With the onset of the warm season, we spend most of our time outdoors. We try to go outdoors or relax in city parks. Unfortunately, dangerous snakes and insects, which are also active in this season, can spoil the rest. Their bodies contain toxic substances that, if they enter the human blood, can pose a serious health hazard. The following types of poisonous snakes and insects live in our region:
Steppe viper, shitomordnik; poisonous spiders: karakurt, tarantula, phalanx.
Although not all types of snakes are poisonous to humans, it is still worth considering any unfamiliar snake to be poisonous and dangerous. It does not hurt to study the signs of snakes if you go on a hike or eat out of town. Care should be taken when meeting a snake. Do not try to catch or play with snakes. Snakes always warn of an attack: some shake their heads, some hiss, some curl up in rings. You also need to be careful with dead snakes. In some of them, the poison can retain its properties for a very long time, so an accidental prick with a dead snake's tooth can cause severe poisoning.

If you are bitten by a snake, it is strictly forbidden:

1. Cauterize the bite site. If the snake has bitten through the skin, then you will only burn the tissue, and you will not remove the poison.
2. You cannot cut the bite site for the same reasons as cauterizing the wound. You're doing yourself more harm than good.
3. You shouldn't take alcohol. Alcohol slows down the elimination of poison from the body. You can not apply grass and other things that are at hand. You can infect the wound.
4. A tourniquet cannot be applied. A normal blood supply will not let the limb die, but impaired blood circulation can lead to tissue breakdown.

First aid for a snake bite:

1. Provide the victim with complete rest in a horizontal position, since movements significantly accelerate the flow of poison into the general circulation. When biting in the leg, immobilize it as much as possible. Tie a bitten limb to a healthy one and place something under your knees so that they are slightly raised.
2. When bitten in the hand, it should be kept in a bent position.
3. Suck out the poison. Press on the wound with your fingers and vigorously suck the poison out with your mouth. For these purposes, you can use a small jar or bottle. Create a vacuum in the cavity of the jar by holding a flame and quickly place the jar with the neck over the wound. The poison should be sucked out continuously during the first 15 minutes. This allows you to remove up to 50% of the poison from the victim's body. If the victim is alone, then he must independently perform suction.
4. Disinfect the wound and apply a sterile bandage. Care should be taken that the bandage does not cut into soft tissue and periodically weaken it.
5. The victim should consume as much liquid as possible in order to facilitate the elimination of the poison from the body.
6. The victim must be transported as soon as possible to medical institution where he will be provided with professional assistance.
7. In case of emergency, the victim needs to undergo artificial heart and breathing massage.
8. The victim needs moral support!

Help with mosquito bites
To reduce itching, you need to wipe the bitten area with alcohol, cologne, vodka.

Help with bee and wasp stings
The first step is to find and remove the sting containing insect venom. Then, the site of the bite is wiped with a solution of alcohol or iodine. Cold is applied to relieve pain and swelling. With general symptoms of poisoning, as well as with a bite in the pharynx, pharynx, the eye must be urgently taken to a medical institution.

Date of page creation / modification: 2014-11-18 17:06 /

A wide variety of fauna are capable of stinging. They represent a defensive reaction of a living organism.

Unfortunately, bites can harm a person's health. Often they cause intoxication of the body, skin burns and allergic reactions.

They can do a lot painful sensations, and in some cases pose a serious threat to life.

It will be useful to know how to provide first aid for a snake, spider, tick, wasp, bee, jellyfish bite.

The right action can help relieve pain, reduce inflammation and prevent complications such as allergic reactions, redness and swelling of large areas of the skin.

If you are in the wild, you should respect its inhabitants, do not invade their space. But it is not always possible to avoid the bite of one or another representative of the fauna.

Everyone knows that many types of snakes are venomous. Their contact with humans can be fatal.

But usually snakes are not the first to attack. They become dangerous if disturbed.

It should be noted that the most dangerous species are as follows:

• cobra;
• gyurza;
• shitomordnik;
• viper.

If a person is bitten by a snake, he often does not have time to see what it looked like. This animal does not have to be dangerous.

But in order to avoid the most serious consequences, first aid should be provided for a snakebite. The first thing to do is seek qualified medical attention.

It is necessary to call ambulance or put the victim in the car to go to the doctor.

While the person will be taken to the hospital, the spread of the poison from the bite should be prevented in the body.

To do this, you should expose the affected area and begin to suck the poison out of the wound. Never swallow saliva during this process, because it may contain the victim's blood and poisonous substances.

It is very important to apply a bandage above the affected area to slow down blood flow and prevent whole body poisoning.

It is very important to restrict all movement of the victim. The more he moves, the faster the poison spreads throughout the body.

In a situation where a person receives a bite, it is important not only to call for help. Sometimes, it is the first seconds after the bite that become decisive. That is why it is so important to be able to provide first aid.

Insect bite

Most often, first aid for insect bites consists of using anti-inflammatory ointments and applying something cold to the affected area to reduce swelling.

But there are people who show increased sensitivity to contact with wasps and bees.

After a bite, they develop an allergic reaction, which can lead to the development of anaphylactic shock.

This condition is treatable, but if measures are not taken in a timely manner, the person may die.

After a wasp or bee sting, you should check the skin for stings. These insects sometimes leave a sting that will exacerbate the bite symptoms.

Most often, redness and swelling appear on the skin, there is a mild pain syndrome.

If a sting is found in the skin, it should be carefully removed with hands washed with soap. After that, it is advisable to rinse the affected skin area with cool water.

This will reduce swelling, pain and cleanse the skin from dirt. At the first manifestations of allergies, you should immediately call an ambulance.

An allergic reaction to bee and wasp stings is different for everyone. Most often, a large part of the body swells, the temperature rises, a sharp pain appears, the general well-being of a person worsens.

To avoid the development of anaphylactic shock, it is very important to call an ambulance. Your doctor will give you an injection of epinephrine to help prevent complications.

Tick ​​bites

Ticks are arachnids that bite, stick to the skin, and feed on human blood.

The danger of contact with this subclass is that they carry a serious illness - encephalitis.

It is accompanied by inflammation of the lining of the brain. The encephalitis virus can cause inflammation of the lining of the spinal cord.

In this case, the disease is called meningoencephalitis or meningitis.

Most of the ticks that carry encephalitis live on far east, The Urals and Siberia. There is a high probability of catching such a dangerous disease.

Exists effective prevention encephalitis, which involves vaccination. Thanks to such measures, immunity is provided for a period of 4 to 5 years.

If you notice a tick on your body, you should remove it. The faster you do this, the less chance that infection will occur.

Choose methods that do not harm the tick itself. V otherwise a large number of the virus can enter the bloodstream, increasing the chances of getting sick.

Then, it is imperative to consult a doctor who will prescribe a preventive treatment for encephalitis. It consists in the administration of serum containing antibodies to the virus. In most cases, this prophylaxis is very effective.

Bites from different animals can seriously harm human health. For this reason, it is so important to know what first aid should be.

This will save you from serious complications and allow you to lead a normal life instead of treating a dangerous disease.

Insect bites (bees and wasps) accompanied by a local reaction of the body, and with increased sensitivity to bee venom, even one or several bites can cause a severe allergic reaction such as anaphylactic shock.

Symptoms: severe pain at the site of the bite; first, pale skin, then redness and swelling at the site of the bite; with increased sensitivity to bee (aspen) poison, anaphylactic shock may develop (headache, nausea, vomiting, asthmatic phenomena, tachycardia, decreased blood pressure).

First aid

1. Remove the sting of the bee (wasp). Treat the bite with alcohol.

2. Apply cold to the affected area. Provide plenty of fluids.

3. Give inside suprastin (fencarol), if necessary, analgin.

NOTE. With numerous stings by bees (wasps), the development of anaphylactic shock, urgently call an ambulance.

Prevention: to protect living quarters, windows should be closed with nets, doors should be tightly covered, if necessary, chemically active agents (insecticides) should be used.

For poisonous snake bites snake venom enters the bloodstream, affects nervous system and can cause death from paralysis of the respiratory center. Snakes are the first to attack people, as a rule, when they are disturbed (touched, stepped). The consequences depend on the type of snake, time of year, age and, especially, on the site of the bite. A bite in the head and neck is much more severe than in a limb.

Symptoms: pain, burning sensation, hyperemia, increasing swelling at the site of the bite; dizziness, headache; muscle weakness, drowsiness; nausea, vomiting; increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure; in severe cases - convulsions, loss of consciousness; oppression, and then the arrest of respiratory and cardiac activity.

First aid

1. Provide the victim with complete rest in a horizontal position.

2. Treat the bite site with alcoholic tincture of iodine and apply a bandage.

3. Immobilize the limb with a splint or other means at hand.

4. Put cold on the bite site. Provide an abundant drink to the victim.

6. Urgently call an ambulance.

NOTE. You should not make incisions (cauterization) of the bite site, suck the poison out with your mouth, apply a tourniquet.

Prevention: it is necessary to observe precautions when in the forest, having previously investigated the resting place; when picking mushrooms, berries, legs and arms should be protected as much as possible by shoes and clothes.

28. Features of the structure and functions of the digestive system in children.

Oral cavity in newborns and children early age relatively small. Chewing muscles well developed language relatively large sizes but short and wide.

Salivary glands in a newborn and a child, the first 3-4 months of life are not sufficiently differentiated. Therefore, little saliva is released, which causes dryness of the oral mucosa. At 3-4 months of life, the salivary glands become fully developed, and at this age children experience constant salivation, this is explained by the fact that a sufficient amount of saliva is secreted, and the ability to swallow it has not yet been fully developed.

Esophagus in young children, it is relatively longer than in adults, and has a funnel shape. Mucous membrane its tender, rich in vessels, dry due to the fact that mucous glands almost absent. Stomach located in the left hypochondrium and only its exit - the pylorus - near the midline. Up to 1 year old, the position of the stomach is horizontal, after 1 year, when the child begins to walk, the stomach takes a more vertical position. Mucous membrane stomach is relatively thicker than that of an adult. Stomach capacity in a full-term newborn, it is 30–35 ml, at the age of 3 months - 100 ml, at the age of 1 year - 250 ml. Secretory glands secrete gastric juice containing all the enzymes as in an adult, but less activity.

Gastric juice a child has the same composition as an adult, i.e. it contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes.

Intestines infant relatively longer than that of an adult. Length the intestinal tract in an infant is 6 times the length of the body (in an adult, 4 times). Mucous membrane the intestine is highly developed, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, rich in cellular elements, tender, with big amount lymph nodes and villi. At the same time, poorly developed submucosal tissue, muscles, transverse folds and imperfect in structure nerve plexuses. All this taken together causes a slight vulnerability of the gastrointestinal tract.

Distinctive and important feature intestines of infants is the increased permeability of its walls.

Colon is the main organ for the absorption of iron, phosphorus, alkalis, water, sugar, chlorides, acids and some medicines... The duration of intestinal digestion with artificial feeding- about 2 days.

Liver in newborns and infants, it is a relatively large organ. Its weight in newborns is 4% of the total body weight (in an adult 2%). The child's liver is very rich in blood vessels, there are few connective tissue elements in it, its lobules are not pronounced sharply. The functional activity of the liver is diverse, but insufficient in young children.

Hundreds of species of poisonous snakes and insects are known. The most famous poisonous snakes in our country are the viper, gyurza, efa, cobra. Poisonous insects occurring are bee, wasp, bumblebee, gadfly, tarantula, karakurt, scorpion.

Bites of poisonous snakes and insects have a local and general effect on the body of the bitten one. Local action is associated with the inflicted infected wound and the effect of poison, saliva and other substances that got into the wound with a bite. General action depends on the toxicity and the amount of poison that has entered the body, the site of the bite (head bites are more severe) and the rate at which the poison enters the blood of the bitten. The general effect is manifested by signs of intoxication, dysfunctions of the body systems affected by the poison and the presence or absence of an allergic reaction of the body to incoming foreign substances. The spread of the poison initially occurs along the lymphatic tract and increases with muscle movements.
Poisons of animal origin contain various proteins, enzymes, inorganic substances. Poisons are different in composition and effect on the body. Viper venom destroys erythrocytes, walls of thin blood vessels, proteins, and promotes thrombus formation. Cobra venom predominantly affects the nervous system and can cause paralysis of the respiratory center.
Local signs of a bite: wound, pain, swelling. With snake bites from the viper family, there may be hemorrhages and blisters with hemorrhagic fluid at the site of the bite.

Common signs of a bite: dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, sweating, shortness of breath, palpitations. There may be fainting, collapse, and agitation and seizures. For a cobra bite, neuromuscular disorders and respiratory arrest are characteristic. After a karakurt bite, there is a severe headache, severe pain at the site of the bite, in the abdomen, lower back, chest, profuse salivation, and respiratory arrest is possible. A scorpion bite causes excruciating pain, spreading along the nerve trunk, twitching and cramps of certain muscle groups.
Allergic reactions can manifest as urticaria, bronchospasm, anaphylactic shock.
First medical and first aid begins with ensuring the immobility of the bitten part of the body. In the first minutes after being bitten by a snake, you can try to suck the poison out of the wound. To slow down the absorption of the poison, apply cold to the bite site, immobilize the bitten part of the body, and for cobra bites on the limb above the bite site, apply a tourniquet for 30-40 minutes. In case of stings by bees, wasps, bumblebees, examine the wound for the presence of a sting and remove it. Rinse the wound with 1% potassium permanganate solution, apply an aseptic bandage to the wound. With respiratory depression, hold artificial ventilation lungs, give oxygen. At severe pain introduce an analgesic agent. To reduce intoxication, the introduction of fluids and the administration of diuretics are recommended. For viper bites, give a warm alkalizing (1-2 teaspoons of baking soda per liter of water) drink. The introduction of agents that stimulate blood circulation is shown - caffeine, cordiamine, ephedrine and others; antihistamines - diphenhydramine, pipolfen; glucocorticosteroids.
Anti-karakurt serum for karakurt bites is injected under the skin fractionally into the interscapular region in an amount of 30-70 ml. In severe forms of intoxication, serum is slowly injected into a vein.
"Antiguerza" - serum against the venom of gyurza (anti-snake serum) neutralizes the venom of gyurza and the venoms of snakes of the viper family. It is injected under the skin with a mild degree of poisoning in an amount of 500 ME, with a severe degree of poisoning - in an amount of 1500-3000 ME. Produced in ampoules of 500 ME in a volume of 2
5 ml. To prevent anaphylactic reaction, 0.1 ml of serum is first administered, after 10-15 minutes - 0.25 ml, and then with

no reaction - the rest of the dose. Serum "Antigyurza" has positively proved itself in the bites not only of viper snakes, but also in the bites of a cobra, karakurt and scorpion.
When bitten by a cobra, a serum is injected against the venom of a Central Asian cobra. The serum is available in 10 ml ampoules.

| Lesson plan for the academic year | Providing PMP for snake and insect bites

Basics of life safety
6th grade

Lesson 28
Providing PMP for snake and insect bites

First aid for a poisonous snake bite

When a poisonous snake bites, two small red dots remain on the skin of a person from the penetration of poisonous teeth. In the first minutes after the bite, a slight pain and burning sensation occurs in this place, the skin turns red, edema grows. Weakness, dizziness, nausea appears, decreases blood pressure... These phenomena reach their maximum 8-36 hours after the bite.

Immediately after being bitten it is necessary to provide the victim with peace and a horizontal position: this will ensure minimum speed transfer of poison by blood. Calm down the victim. Transport it to a safe, weatherproof location. Immediately begin sucking the venom out of the wound. To do this, immediately after the bite, open the wound by pressing your fingers, and then, within 15 - 20 minutes, suck the poison out with your mouth. Spit out bloody fluid. These actions are harmless to the caregiver. With proper and timely suction of the poison from the wound, it is possible to suck out 50% of the poison. To reduce blood circulation, cold can be applied to the bite site (plastic bag with cold water). Disinfect the wound with iodine or green tea and apply a sterile bandage, which should be loosened as the swelling increases.

Give the affected area of ​​the body an elevated position, fix it, apply an immobilization bandage or splint. Give the affected person plenty to drink. Drinking coffee is contraindicated. Arrange the delivery of the victim to a hospital.

When bitten by a poisonous snake, it is prohibited:

■ make incisions at the site of the bite;

■ cauterize the bite site;

■ Apply a tourniquet above the bite site;

■ allow the victim to perform any physical activity.

First aid for insect bites

With bites of bees, wasps, hornets and bumblebees, pain, burning, edema and a local increase in temperature develop at the site of the bite. With multiple bites, weakness, dizziness, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting appear, body temperature rises. People with hypersensitivity to bee venom may experience lower back and joint pain, cramps and loss of consciousness.

First of all you need to remove the sting of an insect from the skin, moisten the stung place with alcohol. Apply cold to the stung (plastic bag with cold water). Give the victim plenty of drink.

Note that the most dangerous are stings of bees, wasps, hornets in the oral cavity where an insect can get when a person eats fruit. In such cases, urgent help is needed, since the resulting laryngeal edema and suffocation are deadly.

Due to the specific properties of the mosquito's saliva, small bubbles form at the site of its bite, itching, a burning sensation occurs.

Itching can be relieved by moistening the skin ammonia or a solution of baking soda (half a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water).

Note that in places with a large concentration of mosquitoes, mosquito nets are used, which are sewn from gauze. To scare away mosquitoes, use various means... Malaria mosquitoes, which carry malaria and other diseases, are especially dangerous. You can distinguish them by their fit. Common mosquitoes sit, keeping their abdomen parallel to the surface, while malarial mosquitoes raise the abdomen upward.

Check yourself

■ What are the consequences of insect bites (bees, wasps, hornets)? Find 1-2 examples on the Internet and prepare your message.
■ How to give first aid for insect bites?

After school

Determine what precautions you should take in your area during the spring, summer, and fall to avoid snake bites and reduce the possibility of insect bites. Record your answer in your security diary. Be sure to discuss your findings with your parents and the teacher of life safety.

1. Determine how the contents of your personal first aid kit will change at different times of the year. Make a note of this in your security journal.

2. Based on the results of studying the section "Fundamentals of medical knowledge and first aid" and using Internet resources, medical literature, write an abstract on one of the topics "Causes of injuries and first aid in such cases", "Use medicinal plants and mushrooms for first aid to the injured (sick) "," Personal hygiene in field conditions. "