, helps with light injuries and injuries. Also applied in health purposes such plants like raspberries, lime color, pharmacy chamomile, rosehip and many others. However, to independently take them with caution, since they often cause allergic reactions.